Presentation "Culture of Japan" in geography - project, report. Section of the presentation on the topic of Japanese culture According to the Kojiki, the oldest monument of the Japanese language and literature, the sun goddess Amaterasu gave her grandson Prince Ninigi, adored
Cultural Studies Presentation
Middle Ages
CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL JAPAN
Japanese civilization was formed as a result of complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts. This determined the leading feature of the worldview of the Japanese
- the ability to creatively assimilate the knowledge and skills of other peoples. This feature becomes especially noticeable in the era of the emergence of early statehood on the islands.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
THE AGE OF YAMATO
Yamato (“great harmony, peace”) is a historical state formation in Japan that arose in the Yamato region (modern Nara prefecture) of the Kinki region in the 3rd-4th centuries. Existed during the Yamato period of the same name until the 8th century, until it was renamed Nippon "Japan" in 670.
THE HEIAN ERA
period in Japanese history (from 794 to 1185). This era was the golden age of Japanese medieval culture, with its sophistication and penchant for introspection, the ability to borrow forms from the mainland, but put original content into them. This manifested itself in the development of Japanese writing, the formation of national genres: a story, a novel, a lyrical pentaline. The poetic perception of the world affected all types of creativity, modified the style of Japanese architecture and plastics.
THE ERA OF THE SHOGUNATE
The entry of Japan into the era of mature feudalism at the end of the XII century. It was marked by the coming to power of the military feudal class of the samurai and the creation
shogunate
a state led
shogun (military ruler), who existed until the 19th century.
LANGUAGE
The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries.
(Japanese language)
JAPANESE WRITING
Modern Japanese uses three main writing systems:
Kanji are characters of Chinese origin and two syllabaries created in Japan: Hiragana and Katakana.
Transliteration of the Japanese language into Latin letters is called romaji and is rarely found in Japanese texts.
The first Chinese texts were brought to Japan by Buddhist monks from the Korean kingdom of Baekje in the 5th century BC. n. e.
TARO YAMADA (JAP.
YAMADA TARO :) -
TYPICAL NAME AND SURNAME LIKE THE RUSSIAN IVAN IVANOV
In modern Japanese, a rather high percentage is occupied by words borrowed from other languages (the so-called gairaigo). Japanese given names are written in kanji and consist of a surname and a given name, with the surname first.
Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. Various systems are used to transliterate Japanese characters, the most common being Romaji (Latin transliteration) and Polivanov's system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, such as tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.
RELIGION
Monastery
Todaiji.
Big
Religion in Japan is represented mainly by Shintoism and Buddhism. The first of them is purely national, the second is brought to Japan, as well as to China, from outside.
SHINTOISM
Shinto, Shinto ("the way of the gods") is the traditional religion of Japan. Based on the animistic beliefs of the ancient Japanese, the objects of worship are numerous deities and spirits of the dead.
1 of 37
Presentation on the topic:
slide number 1
Description of the slide:
slide number 2
Description of the slide:
The culture of Japan was formed as a result of a historical process that began with the migration of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been strongly influenced by the countries of Asia (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the middle of the XΙX century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese to nature as a living creation. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many forms of art in Japan.
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
Japanese cultural history Jomon (10 thousand years BC - 300 BC) - the first examples of ceramics, jewelry and female figurines dogu Yayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) - transition to agriculture, irrigated rice cultivation, bronze and iron products, dotaku bells Yamato-Kofun (4th century AD - VI century AD) - the spread of the mound culture, haniwa sculptures, the emergence of ancient Shintoism and related cults - Asuka (593 -710) - borrowing samples of Chinese culture, Taika reforms, creation of Nara codes of laws (710-794) - penetration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into the country, creation of literary works "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki", "Kaifuso" Heian (794-1185 ) - the beginning of the use of the syllabary alphabets hiragana and katakana, the construction of the Itsukushima shrine, the creation of the Tale of Genji, the emergence of the yamato-e style in painting.
slide number 4
Description of the slide:
Kamakura (1185-1333) - the formation of the samurai class Muromachi (1333-1568) - the emergence of the theater no Sengoku Jidai (1467-1568) - the penetration of Christianity into the country Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600) Edo (1600-1868) - the establishment of the Tokugawa dictatorship, Sakoku policy, suppression of Christianity and the fall of the shogunate, the birth of kabuki theater and the ukiyo-e style. Meiji (1868-1912) - the end of the period of self-isolation, the beginning of the capitalist path of development, the birth of Japanese cinema Taisho (1912-1926)
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
Life, culture Villages have a linear layout. Traditional house - frame-pillar, usually 1-2 floors. Sliding walls made of frames pasted over with waxed paper or cardboard are characteristic. The floor is raised on small piles. It is almost completely covered with mats. Tables, chairs, armchairs are placed only in the living rooms. The tables are low, the Japanese usually sit on their knees, on pillows. There are no beds, they sleep on a mat, they put not a pillow under their heads, but a plank. The house is necessarily decorated with original paintings, on which there may be an image, a drawing, or an inscription (aphorism, quote). They are called kakemono. Popular crafts include making dolls from wood or paper, weaving baskets, vases, and fans. Peculiar types of art are characteristic: making figures from paper (origami), arranging flower bouquets (ikebana).
slide number 6
Description of the slide:
The mentality of the nation If we consider the Japanese mentality as a whole, then despite the huge influence of modern Western culture on it, it managed to retain its essence by adopting a lot of "outside". Elusive, compromising, sensitive and reflective. Absolutely not selfish and extremely socially dependent. Absorbing and accepting, but with a rigid system of "friends/foes". In this system of values, it is the individual who exists within the framework and for the sake of the group, and not the group for the sake of the individual. At the same time, the inner "I" of the individual is carefully stored and protected inside, and its imposition on the outside world is not encouraged. The maximum smoothing of corners and the search for compromises are encouraged (even if due to uncertainty), while protrusion and imposition of something are not approved and are extremely difficult within the framework of this system.
slide number 7
Description of the slide:
Thus, the Japanese mentality, being a compromise and group in nature, is the complete opposite of the Western mentality in the system of values and priorities. And even the fact that many typically Western external forms were borrowed in a strange way in the shortest possible time and so effectively transferred, adapted to soil that was completely alien at first glance, is due to the natural development of the same harmonious Japanese system of values and priorities, prone to finding ways, interaction and compromises, with complete unity and integrity, the absence of serious variability between the interests of the group and the individual.
