stock norm. The stock rate is the minimum number of stocks in days required for the smooth, rhythmic operation of an industrial enterprise.

At the same time, industrial enterprises distinguish between current, insurance (warranty) and technological reserves.

current stock provides for the daily needs of production in the intervals between two next deliveries of materials and is defined as:

where: - the norm of the current stock of this material, days

And - the time interval between two successive deliveries, days. Warranty(insurance) reserve is necessary in case of disruption of regular deliveries due to unforeseen circumstances. The guaranteed stock rate should ensure the operation of the enterprise I in the same mode at the time of taking emergency measures for the delivery of materials. Practice shows that the norm of the guaranteed stock. sufficient at the level of half of the current stock:

Technological reserve provided for the preparation of raw materials for production. This is, say, the time for part-time work, drying, moistening of agricultural or other raw materials and materials. The technological reserve rate is determined in accordance with the technology for processing raw materials or manufacturing an industrial product. For example, for grain - this is one and a half - two days, for flour, grapes - hours, for wine before bottling - two weeks, for certain types of industrial materials - a month, etc.

Thus, the rate of working capital for industrial stocks for industrial enterprises is defined as:

The working capital ratio is calculated in monetary terms as the product of the working capital norm in days by the average daily production costs at cost. In this case, the standard of working capital in industrial stocks will be:

where: - the standard of working capital in inventories for this material, rub.

Stock rate in days for this material, rub.

D - average daily consumption of this material in physical terms

C - the price of a unit of this material, taking into account transport and procurement costs, rub.

This is how the standard is determined for all types and groups of inventories and summarized for this entire group of working capital.

The standard of working capital in work in progress is defined as:

where: - the standard of working capital in work in progress, rub.

The duration of the production cycle of the product, days

Cost escalation factor, fractions of a unit

Average daily production costs, rub.

The amount of production costs per year, rub. The duration of the production cycle is determined by the technological map. It is calculated, say, for bread - in hours, and for cognac and ships - in years.

Average daily costs are determined by dividing the total production cost estimate by the fiscal year (360 days).

The cost escalation factor characterizes the dynamics of the increase in costs during the production cycle and is defined as the ratio of the average cycle cost to the production cost:

where: - average cycle cost of the product, rub.

Production cost of the product, rub. The calculation of the average cycle cost is a very complex and time-consuming process, because the nature of the increase in costs is uneven and not the same for each product or group of products. Therefore, for processing industries, where material-intensive products are mainly produced with a relatively small production cycle, the cost increase coefficient can be determined with sufficient accuracy by the formula:

where: M - the share of material costs in the production cost of products,%

O - the share of other costs (100 - M),%.

In this case, the coefficient of increase in costs in these industries is in the range of 0.5 - 1.0. It is assumed that material costs enter the production process immediately, and the remaining costs increase evenly.

Working capital for deferred expenses is normalized at the level prevailing for the previous year, adjusted for changes in the coming year. Deferred expenses are insignificant, relatively stable in industries, and such a principle of their rationing is fully justified.

The standard of working capital in finished products in the warehouse is defined as:

where: - the standard of working capital in finished products at the warehouse, rub.

Stock rate of finished products in stock, days

Average daily output at production cost, rub.

The stock rate of finished products in the warehouse is determined from the time required to form a batch of goods for shipment to the consumer and paperwork.

The general norm of working capital will be formed from the sum of previously determined private norms:

The norm of working capital determined in this way should ensure uninterrupted, rhythmic work of an enterprise in the industry at a minimum sufficiency level. In other words, the standard of own working capital

funds are the minimum necessary, but not decreasing, needs of funds invested at different stages of the circuit. That is why for seasonally operating industries one should not ration their own working capital for the seasonal procurement of raw materials and individual materials. These funds in the off-season will simply be diverted, frozen.

§4. INDICATORS AND WAYS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF CURRENT FUNDS AND CURRENT ASSETS IN INDUSTRIES

The efficiency of the use of working capital and working capital consists of the economical use of working capital and the acceleration of the turnover of all elements of working capital at all stages of the circulation (D - SP - P - G - D ").

