Who wrote the work of the railroad. Poem N.A
Analysis of the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"
Striving for a broad coverage of Russian reality, N. A. Nekrasov easily moved from depicting one social sphere to describing another. The epic basis of The Railway (1864) makes it possible to classify this work as a poem, although its volume is small, and sometimes The Railway is called a poem. The attention of the poet was attracted by an acute social topic - the construction of railways, where the ruthless exploitation of workers, yesterday's peasants, expelled from villages and villages - "from different parts of the great state" - by hunger and need flourished. It was in this poem that N. A. Nekrasov created an unforgettable “hymn” in honor of the “famine king”, the only one of its kind: “There is a king in the world: this king is merciless, / Hunger is his name. / He leads armies; at sea by ships / Ruled; in the artel drives people, / Walks behind the plow, stands behind the shoulders / Stonecutters, weavers. / It was he who drove the masses of the people here. / Many are in a terrible struggle, / Calling to life these barren jungles, / They found a coffin here for themselves ... ". The image of a sick Belarusian with a spade, knee-deep in cold water, also stands as a symbol of national grief: “It was difficult for a man to get his bread!”
The epigraph prefixed to the poem says that the railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow was built by Count P. A. Kleinmichel, who was in charge of the department of communications under Nicholas I. The epigraph is full of sarcasm, and the whole poem serves as a passionate refutation of the epigraph. The plot of the poem is based on the conversation of the father-general with his son Vanya. Vanya learns the truth about who actually built the railway from the songs of the dead (ballad genre): people who died during the construction of the railway tell Vanya about their fate. The shadows of the dead true builders of the road, running outside the car window, demand revenge and restoration of desecrated justice. The artistic expressiveness of the poems reaches its limit when the voices of people tortured by overwork are heard and the monotony of their complaints creates a feeling of terrible reality. “A straight path: narrow embankments, / Columns, rails, bridges. / And on the sides, all the bones are Russian ... / How many of them! Vanya, do you know? / Chu! terrible exclamations were heard! / Stomp and gnashing of teeth; / A shadow ran over the frosty panes... / What is there? Crowd of the Dead! / Then they overtake the cast-iron road, / Then they run by the sides. / Do you hear the singing? .. "On this moonlit night / We love to see our work! .. / Brothers! You are reaping our fruits! / We are destined to rot in the earth ... / Do all of us, the poor, remember kindly / Or long forgotten?"
In accordance with the epigraph, N. A. Nekrasov unfolded in the poem a topical dispute in those years about the role of the people in the creation of spiritual and material values. The general agrees that the railroad was built by the people, but he insists that the people can only embody, not create, not generate ideas. The lyrical hero tries to argue, but the general does not give. Then the lyrical hero paints a “pleasant picture” for Vanya - she turns out to be very bitter. But there is sadness-hope: the people "Will endure everything - and make a wide, clear / Breast path for themselves." But when will it be?..
The history of the creation of Nekrasov's work "Railway"
The poem "Railway" is one of Nekrasov's most dramatic works. For the first time, a poem with the indication of the author “Dedicated to Children” was published in the tenth issue of the Sovremennik magazine in 1865. The published poem aroused the indignation of the censors - after two warnings in June 1866, the magazine was closed. Special criticism was directed at the epigraph, which, according to the censorship, gave the poem a sharp social meaning and cast a shadow both on the former head of the railways, Count Kleinmichel, and on his deceased patron, that is, the king.
The real basis of the poem "Railway" was the construction (1842-1855) of the first Nikolaev railway in Russia (now the October railway). On November 1, 1851, permanent train traffic was opened along the St. Petersburg-Moscow highway, the longest and most advanced double-track railway in the world in terms of technical equipment. In Russia, this was the time of the serfdom, there was very little free labor. Therefore, the main builders of the railway were state and serf peasants, who were brought to the construction in batches, shamelessly deceived, and made huge fortunes on their work. The serfs were generally leased out by the landowners. Legally, the builders of the Nikolaev railway were completely defenseless. Russia knew at that time one way of construction - contract. That is how the Nikolaev railway was built.
This construction was led by one of the important dignitaries of that time, Count P.A. Kleinmichel. Wanting to please the tsar with an unusually fast pace of work, he spared neither the health nor the lives of the workers; the unfortunate were dying by the hundreds and thousands in damp and cold dugouts.
In Russian literature at that time, a lot of poems were written dedicated to the railway. In them, the authors thanked the emperor and officials, calling them the builders of the railway. Nekrasov created a poem in opposition to this literature.
A close friend of Nekrasov, engineer Valerian Alexandrovich Panaev, who was personally involved in the construction of the railway, described the situation of the workers as follows: “Diggers were mainly hired in the Vitebsk and Vilna provinces from Lithuanians. It was the most unfortunate people on the whole of Russian land, which looked more like not people, but like working cattle, from whom they demanded superhuman strength in work without any, one might say, remuneration.
