Why did people call Oleg the Prophet? Why Oleg was called Prophetic: the secrets of a historical personality.

Why was this prince called "prophetic"? There are several versions. Probably, each of them has the right to life, but I tend to believe that this person had certain superhuman abilities. There was something in him that gave him the opportunity to leave such a significant mark in the history of Kievan Rus and become the ruler of the Russian lands, without having a birthright. Historians put forward two versions of the origin of this man: the first is that he is a relative of Rurik's wife, the second is that he is a talented governor who enjoys the favor of Rurik.

Be that as it may, Oleg, after the death of Rurik, received custody of Prince Igor, and made every effort to establish the Rurik family on the princely throne. One of the significant events in this direction was the campaign against Byzantium (907). It was after this campaign that Oleg began to be called the Prophet.

The fact that Oleg was a wise man by nature and developed a whole strategy for the conquest of Constantinople played a role here. After it became clear that the ground army could not cope with the gates of the city, he put his ships on wheels. During a fair wind, open sails contributed to the advancement of ships overland, which terrified the inhabitants of Constantinople. The Greeks then decided to defeat Oleg by cunning and sent ambassadors, who were allegedly entrusted with the mission to negotiate a tribute to the prince. This was only the reason, in fact, the ambassadors came with poisoned delicacies and poisonous wine. Thanks to the prudence of the Prophetic Oleg, who realized that there was a catch in this act, this attempt was unsuccessful, and no one touched the poisoned food and wine.

The word "prophetic" has two designations: "reasonable" and "predictor". That's exactly what Oleg was. For his time, he was a highly educated person, who was also given natural wisdom and the ability to find a way out of any situation. Not without reason, in the age of warriors and coups, this man ruled for more than 30 years, and died of old age in his bed.
By the way, the story of the prince's death from a snakebite is just a beautiful legend that only adds mystery to the image of this historical figure.

Karyagin Pavel Mikhailovich

Colonel Karyagin's campaign against the Persians in 1805 does not resemble real military history. It looks like a prequel to "300 Spartans" (20,000 Persians, 500 Russians, gorges, bayonet charges, "This is crazy! - No, this is the 17th Jaeger Regiment!"). A golden, platinum page of Russian history, combining the slaughter of madness with the highest tactical skill, delightful cunning and stunning Russian impudence

Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich

Hero of the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813
"General Meteor" and "Caucasian Suvorov".
He fought not in numbers, but in skill - first, 450 Russian soldiers attacked 1,200 Persian sardars in the Migri fortress and took it, then 500 of our soldiers and Cossacks attacked 5,000 askers at the crossing over the Araks. More than 700 enemies were exterminated, only 2,500 Persian fighters managed to escape from ours.
In both cases, our losses are less than 50 killed and up to 100 wounded.
Further, in the war against the Turks, with a swift attack, 1000 Russian soldiers defeated the 2000th garrison of the Akhalkalaki fortress.
Then, again in the Persian direction, he cleared Karabakh of the enemy, and then, with 2,200 soldiers, defeated Abbas-Mirza with a 30,000-strong army near Aslanduz, a village near the Araks River. In two battles, he destroyed more than 10,000 enemies, including English advisers and artillerymen.
As usual, Russian losses were 30 killed and 100 wounded.
Kotlyarevsky won most of his victories in night assaults on fortresses and enemy camps, preventing the enemies from coming to their senses.
The last campaign - 2000 Russians against 7000 Persians to the fortress of Lankaran, where Kotlyarevsky almost died during the assault, lost consciousness at times from blood loss and pain from wounds, but still, until the final victory, he commanded the troops as soon as he regained consciousness, and after that he was forced to be treated for a long time and move away from military affairs.
His feats for the glory of Russia are much cooler than the "300 Spartans" - for our generals and warriors have repeatedly beaten a 10-fold superior enemy, and suffered minimal losses, saving Russian lives.

Rurikovich (Grozny) Ivan Vasilyevich

In the variety of perceptions of Ivan the Terrible, they often forget about his unconditional talent and achievements as a commander. He personally led the capture of Kazan and organized military reform, leading the country, which simultaneously waged 2-3 wars on different fronts.

Svyatoslav Igorevich

I want to propose "candidates" for Svyatoslav and his father, Igor, as the greatest generals and political leaders of their time, I think that it makes no sense to list their services to the fatherland to historians, I was unpleasantly surprised not to meet their names in this list. Sincerely.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He was the Supreme Commander of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War! Under his leadership, the USSR won the Great Victory during the Great Patriotic War!

Makarov Stepan Osipovich

Russian oceanographer, polar explorer, shipbuilder, vice admiral. Developed the Russian semaphore alphabet. A worthy person, on the list of worthy ones!

Olsufiev Zakhar Dmitrievich

One of the most famous commanders of Bagrationov's 2nd Western Army. He always fought with exemplary courage. He was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree for heroic participation in the Battle of Borodino. He distinguished himself in the battle on the Chernishna (or Tarutinsky) River. The award to him for participating in the defeat of the vanguard of Napoleon's army was the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree. He was called "general with talents". When Olsufiev was captured and was delivered to Napoleon, he said to his entourage the famous words in history: "Only Russians know how to fight like that!"

Gagen Nikolai Alexandrovich

On June 22, trains with units of the 153rd Infantry Division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the west, the Hagen division (together with the heavy artillery regiment attached to the division) occupied a 40 km long defense zone, it was opposed by the 39th German motorized corps.

After 7 days of fierce fighting, the battle formations of the division were not broken through. The Germans no longer contacted the division, bypassed it and continued the offensive. The division flashed in the message of the German radio as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to break through the ring. Hagen led the division out of the encirclement with heavy weapons.

For the steadfastness and heroism shown during the Yelninskaya operation on September 18, 1941, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 308, the division received the honorary name "Guards".
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 04/25/1943 - commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
from May 1943 to October 1944 - commander of the 57th Army,
from January 1945 - the 26th Army.

The troops under the leadership of N. A. Hagen participated in the Sinyavino operation (moreover, the general managed to break out of the encirclement for the second time with weapons in his hands), the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, battles in the Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in Iasi-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Member of the Victory Parade.

Soldier, several wars (including World War I and World War II). passed the way to Marshal of the USSR and Poland. Military intellectual. not resorting to "obscene leadership." he knew tactics in military affairs to the subtleties. practice, strategy and operational art.

Antonov Alexey Innokentievich

He became famous as a talented staff officer. Participated in the development of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War since December 1942.
The only one of all the awarded Soviet military leaders with the Order of Victory in the rank of army general, and the only Soviet holder of the order who was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

In the conditions of the decomposition of the Russian state during the Time of Troubles, with minimal material and human resources, he created an army that defeated the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and liberated most of the Russian state.

Uvarov Fedor Petrovich

At the age of 27 he was promoted to general. Participated in the campaigns of 1805-1807 and in the battles on the Danube in 1810. In 1812 he commanded the 1st artillery corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly, and later - the entire cavalry of the combined armies.

Makhno Nestor Ivanovich

Over the mountains, over the valleys
waiting for your blues for a long time
wise father, glorious father,
our kind father - Makhno ...

(peasant song from the Civil War)

He was able to create an army, led successful military operations against the Austro-Germans, against Denikin.

And for * carts * even if he was not awarded the Order of the Red Banner, then this should be done now

Ivan groznyj

He conquered the Astrakhan kingdom, to which Russia paid tribute. Destroyed the Livonian Order. Expanded the borders of Russia far beyond the Urals.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Victory in the Great Patriotic War, saving the entire planet from absolute evil, and our country from extinction.
Stalin from the first hours of the war exercised control over the country, front and rear. On land, at sea and in the air.
His merit is not one or even ten battles or campaigns, his merit is the Victory, made up of hundreds of battles of the Great Patriotic War: the battle of Moscow, the battles in the North Caucasus, the Battle of Stalingrad, the battle of Kursk, the battle of Leningrad and many others before the capture Berlin, success in which was achieved thanks to the monotonous inhuman work of the genius of the Supreme Commander.