The indicators of the effectiveness of the use of working capital are as follows:

1. Turnover ratio:

where: - turnover ratio, times

The volume of sales of goods (services, works), thousand rubles.

Average annual cost of working capital, thousand rubles

2. Time of turnover (reversal):

3. Coefficient of fixed funds (loading):

Distinguish between absolute and relative savings in working capital. The absolute savings of working capital is determined by a simple arithmetic difference between the actual and planned (program, forecast, comparable) cost. The relative savings (or release) of working capital is calculated by the formula:

where: - relative savings of OS, thousand rubles.

Planned (program, forecast, comparable) cost of implementation, thousand rubles.

Basic turnover ratio

The actual cost of working capital at their actual turnover.

For example: in the previous (base) year, the turnover ratio was 3.0 with a sales volume of 3,600 thousand rubles. and 1200 thousand rubles. working capital used. In the current year, with a sales volume of 4800 thousand rubles. and used working capital in the amount of 1000 thousand rubles. the absolute effect (release) of working capital will be 200 thousand rubles. (1200-1000), and the relative effect is 400 thousand rubles. (1200-4800/3).

When saving working capital (raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, etc.), the savings in working capital will be inadequate and will amount to:

Ways to save working capital and accelerate working capital, that is, increasing the efficiency of their use will be specific in individual industries. In the industry as a whole, these include the following.

1. Reducing the norms of expenses and every possible saving of production resources. Reserves of this kind in the processing industry in Russia are large: the specific consumption of many resources in the country is 1.5-2 times higher than the similar indicators of countries with a developed market economy.

2. Decrease in inventory balances in warehouses in all industry structures. And here the reserves are enormous. In Japan, for example, stocks at the input and output do not exceed five percent of the resources used and goods produced, while in Russia they are several times higher and lie in "dead capital", burdening the already small cash circulating assets.

It is necessary to learn how to work “from the wheels”, having minimum stocks in accordance with the above calculations according to the norms and standards of working capital.

3. Reducing the duration of the production cycle through the introduction of advanced technologies, improvement of existing ones, transition to continuous production processes, and intensification of production. Thus, the transition to a continuous method of champagne reduced the duration of the production of sparkling wines from three years to two or three months, with a corresponding release of working capital in work in progress.

4. Rationalization of relations with suppliers and consumers, taking into account the strict requirements of a market economy, which will minimize production stocks and the balance of products in warehouses.

5. Compliance with timely mutual settlements between market entities for payments. Liquidation of non-payments. Working capital literally settles in these non-payments, which significantly slows down the turnover of working capital.

6. Rationalization of location of enterprises and capacities of industries. This will speed up the delivery of resources and the sale of goods, thereby increasing the efficiency of the use of working capital, increasing the speed of turnover.

7. Improving the organization of production. Transition to continuous flow production. Optimization of the level of concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production.

8. Alignment of the level of socio-economic development of the country's territory, the integrated development of the economy of regions and subjects of the federation.

9. Scientific and technological progress in all its directions and the large-scale use of its achievements in production.

10. Diversification of production, providing a faster promotion of goods in the market in various segments of this market.

All this helps to save resources and accelerate turnover, which means reducing the need for working capital and increasing the speed of working capital turnover.

11. A set of measures for economic, including material incentives to improve the efficiency of the use of working capital. Such a universal means is the market itself with fair competition and an objective mechanism for accelerating production and circulation.

Individual specific sectors of the processing and extractive industries will have their own additional specific factors, reserves and ways to increase the efficiency of the use of working capital and working capital. This specificity is determined by seasonality, material consumption, the duration of the production cycle, the nature of consumption, and hence the sale of the manufactured industrial product, etc.

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Inventory management consists in solving two main tasks:

Creation of a system of control over the actual size of the stock and its timely replenishment in accordance with the established norm.

Consider the issues of rationing stocks.

