The most interesting archival institutions in the world. Archival online projects

The first state act in Russia was signed - "General Regulations or Charter".

This is the first nationwide legal act in Russia that determined the foundations for organizing a centralized archival business in the country. The General Regulations ordered the central state institutions to transfer documents to the archives, established the mandatory accounting of state papers and introduced the public position of an actuary, who was supposed to "collect letters diligently, fix registers, re-mark sheets."

The reforms of Peter I laid the foundation for the activities of the State Archival Service of Russia. The archival service is called upon to convey to us the documentary and integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. The archives contain information necessary to ensure the state sovereignty and national security of Russia, its foreign policy activities, the effective functioning of all state structures, and the development of national science and culture.

In Soviet times, archivists also had their own professional holiday, but it was celebrated on June 1st. On this day in 1918, a decree was issued providing for the reorganization and centralization of archives in the Soviet Union. The same document established the Main Directorate of Archives (GUAD) or Glavarchiv, which became the first all-Russian body for managing archives. This institution is currently called the Federal Archival Agency of Russia (Rosarchiv). Then, on March 5, 2003, the board of the Federal Archival Service issued a resolution to postpone the professional holiday of archival workers to March 10. By this holiday, workers in this field usually time various conversations and lectures, exhibitions, meetings with the public and the media.

The role of the archive today

Over the years of their activity, many generations of archivists managed to develop the main directions of this profession. Their main duties can be called the preservation of documents, as well as their collection (acquisition) and scientific use. We can say that modern archives are witnesses to the history of the formation and development of the Russian state. And the work of archive workers is interesting and even outstanding.

On the day of our professional holiday, the people around us think and say that they realize the importance of the well-established and professional work of archivists only when they themselves are directly faced with the need to apply to the district archive. Indeed, in the modern world, archives are repositories of the historical and social memory of mankind. Based on the documents available for storage in the archive, archival certificates or copies of documents are issued, on which the fate of a person sometimes depends: in some cases this gives the right to receive benefits, in others - the appointment of a pension, establishes the length of service; copies of issued documents also help to establish the ownership of real estate and land plots in justice institutions.

Every year the number of requests from individuals and legal entities of a socio-legal and thematic nature is increasing. So, for example, in comparison: in 2002, the number of requests fulfilled by the employees of the district archive was 338 certificates, in 2005 - 562, 2009 - 1358 and last year we completed 1133 requests, including 986 requests with a positive result, copies of documents were issued -418 on 574 sheets.

Archival workers in their daily work face a number of difficulties, which only at first glance seem “small”, but affect the quality of service to citizens. For example, some applicants cannot formulate a request to the archive, and for frequent applicants, if they lose their work book, they don’t remember at all where and when they worked, so it can be difficult to locate the documents named in the request due to administrative-territorial changes, reorganizations of enterprises , institutions, their renaming. Therefore, in order to fulfill requests, it is necessary to remember information about all the changes that have occurred with the institution, that is, information on the history of the founder.

I would also like to note that the work of archivists does not consist only in issuing copies of documents or archival certificates. Employees of our service also participate in publishing projects, they prepare interesting exhibitions based on documentary materials, conduct lectures, talks and excursions, as well as carry out publications and media reports, etc. Along with this, the archive provides methodological and practical assistance in the record keeping of the institutions of the entire region; certain work is being carried out to search for photographic documents and materials related to the history of the region, enterprises, and organizations. Assistance is provided to local historians and schools of the region in scientific and historical research. All this contributes to an increase in the general culture of the population and interest in the past.

Archives are always visited by numerous researchers, because. in them you can find a lot of useful and even unique information.

It should be noted that archives or archival documents are continuously and painstakingly replenished. So if in 2002 the quantitative composition of archival storage units was 14,376 files, then in 2012 this figure increased to 32,860 storage units (including 10,000 storage units were accepted for depository storage from the Pribaikalsk Employment Center).