This is confirmed by the official report of the then auditor Myasoedov. It turns out that for half a year of hard labor, the diggers received an average of 19 rubles (that is, 3 rubles a month), that they did not have enough clothes or shoes, that, taking advantage of the illiteracy and downtroddenness of people, the clerks shortchanged them at every step. And when one of the diggers expressed dissatisfaction with state rations, he was punished with whips. On another occasion, the gendarmes flogged 80 workers from a party of 728. Being driven to extreme despair, the workers now and then ran away to their homeland, but they were caught and returned to the construction site.
Genus, genre, creative method
"Railroad" is a small poem in size. However, in terms of the scale of events, in its spirit, this poem is a real poem about the people. The journalistic orientation of the poem is combined with the artistic depiction of pictures of the overwork of workers, the poetic generalization with deep lyricism, the poetic depiction of Russian autumn and nature with an ideological orientation.
Subject of the analyzed work
The main content of Nekrasov's poetry is love and compassion for ordinary people, for the people, for the Russian land. In his poem "Railway" Nekrasov touched upon a topical issue for those years - the role of capitalism in the development of Russia. On the example of the construction of the railway, the author showed how, at the cost of overwork and the lives of hundreds of ordinary people, new social relations were established in Russia.
Nekrasov did not limit himself to showing the horrors of hard labor. He admires the labor feat of people who "teared under the heat, under the cold, with their backs forever bent, lived in dugouts, fought hunger, froze and got wet, suffered from scurvy", and yet built the road. Nekrasov sings of people's labor, glorifies "the noble habit of labor." He glorified people's patience and endurance, diligence and high moral qualities: "This noble habit of work / It would not be bad for us to adopt with you ... / Bless the people's work / And learn to respect the peasant."
And at the same time, with heartache, the author shows the humility of the people, resigned to their position. He contrasts the beauty spilled in the natural world: "there is no ugliness in nature ... everything is fine under the moonlight" - to the "ugliness" that reigns in the world of human relations, and again emphasizes the love for "dear Rus'".
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem "Railway"
Analysis of the work shows that in the "Railway" one can hear the poet's confidence in the bright future of the Russian people, although he is aware that this wonderful time will not come soon. And in the present in the "Railway" appears the same picture of spiritual sleep, passivity, downtroddenness and humility. The epigraph presupposed for the poem helps the author express his view of the people in a polemic with the general, who calls the builder of the railway Count Kleinmichel, and the people in his view are "barbarians, a wild crowd of drunkards." Nekrasov in the poem refutes this statement of the general, drawing images of the original builders of the road, talking about the difficult conditions of their life and work. But the poet seeks to awaken in young Van, who personifies the young generation of Russia, not only pity and compassion for the oppressed people, but also deep respect for him, for his creative work.
The main characters of the work
There are no individual characters in the poem. There are pictures of folk life that create a broad social panorama and are united by one theme. The poet is angrily indignant at the terrible conditions in which the people were, that it is believed that the road was built by the head of construction, Count Kleinmichel, and not the people - ragged peasants, driven to the construction of the road by hunger. Crowds of dead ghosts surrounding the rushing train are the victims of overwork and hardships in the construction of the road. But their work was not in vain: they created a magnificent structure, and the poet glorifies the working people. From this crowd, the author singles out the figure of a digger: “bloodless lips”, “drooping eyelids”, “ulcers on skinny arms”. And next to them - the culprit of national disasters - a fat "labaznik". This is a self-confident, cunning and arrogant embezzler.
The images in the "Railway" are graphic and realistically merciless. The people are depicted truthfully - as they really are. The poet not only addresses in his work to the long-suffering Russian working people, he merges with the people's consciousness. In the struggle for a place in life, a person in Nekrasov does not act as a loner, opposed to society, but as a full-fledged representative of the masses.
The poem depicts the people in two guises: a great worker, deserving of universal respect and admiration for his deeds, and a patient slave, who can only be pitied without offending this pity. The author condemns the people who have resigned themselves to their position and do not dare to openly protest. However, the poet is sure that the industrious Russian people will not only build railways, but will also create a “beautiful time” in the future.
The people are opposed in the poem by a general who, in his monologue, tries to act as a defender of aesthetic values, recalling the Colosseum, the Vatican, Apollo Belvedere. However, the enumeration of works of art and culture in the mouth of the general is replaced by curses against the people: "barbarians", "a wild crowd of drunkards", which testifies to his true culture. The general perceives the people as the destroyer of everything beautiful, and not the creator.