Determination of stock rate

The stock rate is the estimated minimum quantity of raw materials, component materials or finished products that must be in the possession of manufacturing or trading enterprises to ensure an uninterrupted supply of production or buyers of goods.
Material stocks can be represented in current stock and safety stock.
The variable part of the total stock of materials at the enterprise is the current stock, which changes from the maximum size at the time of delivery of materials to almost zero, when the entire batch is used up and a new delivery is in line. The value of the current stock depends on two indicators: the average daily consumption of materials and the frequency of delivery of materials.

Safety stock

The safety stock performs a different task. It is designed to continuously provide materials or goods to the production or trade process in the event of various unforeseen circumstances, such as: deviations in the frequency and size of supply lots from those stipulated by the contract; possible delays of materials or goods in transit when delivered from suppliers; unexpected increase in demand.
The insurance stock is not inviolable. The consumption of this component of the total stock is also inevitable, as are inevitable errors in planning and organizing supplies. However, with the planned course of deliveries and stable sales corresponding to the plan, the value of the safety stock, unlike the current one, does not change.
The choice of a method for calculating the safety stock norms that most accurately meets the conditions of the Company's operation, including its individual units, requires special studies.

Methods for the allocation of norms of commodity stocks

When determining the norms of commodity stocks, three groups of methods are used: heuristic, methods of technical and economic calculations and economic and mathematical methods (Fig.).
Heuristic methods involves the use of the experience of specialists who study the statements for the previous period, analyze the market and make decisions on the minimum required reserves, based largely on a subjective understanding of demand trends. An employee of the enterprise responsible for the state of stocks can act as a specialist. The problem solving method used in this case belongs to the heuristic group and is called experimental-statistical. If the task in the field of inventory management is rather complicated, the experience of not one, but several specialists can be used. By analyzing their subjective assessments of the situation, as well as the proposed options, you can get a fairly good solution, slightly different from the optimal one. This method also belongs to the heuristic group and is called the method of expert assessments.

Method of technical and economic calculations consists in dividing the total stock, depending on the intended purpose, into separate groups, for example, assortment positions in trade. Further, for the selected groups, insurance, current and seasonal stocks are calculated separately, each of which, in turn, can be divided into some elements - for example, insurance stock in case of increased demand or violation of the terms of delivery of materials (goods) from suppliers. The method of technical and economic calculations makes it possible to accurately determine the required amount of reserves, but its labor intensity is high.

Economic and mathematical methods. The demand for goods or products is most often a random process that can be described by methods of mathematical statistics. One of the simplest economic and mathematical methods for determining the size of the stock is the extrapolation (smoothing) method, which allows you to transfer the rates that have developed in the formation of stocks in the past to the future. For example, having information about the size of stocks for the past four periods, based on the extrapolation method, you can determine the size of stocks for the upcoming period using the formula

Y5 = 0.5(2Y4+Y3-Y1),

where Y, Y3, Y„ - stock levels (in total, days or percentage of turnover) for the first, third and fourth periods, respectively; Y5 is the standard stock level for the forthcoming, fifth period.

The inventory level forecast for the sixth period (Y6) can be made using the formula

Y6 = 0.5 (2YS + Y4 - Y2).

International inventory management practice shows that the growth rate of stocks should somewhat lag behind the growth rate of demand. Mathematically it looks like this:

where T3 is the growth rate of commodity stocks; Tc is the growth rate of demand.

This ratio between stocks and demand provides the possibility of accelerating the turnover of working capital.

Notes

The article was prepared based on the materials of the textbook Gadzhinsky A.M. "Logistics"

To ensure the uninterrupted production and sale of products, as well as for the effective use of working capital at enterprises, their rationing is carried out. With its help, the total need of the enterprise for working capital is determined.

Consumption rates are considered to be the maximum allowable absolute values ​​of the consumption of raw materials and materials, fuel and electrical energy for the production of a unit of output.

Rationing the consumption of certain types of material resources provides for the observance of certain scientific principles. The main ones should be: progressiveness, technological and economic feasibility, dynamism and ensuring the reduction of standards.