It's simple - It was he, as a commander, who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of Napoleon. He saved the army in the most difficult conditions, despite misunderstanding and heavy accusations of betrayal. It was to him that our great poet Pushkin, practically a contemporary of those events, dedicated the verse "Commander".
Pushkin, recognizing the merits of Kutuzov, did not oppose him to Barclay. To replace the common alternative “Barclay or Kutuzov”, with the traditional resolution in favor of Kutuzov, Pushkin came to a new position: both Barclay and Kutuzov are both worthy of the grateful memory of their descendants, but everyone honors Kutuzov, but Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly is undeserved forgotten.
Pushkin mentioned Barclay de Tolly even earlier, in one of the chapters of "Eugene Onegin" -

Thunderstorm of the twelfth year
It has come - who helped us here?
The frenzy of the people
Barclay, winter or Russian god?...

Field Marshal Ivan Gudovich

The assault on the Turkish fortress of Anapa on June 22, 1791. In terms of complexity and importance, it is only inferior to the assault on Izmail by A.V. Suvorov.
A 7,000-strong Russian detachment stormed Anapa, which was defended by a 25,000-strong Turkish garrison. At the same time, shortly after the start of the assault, 8,000 mounted mountaineers and Turks attacked the Russian detachment from the mountains, who attacked the Russian camp, but could not break into it, were repulsed in a fierce battle and pursued by Russian cavalry.
The fierce battle for the fortress lasted over 5 hours. Of the Anapa garrison, about 8,000 people died, 13,532 defenders were taken prisoner, led by the commandant and Sheikh Mansur. A small part (about 150 people) escaped on ships. Almost all artillery was captured or destroyed (83 cannons and 12 mortars), 130 banners were taken. To the nearby fortress of Sudzhuk-Kale (on the site of modern Novorossiysk), Gudovich sent a separate detachment from Anapa, but when he approached, the garrison burned the fortress and fled to the mountains, leaving 25 guns.
The losses of the Russian detachment were very high - 23 officers and 1,215 privates were killed, 71 officers and 2,401 privates were wounded (slightly lower data are indicated in Sytin's Military Encyclopedia - 940 killed and 1,995 wounded). Gudovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the 2nd degree, all the officers of his detachment were awarded, a special medal was established for the lower ranks.

Antonov Alexey Inokent'evich

Chief strategist of the USSR in 1943-45, practically unknown to society
"Kutuzov" World War II

Humble and dedicated. Victorious. The author of all operations since the spring of 1943 and the victory itself. Others gained fame - Stalin and the commanders of the fronts.

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich

During the First World War, the commander of the 8th Army in the Battle of Galicia. On August 15-16, 1914, during the Rogatin battles, he defeated the 2nd Austro-Hungarian army, capturing 20 thousand people. and 70 guns. Galich was taken on August 20. The 8th Army takes an active part in the battles near Rava-Russkaya and in the Battle of Gorodok. In September he commanded a group of troops from the 8th and 3rd armies. September 28 - October 11, his army withstood the counterattack of the 2nd and 3rd Austro-Hungarian armies in the battles on the San River and near the city of Stryi. During the successfully completed battles, 15 thousand enemy soldiers were captured, and at the end of October his army entered the foothills of the Carpathians.

Shein Alexey Semyonovich

The first Russian generalissimo. Leader of the Azov campaigns of Peter I.

Khvorostinin Dmitry Ivanovich

The commander who did not have defeats ...

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

He defeated the Khazar Khaganate, expanded the boundaries of Russian lands, successfully fought with the Byzantine Empire.

Karyagin Pavel Mikhailovich

Colonel, Chief of the 17th Jaeger Regiment. He showed himself most clearly in the Persian Company of 1805; when, with a detachment of 500 people, surrounded by a 20,000-strong Persian army, he resisted it for three weeks, not only repelling Persian attacks with honor, but taking fortresses himself, and finally, with a detachment of 100 people, made his way to Tsitsianov, who was going to help him.

Donskoy Dmitry Ivanovich

His army won the Kulikovo victory.

Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich

Member of the Russo-Japanese and World War I, one of the main leaders (1918−1920) of the White movement during the Civil War. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Crimea and Poland (1920). General Staff Lieutenant General (1918). Georgievsky Cavalier.

Paskevich Ivan Fyodorovich

Hero of Borodin, Leipzig, Paris (division commander)
As commander in chief, he won 4 companies (Russian-Persian 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish 1828-1829, Polish 1830-1831, Hungarian 1849).
Knight of the Order of St. George 1st class - for the capture of Warsaw (according to the statute, the order was awarded either for saving the fatherland or for taking the enemy capital).
Field Marshal.

Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich

The commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War, was the main architect of the key victories of the Russian troops.

Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich

October 3, 2013 marks the 80th anniversary of the death in the French city of Cannes of a Russian military figure, commander of the Caucasian Front, hero of Mukden, Sarykamysh, Van, Erzurum (due to the complete defeat of the 90,000th Turkish army of Russia, Constantinople and the Bosphorus with the Dardanelles retreated), the savior of the Armenian people from the complete Turkish genocide, holder of three orders of George and the highest order of France, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor, General Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich.

Minikh Khristofor Antonovich

Due to the ambiguous attitude to the period of the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the largely underestimated commander, who was the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops throughout her reign.

Commander of the Russian troops during the War of the Polish Succession and architect of the victory of Russian arms in the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739.

Dokhturov Dmitry Sergeevich

Defense of Smolensk.
Command of the left flank on the Borodino field after the wounding of Bagration.
Tarutino battle.

Rumyantsev Petr Alexandrovich

Russian military and statesman, during the entire reign of Catherine II (1761-96) who ruled Little Russia. During the Seven Years' War he commanded the capture of Kolberg. For the victories over the Turks at Larga, Kagul and others, which led to the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, he was awarded the title of "Transdanubian". In 1770 he received the rank of Field Marshal. Cavalier of the orders of the Russian St. Andrew the Apostle, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. George 1st class and St. Vladimir I degree, the Prussian Black Eagle and St. Anna I degree

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Red Army crushed fascism.

Alekseev Mikhail Vasilievich

One of the most talented Russian generals of the First World War. Hero of the Battle of Galicia in 1914, savior of the Northwestern Front from encirclement in 1915, chief of staff under Emperor Nicholas I.

General of Infantry (1914), Adjutant General (1916). Active participant in the White movement in the Civil War. One of the organizers of the Volunteer Army.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Chairman of the GKO, Supreme Commander of the USSR Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War.
What other questions might there be?

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He led the armed struggle of the Soviet people in the war against Germany and its allies and satellites, as well as in the war against Japan.
He led the Red Army to Berlin and Port Arthur.

Blucher, Tukhachevsky

Blucher, Tukhachevsky and the whole galaxy of heroes of the Civil War. Don't forget Budyonny!

Ermolov Alexey Petrovich

Hero of the Napoleonic Wars and the Patriotic War of 1812. Conqueror of the Caucasus. Smart strategist and tactician, strong-willed and brave warrior.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Finnish war.
Strategic retreat in the first half of 1812
European campaign of 1812

Golenishchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

(1745-1813).
1. GREAT Russian commander, he was an example for his soldiers. Appreciated every soldier. "M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is not only the liberator of the Fatherland, he is the only one who outplayed the hitherto invincible French emperor, turning the "great army" into a crowd of ragamuffins, saving, thanks to his military genius, the lives of many Russian soldiers."
2. Mikhail Illarionovich, being a highly educated person who knew several foreign languages, dexterous, refined, able to inspire society with the gift of words, an entertaining story, served Russia as an excellent diplomat - ambassador to Turkey.
3. M. I. Kutuzov - the first to become a full cavalier of the highest military order of St. George the Victorious of four degrees.
The life of Mikhail Illarionovich is an example of service to the fatherland, attitude towards soldiers, spiritual strength for the Russian military leaders of our time and, of course, for the younger generation - the future military.