Not so long ago, archivists in their work mainly used only pen and paper. Since the beginning of the 2000s, computers, printers and scanners have appeared at their disposal. A modern archivist is not only a qualified specialist in his field, he also knows how to competently use the achievements of information technology in his work. This profession now requires deep knowledge not only of the specifics of archiving, but also of historical knowledge, knowledge of many legal issues, the ability to work with computers and copying equipment.

So the specialists of the Regional Archive for the period 2009-2012. 21957 paper-based accounting documents were introduced into the “Archival Fund” software package; documents of the Pribaikalsky district administration for 1992-2004 were digitized. And the documents of the Pribaikalsky regional executive committee for 1941-1943 were digitized and made available in electronic form to the district library, where users can work with them without resorting to direct work with documents, for which we still do not have conditions in the district archive due to crowding premises. Now we are preparing for a housewarming, in the near future we will move into a new building, which will have its own hall for users to work and hold events.

In recent years, the role and importance of archives in public life

have changed. Significantly increased interest in retrospective documentary information. There is a growing interest in the history of the fatherland, native village, a kind, in the events of the past. Therefore, one of the leading activities is the use of archive documents. In this regard, on May 18, 2012, on the basis of the archive department of the Pribaikalsky district administration, a public organization was created - the Pribaikalsky branch of the All-Russian Society of Historians and Archivists. And when creating it, we relied on the staff of history teachers, librarians, museologists, as well as local historians.

I think that in every region, in every corner of our native Buryatia, there are many points of interest for our activities. The rich history of the Baikal region gives us the opportunity to find application for many enthusiastic researchers, and if these enthusiasts also have the necessary scientific knowledge, then success, one might say, is half guaranteed.

In a word, historians of local lore have a wide field of activity. Events appear in all their versatility only when we have information from various sources, they help to recreate a more complete picture of past events. And our branch of the All-Russian Society of Historians and Archivists set the task not only to collect all possible documents related to the rich history of the region, but also to instill in people respect for our common history, respect for the material evidence of past eras, for the documents that accompanied them.

Today, the archive contains a rich collection of documents about the participants in the war, home front workers, which consists of photographs, biographies, memories of battles, military awards, post-war life. In order to preserve the memory of the past, genuine events, material was collected on the history of villages (recollection of residents about the history of the creation of the village, about enterprises, about life and life).

Working in close contact with organizations, enterprises, residents of the region, we replenish the archive with new documents on the history of our native land and use these documents in our work.

“... The archive is not only a trace of yesterday belonging to our predecessors, it is ourselves in tomorrow, we are how our descendants will see us. I. Andronikov.

“... And I ask you to remember one thing:

The past call alive

Given only one way -

With the help of the archive.

So we will be until the end of days

In continuous burning

Work for your country

In the field of archival

Irina Nevmerzhitskaya

head of archive department

district administration

MO "Pribaikalsky district"

Below is a list of the ten largest libraries in the world. The rating was compiled based on the number of documents stored in them.

The National Library of China is the largest library in Asia, located in the capital of China, Beijing. It is housed in three buildings with a total area of ​​250,000 square meters. It was founded on September 9, 1909 by the government of the Qing Dynasty. With collection over 33.78 million items The National Library of China contains the largest collections of Chinese literature and historical documents in the world. Among them, the most valuable are books from the Song and Yuan dynasties, Buddhist manuscripts from Dunhuang, the huge Yongle Dadian encyclopedia, and a 35,000-strong collection of tortoise shells and bones of various animals, on which texts are applied. More than 7 thousand people visit the library every day.

The Royal Danish Library is the largest library in Northern Europe, located in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was founded in 1648 by King Frederick III and opened to the public in 1793. Contains about 35.1 million storage units, including 6.4 million books and magazines, 19.9 million engravings and photographs, 7.8 million brochures and other historical materials. It contains copies of all the works published in Denmark since the 17th century, including the first Danish book printed in 1482.