When planning the need for working capital, three methods are used:

1. Analytical- involves determining the need for working capital in the amount of their average actual balances, taking into account the growth in production volume. This method is used in those enterprises where the funds invested in material assets and costs have a larger share in the total amount of working capital.

2. Ratio- consists in clarifying the current standards of own working capital in accordance with changes in production indicators. Inventories and costs are divided into those that depend directly on changes in production volumes (raw materials, materials, costs of work in progress, finished products in stock) and those that do not depend on it (spare parts, deferred expenses, low-value items).

For the first group, the need for working capital is determined based on their size in the base year and the growth rate of production in the next year. For the second group, the demand is planned at the level of their average actual balances over a number of years.

3. Method of direct counting- scientifically based calculation of standards for each element of normalized working capital, taking into account changes in the level of organizational and technical development of the enterprise, transportation of goods and materials, and the practice of settlements with counterparties.

Rationing begins with determining the average daily consumption of raw materials, basic materials and semi-finished products (R days) in the planning period:

where P is the volume of material consumption for the period, rub.;

T is the period of time.

Working capital rate (Na.obs) - the value corresponding to the minimum, economically justified volume of reserves. It is usually set in days.

OBS standard (N obs) - the minimum required amount of funds to ensure the continuity of the enterprise. Determined by the formula:

H obs =R day * N a.obs.

The OS stock rate (Na.os) for each type or homogeneous group of materials takes into account the time spent in the current (3 tech), insurance (3 lines), transport (3 countries), technological (3 tech) stocks, as well as the time required for unloading, delivery, acceptance and storage of materials, i.e. preparatory stock (P r):

N a.os \u003d Z tech + Z str + Z tran + Z tech + P r.

current stock is designed to provide production with material resources between two successive deliveries. This is the main type of stock, the most significant value in the OBS norm. The current stock in days is determined by the formula:

where C p - the cost of delivery;

And - the interval between deliveries.

The current stock ratio is calculated by the formula:

Z tech \u003d R day * And,

Safety stock arises as a result of a violation of the delivery time. In days, it is determined by the formula:

Safety stock standard:

Z str \u003d R day * (I f - I pl) * 0.5 or Z str \u003d R day * Z str. days * 0.5,

where (I f - I pl ) - a gap in the supply interval.

Transport stock is created at enterprises for those deliveries for which there is a gap between the timing of receipt of payment documents and materials. It is defined as the excess of the terms of cargo turnover (the time of delivery of goods from the supplier to the buyer) over the terms of the document flow.

The standard of the transport stock is calculated by the formula:

Z tr \u003d R day * (I f - I pl) * 0.5 or Z str \u003d R day * Z tr.dn * 0.5,

where 3 tr.dn - the norm of the transport stock, days.

Technological reserve - the time required to prepare materials for production. The technology reserve standard is determined by the formula:

Z those \u003d (Z tech + Z str + Z tr) * To those

where K tech is the coefficient of technological reserve, %. It is established by a commission of representatives of the supplier and the consumer.

Preparatory Stock is established on the basis of technological calculations or by means of timing.

Working capital ratio in inventories is defined as the sum of the OBS standards in the current, technological and preparatory reserves.

OBS standard in work in progress (N np) is determined by the formula:

H np \u003d VP sr.d. * T c * To nar.z,

where VP av.d is the average daily output of products at the production cost;

T c - the duration of the production cycle;

K nar.z - the coefficient of increase in costs, which, with a uniform increase in costs, is determined by the formula:

where Ф e - one-time costs;

F n - increasing costs;

C - cost.

With an uneven increase in costs

To Nar.z \u003d C cf / P

where C cf - the average cost of a product in work in progress;

P is the production cost of the product.

Working capital ratio in deferred expenses (Nbp) is determined by the formula:

N b.p. \u003d RBP start + RBP pre - RBP s,

where RBP nach - the carry-over amount of deferred expenses at the beginning of the planned year;

RBP pre - deferred expenses in the coming year, provided for by the estimates;

RBP s - deferred expenses to be written off to the cost of production of the coming year.