Plot and composition
In the context of the analysis, it is worth noting that the poem is preceded by an epigraph - a conversation in the carriage between the boy Vanya and his father. The boy asks his father about who built the railroad. Father ("in a coat with a red lining") called "Count Pyotr Andreevich Kleinmichel." Red-lined coats were worn only by generals. And Vanya’s Armenian is a demonstration of the general’s “popularity”. Dad wants to emphasize his love for the "simple peasant". The false statement of the general that the head of the railway construction, Count Kleinmichel (who became famous for theft and bribes), was building the road, Nekrasov opposes the true truth and shows the true builder of the road - the people.
The Railroad has two storylines. The first of them: the story of the lyrical hero, touched by the words of the “good father” - the general, about the true builders of the railway. The second line is Vanya's dream, in which a crowd of builders appears, talking about their difficult fate.
The poem consists of four parts. In the first part we have before us a beautiful autumn landscape: the air is “healthy, vigorous”, the leaves are “yellow and fresh like a carpet”, everywhere there is “peace and spaciousness”. The author emphasizes: “There is no ugliness in nature!” The first part is an exposition of further narration.
The second part is the main part of the poem. The poet - a lyrical hero - tells Vanya the truth about the construction of the railway: "This work, Vanya, was terribly huge - / Not on the shoulder alone!" The boy learns that the real builder of the road is not the tsar’s henchman and embezzler, but the people driven to the construction of the “cast iron” by hunger. On both sides of the road - "Russian bones", "a crowd of the dead." In the final words, the lyrical hero addresses not only the boy, but also the entire young generation of the 60s of the 19th century.
In the third part, the general demands to turn to the "bright side" of construction, he objects to the author's story. Here the character of the general, an empty and cruel person, is fully revealed. However, the story continues. Heavy overwork (“they tore themselves under the heat, under the cold”), the hunger of the people who were robbed by the tenants, “the bosses were whipped, the need pressed” - in the center of the third part of the poem.
The fourth part, drawing the “bright side”, is filled with irony, hidden mockery in the image of the picture of receiving an award for “fatal labors”: “The dead are buried in the ground; the sick / Hidden in dugouts...”. And those who did not die of hunger and disease were deceived: "Each contractor must remain ...".
Artistic originality
The narrative in the poem begins with a description of a beautiful autumn landscape. The author shows that in nature "there is no ugliness", everything is proportionate. The image of "peace" in nature is contrasted with pictures of overwork and inhuman treatment of ordinary people. Nekrasov is characterized by exaggeration in poetry. And in the poem "Railway" it is present. The poet refers to the diverse means of artistic representation.
In the very title of the poem, the epithet "iron" carries an evaluative meaning, that is, a road built by hard work.
In order to tell about the severity and feat of folk labor, the poet turns to a technique that is quite well known in Russian literature - the description of the dream of one of the participants in the story. Wani's dream is not only a conditional device, but the real state of a boy, in whose disturbed imagination the story of suffering, with which the narrator addresses him, gives rise to fantastic pictures with the dead coming to life under the moonlight and strange songs.
The poem is written in a truly folk poetic language. As always, “the people spoke; more precisely, the poet himself, personally spoke like a Russian commoner, with the language, jokes, humor of a peasant, worker, typesetter, soldier, etc. (V.V. Rozanov).
"Railway" is written mainly in four-foot dactyl, the construction of the line of the poem allows you to convey the rhythmic sound of the wheels of a moving train.
The meaning of the work
An analysis of the work clearly proved that the poem "Railway" remains to this day the most relevant and most cited work of Nekrasov, who predicted a long road to people's happiness. Nekrasov is one of the poets who determine the direction of art for many years, for entire periods of its development. Both the literature of critical realism, and painting (the Wanderers), and in some respects even Russian music - developed under the influence of Nekrasov's mournful and passionate poetry. Compassion, denunciation and protest penetrated into all spheres of Russian life. The social character of Russian culture took shape largely under the influence of Nekrasov.
ON Nekrasov created a new type of poetic satire, combining elegiac, lyrical and satirical motifs within one poem, as in "Railway". Nekrasov expanded the possibilities of poetic language, including the plot-narrative beginning in the lyrics. He mastered Russian folklore: a penchant for song rhythms and intonations, the use of parallelisms, repetitions, trisyllabic meters (dactyl and anapaest) with verbal rhymes. Nekrasov poetically interpreted proverbs, sayings, folk mythology, but most importantly, he creatively processed folklore texts, revealing the revolutionary, liberating meaning potentially inherent in them. Nekrasov extraordinarily expanded the stylistic range of Russian poetry, using colloquial speech, folk phraseology, dialectisms, boldly including various speech styles in the work - from everyday to journalistic, from folk vernacular to folklore-poetic vocabulary, from oratory-pathetic to parodic-satirical.