The National Diet Library is the central public library of Japan, located in Tokyo. It was founded in 1948 and was originally intended for members of the Japanese Diet. It collects and stores all the publications ever published in the country. Library Archives Count (2008) 34 million of which 9 million books (6.5 million in Japanese and 2.5 million in foreign languages), 12 million periodicals (including 3.9 million newspapers), 200,000 CDs, 420,000 maps and others.

The Russian National Library is the oldest public library in Eastern Europe. It was founded in 1795 by Catherine II and opened to the public on January 3, 1814. Located in St. Petersburg. As of 2012, the library contains 36,500,000 copies, of which 28 million are in Russian. Of the most valuable: handwritten books of the Ostromir Gospel, Izbornik, Laurentian Chronicle and other rare publications.

The National Library of France is one of the oldest and largest libraries in the world. Located in Paris. It was founded by Charles V in 1368, enlarged by King Louis XIV and opened to the public in 1692. Its funds contain about 40 million documents they include 12 million books, about 115,000 manuscripts and other items. The total length of the library shelves reaches 395 km. It employs about 2700 employees.

The Russian State Library is the largest library in the country and one of the largest in the world. It was founded on July 1, 1862. Located in Moscow. Has more than 275 km of shelves with more than 43 million storage units, including 17 million books, 13 million magazines, 350 thousand musical scores and sound recordings, 150 thousand maps and other documents.

The New York Public Library is an American library that houses one of the finest collections of books in the world. It was opened in 1895 and includes 87 branches in Manhattan, the Bronx and Staten Island. The New York Public Library collection includes 51.3 million storage units, of which more than 20 million are books. It employs about 3100 people.

The Library and Archives of Canada is Canada's federal archival institution, which includes the National Library and the Public Records Office. The department was established in 2004. The headquarters is located in downtown Ottawa. It is kept here for about 54 million documents, including 20 million books, over 24 million photographs, and over a petabyte of digital data.

The Library of Congress is the national library of the United States, located in Washington DC. It was founded on April 24, 1800. Located in three buildings that store over 142 million various types of documents, including more than 29 million books, 58 million manuscripts, 4.8 million maps and atlases, 12 million photographs, 500 thousand films, etc. Of the most valuable: The Gutenberg Bible, the first book published in the United States - The Massachusetts Book of Psalms (1640), the smallest book in the world - Old King Cole, also contains the private libraries of Hitler, Susan Brownella Anthony, Theodore Roosevelt. The total length of the shelves of the Library of Congress is 856 km. It is included in the list of the most beautiful libraries in the world.

The British Library is the national library of Great Britain, the building of which opened in London on July 1, 1973. It is the largest library in the world. Its archives contain 170 million publications from many countries of the world, in many languages ​​and in various formats, including (as of 2012) 66.3 million patents, 14.3 million books, 8.3 million philatelic materials, 4.5 million maps, 1, 6 million printed music, 1.5 million audio CDs, more than 787,700 serials, 357,986 manuscripts, etc.

1. UNESCO information service: The United Nations Social Sciences and Human Sciences Documentation Center is a thematic index of periodical social science e-journals available in full-text format. The list includes more than 100 annotated descriptions of links to scientific online periodicals on anthropology, history, cultural studies, linguistics, management, political science, psychology, sociology, philosophy, economics and other social sciences and humanities in many European languages ​​( http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/ infoserv/doc/journals/shsjournals.html).