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
Japanese Language and Writing The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries. before the start of the Heian period. In the process of further development of the Japanese language, then called classical Japanese or late old Japanese, new writing methods were added - the two syllabary alphabets hiragana and katakana, which led to a significant development of the Japanese literary language and the rapid flowering of Japanese literature. In modern Japanese, a rather high percentage occupy words borrowed from other languages (the so-called gairaigo). Japanese names are written in kanji, consist of a last name and a first name, the last name is listed first. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. Various systems are used to transliterate Japanese characters, the most common being Romaji (Latin transliteration) and Polivanov's system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, such as tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.
slide number 9
Description of the slide:
slide number 10
Description of the slide:
Literature For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, literary works were also created in Chinese. The collection of Japanese myths and legends “Kojiki” (“Records of the deeds of antiquity”) and the historical chronicle “Nihon shoki” (“Annals of Japan recorded with a brush) are considered the first written monuments. " or "Nihongi" - "Annals of Japan"), created during the Nara period (VII - VII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with changes to convey the Japanese names of the gods and other words. In the same period, the poetic anthologies "Manyoshu" (万葉集) "Collection of myriad leaves" and "Kaifuso" (懐風藻) were created. Types of poetic forms of haiku (俳句), waka (和歌 "Japanese song") are also widely known outside of Japan. and a variation of the last tanka (短歌 "short song").
slide number 11
Description of the slide:
slide number 12
Description of the slide:
Fine Arts Japanese painting (絵画 kaiga, “picture, drawing”) is one of the most ancient and refined of the Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. as the bearer of the divine principle. Since the 10th century, the yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting, the paintings are horizontal scrolls that illustrated literary works. In the 14th century, the sumi-e style (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodcuts depicting geisha, popular kabuki theater actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on 18th-century European art is called Japonism.
slide number 13
Description of the slide:
Japanese calligraphy In Japan, calligraphy is considered an art form and is called shodo (書道 "way of writing"). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In the old days in Japan, mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person. There are several different styles of writing hieroglyphs. Buddhist monks were engaged in improving the styles of writing hieroglyphs.
slide number 14
Description of the slide:
Sculpture Sculpture is the oldest form of art in Japan. Starting from the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (dishes) were made, clay figurines-idols of dogu are also known. In the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on the graves - sculptures made of baked clay, at first simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex - in the form of people, animals or birds .The history of sculpture in Japan is connected with the appearance of Buddhism in the country. Traditional Japanese sculpture is most often statues of Buddhist religious concepts (tathagata, bodhisattva, etc.). One of the most ancient sculptures in Japan is the wooden statue of Amitabha Buddha in the Zenko-ji temple. During the Nara period, Buddhist statues were created by state-owned sculptors. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly colored. Bronze or other metals were also used as a material for statues.
slide number 15
Description of the slide:
Theater One of the earliest types of theater was the theater no (能 no:, "talent, skill"), which developed in the XIV-XV centuries, the actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered a "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by site and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater, kabuki (歌舞伎 "song, dance, skill"), developed, the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way. Bunraku - puppet theater
slide number 16
Description of the slide:
Cinema The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, the demonstration of films was accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, a Japanese version of a pianist. At first, cinematography was considered a low art, there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only at the end of the 30s of the last century. In the 50s-60s of the last century, Japanese cinematography was actively developing. These years are considered the "golden age" of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were released, and in 1960 there were already 547 films. During this period, the genres of historical, political cinema, action films and science fiction appeared, Japan was one of the first places in the world in terms of the number of released films. Famous film directors of this period are Akira Kurosawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Shohei Imamura. Actor Toshiro Mifune, who played in almost all of Kurosawa's films, becomes famous outside the country. During the crisis of the film industry of the 60s, films about the yakuza and inexpensive pornographic films became popular genres. In the 1990s, actor and director Takeshi Kitano became widely known both in Japan as well as beyond.
slide number 17
Description of the slide:
Anime and Manga Anime (or Japanese animation) is very popular all over the world. Among other genres of animation, it stands out for its greater orientation towards an adult audience. Anime is characterized by an additional division into genres for a specific target group. The criteria for separation are gender, age or psychological type of the viewer. Often anime is a film adaptation of Japanese manga comics, which are also very popular. Both anime and manga are designed for different age audiences. Most of the manga is aimed at adults. As of 2002, about 40% of the entire publishing market in Japan is occupied by manga magazines.
slide number 18
Description of the slide:
Architecture Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other part of Japanese culture. Initially heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, Japanese architecture has developed many distinct and unique approaches unique to Japan. Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. Traditional wooden houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka (民家), are maximally adapted to the country's climate. Minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. At present, minka are preserved only in rural areas.
slide number 19
Description of the slide:
Clothing In Japan, you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku (和服 Japanese clothing), and more simple, casual, European-style. Kimono (着物) - literally translated "clothing, outfit" - a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow one - a kind of wafuku. Yukata - light cotton kimono Obi - various types of Geta belts - Mon wooden sandals - the family coat of arms of the family
slide number 20
Description of the slide:
National cuisine Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on the seasonality of food, the quality of ingredients and the presentation of dishes. Rice is the basis of Japanese cuisine. The word gohan (御飯, literally "boiled rice") can also be translated as "food". In addition to its main purpose as a food product, rice also served as a kind of monetary unit; in the old days, taxes and salaries were paid with rice. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces and even drinks (sake, shochu, bakushu). [The second most important food for the Japanese is fish. Japan ranks fourth in the world in terms of consumption of fish and seafood per capita. Often, fish is eaten raw or half-cooked, such as sushi. Bean curd (tofu) is also very popular in Japan. To preserve food in conditions of high humidity, it is often pickled, fermented or pickled, examples of such dishes are natto, umeboshi, tsukemono and soy sauce. In modern Japanese cuisine, borrowings from Chinese can be easily found. , Korean and Thai cuisine. Some borrowed dishes, such as ramen (Chinese wheat noodles), are becoming very popular. A special place in traditional Japanese cuisine is occupied by the Japanese tea ceremony. Recently, Japanese cuisine has been quite popular outside of Japan, and due to its low calorie content, it is also considered beneficial for health.