The standard of working capital in the balance of finished products defined:

N g.p \u003d VGP days. * N z.skl. ,

where GWP days. - the cost of one-day production of finished products;

N z.skl - the rate of their stock in the warehouse in days.

The total working capital ratio is the sum of the working capital ratios calculated for individual elements. When establishing norms and standards for the planned year, it is recommended to use the experimental-statistical and calculation-analytical method.

Working capital consumption rates are developed directly at enterprises, taking into account the specific conditions of their work ᴛ.ᴇ. take into account:

remoteness of suppliers from ATP;

terms of supply stipulated in the contracts;

frequency͵ uniformity and completeness of deliveries;

sizes of supplied lots;

transportation speed;

the regularity of the operation of transport ͵ delivering material values;

system and form of payments;

document flow speed, etc.

The norms of working capital in days for purchased production stocks include the time:

Finding material assets on the way (transport stock);

Unloading, warehousing and preparation of materials for production (technological reserve);

Stay of material assets in the form of a current stock;

Stay in the form of insurance (warranty) stock.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the general norm of the stock of material resources consists of transport, technological, current and insurance stocks.

Transport stock - is created in case of great remoteness of the supplier of material assets from this ATP. It covers the period from the date of payment of the invoice of the supplier of materials to the arrival of the goods at the recipient's warehouse.

The transport stock arises at enterprises in cases where their remoteness from suppliers is significant and payment for material assets is made before they arrive at the warehouse. If the delivery time is less than or equal to the time, which is essential for paying the bill, no transport stock is created.

Technological reserve at the enterprise it is created in the event that incoming inventory items require preliminary processing, laboratory analysis, preparation for production, etc. For example, when rationing the stock of diesel fuel, time is allotted for settling to separate excess impurities.

Time spent on receiving, unloading, sorting, warehousing, and laboratory analysis.

current stock is created to ensure the continuity of production in the period between two successive deliveries of material resources. It occupies the most significant place among inventories, is systematically spent on production and is regularly restored due to planned deliveries.

The size of the current stock is calculated based on daily consumption rates and the time between successive deliveries. The duration or interval between two successive deliveries is established either on the basis of contracts with suppliers, or according to warehouse accounting data on the quantity and frequency of receipts of materials.

The value of the current stock can be determined by the formula:

Ztec = a Tp,

where a is the average daily consumption of material;

Tp - weighted average interval between deliveries, days.

For large volumes of deliveries with an interval of more than five days, the current stock is created in the amount of 50% of the weighted average volume between two adjacent deliveries.

With a high frequency of supplies of materials, with a small number of suppliers of a certain group of materials, as well as for the supply of materials with short intervals, the current stock can be taken equal to the requirements of materials for a given interval, ᴛ.ᴇ. up to the full interval between deliveries.

Insurance (guarantee) stock is created to ensure a continuous production process in case the current stock is used up and the delivery of the next batch of material is late, as well as when the need for materials in production increases due to overfulfillment of planned targets, ᴛ.ᴇ. to guarantee against possible interruptions in supply.

The safety stock of materials should ensure the normal production process of the enterprise on time, it is extremely important for the urgent delivery of materials from suppliers. In road transport, the safety stock rate is set at 50% of the current stock. In the case of partial use of the safety stock, it must be replenished from the next regular delivery lot to the calculated value. The safety stock is determined by the formula:

Zstr \u003d a Tc,

where Тс is the recovery time of the insurance stock, days.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the stock rate for individual elements of working capital consists of current, technological, transport and insurance stocks.

In addition to current and insurance stocks, seasonal insurance stocks can be created for the winter period or during the autumn thaw. Seasonal stocks are calculated on the basis of indicators of the average daily consumption of materials and the duration of the period during which the importation of one or another type of material assets is expected to stop. If there is a significant seasonal stock of materials, they usually do not create a current stock.