A sacred and honorable place in the Bashkir yurt. Bashkir yurt (Some rules and canons)
If in the northwestern agricultural regions most of the villages arose even before joining the Russian state, then in southern and eastern Bashkiria, where first nomadic, then semi-nomadic cattle breeding dominated, settled settlements appeared only 200-300 years ago. They settled in clan groups of 25-30 households. Since the 20s of the nineteenth century. The administration began redevelopment of Bashkir villages according to the type of Russian villages.
All Bashkirs have houses, live in villages, use certain plots of land on which they engage in arable farming or other trades and crafts, and in this respect they differ from peasants or other settled foreigners only in the degree of their well-being. One thing that could give rise to the title of a semi-nomadic tribe being assigned to the Bashkirs is the custom, with the onset of spring, of moving to the so-called koshas, that is, to felt tents, which they set up as a camp in their fields or.
In treeless areas, these summer rooms are made of wooden latticework 2 arshins high, covered with felt in a circle, and others are placed on them with a vault, placing them at the top in a wooden circle, which is not covered with a felt, but forms a hole that serves as a pipe for smoke from a dug fireplace. there's a cat in the middle. However, such a felt tent is only the property of the rich, while people of average wealth live in alasyks (a type of popular hut) or in simple huts made of twigs and covered with felts. In places abounding in forest, summer quarters consist of wooden huts or birch bark tents, always remaining in the same place.
In terms of external architecture, Bashkir villages are no different from Russian or Tatar villages. The type of hut is the same, as well as the location of the streets, but with all this, an experienced eye will immediately distinguish the village from a Russian one, even if you do not take into account the mosque. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. among the Bashkirs one could find a wide variety of dwellings, ranging from felt yurts to log huts, which is explained by the complexity of the ethnic history of the people, the peculiarities of the economy and the diversity of natural conditions. The houses of the Bashkirs everywhere bear the imprint of some kind of incompleteness or dilapidation; they don’t show the same economic comfort and care as in Russian houses. This, on the one hand, is explained by poverty, poor housekeeping, and on the other hand, by negligence, lack of homeliness and the love for his home with which the Russian peasant decorates it.
Modern rural dwellings of the Bashkirs are built from logs, using log-timber technology, brick, slag concrete, and concrete blocks. The interior retains traditional features: division into household and guest halves, arrangement of bunks.
Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory school group “Yurt - the home of the Bashkirs”
Target: formation of children's ideas about the yurt - the home of the Bashkirs.
Objectives: Educational: introduce children to the yurt - a dwelling in which the Bashkirs - Bashkorts - lived in ancient times. What does this word mean when translated into Russian?Educational: develop interest in the life of Bashkirs; tolerance. Develop children's speech: the ability to answer with common sentences, using adjectives and adverbs, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions.Educational: cultivate curiosity, a desire to learn new and interesting things about the lives of other peoples of the Urals.Dictionary: Dictionary enrichment: uk, sagarmak, felt, lasso, yurt, villageactivating the dictionary: Bashkorts,nomads, pastoralists, farmers.Integration of educational areas: cognitive development, speech, artistic and aesthetic, social and communicative, physical development.Preliminary work : examination of illustrations about the Bashkirs; teacher's story about the Bashkirs - the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals. Viewing exhibitions about the Bashkirs in the Rodnichok museum in our kindergarten.Material and equipment: presentation “Yurt - the home of the Bashkirs”; interactive whiteboard, 4 chairs, 4 large scarves, landscape sheets of paper, colored pencils;Progress of NOTES : Organizing time : Bashkir music sounds.
What people of the southern Urals did we talk about in the last lesson? What do the Bashkirs call themselves? What does the word bashkort mean in Russian? What interesting things did you learn about Bashkorts in the last lesson? How do you understand the words: pastoralist, nomad, farmer? Today we will talk to you about the home of the Bashkirs. Maybe some of you know what it's called? (children's answers). Listen:Yurt, yurta - round house,
Visit that house
Father and mother work
What should I do? Rest.