slide number 21
Description of the slide:
Sports Baseball, football and other ball games are popular in Japan. Some types of martial arts (judo, kendo and karate) are also traditionally popular. Although sumo wrestling is not an official sport in Japan, according to the professional sumo association, it is considered a national sport. Kyudo ("the way of the bow") - Aikido archery ("the path of a harmonious spirit")
slide number 22
Description of the slide:
Religion At an early stage in the development of Japanese society, totemism was widespread. From ancient Japanese religious beliefs, ideas of Shinto, the main religion of Japan, were formed. Shinto (or Shinto) can literally be translated as "the way of many kami (gods)"). The basis of this trend is the worship of the forces of nature. According to Shinto ideas, the sun, trees, mountains, stones and natural phenomena are kami (or mikoto) and endowed with a soul, they are worshiped in temples specially built for this purpose. , who inhabited them, were created by the kami, which is reflected in Japanese mythology. The cult of the emperor is also associated with these ideas - it was believed that the imperial family descended from the creator gods of the Japanese archipelago. The ancient myths and legends of Shinto about the creation of the Japanese islands by the gods and the transfer of power over the country to the descendants of the gods (Jimmu and Ninigi) are preserved in the Kojiki and Nihongi vaults. Later, Buddhism penetrates the country from India through Korea and China, 552 is considered official date of recognition of the new religion. Buddhism has had a great influence on the education, literature and art of Japan, although it has itself been significantly transformed and is very different from Indian and Chinese Buddhism. Under Emperor Shomu (ruled 724-749), Buddhism was recognized as the state religion. In the middle of the 16th century, Christianity came to Japan, supported by Oda Nobunaga and later banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. The ban on Christianity was lifted after the Meiji Restoration. In modern Japan, the proportion of the population that simultaneously professes two religions - Buddhism and Shintoism, is 84%, about 0.7% of the country's population professes Christianity.
slide number 23
Description of the slide:
Traditions, customs, etiquette Wabi-sabiMatsuri (holiday, worship) Japanese holidays Hanami Sakura Japanese tea ceremony SentoMono no Avare relations within the group. In Japan, great importance is attached to the concepts of "duty" and "obligation", commonly called giri (義理). Although giri is a general social norm of Japanese behavior, in some cases, for example, in relations among young people, this concept is easier to relate to. You should know that in Japan there are certain rules for gestures, and the more restrained a person is, the more respect he causes, therefore, familiar pat on the shoulder and grabbing the hand in Japan will not cause joy.
slide number 24
Description of the slide:
slide number 25
Description of the slide:
The history of the tea ceremony According to various sources, the beginning of the use of tea in Japan dates back to the 7th-8th centuries AD. Tea was brought to Japan from the mainland. It is believed that it was brought by Buddhist monks, for whom tea was a special drink - they drank it during meditation and offered it to the Buddha. As Zen Buddhism spread in Japan, and as the priests began to have an increasing influence on the cultural and political life of the country, the consumption of tea also spread. In the 12th century, the monk Eisai promoted the introduction of tea drinking in the court by presenting the Kissa Yojoki, a book on maintaining health through tea, to the shogun Minamoto no Sanetomo. By the 13th century, drinking tea had become common among the samurai class. Over time, the practice of “tea tournaments” penetrated from the monasteries into the aristocratic environment - meetings at which a large number of tea varieties were tasted and the participants were required to determine its variety and origin by the taste of tea. Among the common people, among peasants and townspeople, tea drinking also became a tradition, but it took place much more modestly than among the nobility, and was just a meeting for sharing a drink over a leisurely conversation.
slide number 26
Description of the slide:
Following the Chinese Sung tea ceremony, Japanese monks formed their own ritual of sharing tea. The original form of the ritual was developed and introduced by the monk Dayo (1236-1308). Daio taught the first tea masters - also monks. A century later, the priest Ikkyu (1394-1481), abbot of the Daitokuji temple complex in Kyoto, taught the tea ceremony to his student Murata Juko (Shuko). The latter developed and transformed the tea ceremony, and taught it to the shogun Ashikaga Psimatsu, thus giving the tradition a "start in life" - like in most countries, in Japan, everything that was customary with the ruler immediately became fashionable with subjects. Murata followed the idea of \u200b\u200bwabi, which was the basis of the ceremony - the desire for simplicity and naturalness, in part, as opposed to the splendor and luxury of the samurai "tea tournaments". He combined the four basic principles of the tea ceremony: harmony ("wa"), reverence ("kei"), purity ("sei") and silence, peace ("seki"). The further development of the tea ceremony was provided by Joo Takeno (1502-1555). He began to use a special building for the ceremony - a tea house (chashitsu), which, in accordance with the principle of "wabi", was given the appearance of a peasant house with a thatched roof. He also introduced rough ceramic dishes into use in ceremonies. A student of Joo Takeno, an outstanding master of the tea ceremony Sen no Rikyu (1522-1591), finalized the tea house and put into practice the creation of a garden (tyaniva) and a stone path (roji) leading through the garden to the house.