Sheremetev Boris Petrovich

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

The great commander of the ancient Russian period. The first Kiev prince known to us, having a Slavic name. The last pagan ruler of the Old Russian state. He glorified Rus' as a great military power in the campaigns of 965-971. Karamzin called him "Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history." The prince freed the Slavic tribes from vassalage from the Khazars, defeating the Khazar Khaganate in 965. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, in 970, during the Russian-Byzantine war, Svyatoslav managed to win the battle of Arcadiopol, having 10,000 soldiers under his command, against 100,000 Greeks. But at the same time, Svyatoslav led the life of a simple warrior: “On campaigns, he didn’t carry carts or cauldrons behind him, he didn’t cook meat, but, thinly slicing horse meat, or beast, or beef and roasting it on coals, he ate like that; he didn’t have a tent , but slept, spreading a sweatshirt with a saddle in their heads - the same were all the rest of his warriors... And sent to other lands [envoys, as a rule, before declaring war] with the words: "I'm going to you!" (According to PVL)

Ivan III Vasilievich

He united the Russian lands around Moscow, threw off the hated Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich

One of the best Russian generals of the First World War. In June 1916, the troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of Adjutant General Brusilov A.A., simultaneously striking in several directions, broke through the enemy’s defense in depth and advanced 65 km. In military history, this operation was called the Brusilovsky breakthrough.

Dubynin Viktor Petrovich

From April 30, 1986 to June 1, 1987 - Commander of the 40th Combined Arms Army of the Turkestan Military District. The troops of this army made up the bulk of the Limited Contingent of Soviet Troops in Afghanistan. During the year of his command of the army, the number of irretrievable losses decreased by 2 times in comparison with 1984-1985.
On June 10, 1992, Colonel-General V.P. Dubynin was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces - First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation
His merits include keeping the President of the Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin from a number of ill-conceived decisions in the military sphere, primarily in the field of nuclear forces.

Saltykov Petr Semenovich

One of those commanders who managed to exemplary defeat one of the best commanders of Europe in the 18th century - Frederick II of Prussia

Senyavin Dmitry Nikolaevich

Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (August 6 (17), 1763 - April 5 (17), 1831) - Russian naval commander, admiral.
for courage and outstanding diplomatic work shown during the blockade of the Russian fleet in Lisbon

Katukov Mikhail Efimovich

Perhaps the only bright spot against the background of the Soviet commanders of the armored forces. A tanker who went through the entire war, starting from the border. The commander, whose tanks always showed their superiority to the enemy. His tank brigades were the only (!) in the first period of the war that were not defeated by the Germans and even inflicted significant damage on them.
His first guards tank army remained combat-ready, although it defended from the very first days of the fighting on the southern face of the Kursk Bulge, while exactly the same Rotmistrov's 5th guards tank army was practically destroyed on the very first day when it entered the battle (June 12)
This is one of the few of our commanders who took care of his troops and fought not by numbers, but by skill.

Romanov Petr Alekseevich

Behind the endless discussions about Peter I as a politician and reformer, it is unfairly forgotten that he was the greatest commander of his time. He was not only an excellent rear organizer. In the two most important battles of the Northern War (the battles of Lesnaya and Poltava), he not only developed battle plans himself, but also personally led the troops, being in the most important, responsible areas.
The only commander I know of was equally talented in both land and sea battles.
The main thing is that Peter I created a national military school. If all the great commanders of Russia are the heirs of Suvorov, then Suvorov himself is the heir of Peter.
The Battle of Poltava was one of the greatest (if not the greatest) victory in Russian history. In all other great predatory invasions of Russia, the general battle did not have a decisive outcome, and the struggle dragged on, went to exhaustion. And only in the Northern War did the general battle radically change the state of affairs, and from the attacking side the Swedes became the defender, decisively losing the initiative.
I think that Peter I deserves to be in the top three in the list of the best commanders of Russia.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

After Zhukov, who took Berlin, the brilliant strategist Kutuzov, who drove the French out of Russia, should be second.

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

A man whose faith, courage, and patriotism defended our state

General Ermolov

Izylmetiev Ivan Nikolaevich

Commanded the frigate "Aurora". He made the transition from St. Petersburg to Kamchatka in a record time for those times in 66 days. In the bay, Callao eluded the Anglo-French squadron. Arriving in Petropavlovsk, together with the governor of the Kamchatka Territory, Zavoyko V. organized the defense of the city, during which the sailors from the Aurora, together with the local residents, threw into the sea an outnumbering Anglo-French landing party. Then he took the Aurora to the Amur Estuary, hiding it there .After these events, the British public demanded trial of the admirals who lost the Russian frigate.

Baklanov Yakov Petrovich

The Cossack general, the "thunderstorm of the Caucasus", Yakov Petrovich Baklanov, one of the most colorful heroes of the endless Caucasian war of the century before last, fits perfectly into the image of Russia familiar to the West. A gloomy two-meter hero, a tireless persecutor of mountaineers and Poles, an enemy of political correctness and democracy in all their manifestations. But it was precisely such people who obtained the most difficult victory for the empire in a long-term confrontation with the inhabitants of the North Caucasus and the unkind local nature.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-91 and the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-90. He distinguished himself during the war with France in 1806-07 at Preussisch-Eylau, from 1807 he commanded a division. During the Russo-Swedish War of 1808-09 he commanded a corps; led a successful crossing through the Kvarken Strait in the winter of 1809. In 1809-10, the Governor-General of Finland. From January 1810 to September 1812, the Minister of War, did a lot of work to strengthen the Russian army, singled out the intelligence and counterintelligence service into a separate production. In the Patriotic War of 1812 he commanded the 1st Western Army, and he, as Minister of War, was subordinate to the 2nd Western Army. In the conditions of a significant superiority of the enemy, he showed the talent of a commander and successfully carried out the withdrawal and connection of the two armies, which earned such words from M.I. Kutuzov as THANK YOU FATHER !!! SAVE THE ARMY!!! SAVE RUSSIA!!!. However, the retreat caused discontent in the noble circles and the army, and on August 17, Barclay handed over the command of the armies to M.I. Kutuzov. In the Battle of Borodino, he commanded the right wing of the Russian army, showing stamina and skill in defense. He recognized the position near Moscow chosen by L. L. Bennigsen as unsuccessful and supported the proposal of M. I. Kutuzov to leave Moscow at the military council in Fili. In September 1812 he left the army due to illness. In February 1813 he was appointed commander of the 3rd, and then the Russian-Prussian army, which he successfully commanded during the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-14 (Kulm, Leipzig, Paris). He was buried in the Beklor estate in Livonia (now Jõgeveste Estonia)

Bennigsen Leonty Leontievich

Surprisingly, a Russian general who did not speak Russian, who made up the glory of Russian weapons at the beginning of the 19th century.

He made a significant contribution to the suppression of the Polish uprising.

Commander-in-Chief in the Battle of Tarutino.

He made a significant contribution to the campaign of 1813 (Dresden and Leipzig).

Denikin Anton Ivanovich

The commander, under whose leadership the white army with smaller forces for 1.5 years won victories over the red army and captured the North Caucasus, Crimea, Novorossia, Donbass, Ukraine, the Don, part of the Volga region and the central black earth provinces of Russia. He retained the dignity of the Russian name during the Second World War, refusing to cooperate with the Nazis, despite his uncompromisingly anti-Soviet position

Bobrok-Volynsky Dmitry Mikhailovich

Boyar and governor of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. "Developer" of the tactics of the Battle of Kulikovo.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Commander-in-Chief during the Patriotic War of 1812. One of the most famous and beloved by the people of military heroes!

Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich

He defeated the Swedish detachment on July 15, 1240 on the Neva and the Teutonic Order, the Danes in the Battle of the Ice on April 5, 1242. All his life he "won, but was invincible." He played an exceptional role in Russian history in that dramatic period when Russia was hit from three sides - the Catholic West, Lithuania and the Golden Horde. He defended Orthodoxy from Catholic expansion. He is revered as a holy saint. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/put/39091.htm

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, F.F. Ushakov made a serious contribution to the development of the tactics of the sailing fleet. Based on the totality of the principles of training the forces of the fleet and military art, having absorbed all the accumulated tactical experience, F. F. Ushakov acted creatively, based on the specific situation and common sense. His actions were distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary courage. He did not hesitate to reorganize the fleet into battle formation already at a close approach to the enemy, minimizing the time of tactical deployment. Despite the established tactical rule of finding the commander in the middle of the battle formation, Ushakov, implementing the principle of concentration of forces, boldly put his ship in the forefront and at the same time occupied the most dangerous positions, encouraging his commanders with his own courage. He was distinguished by a quick assessment of the situation, an accurate calculation of all success factors and a decisive attack aimed at achieving complete victory over the enemy. In this regard, Admiral F.F. Ushakov can rightfully be considered the founder of the Russian tactical school in naval art.

Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich

During the outbreak of the war with England and France, he actually commanded the Black Sea Fleet, until his heroic death he was the immediate superior of P.S. Nakhimov and V.I. Istomin. After the landing of the Anglo-French troops in Evpatoria and the defeat of the Russian troops on the Alma, Kornilov received an order from the commander-in-chief in the Crimea, Prince Menshikov, to flood the ships of the fleet in the roadstead in order to use sailors to defend Sevastopol from land.

Most Serene Prince Wittgenstein Peter Khristianovich

For the defeat of the French units of Oudinot and MacDonald at Klyastits, thereby closing the road for the French army to St. Petersburg in 1812. Then in October 1812 he defeated the Saint-Cyr corps near Polotsk. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian-Prussian armies in April-May 1813.

Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

Soviet military commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1955). Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
From 1942 to 1946 he was commander of the 62nd Army (8th Guards Army), which distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad. He took part in defensive battles on the distant approaches to Stalingrad. From September 12, 1942 he commanded the 62nd Army. IN AND. Chuikov received the task of defending Stalingrad at any cost. The front command believed that Lieutenant General Chuikov was characterized by such positive qualities as decisiveness and firmness, courage and a broad operational outlook, a high sense of responsibility and consciousness of his duty. The army, under the command of V.I. Chuikov, became famous for the heroic six-month defense of Stalingrad in street battles in a completely destroyed city, fighting on isolated bridgeheads, on the banks of the wide Volga.

For unparalleled mass heroism and steadfastness of personnel, in April 1943, the 62nd Army received the guards honorary title of Guards and became known as the 8th Guards Army.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

“As a military figure I.V. Stalin, I studied thoroughly, since I went through the whole war with him. I.V. Stalin mastered the organization of front-line operations and operations of groups of fronts and led them with full knowledge of the matter, well versed in large strategic questions...
In leading the armed struggle as a whole, JV Stalin was assisted by his natural mind and rich intuition. He knew how to find the main link in a strategic situation and, seizing on it, to counteract the enemy, to conduct one or another major offensive operation. Undoubtedly, he was a worthy Supreme Commander"

(Zhukov G.K. Memoirs and reflections.)

Peter the First

Because he not only won the lands of his fathers, but also approved the status of Russia as a power!

Suvorov, Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilyevich

The greatest commander, a genius strategist, tactician and military theorist. Author of the book "The Science of Victory", Generalissimo of the Russian Army. The only one in the history of Russia that did not suffer a single defeat.

Linevich Nikolai Petrovich

Nikolai Petrovich Linevich (December 24, 1838 - April 10, 1908) - a prominent Russian military leader, infantry general (1903), adjutant general (1905); general who stormed Beijing.

Kovpak Sidor Artemevich

Member of the First World War (he served in the 186th Aslanduz Infantry Regiment) and the Civil War. During the First World War, he fought on the Southwestern Front, a member of the Brusilov breakthrough. In April 1915, as part of the guard of honor, he was personally awarded the St. George Cross by Nicholas II. In total, he was awarded St. George's crosses III and IV degrees and medals "For Courage" ("George" medals) III and IV degrees.

During the Civil War, he led a local partisan detachment that fought in Ukraine against the German invaders together with the detachments of A. Ya. .Denikin and Wrangel on the Southern Front.

In 1941-1942, Kovpak's formation carried out raids behind enemy lines in the Sumy, Kursk, Oryol and Bryansk regions, in 1942-1943 - a raid from the Bryansk forests on the Right-Bank Ukraine in the Gomel, Pinsk, Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr and Kiev regions; in 1943 - the Carpathian raid. The Sumy partisan formation under the command of Kovpak fought over 10 thousand kilometers in the rear of the Nazi troops, defeated the enemy garrisons in 39 settlements. Kovpak's raids played a big role in the deployment of the partisan movement against the German occupiers.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union:
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 18, 1942, for the exemplary performance of combat missions behind enemy lines, the courage and heroism shown in their performance, Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 708)
The second medal "Gold Star" (No.) Major General Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich was awarded by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 4, 1944 for the successful conduct of the Carpathian raid
four Orders of Lenin (18.5.1942, 4.1.1944, 23.1.1948, 25.5.1967)
Order of the Red Banner (24.12.1942)
Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 1st class. (7.8.1944)
Order of Suvorov, 1st class (2 May 1945)
medals
foreign orders and medals (Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia)

Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich

Successes in the Crimean War of 1853-56, victory in the Battle of Sinop in 1853, defense of Sevastopol in 1854-55.

Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich

Known mainly as one of the secondary characters in the story "Hadji Murad" by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the middle of the 19th century.

Having shown himself excellently during the Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign of the Crimean War, Loris-Melikov led intelligence, and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, having won a number of important victories over the united Turkish troops and in the third once captured Kars, by that time considered impregnable.

Voronov Nikolai Nikolaevich

N.N. Voronov - commander of the artillery of the Armed Forces of the USSR. For outstanding services to the Motherland Voronov N.N. the first in the Soviet Union were awarded the military ranks of "Marshal of Artillery" (1943) and "Chief Marshal of Artillery" (1944).
... carried out the general leadership of the liquidation of the Nazi group surrounded near Stalingrad.

Miloradovich

Bagration, Miloradovich, Davydov - some very special breed of people. Now they don't do that. The heroes of 1812 were distinguished by complete recklessness, complete contempt for death. And after all, it was General Miloradovich, who went through all the wars for Russia without a single scratch, who became the first victim of individual terror. After Kakhovsky's shot on Senate Square, the Russian revolution followed this path - right up to the basement of the Ipatiev House. Removing the best.

Romanov Alexander I Pavlovich

The actual commander in chief of the allied armies that liberated Europe in 1813-1814. "He took Paris, he founded a lyceum." The Great Leader who crushed Napoleon himself. (The shame of Austerlitz is not comparable to the tragedy of 1941.)

Khvorostinin Dmitry Ivanovich

Outstanding commander of the second half of the XVI century. Oprichnik.
Genus. OK. 1520, died on August 7 (17), 1591. At the voivodship posts since 1560. A participant in almost all military enterprises during the independent reign of Ivan IV and the reign of Fedor Ioannovich. He has won several field battles (including: the defeat of the Tatars near Zaraisk (1570), the Battle of Molodinskaya (during the decisive battle he led the Russian troops in Gulyai-gorod), the defeat of the Swedes at Lyamits (1582) and not far from Narva ( 1590)). He led the suppression of the Cheremis uprising in 1583-1584, for which he received the boyar rank.
According to the totality of the merits of D.I. Khvorostinin is much higher than M.I. Vorotynsky. Vorotynsky was more noble and therefore he was more often entrusted with the general leadership of the regiments. But, according to the commander's talents, he was far from Khvorostinin.

Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich

To a person to whom this name does not say anything - there is no need to explain and it is useless. To the one to whom it says something - and so everything is clear.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front. The youngest front commander. Counts,. that of the army general - but before his death (February 18, 1945) he received the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
He liberated three of the six capitals of the Union Republics captured by the Nazis: Kyiv, Minsk. Vilnius. Decided the fate of Keniksberg.
One of the few who pushed back the Germans on June 23, 1941.
He held the front in Valdai. In many ways, he determined the fate of repelling the German offensive on Leningrad. He kept Voronezh. Freed Kursk.
He successfully advanced until the summer of 1943. Having formed the top of the Kursk Bulge with his army. Liberated the Left Bank of Ukraine. Take Kyiv. Repelled Manstein's counterattack. Liberated Western Ukraine.
Carried out the operation Bagration. Surrounded and captured by his offensive in the summer of 1944, the Germans then humiliatedly marched through the streets of Moscow. Belarus. Lithuania. Neman. East Prussia.