I don't like being idle
I'll light a fire soon,
Let it burn more cheerfully. Have you guessed what the Bashkir dwelling is called? Yes, this is a yurt or in Bashkir - tirme.Listen to the riddle: “There are no corners in this house. This is paradise for the unhearing! And this is the kind of dwelling you always find in the mountains? This is a yurt. Yurt- house (tirmә – in Bashkir) portable framehomewith felt covering among nomads. The yurt fully satisfies the needs of a nomad due to its convenience and practicality. It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by one family within one hour. It is easily transported on camels, horses, its felt covering does not allow rain, wind and cold to pass through.Yurts were built from poles - uk, thin, flexible rods, the rods were intertwined to form a lattice, from the lattice they built a yurt - tirme (latticed yurt). The upper part of the yurt was called sagarmak. What does the top of the yurt look like? (to the sun, to a flower, etc.). And in the very middle there is a hole. What was it for? (for air, smoke exit from the fireplace,the appearance of the sun in the yurt).The hole at the top of the dome serves for daylighting and allows light and air to easily penetrate intothe yurt had no windows, why do you think? (to keep warm). But there was a door. In winter it was made of wood. Why? (to keep it warm). In summer, spring, autumn she wasfelt, fabric. Why? (so it doesn't get hot). The outside of the yurt was covered with felt. Felt is a very dense material made from pressed sheep wool. Let's play the game “Find the felt” (you need to find felt among many pieces of fabric). In winter, the yurt was covered with 5-7 layers of felt, and in the warm season with 1-2 layers. To prevent the wind from tearing off the felt, it was tied with long ropes - a lasso.Yurts were everyday and festive.We lived constantly in everyday life. The festive one was very beautiful, elegant, it was for guests, holidays, weddings. Today we will go on a trip to the village. Do you know what this is? Yes, this is a settlement of Bashkirs - nomads. What was the main building in the village? (of course, a yurt). There were several yurts in the village. Can you guess why? Yes, the Bashkirs wandered from one pasture to another, not alone, but in small groups. Some were herding cattle, some were guarding the village, some were looking for wild honey. But the main thing in the village was the yurt.
I suggest you play the Bashkir game “Tirme”.The game involves four subgroups of children, each of which forms a circle at the corners of the site. In the center of each circle there is a chair on which a scarf with a national pattern is hung. Holding hands, everyone walks in four circles at alternating steps and sings:
We are funny guys
Let's all gather in a circle.
Let's play and dance
And let's rush to the meadow.
To a melody without words, the guys move in alternating steps into a common circle. At the end of the music, they quickly run to their chairs, take a scarf and pull it over their heads in the form of a tent (roof), it turns out to be a yurt.
Rules of the game . When the music ends, you need to quickly run to your chair and form a yurt. The first group of children to build a yurt wins.
The yurt and the space adjacent to it is the place where the Bashkirs spent all their free time, working, eating, sleeping and receiving guests. According to eyewitnesses, receiving guests and relatives on the occasion of holidays or family events is a favorite pastime of the Bashkirs.
This is how the Chinese poet Wo Ju described the yurt in the 7th century.
The poem "White Yurt", a fragment of which I will read to you:
The storm will not tear the yurt off the ground,
Heavy rains will not seep into it,
There are no corners in a round yurt,
It’s so warm when you fall asleep lying in a yurt.” I suggest you draw a yurt of nomads - Bashkorts, remember everything that I told you about it and try to reflect it in your drawing. And now - the game“Find a home for the Bashkirs”.
Among many different dwellings, find the one that, in your opinion, is most suitable for Bashkirs and explain why? (Bashkir music plays). You have correctly found the Bashkir dwelling of nomads - Bashkir cattle breeders.Lesson summary:
What interesting things did you learn during the lesson? What would you tell your parents? What knowledge would you share with the children of other kindergartens in our city? Let's go to our museum. What is it called? In the museum we will see exhibits about the yurt.