slide number 27
Description of the slide:
Sen no Rikyu formalized the etiquette of the ceremony, the sequence of actions of the participants, and even determined what conversations should be held at what point in the ceremony in order to create a mood of calm, moving away from worries and striving for truth and beauty. The innovations made by Rikyu gave a new meaning to "sabi" - a principle of sophistication and beauty, also embodied in the tea ceremony. The atmosphere of the ceremony was aimed at showing not the obvious, bright, conspicuous, but the hidden beauty lurking in simple things, soft colors and quiet sounds. Thus, by the 16th century, the tea ceremony had turned from a simple collective tea drinking into a mini-performance, which was generally regarded as one of the forms of spiritual practice and in which every detail, every object, every action had a symbolic meaning. The Japanese say that "the tea ceremony is the art of embodying the grace of Emptiness and the goodness of Peace." In general, the action of the tea ceremony is a specially organized and ordered meeting of the owner - the tea master - and his guests for joint relaxation, enjoyment of beauty, conversation, accompanied by the use of tea. The ceremony is held in a specially equipped place and consists of several actions performed in a strict order.
slide number 28
Description of the slide:
Traditional Types of Ceremony There are many types of tea ceremonies, of which six are traditional: night, sunrise, morning, afternoon, evening, special. Night ceremony. Usually held under the moon. The gathering of guests takes place shortly before midnight, the ceremony ends no later than four in the morning. A feature of the night ceremony is that powdered tea is prepared directly during the ceremony, grinding tea leaves in a mortar, and brewing very strong. -At sunrise. The ceremony begins at three or four in the morning and continues until six in the morning. - Morning. It is usually held in hot weather (when the morning is the coolest time), it starts around six in the morning. - Afternoon. It starts around one o'clock in the afternoon, only cakes are served from food. - Evening. Starts around six o'clock in the afternoon. - A special (Rinjitian) ceremony is held on special occasions: a holiday, a specially organized meeting of friends, the celebration of an event
slide number 29
Description of the slide:
Venue of the ceremony The classical tea ceremony is held in a specially equipped place. Usually this is a fenced area, which can be entered through a massive wooden gate. Before the ceremony, during the gathering of guests, the gates are opened, giving the guest the opportunity to enter without disturbing the host, who is busy preparing. On the territory of the "tea complex" there are several buildings and a garden. The details of their location are not standardized - in each case, they try to create the most aesthetic ensemble that naturally fits into the area and creates the impression of "continuing nature." Ancillary buildings are located directly outside the gate: the “entrance hall” where the guest can leave things and change shoes, as well as the pavilion where guests gather before the ceremony. The main building - the tea house (chashitsu) - is located in the depths of the tea garden (tyaniva). To get there, you need to go through the garden along a stone path (roji). It is possible to limit yourself to a special pavilion, a separate tea room, or even just a separate table for the ceremony.
slide number 30
Description of the slide:
Utensils and accessories The utensils used during the tea ceremony should form a single artistic ensemble, which does not mean indispensable monotony, but requires that the items fit together and none of them stand out sharply from the general set. The ceremony requires a box for storing tea, a cauldron or kettle in which water is boiled, a common bowl for drinking tea together, bowls for each of the guests, a spoon for pouring tea and a stirrer, with which the owner stirs the tea during preparation. All items should be simple, modest in appearance and of respectable age, reflected in their appearance. As a rule, tea is stored in a simple wooden box, a cauldron or teapot is quite ordinary, copper, a teaspoon and a stirrer are bamboo. Bowls are used simple, ceramic, rather rough work, without deliberate decorations. All utensils are immaculately clean, but never polished. Unlike Europeans, who rub metal utensils to a mirror shine, giving the objects the appearance of new, just made ones, the Japanese prefer that objects retain a “memory of their past” - darkening from time to time, traces of long-term use. The "old" type of utensils is one of the elements of the aesthetics of the tea ceremony.
slide number 31
Description of the slide:
Order of the ceremony Before the ceremony, the guests gather together in one room. Here they are served hot water in small cups. The purpose of this stage is to create a general mood among the guests associated with the expectation of the upcoming ceremony as an important and pleasant event, meeting with the beautiful. Then the guests go through the garden to the tea house. The passage through the tea garden along the path lined with stones is considered very important - it symbolizes the removal from the hustle and bustle, the departure from everyday life, the detachment from everyday worries, anxieties and troubles. Contemplating the plants and stones of the garden, the guests tune in to concentration and free their minds from everything vain. At the end of the path, in front of the tea house, the host meets the guests. After a discreet mutual greeting, the guests approach the stone well located right there and perform the rite of ablution. Water is scooped up by a small ladle lying right there on a long wooden handle, the guest washes his hands, face, rinses his mouth, and then washes the handle of the ladle after himself. The rite of ablution symbolizes bodily and spiritual purity.
slide number 32
Description of the slide:
After bathing, guests go to the tea house and settle down there. Passing through a low and narrow entrance symbolizes the final exit beyond the boundaries of the ordinary world, shelter from everything that is happening outside. The inconvenience of entering and the need to bend low when entering the tea house symbolize the equality of the participants in the ceremony - everyone is forced to bow, regardless of nobility, wealth, fame and social status. In accordance with the custom of a traditional Japanese home, entering the tea house, guests leave their shoes at the doorstep. By the time the guests arrive, the fire in the hearth is already burning, a cauldron of water is above the fire. Entering the house, the guest should first of all pay attention to the niche opposite the entrance - tokonoma. Before the arrival of guests, the host hangs a scroll with a saying there, and also places a bouquet of flowers and an incense burner. The saying determines the theme to which the ceremony is dedicated, and conveys the state of mind of the host. The owner enters the tea house last, and not immediately after the guests, but a little later, in order to give the guests the opportunity to examine and evaluate the items in the tokonoma without haste.
slide number 33
Description of the slide:
Entering the house, the owner bows to the guests and takes his place - opposite the guests, near the hearth. Next to the host's place are the items necessary for making tea: a wooden box with tea, a bowl and a bamboo stirrer. While the water in the cauldron is heating, guests are served kaiseki - a light meal consisting of simple, not hearty, but delicious dishes, designed not to satiate, but to relieve the discomfort caused by hunger. The Japanese believe that the food served with tea should, first of all, be pleasing to the eye, and only secondarily - saturate. The name "kaiseki" comes from the hot stone that in the past Zen monks held in their bosoms to quench their hunger. Last of all, “omogashi” are served - sweets for tea. After kaiseki, guests leave the tea house for a while to stretch their legs and prepare for the main part of the ceremony - drinking thick tea together. At this time, the owner exchanges the tokonoma scroll for an arrangement of flowers and/or branches. The composition is made according to the principle of unity of contrasts, for example, it can be a pine branch, as a symbol of strength and durability, with a camellia flower, symbolizing tenderness in a flower bouquet.