Vladimir Svyatoslavich

981 - the conquest of Cherven and Przemysl. 983 - the conquest of the Yatvags. 984 - the conquest of the natives. 985 - successful campaigns against the Bulgars, the taxation of the Khazar Khaganate. 988 - the conquest of the Taman Peninsula. 991 - the subjugation of the White Croats. 992 - successfully defended Cherven Rus in the war against Poland. in addition, the saint is equal to the apostles.

Batitsky

I served in the air defense and therefore I know this surname - Batitsky. Do you know? By the way, the father of air defense!

There are no outstanding military figures of the period from the Troubles to the Northern War on the project, although there were such. An example of this is G.G. Romodanovsky.
Descended from the family of Starodub princes.
Member of the sovereign's campaign against Smolensk in 1654. In September 1655, together with the Ukrainian Cossacks, he defeated the Poles near Gorodok (not far from Lvov), in November of the same year he fought in the battle of Ozernaya. In 1656 he received the rank of roundabout and headed the Belgorod category. In 1658 and 1659 participated in hostilities against the betrayed hetman Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars, besieged Varva and fought near Konotop (Romodanovsky's troops withstood a heavy battle at the crossing over the Kukolka River). In 1664, he played a decisive role in repelling the invasion of 70 thousand army of the Polish king on the Left-Bank Ukraine, inflicted a number of sensitive blows on it. In 1665 he was granted a boyar. In 1670, he acted against the Razintsy - he defeated the detachment of the ataman's brother, Frol. The crown of Romodanovsky's military activity is the war with the Ottoman Empire. In 1677 and 1678 troops under his leadership inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottomans. An interesting moment: both main defendants in the battle of Vienna in 1683 were defeated by G.G. Romodanovsky: Sobessky with his king in 1664 and Kara Mustafa in 1678
The prince died on May 15, 1682 during the Streltsy uprising in Moscow.

Baklanov Yakov Petrovich

An outstanding strategist and a mighty warrior, he earned respect and fear of his name from the invincible highlanders who forgot the iron grip of the "Thunderstorm of the Caucasus". At the moment - Yakov Petrovich, a model of the spiritual strength of a Russian soldier in front of the proud Caucasus. His talent crushed the enemy and minimized the time frame of the Caucasian War, for which he received the nickname "Boklu" akin to the devil for his fearlessness.

Markov Sergey Leonidovich

One of the main characters of the early stage of the Russian-Soviet war.
Veteran of Russian-Japanese, World War I and Civil War. Cavalier of the Order of St. George 4th class, Orders of St. Vladimir 3rd class and 4th class with swords and bow, Orders of St. Anne 2nd, 3rd and 4th class, Orders of St. Stanislaus 2nd and 3rd th degrees. The owner of the St. George's weapon. Outstanding military theorist. Member of the Ice Campaign. Son of an officer. Hereditary nobleman of the Moscow province. He graduated from the Academy of the General Staff, served in the Life Guards of the 2nd Artillery Brigade. One of the commanders of the Volunteer Army at the first stage. Died a heroic death.

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Grand Duke of Novgorod, from 945 Kiev. Son of Grand Duke Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. Svyatoslav became famous as a great commander, whom N.M. Karamzin called "Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history."

After the military campaigns of Svyatoslav Igorevich (965-972), the territory of the Russian land increased from the Volga region to the Caspian Sea, from the North Caucasus to the Black Sea, from the Balkan Mountains to Byzantium. Defeated Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria, weakened and frightened the Byzantine Empire, opened the way for trade between Rus' and Eastern countries

Romodanovsky Grigory Grigorievich

An outstanding military leader of the 17th century, prince and governor. In 1655, he won his first victory over the Polish hetman S. Pototsky near Gorodok in Galicia. Later, being the commander of the army of the Belgorod category (military administrative district), he played a major role in organizing the defense of the southern border of Russia. In 1662, he won the biggest victory in the Russian-Polish war for Ukraine in the battle of Kanev, defeating the traitorous hetman Y. Khmelnitsky and the Poles who helped him. In 1664, near Voronezh, he forced the famous Polish commander Stefan Czarnecki to flee, forcing the army of King Jan Casimir to retreat. Repeatedly beat the Crimean Tatars. In 1677 he defeated the 100,000th Turkish army of Ibrahim Pasha near Buzhin, in 1678 he defeated the Turkish corps of Kaplan Pasha near Chigirin. Thanks to his military talents, Ukraine did not become another Ottoman province and the Turks did not take Kyiv.

During Stalin's tenure as Supreme Commander-in-Chief and Chairman of the State Defense Committee, our country was marked by victory in the Great Patriotic War, massive labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, and the strengthening of our country's geopolitical influence in the world. Vadim Zavyalov

Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich

Without exaggeration - the best commander of the army of Admiral Kolchak. Under his command, in 1918, Russia's gold reserves were captured in Kazan. At the age of 36 - lieutenant general, commander of the Eastern Front. The Siberian Ice Campaign is associated with this name. In January 1920, he led 30,000 "Kappelevites" to Irkutsk to capture Irkutsk and release the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak, from captivity. The death of the general from pneumonia largely determined the tragic outcome of this campaign and the death of the Admiral ...

Suvorov Mikhail Vasilievich

The only one who can be called GENERALLISIMUS ... Bagration, Kutuzov are his students ...

Osterman-Tolstoy Alexander Ivanovich
Participating in air battles of the Great Patriotic War, he developed and "tested" in battles a new tactic of air combat, which made it possible to seize the initiative in the air and eventually defeat the fascist Luftwaffe. In fact, he created a whole school of aces of the Second World War. Commanding the 9th Guards Air Division, he continued to personally participate in air battles, scoring 65 air victories over the entire period of the war.

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Prince Prophetic Oleg - why was he called prophetic?

Prophetic means knowing or predicting. Prophetic Oleg received his power after the death of Rurik, when he became Prince of Novgorod. Then he successfully and successfully fought and annexed Kyiv, which he made his capital. They began to call him prophetic after a trip to Byzantium.

Prophetic Oleg was not a prince. The prince (king) was Rurik and his son Ingvar (Igor). Oleg was regent under the early orphaned Igor. He was his uncle. It turns out - Rurik's brother-in-law.

What title or title did Oleg have? His title was OLEG (Helgi). Nestor writes to Kh-l-gu. The same title H-l-ga (Olga) was also given to a girl from Pleskov (Pskov) with whom the young Igor was married. We will never know the proper names of these people.

Among the ancient Rus, the title of HELGI meant a military leader-sorcerer. Perhaps Oleg wanted to be thought that he had some kind of psychic abilities. Hence the nickname - PROPHETIC.

The Greeks did not notice the victorious raid on Tsar-Grad and the shield nailed to its gates. This is entirely on the conscience of Nestor, who probably attributed to Oleg the robbery of the suburbs of Constantinople by Askold. The same bandit.

I think Prophetic Oleg got this nickname because he had good intuition and could make the right choice at the right time. The military victories of Prince Oleg were numerous and many nations began to pay tribute to Kyiv.

When Oleg went to the Greeks in 907, he took 2000 ships, each of which had about 40 warriors. Approaching the territory where the Greeks lived, Oleg ordered to put the ships on wheels. Just a fair wind blew, and the ships sailed on land. Such a sight, of course, frightened the Greeks, and they brought poisoned wine to Oleg and his army, but he did not accept the deadly gift, rejecting food. It was after this that for foresight, wisdom, knowledge and prudence Oleg began to be called Prophetic Oleg.