This is interesting
Anyone traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow passes the city of Chudovo. For the first time, the village of Chudovo on the Kerest River in the Georgian churchyard was mentioned in the Novgorod scribe book in 1539.
By the middle of the XVIII century. Chudovo turns into a large yamskoye village with a postal station, taverns, and trading shops. In the vicinity of the village were the possessions of the landowners and the St. Petersburg nobility. In 1851, the Nikolaevskaya railway (St. Petersburg - Moscow) passed through it. And in 1871, the construction of the Novgorod-Chudovo railway was completed, and a large settlement grew up near the railway station.
A whole period in the work of the poet Nekrasov is associated with the Chudovskaya Land. In 1871, the poet bought a small estate, Chudovskaya Luka, from the landowners Vladimirovs. It was located where the Kerest River, a tributary of the Volkhov, makes a beautiful loop. In the old garden stands a two-storey wooden house, where the poet spent every summer from 1871 to 1876. Nekrasov came here to rest from magazine affairs and censorship ordeals with his wife Zinochka. She accompanied Nekrasov on trips to Chudovo and even participated in hunts. Usually Nekrasov lived here for several days in the summer and only once - in 1874 - stopped here for two months. Then he wrote 11 poems that made up the so-called "Chudov cycle". The poet uses the details of the life and life of local peasants and Novgorod impressions in the poems "Railway", "Fire", in the lyrical comedy "Bear Hunt". Here he created the text of the famous "Elegy" ("I dedicated the lyre to my people...").
The poem "Railway" arises on the Novgorod material. The description of the road is documented exactly 644 kilometers. Of the living conditions of the builders, he speaks with anger:
We tore ourselves under the heat, under the cold, With an eternally bent back, We lived in dugouts, fought hunger, Were cold and wet, suffered from scurvy.
Ilyushin A.L. Poetry of Nekrasov. - M., 1998.
RozanovaLA. About the work of NA Nekrasov. - M., 1988.
Russian writers of the XIX century. about his works: Reader of historical and literary materials / Comp. I.E. Kaplan. - M., 1995.
Skatov N.N. Nekrasov. - M., 1994.
Chukovsky K.I. Mastery of Nekrasov. - M., 1971.
Yakushin N.I. ON Nekrasov in life and work: Textbook for schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges. - M .: Russian word, 2003.
The picture of folk life is presented in the poem “Railway”. This poem is preceded by an unusual epigraph: not a literary quotation, not a folk proverb, but a question from some boy, asked to his father, and his father's answer. It is framed as a miniature play - the characters are indicated, there are author's remarks:
Vanya (in a coachman's coat)
Dad! who built this road?
Dad (in psmto on a red lining)
Count Pyotr Andreyevich Kleinmichel, my dear!
Conversation in the car
This peculiar epigraph plays the role of an exposition, an introduction: the author will have a conversation with both Vanya and dad. It is not difficult to guess what it will be about: about who actually built the railway. It, which connected Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1852, was laid for 10 years under the leadership of the chief manager of communications, Count P.A. Kleinmichel. In the autumn of 1864, on the train, Nekrasov, having heard or seemed to have heard the conversation between the father and son given in the epigraph, considered or seemed to consider it necessary to intervene in this conversation. But first - in the first part of the poem - he told how beautiful the moonlit night, visible from the window of the car.
Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous
The air invigorates tired forces.
In these sonorous verses (yafenym, bofit), fatigue is defeated, strength is growing stronger. Nature is incredibly beautiful. But what about swamps with bumps, stumps (stumps of former trees)? They are hardly accepted to admire. They say: “stupid as a stump”, but they call narrow-mindedness, stagnation a swamp. But a true poet will find a place for all this in the world of beauty. Nekrasov is genuine.
There is no ugliness in nature! And kochi
And moss swamps, and stumps -
All is well under the moonlight
Everywhere I recognize my dear Rus' ...
Beauty is good not only in itself, but also because it is nationally native: Rus' ... It is good to travel around Russia, enjoying the newfound comfort of a railway voyage, this feeling of pleasure was willingly expressed by various poets of the Nekrasov era, it is not alien to our author either: “ I quickly fly along cast-iron rails, / I think of my own thought ... "
Good papa! Why in charm
Keep Vanya smart?
You let me in the moonlight
Show him the truth.
In our linguistic consciousness, the word “charm” is pleasant. No one will refuse to look like a charming person. But in these verses by Nekrasov, this word has a slightly different shade of meaning. Charm is something close to delusion, although, by the way, also pleasant. “He is in some kind of charm, he doesn’t see anything” (an example from Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary”). It seemed that “everything is good under the moonlight”, however, with the same “moonlight”, one will have to discern a very cruel “truth”, which will be shown to Vanya:
This work, Vanya, was terribly enormous, -
Not on the shoulder alone!