slide number 34
Description of the slide:
The most important part of the ceremony is the preparation and drinking of thick powdered green tea. The guests again gather in the tea house, where the owner begins to prepare tea. The whole process takes place in complete silence. Everyone carefully observes the actions of the owner and listens to the sounds of fire, boiling water, jets of steam from the boiler, to which are added later quiet sounds produced by the owner's manipulations with the bowl, tea and utensils. The owner first carries out a symbolic purification of all used utensils, then proceeds to prepare tea. All movements in this process are strictly verified and worked out, the owner moves in time with the breath, the guests carefully observe all his actions. This is the most meditative part of the ceremony. Tea is poured into a rough ceramic bowl, a small amount of boiling water is poured into it, the contents of the bowl are stirred with a bamboo stirrer until it turns into a homogeneous mass and a green matte foam appears. Then more boiling water is added to the bowl to bring the tea to the desired consistency. The host bows the bowl with the prepared tea to the guests (traditionally - by seniority, starting with the oldest or most honored guest). The guest puts a silk scarf (fukusa) on his left palm, takes the cup with his right hand, puts it on his left palm and, nodding to the next guest in order, drinks from the cup. Then he places the fucus on the mat, wipes the rim of the bowl with a paper towel, and passes the bowl to the next person. Each guest repeats the same procedure, after which the bowl is returned to the host.
slide number 35
Description of the slide:
The use of tea from a common bowl symbolizes the unity of the audience. After the bowl goes around all the guests, the host again passes it to the guests, now empty, so that everyone can carefully examine the bowl, evaluate its shape, feel it in their hand again. From this moment, the next stage of the ceremony begins - the host prepares light tea in a separate cup for each of the guests. The conversation starts. This part of the ceremony is rest, during it they do not talk about business, everyday worries. The subject of discussion is the tokonoma scroll, the saying written on it, the beauty of the flower arrangement, the bowl, other utensils, the tea itself. Sweets are served to guests immediately before tea is served. At the end of this part of the ceremony, the guests are again invited to inspect the utensils used for making tea this time. At the end of the conversation, the host, having answered all the questions of the guests, leaves the tea house with an apology, thus showing that the ceremony has come to an end. In the absence of the host, the guests inspect the hearth on which tea was prepared, once again pay attention to the flowers in the tokonoma, which should open by the time the ceremony ends. The opened flowers serve as a reminder of the time spent together by the ceremony participants.
slide number 36
Description of the slide:
While the guests are leaving the tea house, the owner is near its entrance, silently bowing to those leaving. After the departure of the guests, the owner sits in the tea house for some time, recalling the past ceremony and restoring the sensations left from it in his memory. Then he takes away all the utensils, removes the flowers, wipes the tatami in the house and leaves. Cleaning symbolizes summing up the final result of what happened. The tea house returns to the same state it was in before the ceremony. It is considered important that the action, without leaving any external traces, was preserved only as a trace in the minds of the people participating in it.
slide number 37
Description of the slide:
slide 1
slide 2
slide 3
slide 4
slide 5
slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
slide 11
slide 12
slide 13
Slide 14
slide 15
slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
slide 21
slide 22
slide 23
slide 24
Slide 25
slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
slide 30
Slide 31
slide 32
The presentation on the topic "Culture of Japan" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 32 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
slide 2
Introduction Cultural History of Japan Japanese Language and Literature Literature Visual Arts Theater Cinematography Anime and Manga Architecture Clothing National Cuisine Sports Religion Traditions, Customs, Etiquette
slide 3
Introduction
The culture of Japan was formed as a result of a historical process that began with the migration of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been strongly influenced by Asia (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese to nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many forms of art in Japan.
slide 4
Japanese cultural history
Jomon (10 thousand years BC - 300 BC) - the first samples of ceramics, jewelry and female figurines dogu Yayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) - transition to agriculture, irrigation rice growing, bronze and iron products, dotaku Yamato bells: - Kofun (4th century AD - VI century AD) - the spread of the culture of mounds, sculptures of haniwa, the emergence of ancient Shintoism and related cults - Asuka (593- 710) - borrowing samples of Chinese culture, Taika reforms, creation of Nara codes of laws (710-794) - penetration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into the country, creation of literary works "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki", "Manyoshu", "Kaifuso"
slide 5
Heian (794-1185) - the beginning of the use of the syllabary alphabets hiragana and katakana, the construction of the Itsukushima shrine, the creation of the Tale of Genji, the emergence of the Yamato-e style in painting Kamakura (1185-1333) - the formation of the samurai class Muromachi (1333-1568) - the emergence of no Sengoku theater Jidai (1467-1568) - the penetration of Christianity into the country Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600) Edo (1600-1868) - the establishment of the Tokugawa dictatorship, sakoku policy, the suppression of Christianity and the fall of the shogunate, the emergence of kabuki theater and the ukiyo style e Meiji (1868-1912) - the end of the period of self-isolation, the beginning of the capitalist path of development, the birth of Japanese cinema Taisho (1912-1926) Showa (1926-1989)
slide 6
Japanese language and writing
The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries.
Slide 7
The oldest known form of the Japanese language is called Old Japanese, which developed by borrowing the Chinese script and character system and was used until the beginning of the Heian period. In the process of further development of the Japanese language, then called classical Japanese or late old Japanese, new writing methods were added - two syllabic alphabets hiragana and katakana, which led to a significant development of the Japanese literary language and the rapid flowering of Japanese literature.
Slide 8
In modern Japanese, a rather high percentage is occupied by words borrowed from other languages (the so-called gairaigo). Japanese given names are written in kanji and consist of a surname and a given name, with the surname first. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. Various systems are used to transliterate Japanese characters, the most common being Romaji (Latin transliteration) and Polivanov's system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, such as tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.