Like any good politician, the ancient Russian prince Oleg, who was the second in the Rurik family, knew how to look into the future, that is, he could foresee a number of events, unlike ordinary people. For this, he was nicknamed the Prophetic, which meant looking into the future or seeing the future.

Officially, historians say that he received the title of prophetic after he did not eat poisoned food, but my opinion is that he was simply a good strategist and could predict the enemy’s intentions in advance, which was very useful in that warlike time, hence they called him prophetic ...

Prophetic because Prince Oleg was not only the Great Old Russian Prince and was the supreme leader, but also had the glory of a priest, sorcerer, sorcerer. Prophetic means seeing the future. His death was predicted in advance.

The legendary ancient Russian governor Oleg, prince of Kiev, prince of Novgorod received the nickname PROPHETIC for his prudence, foresight. He refused to accept poisoned food from the defeated Greeks.

The prophetic nickname was given to Oleg because Oleg demonstrated his ability to predict events. He did not take the poisoned food, which showed that he can predict and predict what is what. Perhaps there was nothing from extrasensory perception here, just Oleg was a reasonable person.

Most likely, Oleg was nicknamed prophetic due to the fact that the cunning prince did not accept poisoned wine from the Greeks, who were frightened by the ships on wheels that Oleg invented. No one knows how Oleg found out that the wine was poisoned. Maybe Oleg was really prophetic?

“Your name is glorified by victory.

Oleg! Your shield is on the gates of Tsargrad.

A. S. Pushkin

From the school desk, we are familiar with the tale “The Song of the Prophetic Oleg”, which tells about the glorious deeds of the first Kyiv prince in history, the commander and founder of the Great Russian state. He owns a statement that went down in history: "Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities." But why did Prophetic Oleg get such a nickname?

historical portrait

The date when the Grand Duke was born, his biography is unknown (according to historians, he was a little younger than Rurik). Oleg comes from Norway (the village of Halogoland) from a family of wealthy bonds.

Bond (or "Karl") - the estate (characteristic) of the Vikings of ancient Norway. Bonds did not belong to the nobility, but were free and owned their own household.

The parents named the boy Odd. When Odd grew up, the young man was nicknamed Orvar (“arrow”) for his courage. Sister Odda became engaged to the leader of the Varangians, Rurik, and subsequently became his wife.

Orvar faithfully served Rurik and bore the title of "Chief Commander". The leader of the Varangians, Rurik, was not mistaken in choosing a protege when, on his deathbed (in 879), he bequeathed the throne of Novgorod and custody of his only son, Igor, to Odd. Orvar became a friend and father to the prince, raising Igor as an educated, courageous man.

Odd reacted responsibly to the title bestowed on him by Rurik. During the years of his reign (879-912), he supported and fulfilled the main goal of the rulers of those times - expanding the borders of his country and increasing the wealth of princely possessions.

Why "Oleg" when the prince's name is Oddom? Oleg is not a personal name. This is a throne title used instead of a given name. Who is "Oleg"? Literally translated, it means "Holy". The title is often found in the Scandinavian annals. Odd received the title "Oleg", which means "Holy Priest and Leader".

Foreign and domestic policy

Having gained power, Odd subjugates recalcitrant tribes that refuse to pay tribute. A few years later, Oleg conquers the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes. At his feet were Krivichi, Chud, all and Slovenes. Together with the Varangians and new warriors, the old Russian prince goes on a warlike campaign and captures the large cities of Lyubech and Smolensk.

Possessing a strong army, the prince intends to conquer Kyiv, which was dominated by impostor governors Dir and Askold.

But Oleg was not going to waste the lives of soldiers on the armed capture of Kyiv. The long-term siege of the city also did not suit him. The prince used a trick. Having disguised the ships as harmless merchant ships, Odd summoned the Kyiv rulers outside the city rampart, ostensibly for negotiations.

According to legend, at the meeting, Oleg introduced Askold and Dir to a new henchman of Kyiv, Igor's ward. And then ruthlessly dealt with unreasonable enemies. Having conquered Kyiv, Odd united Eastern and Northern Rus', creating Kievan Rus (Old Russian state).

The entire policy of the Grand Duke (external and internal) was based on obtaining the maximum benefit for Rus'. Desperate Odd took steps unique in concept and courage to implement his plans. It was Oleg who became the initiator of a new era, in fact, having managed to combine politics and military operations. His portrait and legendary exploits are reflected in two famous writings: The Novgorod Chronicle and The Tale of Bygone Years.

Summing up, we can describe the achievements of the Kyiv Bishop as follows:

Foreign policy:

1. He managed to negotiate with the Vikings to stop the bloody raids on Rus'. For this, the Russians paid an annual tribute.
2. He conducted successful campaigns in the Caspian region against the Arab Caliphate.
3. 885 - a successful military campaign against the streets (a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the south-west of Rus' and occupy the territory from the Danube to the Dnieper).
4. After the siege of Constantinople in 907, he achieved favorable terms of trade with Russian merchants.
5. He subjugated the Tivertsy, Drevlyans, and East Croats to Kyiv. Vyatichi, Siveryan, Dulibiv and Radimichi (Slavic tribes).
6. He conquered the Finno-Ugric tribes (meryu and chud).

Domestic policy:

1. Established a competent policy of collecting tribute from the lands subordinate to Kyiv.
2. He convinced the troops of the conquered tribes to loyalty and service, which ensured success in further military campaigns.
3. Created defensive construction in the border areas.
4. He revived the pagan cult in Rus'.

Culture and achievements

Rus' under the rule of Oleg was a gigantic territory inhabited by numerous Slavic tribes. With the coming to power of Odd, the primitive communal Slavic tribes formed into a single powerful state, recognized by the whole world.

Each tribe, united in a common country, faithfully kept its traditions, customs and beliefs.

The strengthening of contacts with Byzantium and the Eastern countries gave impetus to the rapid development of the Russian economy. Cities were actively growing and being built, lands were being developed, crafts and arts were developing.

Settlements. Before Oleg came to power, the bulk of the Russians lived in weakly fortified villages. People hid the settlements from the raids of enemies, placing them in the forest lowlands. Under the reign of the Kyiv prince, the situation changed. The 9th century was marked by the spread of fortified settlements.

Settlements were erected along the banks of reservoirs, at the confluence of rivers. Convenient in defense, such settlements were also beneficial in terms of economic and trade relations. Due to the extensive development of settlements, Rus' in the sagas of Scandinavia was called "Gardarika" ("country of cities").

An old annalistic book says that Moscow was laid and founded by Prince Oleg the Prophet of Kiev in the year 880.

System. Historians associate the period of the formation of the state with the policy of Odd. The annual, obligatory tribute from the tribes, detours of the inhabitants for the sake of collecting bribes formed the basis for the emergence of the first prototype of the tax and judicial state system.

Russian alphabet. Oleg became famous for the introduction of the Russian alphabet in Rus'. Remaining adamant, stern and faithful pagan, the Kiev prince was able to understand the value of the Slavic writing, which was created by two Christian monks.

Oleg rose above his own religious limitations for the sake of education and culture. For the sake of the great future of the Russian people. From his reign, the history of Rus' turns into the history of a powerful, unified state - the great Kievan Rus.

Who fought Oleg

The legendary commander devoted twenty-five years of his reign to the expansion of his lands. For the sake of the security of Kyiv and the subordinate regions, Odd took possession of the lands of the Drevlyans (883).

The Drevlyans are an East Slavic tribe living on the territory of the Ukrainian Polissya (west of the Kyiv region).

The prince imposed a severe tribute on the Drevlyans. But to the rest of the conquered tribes (radimichi and northerners), Oleg was more indulgent. These tribes were tributaries of the Khazar Khaganate. Odd lured the northerners away with a lighter bribe compared to the amounts that the servants of the kaganate forced to pay. And the radimichi themselves willingly came under the wing of Oleg, having heard about the fair orders established in the principality.

The year 898 was marked by an attack on Kievan Rus by the Hungarians. Representatives of some Slavic tribes (Tivertsy and Ulich) were allies of the Magyars (Hungarians). Slav-supported battles with the Hungarians became protracted. But Oleg managed to break the resistance and further expand the borders of Kievan Rus.