There is a king in the world: this king is merciless,
Hunger is his name.
The line “Not on the shoulder alone” directly refers to the epigraph, rejecting the answer of “dad”, who said that Kleinmichel built the railway. In fact, it was built, as it turns out, by “the masses of the people,” and Tsar Hunger led them to this. A grandiose symbolic figure: Hunger rules the world. Like Schiller: “Love and Hunger rule the world” (according to Gorky, “this is the most truthful and appropriate epigraph to the endless history of human suffering”). Forced by the Hunger, people were hired to build a railway in inhumanly difficult conditions, and many “found themselves here”; the “road” is now so beautiful (“narrow embankments, columns, rails, bridges”), built on Russian bones, they have no count.
Chu! Terrible exclamations were heard!
Stomp and gnashing of teeth;
A shadow ran over the frosty glass...
What's there? Crowd of the Dead!
“Chu!” - an interjection, close in meaning to the call “listen!”. The terrible begins. As in ballads (for example, Zhukovsky, Katenin, Lermontov) - the dead rise from their graves. A kind of balladism has already been discussed in connection with the poem "Yesterday, at six o'clock ...". The grave-dwellers are chasing the speeding train; the dead do not just run, but sing a song in which the moonlit night is again mentioned - the time most suitable for the contact of the living with the ghosts, which, as usual, should disappear before dawn. They sing about how cold and hungry they were during their lifetime, how they were sick, how they were offended by foremen, that is, seniors over a group of workers. One of this crowd of dead people - a “tall sick Belarusian”, fair-haired and emaciated with a fever - is described in particular detail, even a tangle in his hair is mentioned (a disease in which the hair on the head sticks together and sticks together; occurs in unsanitary conditions, may be the result of an infection) .
One significant oddity: it is written that the Belarusian stands. But the crowd of the dead, of which he is a representative, is running. As if this is a small contradiction (the Belarusian should have run along with everyone else), but it came in very handy. A static figure, snatched from the general flow and frozen in one place, is easier to describe in detail. Unlike the dead singing their song on the run, the Belarusian is silent. This further separates him from the rest. As a result, you somehow forget that he is dead, and you begin to treat him as if he were alive. Moreover, the details of his portrait (bloodless lips, fallen eyelids, swollen legs, etc.) can mean not only death, but also the sickness of a living person. And further: "It would not be bad for us to adopt this noble habit of work with you." This would sound strange, if you remember that the Belarusian is dead: you can’t take labor lessons from a dead man! In addition, the pathos of labor is interrupted by the ominous motives of death: in the behavior of the Belarusian, the poet sees something dull and mechanical, something similar to an inanimate wound up doll, monotonously repeating some given movement.
Bless the work of the people
And learn to respect the man.
The phrase “respect a man” has become commonplace. In the ballad A.K. Tolstoy’s “Potok-bogatyr” the hero comes from Ancient Rus' to Russia in the 19th century, and he is strictly asked: “Do you respect the peasant?” - "Which one?" - “A man in general, that humility is great!” But Potok says: “There is a man and a man. / If he doesn’t drink the harvest, / then I respect the peasant.”
Do not be shy for the dear homeland ...
The Russian people have endured enough.
In the original version of the text, instead of the word “enough”, it was: “Tatar”, that is, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (1243-1480). The replaced word is surprisingly consonant with the replaced one. One can guess the reasons for such a replacement: “Tatarism” is a matter of the distant historical past, while the Tatars “from Mother Volga, from the Oka”, who suffered along with the Russians, probably participated in the construction of the railway, so why hurt them with this word, as would thereby contribute to national discord?
At the beginning of the third part, the ballad dead disappear:
At this moment the whistle is deafening
He squealed - the crowd of the dead disappeared.
Here, the locomotive whistle played the traditional role of a cock's cry, foreshadowing the dawn and dispersing the ghosts, who are now in a hurry to hide from the world of the living. Such are the Slavic, and not only Slavic, ideas on this score. In Shakespeare, the ghost of Hamlet's father disappears in this way: “He suddenly disappeared at the crow of a rooster” (quoted from A. Kroneberg's modern Nekrasov translation). It seems to Vanya that he dreamed all this in a dream: thousands of peasants appeared (he tells “daddy”), and someone - he - said: “Here they are - the builders of our road! ..” Maybe this one was also in Vanya's dream - and talked about the builders of the railway, and showed them? But no, the boy's father, who turned out to be a general, perceives the narrator as a real person and enters into an argument with him. He says that he recently visited Rome, Vienna, saw wonderful monuments of ancient architecture. Is it possible that “the people created all this” - such beauty? And does the interlocutor of the general, who spoke so eloquently about the needs of low life, put them above the eternal ideals of beauty:
- Or for you Apollo Belvedere
Worse than an oven pot?