Slide 9
Literature
For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, and literary works were also created in Chinese. The collection of Japanese myths and legends "Kojiki" ("Records of the deeds of antiquity") and the historical chronicle "Nihon shoki" ("Annals of Japan recorded with a brush" or "Nihongi" - "Annals of Japan"), created during the Nara period, are considered the first written monuments. (VII - VIII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with changes to convey the Japanese names of the gods and other words. In the same period, the poetic anthologies Manyoshu (Jap. 万葉集, Collection of Myriad Leaves, 759) and Kaifuso (Jap. 懐風藻) (751) were created.
The word "Japanese" in Japanese
Slide 10
Japanese mystical prose of the 17th-19th centuries Code of Taihoryo laws "The Tale of Genji" (Murasaki Shikibu) The Tale of Yoshitsune A trilogy of cult Japanese horror novels "Call", "Spiral", "Birth". Widely known outside of Japan are the types of poetic forms haiku (Jap. 俳句), waka (Jap. 和歌 "Japanese song") and a variety of the last tanka (Jap. 短歌 "short song").
slide 11
Art. Painting
Japanese painting (Jap. 絵画 kaiga, "picture, drawing") is one of the most ancient and refined of the Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. For Japanese painting, as well as for literature, it is typical to assign a leading place to nature and depict it as the bearer of the divine principle.
slide 12
Since the 10th century, the yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting, the paintings are horizontal scrolls that illustrated literary works. In the 14th century, the sumi-e style (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodcuts depicting geisha, popular kabuki theater actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on 18th-century European art is called Japonism.
slide 13
Art. Calligraphy
In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the art forms and is called shodo (Jap. 書道 "way of writing"). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In the old days in Japan, mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person. There are several different styles of writing hieroglyphs. Buddhist monks were engaged in improving the styles of writing hieroglyphs.
Slide 14
Art. Sculpture
Sculpture is the oldest art form in Japan. Starting from the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (dishes) were made, and clay figurines-idols of dogu are also known. In the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on the graves - sculptures made of baked clay, at first simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex - in the form of people, animals or birds.
slide 15
The history of sculpture in Japan is connected with the appearance of Buddhism in the country. Traditional Japanese sculpture is most often statues of Buddhist religious concepts (tathagata, bodhisattva, etc.). One of the most ancient sculptures in Japan is the wooden statue of Amitabha Buddha in the Zenko-ji temple. During the Nara period, Buddhist statues were created by state sculptors. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly colored. Bronze or other metals were also used as a material for statues.
slide 16
One of the earliest types of theater was the no theater (jap. 能 no: "talent, skill"), which developed in the 14th-15th centuries, the actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered a "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by site and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater, kabuki (Jap. 歌舞伎 "song, dance, skill"), developed, the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way. Bunraku - puppet theater
Slide 17
Cinema
The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, the demonstration of films was accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of the pianist. At first, cinema was considered a low art, there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only at the end of the 30s of the last century.
Slide 18
In the 50s-60s of the last century, the active development of Japanese cinematography took place. These years are considered the "golden age" of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were released, and in 1960 there were already 547 films. During this period, the genres of historical, political cinema, action films and science fiction appeared, Japan was one of the first places in the world in terms of the number of released films. Famous film directors of this period are Akira Kurosawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Shohei Imamura. Known outside the country becomes the actor Toshiro Mifune, who played in almost all the films of Kurosawa. During the crisis of the film industry in the 60s, films about the yakuza and inexpensive pornographic films became popular genres. In the 1990s, actor and director Takeshi Kitano gained wide popularity both in Japan and abroad.
Slide 19
Anime and manga
Anime (or Japanese animation) has a high popularity all over the world. Among other genres of animation, it stands out for its greater orientation towards an adult audience. Anime is characterized by an additional division into genres for a specific target group. The criteria for separation are gender, age or psychological type of the viewer. Often anime is a film adaptation of Japanese manga comics, which are also very popular. Both anime and manga are designed for different age audiences. Most of the manga is aimed at adults. As of 2002, about 40% of the entire publishing market in Japan is occupied by manga magazines.
Slide 20
Architecture
Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other part of Japanese culture. Initially heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, Japanese architecture has developed many distinct and unique approaches unique to Japan. Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. The traditional wooden houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka (jap. 民家), are maximally adapted to the country's climate. Minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. At present, minka are preserved only in rural areas.
slide 21
The 7th century was marked by the rapid construction of Buddhist temples in Japan. Ise-jingu Shrine, dedicated to the goddess Amaterasu, is the main Shinto shrine in Japan. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power. The names of the two castles (Azuchi and Momoyama) gave the name to the period in Japanese history - Azuchi-Momoyama. Very few castles have survived in their original state, many medieval castles were destroyed during wars, burned down in fires, were dismantled at the direction of the government as a relic of the feudal past, in the 20th century some of the castles were restored.
slide 22
The need to rebuild destroyed buildings after World War II provided an impetus for the development of Japanese architecture. At the same time, the rebuilt cities were very different from the pre-war ones. Some modern architects, such as Yoshio Taniguchi and Tadao Ando, are known for making extensive use of the amalgamation of traditional Japanese and Western architectural influences.
slide 23
In Japan, you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku (Jap. 和服 Japanese clothing), and simpler, everyday, European-style. Kimono (Jap. 着物) - literally translated "clothing, outfit" - a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow one - a kind of wafuku. Yukata - light cotton kimono Obi - various types of Geta belts - Mon wooden sandals - family coat of arms
slide 24
National cuisine
Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality, quality of ingredients, and presentation of dishes. Rice is the basis of Japanese cuisine. The word gohan (御飯, literally "boiled rice") can also be translated as "food". In addition to its main purpose as a food product, rice also served as a kind of monetary unit; in the old days, taxes and salaries were paid with rice. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces and even drinks (sake, shochu, bakushu). The second most important food for the Japanese is fish. Japan ranks fourth in the world in per capita consumption of fish and seafood. Fish is often eaten raw or half-cooked, such as sushi. Bean curd (tofu) is also very popular in Japan.