Odd kept the peoples who joined the state, the power of elders, tribal princes and internal self-government. All that was required of the Slavic tribes was the recognition of Oleg as a Grand Duke and the payment of taxes.

In a short time, the Old Russian state took over the Dnieper lands and regions along the tributaries of the Dnieper and received access to the Dniester. Many Slavs had no desire to unite with anyone. But the prince of Kiev could not reconcile himself with the "selfishness" of his neighbors. Oleg needed a powerful country, a strong and strong state.

Against this background, military conflicts often arose with independent Slavic tribes. Only at the end of the 10th century did the overwhelming majority of the tribes unite with Kiev. Now the rulers of Ancient Rus' got the opportunity to deal with the Khazar Khaganate.

What did the prince of Kyiv die from?

The death of the Grand Duke is shrouded in mystery, like his life. Having taken initiation into the Magi in childhood, Odd turned into the most powerful magician of his time. The werewolf prince, as his fellow tribesmen called him, knew how to control the forces of nature. Neither death from a knife, nor death from an arrow, nor a witch's black slander took the ruler. The snake was able to defeat him.

How did the prince die? According to an old legend, Oleg died from a snake bite. Having met the Magi on a campaign, Odd received from them a prediction about the danger posed by the prince's beloved horse. Oleg replaced the horse. When the horse died, the prince remembered the prediction of the sages.

Having laughed at the seers, the prince ordered to bring him to the remains of his faithful companion. Seeing the bones of the animal, Odd said: “Am I afraid of these bones?” Putting his foot on the horse's skull, the prince received a fatal bite from a snake crawling out of the eye socket.

View of contemporaries. The mystery of Oleg's death has turned into a difficult task for researchers. Telling how the prince's stung leg swelled up, how Odd suffered from poison, the chroniclers do not say where the prince received a fatal bite and where the grave of the great commander is located.

Some sources claim that the prince was buried in the foothills of Shekovitsa (a mountain near Kiev). Others point to a grave located in Ladoga.

The researcher of historical events V.P. Vlasov at the end of the 20th century substantiated the probability of the death of the commander. The scientist gave a hypothesis that if Odd was in Kyiv at that time, he could have suffered from the forest-steppe, steppe and common viper (these species are the most dangerous of those living in that area).

But for death from a viper attack, it is necessary that the snake sting directly into the carotid artery. A bite in a place unprotected from clothes could not lead to a fatal outcome. Considering that the snake could not bite through the tight boots that were worn then.

A snake bite could not be the cause of the death of Prophetic Oleg. The only explanation for his death after the snake attack is illiterate treatment.

Turning to expert toxicologists for help, Vlasov made the final conclusion. Oleg's death was due to a tourniquet placed on the bitten leg. The tourniquet, squeezing the edematous limb, deprived it of blood supply, the result was complete intoxication of the body and death of a person.

What did the prince do for Rus'

Prince Oleg went down in the history of Rus' as the first Russian commander, the builder of Russian cities and the ingenious unifier of the Slavic tribes. Before Odd came to power, the East European Plain was completely inhabited by numerous tribes of Slavs fighting each other without common laws and common borders. Where they came to these lands is unknown.

Since the arrival of Oleg, the formation of a great state began. Agreements on duty-free trade with Byzantium, the skillful leadership and talented policy of the prince gave rise to the Russian nation. Oleg is the first person who declared himself a Russian prince, and not a foreign one, as it was before him.

After the death of the prince, the reins of government went to his regent Igor Rurikovich. Igor tried to follow the path of Oleg, but failed. The rule of the protege turned out to be much weaker. The prince was ruined by the betrayal of the Khazars, who did not fulfill the agreement and killed the commander in a fierce battle. Igor's wife, Princess Olga of Pskov, avenged the prince's death. But that's another story and destiny.

Why was Oleg nicknamed "Prophetic"?

Over the years of his reign, the Kiev prince became famous as an intelligent, far-sighted politician. Strong, fearless and cunning. It was not for nothing that Oleg was nicknamed "Prophetic", in the days of paganism he was considered a great seer, anticipating danger. The origin of the nickname has two versions.

Byzantine "adventures"

Having strengthened his position in Kyiv, Oleg, with a powerful, trained squad, went to Constantinople - to show the strength of the Russian, heroic and at the same time expand the territory of the country.

Byzantium at that time was headed by Leo IV. Seeing an uncountable army, a huge number of ships, he locked the entrances to the city and surrounded the harbor with strong chains. But Oleg found a way out of this situation. He took Constantinople by cunning, from the side of the land, where not a single ship could pass.

The prince became famous for his extraordinary decision. He put the ships on wheels and sent them to attack. A fair wind helped him - Oleg's idea was approved by nature itself! Seeing the fantastic sight of warships sailing menacingly across the land, Leo IV immediately surrendered, opening the gates of the city.

The reward for victory was an agreement under which Kievan Rus dictated its terms of trade relations with Byzantium and turned into a powerful state in Asia and Europe.

But the cunning Byzantines planned to poison Oleg and his army. At a feast in honor of the prince, the cautious and intelligent Odd refused overseas food and forbade the soldiers to eat. He told the hungry warriors that they were given food and drink poisoned, and the enemies wanted to take their lives. When the truth was revealed, the nickname "Prophetic" was assigned to the Prince of Kyiv.

Since that time, Byzantium respected the reign of Oleg and the great Kievan Rus. And the shield of the prince, nailed over the gates of Constantinople, even more convinced his warriors in the mighty rule of Odd.

Secrets of sorcery

According to another version, Oleg was nicknamed "Prophetic" because of his passion for sorcery (magic). The Kiev prince was not just a talented and successful commander and brilliant politician, about whom poems and songs were composed. He was a sorcerer.

The Magus is a revered class of sages, ancient Russian priests. Sorcerers and sorcerers, wizards and magicians had a huge influence in antiquity. Their strength and wisdom consisted in the possession of the secrets of the universe, inaccessible to other people.

Isn't that why the Kyiv prince succeeded in everything? It seemed that Oleg was subject only to the forces of heaven, and they helped him to strengthen and expand Rus'. The Grand Duke did not take a single wrong step, did not lose a single battle. Who but a magician is capable of such a thing?

The first, most mysterious and most successful ruler of the Slavs breathed life into a single state - Rus'. And this country, the brainchild of the Prophetic Oleg, saturated with power and magic, goes through life like that - with a proudly raised head and an open heart. Undefeated and wise Russia.

In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod. By the time of his death, Rus' occupied a territory exceeding the size of modern France - from the Baltic in the north to the Western Dvina in the south. But the heir to the throne, two-year-old Igor, could not rule the country. The state was on the verge of collapse. That's when Oleg appeared in time. Little is known about its origin.

“I’ll die Rurik, betray my princedom Olgovi, from his family he exists, giving him his son on Igor’s hand, be more detesk velmy”,

According to The Tale of Bygone Years, he was a relative of Rurik. According to the Joachim Chronicle, Oleg was the ruler's brother-in-law - the brother of his wife, the Norwegian princess Efanda. And according to a less well-known modern hypothesis - Oleg is not Oleg at all, but Odd Strela, the hero of the Norwegian-Icelandic sagas.

17 years ago, Oleg came with Rurik to Staraya Ladoga, being a governor in his squad. Cold and decisive, like all the Vikings, as soon as he sat on the throne, he made it clear that strong power was again in the state.
Therefore, when the subject tribes rebelled from the high tribute, Oleg used his favorite tactic. With demonstrative cruelty, he destroyed all the villages that he came across on the way to the rebellious tribes. Horror ran faster than his troops, paralyzing all resistance, and soon he was recognized as the ruler.
But there remained Novgorod, which has long been known for its love of freedom. The Novgorodians had an oral agreement with Rurik - a series, according to which they kept the Varangian squads. But then with Rurik, and what do they owe to Oleg ?! Then the prince announced that it was his Rurik who appointed the guardian of his young son. The rattling of weapons sobered up the Novgorodians even more quickly. So, Oleg became a full-fledged prince.