This refers to Pushkin's poem “The Poet and the Crowd”, which sharply condemns the self-serving “rabble”: “... by weight / You value the Belvedere idol, / You see no benefit, no benefit in it ... / The oven pot is dearer to you. ..” What is more important: beauty or usefulness? Shakespeare or boots? Rafael or kerosene? Apollo Belvedere or oven pot? - this was argued in every way in the Nekrasov era, literature and journalism fought over these “damned” questions. On the one hand, the aesthetes, the priests of pure art, on the other, the utilitarians, the materialists. The Nekrasov general is aesthetic, despises the black and rude people:
Here are your people - these terms and baths,
A miracle of art - he pulled everything away!
The exclamation "Here are your people!" came into common use. In Korolenko’s story “Prokhor and the Students,” two students pass by a miserable, degraded peasant, and, pointing to him, one says to the other: “Here is your people!”, And he is perplexed: where are the people, because I’m here alone! Baths - ancient Roman public baths, once luxurious, now ruins, testifying to the lost greatness of ancient culture. It was destroyed by barbarians, that is, peoples who were not involved in Roman civilization: Slavs (apparently, southern, non-Russian), Germans ... destroyers, not creators:
Your Slav, Anglo-Saxon and German
Do not create - destroy the master,
Barbarians! a wild crowd of drunkards! ..
In the same way, according to the general, the Russian barbarian peasants cannot be considered the creators of the railway: “a wild crowd of drunkards” is not capable of this. But there is also a "bright side" of people's life! So let the general’s interlocutor show Vanya and her, instead of traumatizing the child with “the spectacle of death, sadness”! And in the fourth part of the poem this “bright side” is shown.
The construction of the railway is over, the dead in the ground, the sick in the dugouts, the workers have gathered at the office: what kind of earnings will there be? But the rogue foremen (in modern foremen) calculated them so famously that it turned out that the workers not only should not receive anything, but also had to pay the arrears (part of the tax not paid on time) to the contractor (here, a wealthy merchant responsible for this area of work). The situation is bad, but then the contractor himself appears, “congratulates” (congratulates) the audience and is ready to treat them and generally make them happy: “I give the arrears!”
The reaction of the people is universal rejoicing. Shouting “Hurrah!” Foremen with a song roll the promised barrel of wine. Apparently, in the words of the general - "a wild crowd of drunkards! .." - there is a certain amount of truth. Here is the “bright side” of folk life for you - tortured people sincerely rejoice:
Unharnessed the people of the horses - and the merchant
Shouting “Hurrah!” sped along the road...
Seems hard to please the picture
Draw, General?
"Railway" Nikolai Nekrasov
V a n I (in a coachman's coat).
Dad! who built this road?
Papa (in a coat with a red lining),
Count Pyotr Andreyevich Kleinmichel, my dear!
Conversation in the carGlorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous
The air invigorates tired forces;
The ice is fragile on the icy river
As if melting sugar lies;Near the forest, as in a soft bed,
You can sleep - peace and space!
The leaves have not faded yet,
Yellow and fresh lie like a carpet.Glorious autumn! frosty nights,
Clear, quiet days...
There is no ugliness in nature! And kochi
And moss swamps, and stumps -All is well under the moonlight
Everywhere I recognize my dear Rus' ...
I quickly fly along cast-iron rails,
I think my mind...Good papa! Why in charm
Keep Vanya smart?
You let me in the moonlight
Show him the truth.This work, Vanya, was terribly huge
Not on the shoulder alone!
There is a king in the world: this king is merciless,
Hunger is his name.He leads armies; at sea by ships
Rules; drives people to the artel,
Walks behind the plow, stands behind the shoulders
Stonecutters, weavers.He drove the masses of the people here.
Many are in a terrible struggle,
Calling to life these barren wilds,
The coffin was found here.Straight path: the mounds are narrow,
Poles, rails, bridges.
And on the sides, all the bones are Russian ...
How many of them! Vanya, do you know?Chu! terrible exclamations were heard!
Stomp and gnashing of teeth;
A shadow ran over the frosty glass...
What's there? Crowd of the Dead!They overtake the cast-iron road,
Then the sides run.
Do you hear the singing? .. "On this moonlit night
We love to see our work!We tore ourselves under the heat, under the cold,
With an eternally bent back,
Lived in dugouts, fought hunger,
Were cold and wet, sick with scurvy.We were robbed by literate foremen,
The bosses were crushed, the need was crushing ...
We have endured everything, God's warriors,
Peaceful children of labor!Brothers! You are reaping our fruits!
We are destined to rot in the earth ...
Do you all remember us, the poor, with kindness
Or have you forgotten for a long time? .. "Do not be horrified by their wild singing!