HOUSING BASHKIR, traditional residential buildings for sleep, recreation, household needs, etc., part of the traditional material culture of the Bashkir people. The dwelling of the Bashkir nomads was a yurt. During the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, dwellings of various types appear. Their choice was determined by the natural conditions in which the Bashkir tribes lived - mountainous areas or plains, forest or steppe zones. Logs, bark, bast, turf, clay, and manure were used as building materials. Wicker roofs and walls were made from bushes and reeds, and adobe bricks were made from clay and straw.
Log huts of various sizes and layouts were common among the Bashkirs. Depending on the wealth of the owner, it could be a hut with two windows or a large house with six to eight window openings. In poor houses, the windows were covered with ox bladder, fish skin, and oiled paper. Rich huts had glass windows.
The craftsmen who carried out the construction sought to give each building individuality. This was achieved primarily by decorating the facades with wooden carvings. Patterns were applied to window frames, shutters, pediments, and dormers. Mainly two motifs were used - a rhombus or a circle (a symbolic image of the rising sun). An additional element was 8-shaped curls in various combinations.
In addition to log houses, houses with a wooden frame, such as wicker huts - “siten oy”, were also common in Bashkir villages. To construct them, stakes were dug along the walls of the future dwelling at a distance of half a meter. They were braided with branches, coated with ordinary clay and whitened with white clay. Houses made of adobe brick predominated in the southern regions of what is now Bashkortostan. The basis of adobe brick was horse manure (less often straw) and clay: in the steppe it was more difficult to find than straw, which was more often used for livestock feed than for household needs.
The huts were also covered with straw soaked in clay. There were houses with earth filling (tultyrma). During the construction process, the pillars along the perimeter of the future house were covered with birch tree trunks split in half on the outside and inside. The resulting space was filled with earth, and the walls were coated with clay. The Bashkirs of the Kurgan region built adobe huts. During the construction process, wooden molds were used, into which clay mortar was filled. As the clay dried, the mold was raised until the wall reached the required height. The corners were fastened with pillars.
The poorest of the Bashkirs built plaster or turf huts. The construction technique was similar to adobe houses, but instead of mud bricks, pieces of turf cut into rectangles were used.
For houses of all types, one principle was required - dividing the house into two parts, male and female. This planning principle was directly related to the norms of behavior established by Islam. The traditional dwelling of the Arabs was divided into front, front, male and internal, rear, female, closed parts. This was due to the rectangular layout of both the house and the tent. Among the Turks and Mongols, division followed a different principle - into left (male) and right (female) parts. So here we should talk about the imposition of the principles of Islam on the traditional ideas of the Turks. Thus, among the Mongolian peoples, the yurt is divided in exactly the same way as among the Turks, although they were never Muslims.
Lit.: Kalimullin B.G. Bashkir folk architecture. – Ufa, 1978; Shitova S.N. Traditional settlements and dwellings of the Bashkirs. – M., 1984.
2019-02-04T19:32:37+05:00 Culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan My house Bashkirs, history, local history, construction, ethnographyBASHKIR HOUSING, traditional residential buildings for sleep, recreation, household needs, etc., part of the traditional material culture of the Bashkir people. The dwelling of the Bashkir nomads was a yurt. During the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, dwellings of various types appear. Their choice was determined by the natural conditions in which the Bashkir tribes lived - mountainous areas or plains, forest or...CULTURE OF THE PEOPLES OF BASHKORTOSTAN Dictionary-reference book
And common sense tells us that there are factors that make year-round living in a nomadic yurt, to put it mildly, problematic. One of these factors is the long, snowy and cold Bashkir winter. It reaches -40 degrees. Let's look at the points:
1. Heating. The yurt is heated by an open fire, the smoke (and most of the heat) from which escapes through a hole in the roof. It is necessary to make a six-month supply of dry firewood, because... drowning with dried horse waste (as, for example, they do it in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan or Tibet) is a certain cold death. This means you cannot move away from the forest.