Prophetic Oleg. Hood. S. Suvorov

But simple calm was not enough for this enterprising and ambitious ruler. To rule means to fight. Therefore, Oleg began to prepare for a campaign against Kyiv.
This city, which, like Novgorod, lay on the most important trade route "from the Varangians to Gremi", Oleg decided to make the capital, having previously captured it, of course. Other princes tried to keep the capital in the middle of the state. Oleg decided that if it was close to the border, then it would be easier to attack the neighbors.

An impressive army was required for the campaign, and Rurik decidedenlist the support of Novgorodians. Novgorod merchants also liked this idea - they thought that they would pay tribute to the captured city. And they did not even suspect that the treacherous Oleg would make Novgorod a tributary of the new capital.

Preparations went on for 3 years. Oleg methodically made throws at the surrounding tribes, and the border moved closer and closer to Kyiv. And, finally, in 882, a huge army, consisting of the Varangians, Novgorodians, Chuds, Veseys, Krivichi, Meryu, Slovenian, all went down the Dnieper. Taking Smolensk and Lyubech without a fight,and planted his husbands there, not forgetting to take a rich tribute, Oleg moved to Kyiv.

Arrival of Prince Oleg in Kyiv

Kiev at that time was ruled by two Varangians - Askold and Dir. About 20 years ago they fought in the squad of Rurik, and then they took a small detachment and moved south. There they stumbled upon the Dnieper town of Kyiv, in which the peace-loving tribe of the Polyans lived. Assessing the strategic position of the city, Askold and Dir settled in it and began to take a fee from passing merchants. If someone tried to evade, the ship was seized, the crew was dealt with. Gradually, Kyiv became a large prosperous city. To take it with a frontal assault would cost Oleg a lot of blood. And he decided to act smartly.

Leaving his army on the outskirts of the city, Oleg moved to Kyiv with a small handful of soldiers. At this time, the people of Kiev were just celebrating the holiday of the god of fertility Kupala. Having calmly waited for the holiday to reach its climax, Oleg ordered Askold and Dir to announce that his compatriots, the Varangian merchants, had arrived:

We are merchants, we are going to the Greeks from Oleg and from Igor prince, but come to your family and to us.

The unsuspecting rulers came out to Oleg and were instantly surrounded. The prince said: “You are not princes and not a princely family, but I am a princely family” . And, pointing to the five-year-old Igor, whom he took with him on a campaign, he said: "And he is the son of Rurik." After that, Askold and Dira were hacked to death with swords. Now Oleg became the ruler of Kyiv. Entering the fortress wall, he exclaimed: “Behold the mother of Russian cities!”

Oleg shows little Igor to Askold and Dira. Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle (XV century).

Thus, he united the northern and southern centers of the Eastern Slavs. For this reason, it is Oleg, and not Rurik, who is sometimes considered the founder Old Russian state. First of all, Oleg began to fortify the city to protect it from warm nomads, and on the highest hill he ordered to build a princely tower.

The murder of Askold and Dir on the orders of Oleg. Engraving by F. A. Bruni. Before 1839

And Oleg sent a governor to Novgorod to collect tribute. The deceived Novgorodians heard the figure: 300 hryvnias per year (that is, about 70 kg of silver).
But the prince considered the conquest of Kyiv only the beginning of his grandiose plans. He was already thinking about the next idea - a trip to Tsargrad ...

For the next 25 years, Oleg was busy expanding the subject territory. He subordinated to Kyiv the Drevlyans (883), northerners (884), Radimichi (885). So, for starters, Oleg conquered the surrounding tribes. He frightened the Drevlyans who lived on the Pripyat River with his favorite tactic - the complete destruction of the first villages that came across. And the Drevlyans pledged to pay tribute to the prince - a black marten from the smoke (at home). The following year, he took over the hands of the Radimichi, appointing a hat (small coin) from each plow.

The last two tribal unions were tributaries of the Khazars. The Tale of Bygone Years left the text of Oleg’s appeal to the northerners: “ I am an enemy of the Khazars, so you do not need to pay tribute to them". To the radimichi: " To whom do you give tribute?". They answered: "Khazars." And Oleg says: Don't give it to the Khazars, but give it to me». « And Oleg owned derevlyans, glades, radimichis, and with- streets and tivertsy imyashe army».

898 The Tale of Bygone Years dates the appearance of the Ugrians (Hungarians) near Kiev during their migration to the west, which actually happened several years earlier.

We thoroughly prepared for the campaign: by 907, 2000 boats stood at the Dnieper berths. There were forty judges in each of the courts. This means that Oleg led 80,000 soldiers. But Oleg left the matured Igor in Kyiv - "the ruler did not want to share neither dangers nor glory with him."

The fleet of Prince Oleg goes to Constantinople along the Dnieper River. Engraving by F. A. Bruni. Before 1839

It must be said that at the beginning of the 10th century, Byzantium experienced an unprecedented flourishing, being at the junction of Europe and Asia, controlled with the help of strong power and laws perfect for that time. It occupied most of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. The Byzantine army preserved and multiplied the Roman traditions, and incessantly continued its conquests. Therefore, by the time Oleg arrived, the main part of the army of Emperor Leo XI the Wise was in Syria.

The emperor was not too worried - Constantinople was safely protected by three rings of fortress walls - so he did nothing. Oleg did not waste time in vain. He quickly realized that it was pointless to take the city by storm. Having waited for the arrival of his ground troops, the prince again resorted to intimidation tactics - he burned out all the environs of Constantinople. Oleg succeeded in his plans - he forced the emperor to start negotiations. The prince appointed a ransom - two hryvnias for the oarlock of each boat and the release of Russian merchants from duties on the Byzantine market.
Leo did not refuse, but did not agree, thereby delaying the negotiations until the arrival of his army. Oleg got tired of waiting, he broke off negotiations and continued to ruin the surroundings. But the prince had a cunning maneuver: he was going to capture the capital, and the bay, where there were ships full of goods. The bay was fenced with a huge chain, so the prince decided to act from land, put the boats on wheels and moved them along the coast. For the Russians, this was customary, but the Byzantines were dismayed. Fearing the total destruction of his fleet, the emperor sued for peace. But Oleg tightened the requirements: he demanded 12 hryvnias for each soldier. Leo had to agree.

Oleg nails his shield to the gates of Constantinople.

Oleg returned triumphant. He was recognized by the only empire of that time. It was then that the people called the prince "prophetic" - that is, wise, foreseeing the future. Although some historians, due to the absence of the fact of Oleg's campaign in 907 in the Byzantine annals, consider him a legend.

Having reigned for 33 years, Oleg died at a ripe old age. The legend says that the prince decided to find out his future from the sorcerer. The sorcerer predicted that Oleg would die from his beloved horse. The prince was saddened, but there was nothing to be done, he had to part with his friend.

Oleg's meeting with the magician. Artist V. Vasnetsov, illustration for the poem by A. S. Pushkin "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg". 1899.

But, remembering the horse a few years later, Oleg found out that he had died. Laughing at the lying sorcerer, Oleg went to the horse's grave, stood with his foot on his skull and said: "Should I be afraid of him?" A snake hid in the skull, and the prince died from its bite.

Oleg at the horse's bones. V. M. Vasnetsov, 1899

The new heir to the throne, Igor, and his wife Olga, buried Oleg according to the ancient custom: they burned him in a boat. According to some reports, his ashes were buried in Staraya Ladoga, according to others - in Kyiv.

V. M. Vasnetsov. Funeral feast at the grave of Prophetic Oleg (1899). Based on the work of A. S. Pushkin "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg".

Who was Prince Oleg? And why was he called the Prophet? The Magi were called prophetic people in Rus'. And this means that Oleg was recognized not just as a ruler, but as a prince-sorcerer, like the princes of Ancient Ruskolani. And these princes-sorcerers, who possessed earthly power and mysterious power, were revered in Rus' not only as "grandchildren of the gods", but also directly as "acquired gods."