From Volkhov, from mother Volga, from Oka,
From different parts of the great state -
These are all your brothers - men!It's a shame to be shy, to close with a glove,
You are no longer small! .. Russian hair,
You see, he is standing, exhausted by a fever,
Tall sick Belarusian:Lips bloodless, eyelids fallen,
Ulcers on skinny arms
Forever knee-deep in water
The legs are swollen; tangle in hair;I am pitting my chest, which is diligently on the spade
From day to day leaned all century ...
You look at him, Vanya, carefully:
It was difficult for a man to get his bread!Didn't straighten his hunchbacked back
He is still: stupidly silent
And mechanically rusty shovel
Frozen ground hammering!This noble habit of work
It would not be bad for us to adopt with you ...
Bless the work of the people
And learn to respect the man.Do not be shy for the dear homeland ...
The Russian people carried enough
Carried out this railroad -
Will endure whatever the Lord sends!Will endure everything - and wide, clear
He will pave the way for himself with his chest.
The only pity is to live in this beautiful time
You won't have to, neither me nor you.At this moment the whistle is deafening
He squealed - the crowd of the dead disappeared!
"I saw, dad, I'm an amazing dream, -
Vanya said - five thousand men,Russian tribes and breeds representatives
Suddenly they appeared - and he said to me:
"Here they are - our road builders! .."
The general laughed!“I was recently in the walls of the Vatican,
I wandered around the Colosseum for two nights,
I saw Saint Stephen in Vienna,
Well… did the people create all this?Excuse me this impudent laugh,
Your logic is a bit wild.
Or for you Apollo Belvedere
Worse than an oven pot?Here are your people - these terms and baths,
A miracle of art - he pulled everything away! ”-
“I’m not talking for you, but for Vanya…”
But the general did not object:"Your Slav, Anglo-Saxon and German
Do not create - destroy the master,
Barbarians! a wild crowd of drunkards! ..
However, it's time to take care of Vanyusha;You know, the spectacle of death, sadness
It is a sin to revolt a child's heart.
Would you show the child now
The bright side…Happy to show!
Listen, my dear: fatal works
It's over - the German is already laying the rails.
The dead are buried in the ground; sick
Hidden in dugouts; working peopleGathered in a close crowd at the office ...
They scratched their heads hard:
Each contractor must remain,
Truant days have become a penny!Everything was entered by ten's men in a book -
Did he take a bath, was the patient lying:
“Maybe there is now a surplus here,
Yes, come on! .. ”They waved their hands ...In a blue caftan - a venerable meadowsweet,
Fat, squat, red as copper,
A contractor is walking along the line on a holiday,
He goes to see his work.The idle people make way dignifiedly...
Sweat wipes the merchant from the face
And he says, akimbo pictorially:
“Okay ... something ... well done! .. well done! ..With God, now home - congratulations!
(Hats off - if I say!)
I expose a barrel of wine to workers
And - I give arrears! .. "Someone cheered. Picked up
Louder, friendlier, longer... Look:
With a song, the foremen rolled a barrel ...
Here even the lazy could not resist!Unharnessed the people of the horses - and the merchant
With a cry of "Hurrah!" sped along the road...
Seems hard to please the picture
Draw, General?
Analysis of Nekrasov's poem "Railway"
The poet Nikolai Nekrasov is one of the founders of the so-called civil movement in Russian literature. His works are devoid of any embellishments and are characterized by extraordinary realism, which sometimes causes a smile, but in most cases is an excellent occasion for rethinking the reality around us.
Such profound works include the poem "Railway", written in 1864, a few months after the abolition of serfdom. In it, the author tries to show the reverse side of the medal of the construction of the overpass between Moscow and St. Petersburg, which for many workers has become a huge mass grave.
The poem consists of four parts. The first of them is romantic and peaceful. In it, Nekrasov talks about his railway journey, not forgetting to pay tribute to the beauty of Russian nature and the amazing landscapes that open outside the window of a train passing through meadows, fields and forests. Admiring the opening picture, the author becomes an unwitting witness to the conversation between the father-general and his teenage son, who is interested in who built the railway. It should be noted that this topic in the second half of the 19th century was especially relevant and burning, as the railway communication opened up truly unlimited opportunities for travel. If it was possible to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg by postal carriage in about a week, then traveling by train made it possible to reduce travel time to one day.
However, few people thought about the price that had to be paid for Russia to finally turn from a backward agrarian country into a developed European power. The symbol of transformation in this case was the railway, which was designed to emphasize the new status of the Russian Empire. It was built by former serfs, who, having received the long-awaited freedom, simply did not know how to dispose of this priceless gift. They were driven to the construction site of the century not so much by curiosity and a desire to fully taste the delights of free life, but by a banal hunger, which Nekrasov in his poem calls nothing more than a “king” who rules the world. As a result, several thousand people died on the construction of the railway, and the poet considered it necessary to tell about this not only to his young companion, but also to readers.