Slide 25
To preserve food in conditions of high humidity, it is often salted, fermented or marinated, examples of such dishes are natto, umeboshi, tsukemono and soy sauce. In modern Japanese cuisine, you can easily find borrowings from Chinese, Korean and Thai cuisine. Some borrowed dishes such as ramen (Chinese wheat noodles) are becoming very popular. The Japanese tea ceremony occupies a special place in traditional Japanese cuisine. Recently, Japanese cuisine has been quite popular outside of Japan, and due to its low calorie content, it is also considered beneficial for health.
slide 26
Baseball, football and other ball games are popular in Japan. Some types of martial arts (judo, kendo and karate) are also traditionally popular. Sumo wrestling, although not an official sport in Japan, is considered by the professional sumo association to be a national sport. Kyudo ("way of the bow") - Aikido archery ("way of the harmonious spirit")
Slide 27
At an early stage in the development of Japanese society, totemism was widespread. Representations of Shinto, the main religion of Japan, were formed from ancient Japanese religious beliefs. Shinto (or Shinto) can literally be translated as "the way of many kami (gods)"). The basis of this trend is the worship of the forces of nature. According to Shinto beliefs, the sun, trees, mountains, stones and natural phenomena are kami (or mikoto) and endowed with a soul, they are worshiped in temples specially built for this purpose. An important feature of Shintoism is the cult of ancestors.
Slide 28
The ancient Japanese believed that the Japanese islands and the people who inhabited them were created by the kami, which is reflected in Japanese mythology. The cult of the emperor is also associated with these ideas - it was believed that the imperial family descended from the creator gods of the Japanese archipelago. Ancient Shinto myths and legends about the creation of the Japanese islands by the gods and the transfer of power over the country to the descendants of the gods (Jimmu and Ninigi) are preserved in the Kojiki and Nihongi vaults.
Slide 29
Later, from India through Korea and China, Buddhism penetrates the country, 552 is considered the official date of recognition of the new religion. Buddhism has had a great influence on the education, literature and art of Japan, although it has itself been significantly transformed and is very different from Indian and Chinese Buddhism. Under Emperor Shomu (ruled 724-749), Buddhism was recognized as the state religion. In the middle of the 16th century, Christianity came to Japan, supported by Oda Nobunaga and subsequently banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. The ban on Christianity was lifted after the Meiji Restoration. In modern Japan, the proportion of the population that simultaneously professes two religions - Buddhism and Shintoism, is 84%, about 0.7% of the country's population professes Christianity.
slide 30
Traditions, customs, etiquette
Japanese society is characterized by a pronounced sense of belonging to a particular social group (work team, family, student group), which is also expressed in special relationships within the group. In Japan, great importance is attached to the concepts of "duty" and "obligation", commonly called giri (Jap. 義理). Although giri is a general social norm for Japanese behavior, in some cases, such as relationships among young people, this concept is treated more simply. You should know that in Japan there are certain rules of gesticulation, and the more restrained a person is, the more respect he evokes, so a familiar pat on the shoulder and grabbing a hand in Japan will not cause joy.
Ethics of businessmen
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Culture of Japan The work was done by a student of the 11th grade of the secondary school No. 43 Borzya Gypsy Kristina 日本の文化
The culture of Japan was formed as a result of a historical process that began with the migration of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been strongly influenced by Asia (particularly China and Korea), Europe and North America, which rapidly began to influence the culture of Japan from the early 1960s. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese to nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many forms of art in Japan.
Japanese Language and Writing The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries. ひらがな
Calligraphy In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the art forms and is called shodo (jap. 書道 "way of writing"). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In the old days in Japan, mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person.
For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, and literary works were also created in Chinese. The collection of Japanese myths and legends "Kojiki" ("Records of the deeds of antiquity") and the historical chronicle "Nihon shoki" ("Annals of Japan recorded with a brush" or "Nihongi" - "Annals of Japan"), created during the Nara period, are considered the first written monuments. (VII - VIII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with changes to convey the Japanese names of the gods and other words. In the same period, the poetic anthologies "Manyoshu" (Jap. 万葉集 "Collection of Myriad Leaves") and "Kaifuso" (Jap. 懐風 藻) were created. Widely known outside of Japan are the types of poetic forms haiku (Jap. 俳句), waka (Jap. 和歌 "Japanese song") and a variety of the last tanka (Jap. 短歌 "short song"). Literature Scarlet water flower With a blow of a sickle I cut Between the oncoming waves. Hirose Izen
Anime and Manga Anime is Japanese animation. The main difference from the animation of other countries is that most of the products produced are designed for teenage and adult audiences, and due to this they are very popular in the world. Almost all anime series are adaptations of Japanese comics - manga, usually retaining the graphic style and other features.
Manga - Japanese comics, sometimes called komikku in their homeland. The word "manga" means "grotesque", "strange (or funny) pictures", and the artist who draws it is called mangaka. In Japan, comics are read by people of all ages and are respected both as a form of fine art and as a literary phenomenon. Manga is almost always black and white, and only covers and individual illustrations are drawn in color.
Japanese painting is one of the most ancient and refined of the Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. Painting Since the 10th century, the yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting, the paintings are horizontal scrolls that illustrated literary works. In the 14th century, the sumi-e style (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodcuts depicting geisha, popular kabuki theater actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on 18th-century European art is called Japonism.
Sculpture Sculpture is the oldest form of art in Japan. Starting from the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (dishes) were made, and clay figurines-idols of dogu are also known. In the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on the graves - sculptures made of baked clay, at first simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex - in the form of people, animals or birds. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly colored. Bronze or other metals were also used as a material for statues. The most prominent representatives of Japanese wooden sculpture were Enku (1632-1695) and Mokujiki (1718-1810).
Architecture Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. The traditional wooden houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka, are maximally adapted to the country's climate. Minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. At present, minka are preserved only in rural areas. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power.
Cinema The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, the demonstration of films was accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of the pianist. At first, cinema was considered a low art, there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only at the end of the 30s of the XX century.