2. Nutrition. The only animal available for breeding under nomadic conditions in this climate zone is the horse. Only she is able to survive in the cold in the open air on meager pasture. Question: where will you look for your herd (to taste fresh meat) in an open field knee-deep in snow? This means you must create a food supply for your family for the entire winter. And to do this, you need to dig a reliable glacier next to the yurt for storing mushrooms, berries, fish, dried and frozen meat, otherwise your supplies will become easy prey for rodents, foxes, wolves and connecting rod bears. And this is not easy work to do every year in a new place. There should be a source of drinking water within walking distance: a stream or river. Because melted snow is distilled water, unsuitable for food.
3. Design. In conditions of heavy snowfall, there is a high probability that the arch will be pressed through by the snow mass - after all, snow does not tend to roll off a rough surface. Occupants should clean it regularly. regardless of the cold, wind and time of day.
Agree, all this bears little resemblance to a free and carefree nomadic life.
By the way: in an open fire, within a few months all your clothes and belongings will be smoked beyond recognition. In this respect, the yurt is not much different from the Chukchi tent. Therefore, the colorful decoration of exhibition Bashkir yurts has little to do with life.
From all of the above, one can draw the only conclusion: a yurt, in the Bashkir climate, is a purely summer dwelling, i.e. mobile summer house. And it is more comfortable and safer to spend the Bashkir winter in a wooden log house. And official historical science supports us in this conclusion. We read everywhere: the Bashkirs switched from a nomadic lifestyle to a semi-nomadic one. Those. They spent the winter in stationary warm dwellings, which met all the requirements listed above, and in the summer they wandered after their herds, carrying a yurt with them. Yes, everything is correct, most readers will say. No, it’s not like that, I’ll say. Why? Because all these nomadic and semi-nomadic terms were invented by people who wrote such historical tales in warm offices and never lived in a subsistence economy. There is not and cannot be in the conditions of the Bashkir climate either a nomadic or semi-nomadic way of life, but only a sedentary one. THE BASHKIRS WERE NEVER NOMADS! Let me explain:
In the summer you graze your herd, count the offspring - everything is fine. Autumn is coming, you need to return to your winter quarters and stock up for the winter. Question: WHAT TO DO WITH THE HERD?! The answer is unexpected and the only possible one: THROW IT IN AN OPEN FIELD! No options! Alone with wolves, winter cold and lack of food, horses are not geese and do not fly south. Paradox? But you are a nomad and do not prepare food for the winter. And even if you wanted to, it’s impossible to do this: you don’t have a tractor, or even a scythe... And you don’t know metal. And even if they did know, then we are talking about a herd and not about one horse, and this is a completely incommensurable scale. And where should you look for your herd in the spring, or rather, what’s left of it? And will it remain... After all, it is impossible to reduce the number of wolves with the help of a bow and arrow, and horse theft has always been an easy and profitable criminal business. In addition, a horse is not a domestic animal and it easily gets along without a person in nature, and in the spring it will not return to you on its own. And Bashkiria is not the African Serengeti Park, where, at the end of winter, you will go and catch a new herd.
So what should we do? But you, dear nomad, need to moderate your appetites from a herd to a couple of pigs, a couple of cows, a dozen chickens or geese, a dozen sheep (it’s just not clear where to get them - after all, neither domestic pigs, nor cows, nor sheep are found in nature, no chicken and no geese?) and one horse. Settle in a society of your own kind (so that it’s not so scary) in a wooden log house (if, of course, you have an axe, even a stone one, and the strength to build it), since life in a dugout is contraindicated for human health, and in a yurt it’s cold, damp, smoky, dark and unsafe, on the river bank, so that there is somewhere to catch fish, near the forest, so that there is somewhere to go for mushrooms, berries and firewood, and all summer long not to sunbathe in the sun, looking at the grazing herds, but to water the ground abundantly - mother with her own sweat, preparing feed for the cattle for the long winter (although I can hardly imagine how this can be done without a metal scythe). Plant a vegetable garden for yourself and your family (you can use a wooden shovel). Harvest firewood and wild plants. And if, God forbid, you already know grains, then it’s lost: you are no longer a person, but a working animal and will end your life in the furrow. Because no human body is able to withstand the kind of physical activity that cheerful men from historical science prescribed for you in their textbooks.