The subsequent parts of the poem "Railway" are devoted to a dispute between the author and the general, who is trying to convince the poet that the Russian peasant, stupid and powerless, is not able to build anything more worthwhile than a wooden rural hut, wretched and skewed. According to Nekrasov's opponent, only educated and noble people have the right to consider themselves geniuses of progress, they own great discoveries in the field of science, culture and art. At the same time, the general insists that the bleak picture that the poet painted harms the fragile youthful mind of his son. And Nekrasov takes the liberty of showing the situation from the other side, talking about how the construction work was completed, and at the celebration on this occasion, the workers received a barrel of wine from the master's shoulder of the meadowsweet and writing off the debts that they had accumulated during the construction of the railway. Simply put, the poet directly pointed to the fact that yesterday's slaves were again deceived, and the results of their work were appropriated by those who are the masters of life and can afford to dispose of the lives of others at their own discretion.
Below you will find 2 analysis options
N. Nekrasov is one of the founders of the civil direction in Russian art. There are no exaggerations in his works, and they are written quite realistically. Somewhere it can cause a smile, but basically it is a great reason to think about what surrounds us around.
And this work, it was created in 1864, shortly before serfdom was abolished. The poet strives to show a different situation when creating an overpass between the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, because for many masters this was the end of his life, his personal grave.
The work is presented in four parts. The first - with a touch of romanticism, with a certain appeasement. Here the poet talks about his journey by rail, not forgetting to note the beauty of Russia, and admires the landscapes that are visible outside the window of his train. Being delighted, N. Nekrasov accidentally heard a dialogue between his father - a general and his son - a teenager. The child wonders who made this road. It should be noted that such a topic is very relevant for the nineteenth century and burning, because thanks to the new railway, new opportunities for wandering appeared. If by carriage it was possible to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg in a week, then here the time was reduced to one day.
But rarely did anyone think about the cost put forward for being able to get there so quickly. And Russia was able to become a developed European power. The main symbol is the railway, which was able to acquire a new status for Russia. It was put forward by former serfs, having finally acquired their freedom, they did not know what to do with it. And they were drawn to this work not so much by interest as by hunger and poverty. As a result, a lot of people suffered during the construction, more than a thousand people.
Analysis of the poem Railway Nekrasov
Nikolai Nekrasov is a very talented person. It was he who wrote the work, which was called "Railway". This work was created by the author in 1864. No wonder it bears that name. Indeed, the poem has a very deep meaning.
Nikolai Nekrasov is very famous not only for his beautiful and good works, but also for the fact that he was the first to pave the civil direction in Russian literature. It makes a lot of sense, because it all started with his works. The writer is a man of principles who will not fall into invented romance, just to live well and joyfully. This is a realist who, even in his literature, adhered to precisely these standards. Everything in his works was always very realistic. Sometimes readers had smiles, how well and qualitatively all this was described - our real life and its everyday processes.
That is why the poem "Railway" does not surprise anyone, since it is also realistic, kK and other works of Nekrasov. The poem was written a little later after the abolition of krepatstvo. Serfdom was abolished in 1861. But it was only a formal term, only after a few years - something really began to happen. It was on this occasion that such a poem was written by the poet. In his work, he describes the events of those years. And especially - 1864. Since it was in that year that the construction of the overpass between the big cities - St. Petersburg and Moscow was carried out.
The reason for Nekrasov's indignation was the fact that this rash decision to the end caused the death of many people. And that's just putting it mildly. In fact, thousands and even millions of people died - ordinary people, although no one cared about it then. Nikolai Nekrasov was angry and outraged that the state of that time could not fully figure out what they had planned. After all, they considered, as they say, only one side of the coin. And it was precisely this thoughtlessness that served as the death of many ordinary peasants.
The poem itself is, as it were, divided into four symmetrical parts. Oddly enough, but nevertheless, in the works of Nekrasov, in addition to everyday striking reality, there is also romance, at least a little - but it is still inherent. And it is the first part of Nekrasov's work that has romantic impressions. The writer tells how he saw all the beauties of nature while riding the train. Rail travel - and even that has its own pleasant sensations, in addition to fatigue. And, as a realist, he understood this all the more.
Russian nature is simply unforgettable, and even more so in those days. When there were still corners of the wild nature, not inhabited by people. The author becomes an involuntary listener to the conversation between the son of the general and the father himself. The teenager begins to wonder who built such a road for trains. Further, you can see a deeper meaning, which is more revealed than at the beginning. After all, no one then really thought about the cost of creating such a huge line of railway tracks for huge titans-trains. And how many lives were lost then, in 1864, because many have forgotten about it, enjoying only the result.
Analysis of the poem Railroad according to plan
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