Music Japanese music includes many genres, ranging from traditional and exclusive to Japan, to many genres of contemporary music around which the country often builds its own scene, unlike other countries. Since the 1990s, Japanese music has been widely known and popular in the West, primarily due to its unique genres such as j-pop, j-rock, and visual kei. Often such music reaches the Western listener through soundtracks in Japanese animation or video games, and visiting Japanese bands and performers perform at almost every one of the various festivals of Japanese culture.
Military culture Samurai is a Japanese military-feudal estate. They appeared in Japan in the 7th-8th centuries AD. Mostly men from wealthy peasant families, as well as representatives of the middle and lower aristocracy, became samurai. From warriors, samurai gradually became armed servants of their feudal lord, receiving housing and food from him. Sometimes samurai received land plots with peasants, and themselves turned into feudal lords. The number of samurai increased, and soon the squads of the feudal lords began to represent entire armies.
Bushido is a samurai code, a set of rules, recommendations and norms of behavior of a true warrior in society, in battle and alone with oneself, a military male philosophy and morality, rooted in ancient times. Bushido, which originally arose in the form of the principles of a warrior in general, thanks to the ethical values included in it and respect for the arts in the 12th-13th centuries, with the development of the samurai class as noble warriors, grew together with it and finally took shape in the 16th-17th centuries. already as a code of samurai ethics. Postulates: True courage consists in living when it is right to live, and dying when it is right to die. One should go to death with a clear consciousness of what a samurai should do and what degrades his dignity. You should weigh every word and constantly ask yourself the question whether what you are going to say is true. Loyalty, justice and courage are the three natural virtues of a samurai. The samurai must, first of all, constantly remember that he can die at any moment, and if such a moment comes, then the samurai must die with honor. Here is his main business.
Secret ninja clans began to appear in Japan in the 9th-12th centuries, almost simultaneously with the emergence of the samurai. Ninja were, in fact, highly professional scouts and saboteurs of that time, they had a complex of knowledge and skills in disguise, methods of killing, organizing guerrilla operations and obtaining information. The specific services of the ninja clans were used by various feudal princes. The heyday of ninja art fell on the civil war of 1467-1568, at that time there were about 70 ninja clans in Japan. Most of the ninja legends are about the events of that "epoch of the warring provinces".
Martial arts Judo in Japanese means "soft way". This martial art is the most recognized in the world. Judo was created at the end of the 19th century by the master Kano Jigiro, who took one of the jujutsu schools as a basis and developed the rules of a new martial art and a combat system. Karate is a martial art that originated in China. From there it came to the island of Okinawa, which was independent for a long time, and then became the outskirts of Japan, so few people were interested in karatedo in Japan. Karate became popular in the 1920s, thanks to a master named Funakoshi Gichin. Since then, karate has taken an important place among the Japanese martial arts. Sumo is a special kind of martial art. It was never used in combat, but had a ritual character, combining sports and Shinto ritual. Modern sumo also retains many ancient rites. Aikido is a martial art created by master Ueshiba Morihei on the basis of one of the jujutsu schools. This combat system is fundamentally different from others in that it does not have offensive technology. Aikido is used for defense, while the strength of the opponent is used against him.
Cuisine The Japanese say: "In every meal there should be something from the mountains and something from the sea." "Mountain" components are usually rice and seasonal vegetables, as well as soybeans and their many derivatives (tofu bean curd, miso soy paste, shoyu soy sauce). The “marine” part of the food can be very diverse: it is almost all types of sea fish, many types of mollusks (up to jellyfish), cetaceans, seaweed and other algae. The constant lack of food taught the ancient Japanese to respect the daily meal. The use of everyday foods was accompanied by a kind of rituals, and they tried to add at least aesthetic appeal to food. The Japanese strive to decorate their food in any way they can. They even say that the Japanese eat with their eyes, not their mouths.
Religion In matters of religion, Japan is extremely tolerant. So, almost all Japanese profess Shintoism, but at the same time they belong to one of the many Buddhist communities, guided in life by the principles of Confucianism. Shintoism - "the way of the gods" - is the oldest religion in Japan, cultivated exclusively in this country. It is based on the myth of the origin of the world, according to which the Earth and the imperial family are descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu. At the center of Buddhism is the doctrine of the "four noble truths": suffering, its cause, liberation and the path to it. In Buddhism there is no opposition between spirit and matter, there is no god as a creator and certainly a higher being. Buddha is not only the name given to the founder of this religion, the legendary prince Gautama (7th-6th centuries BC), but also the name of a being who has reached a state of highest perfection (“enlightenment”).
Clothing In Japan, you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku and more simple, everyday, according to the European model. Kimono, literally translated "clothes, outfit" - a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow sense - a type of wafuku.
Eta, waraji - Yukata sandals - Hakama light robe - Obi pants - belt
Theater and dance The very first kind of theater was the theater but, which was formed in the 14-15th century, playing in it, the actors put on masks and dressed in chic robes. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of national theater in Japan, kabuki, was created, with complex makeup applied to the faces of the actors. The skill of onnagata, actors who play the role of a woman, is especially appreciated. In 1629, the Tokugawa shogunate banned women from playing kabuki, after the Second World War, women began to appear on stage again, and even the first female troupe was created. The National Bunraku Puppet Theater is also famous. Certain playwrights, such as Chikamatsu Monzaemon, created plays for bunraku, which were later performed at the "big theater" - in kabuki.
Traditions, customs, etiquette Japanese society is characterized by a clearly expressed sense of belonging to a particular social class (family, work team, student group), which also manifests itself in peculiar connections within the community. In Japan, the concepts of "duty" and "obligation" called giri are of particular importance. Despite the fact that kettlebells are the general social norm of Japanese behavior, in some situations, in particular among young people, kettlebells are not taken so seriously. In Japan, there are some norms of gestures, and the more restrained a person is, the more respectfully they treat him, so a friendly clapping on the shoulder and pulling the hand in the land of the rising sun will not be welcome.
Arigato for your attention!