Imagine, your humble servant lived a similar (with great stretch, of course) life in a remote Transbaikal village in the 70s of the last century. To feed 5 heads of cattle, 2 pigs and a dozen chickens in the winter, my father and I waved our scythes all summer. There was also a vegetable garden, and an endless potato field. Everyday care for all this cattle - I remember how one winter night (-42) they helped the first heifer to give birth, pulling the calf by the front legs.... And my parents still worked on the state farm. And the cows must be milked at 5 in the morning, and drinking water must be brought in a two-hundred-liter barrel on a cart (on a sleigh) from the river several kilometers away... And a car of firewood for the winter must be brought 120 kilometers away, sawed and chopped. Etc. Continuous physical labor that cannot be put off until tomorrow. And this was in the presence of electricity, technology and civilization - at first there was even a public bathhouse! And they didn’t bake bread, but bought it in a store - it was brought from the regional center 50 kilometers away.+
1. The Bashkirs have never been either nomads or semi-nomads, because such a way of life is impossible in the climatic conditions of Bashkortostan.
2. The yurt is not the national dwelling of the Bashkirs, since there was no need for it. People simply did not have time to go out into nature with a yurt and smell flowers; in the summer they were faced with hard labor on the ground.+
3. Why do the Bashkirs consider themselves nomads? I think that SOMEONE (or SOMETHING) WITH POWER OVER US simply put this thought into their (and our) minds.
Anyone who does not agree with my conclusions, let him explain: why did the Bashkirs suddenly change their free, well-fed and carefree nomadic life to a settled life full of hardships, hard labor and poverty? WHAT DID THEY TRADE THEIR HERDS FOR?!
The yurt is one of the great achievements of mankind, comparable to the invention of the sail. Both made it possible to cover long distances in the shortest possible time. It was the yurt, along with the horse, that allowed our ancestors to master vast spaces from the Danube to the Yellow Sea in a fantastically short time. In these spaces, replacing each other, empires appeared and disappeared: the Huns, Turks, Kipchaks, Mongols and other less known peoples. These empires were three times larger in scale than the Roman Empire.
Early nomads, such as the Asian Huns or Xiongnu, roamed in tent-like tents on wheels. The invention of the yurt, transported by a pack, dramatically increased mobility and cross-country ability. Now snow-capped peaks, dense forests and rivers are no longer an obstacle. A loaded horse or camel will pass along a narrow path - where a person will pass. The wheel is beyond competition.
A yurt with a diameter of about four meters is a load for two pack horses, capable of covering up to sixty kilometers a day and having a good rest. And the presence of hundreds of horses for many families made it possible, in emergency situations, to increase this distance to ninety kilometers. A simple calculation shows that the nomads could cover 900 kilometers in ten days. This is confirmed by the lightning speed of their conquests.
The yurt amazes the imagination with its perfection. Over the course of thousands of years, all components have been carefully honed until they reach perfection. Nothing extra. The great French architect Le Corbusier admired the completeness, versatility, and interchangeability of parts of the yurt. It was this that he considered as one of the prototypes of his concept “A house is a machine for living.”
The yurt, which appeared thousands of years ago, remains relevant today. Light weight, compactness, mobility, all-season use and commonality of parts, combined with low cost, make this housing highly competitive in the light-weight construction market. It should also be noted the low operating cost - installation and maintenance do not require highly qualified personnel, and compactness is the basis for low storage costs. At the same time, the cost of a yurt is 2-3 times lower compared to other quickly erected structures.
Just like most Turks, the Bashkirs from ancient times lived in yurts - tirme, which were not particularly different from the dwellings of other Turkic peoples. The name of the parts of tirme also sounds almost the same, but some features still need to be noted. The roof slopes are significantly steeper, this is due to the greater amount of precipitation in the Urals than in the rest of the Steppe. The doors are only wooden. Tirme is never covered with reed mats and is used in construction, in addition to the classic tal, oak, maple, elm and linden. Only the name is original - tirme, found only among the Nogais. The Bashkir tirme is a Turkic-type yurt, although researchers have noted the presence of a Mongolian yurt in the northeast of historical Bashkortostan.
In recent decades, the yurt has become popular all over the world. Many companies in Europe and the USA are engaged in the production and operation of yurts, thereby popularizing this highly aesthetic and romantic home. 
Tourism and sports
Today, ethnic and ecological tourism is very fashionable and extremely in demand, and at the same time, this type of tourism is the least represented on the market.
Bashkiria has magnificent nature, but the construction of tourist centers from permanent structures seems to be an expensive undertaking, and tents do not provide any acceptable level of comfort. It is the yurt that solves the problem of optimal price-quality ratio. A very rigid and durable frame, covered with warm felt and waterproof fabric, in addition to purely utilitarian properties, carries a huge charge of aesthetics, romance and the spirit of ancestors - values that are extremely scarce in our urbanized age.
The yurt, covered with two layers of felt and equipped with a stove-fireplace, allows it to be used all year round.
A camping yurt is a lightweight option that can be easily transported by one pack horse, allowing tourists a comfortable and romantic holiday at every overnight stay. This yurt, the installation of which will take no more than 30 minutes, is indispensable on equestrian routes.
It is no secret that the lack of base camps is the main obstacle to the development of tourism. Compactness allows you to transport 5 yurts on one Gazelle truck, and this is a camp site for 20 vacationers and 5 staff. The same yurts, installed on plank platforms and equipped with heating, can serve as a ski base in winter.
Trade, catering and hotel business
By renting a small plot of land in the city, near major highways, in places of pilgrimage for tourists, on holidays and folk festivals, you can open your own business in the field of trade, catering and hotel business.
To do this, you just need to buy a yurt and install it. If necessary, buy an electric generator - and you are completely autonomous. You do not pay rent for the premises, and your electricity will not be cut off. And the elegant and extravagant appearance of the yurt is a guarantee that there will be no end to visitors.
Yurts can be interlocked in various options: sales area + warehouse + change house; kitchen + sales area + change house + warehouse or administration + rooms + dining room + kitchen, etc.
Ethnofolklore holidays and museum work
Along with standard model yurts, the production of which uses modern materials, our company produces ethnic model yurts - this is a dwelling made from authentic materials and using most ancient technologies:
- Wood only from deciduous species (oak, elm, birch, etc.);
- Workpieces are only split (not sawing);
- The use of steaming for bending;
- Connecting parts only with rawhide belt and hemp ropes.
Such a yurt is built without a single metal nail, and even the hinges and door handles are made of wood and leather. To top it all off, handmade natural felt.
It is possible to complete the set with interior items: chests, rugs, saddles and harnesses, vessels for kumys made of wood and leather, small dishes made of burl, bows and arrows in embossed quivers and forearms made of genuine leather. Carved doors with floral and geometric patterns, as well as in an “animal” style, are possible. 
For the romantics
You can buy a yurt just for the soul, put it on your site and “nomad” in the summer. You can buy a yurt and load it on the roof of your car and go “nomad” around the country or the world. Every week or every day your home will be in a new place, you will save on hotels and get incomparable pleasure.
You can sell your apartment, buy a plot outside the city, put up a yurt and live in it until your new house is built. This yurt can be used by the workers building your home, and after construction is complete, you can use it as a guest house or sell it to a friend who has also decided to build a “home on the land.”
Exclusive
We can build exclusive yurts for you, for example, with a diameter of 12 meters and an area of 113 m2! Where you can hold family celebrations, anniversaries and weddings and even conferences.
You can install a similar yurt and rent it out for such celebrations, adding options to the rental - for example, catering for celebrations, etc.