2.Michigan Intercollegiate Consortium(Inter-university Consortium for Political Science Research, ICPSR) 14 established in 1962 (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan). Today it is transnational and is called: World Archive of Databases of the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research. It has the status of a non-profit organization, therefore membership in it is granted only to university and non-profit organizations. Today, its members are more than 300 colleges and universities in North America and several hundred more institutions from all over the world. The ICPSR electronic database covers various fields, including political science, sociology, demography, economics, history, education, gerontology, criminology, public health, international politics and law. The archive is formed from arrays received from US government agencies, various organizations specializing in surveys, surveys, questionnaires, international

" Web address: http://www.nlr.ru:8101/e-case/search_extended.php

12 Web address: http://www.nlr.ra/rlin/ruslbr.php?database=INBOOK

13 Web address: http://www.nlr.ru:8101/cgi-bin/wdb-p95.cgi/avtoref/avtoref/form"4 Official website: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/index.html

associations. The archive stores not only primary data, but also documentation of studies, explanatory notes on their design and implementation, documents of scientists who carried out these studies, information on how exactly these data were collected; clarifications in the research process. The archive catalog contains more than 5,000 thematic headings covering 40,000 individual files. Over the 40 years of its existence, the archive has become an important source of information in the preparation of a large number of dissertations, articles for scientific journals, cross-country and comparative studies.

3. ProQuest Digital Dissertation Library, created by the information company University of Microfilms International (USA) - an electronic library of master's and doctoral dissertations defended in higher educational institutions of the USA and Canada (about 1000 universities, institutes and colleges) in exact, natural, technical, social and human sciences. The information retrieval system runs under the Web version of the ProQuest(r) interface. The open access contains more than 100 thousand documents for the current and past years ( http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/).

4. Information company The UnCover Company(Denver, USA). The database contains more than 8 million publications out of more than 18 thousand on

scientific journals in all branches of knowledge, since 1988. For unregistered users, only unannotated and briefly annotated bibliographic descriptions of stored documents are available (http:, /uncweb.carl.org/).

5. Central Archive for Empirical Social Science Research contains primary* materials (research data, questionnaires, code sheets), ready* for secondary analysis. Available to anyone interested (http:/, www.gesis.org/en/za/).

6. Information retrieval system CORDIS(search in all databases) provides opportunities for full text search of materials< всех программах, включая Рамочные, их компонентах и отдельных проек тах, осуществляемых при полной или частичной поддержке Европейской ко миссии, а именно: документы Комиссии, в том числе регламентирующие ei деятельность; концепции, содержание и рабочая документация по Рамочных программам и их направлениям; заявки на исследования; партнеры по сов местной проектной деятельности; рабочие материалы и отчеты по исследо ваниям (промежуточные по текущим и итоговые по завершившимся); опи сания результатов; научные публикации по проектам (http://dbs.cordis.lu EN_GLOBALsearch.html).

7. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics)- an international database that unites about 70 archives of research organizations, containing 181 thousand working documents, structured in 1000 sections, of which 80 thousand are available online. More than 100 volunteers from 30 countries are involved in data collection. Full text journal articles are not posted on the server itself, but access to them is provided through the appropriate links. The network combines several types of data (documents, published articles, software descriptions, personal data, and information about organizations). The database is maintained in parallel on several servers (in the form of a computer "mirror") in the UK, USA, Canada, Japan and Russia ( http://repec.org/).

8 Institute for Research in Social Science(IRSS) Public Opinion Questionaire Database (University of North Carolina, USA) stores a large amount of empirical data on public opinion polls collected since 1965 by the famous polling firm Louis Harris and Associates, Inc. Any researcher from anywhere in the world can connect via the Internet, view questionnaires, statistical distributions of national surveys ( http://www.ciesin.org/datasets/irss/irss.html).

9. International Institute of Social History(International Institute of Social History, IISH) 15 is one of the world's largest archival and research institutions in the field of social history and the largest in the field of labor and labor history. The official opening took place in 1935 in Amsterdam, although the history of its creation goes back to the 1920s. Nikolaas W. Posthumus (1880-1960), one of the pioneers of modern economic history in the Netherlands, founded in 1914 the Netherlands Economic History Archive (NAEI), the purpose of which was to preserve the archives of companies and firms, collections of sources related to economic history, including documents from personal collections and archives of organizations of the Dutch labor movement. Soon, his archive grew to such an extent that it required the expansion of premises and a change in official status. Cooperation with the insurance company "De Centrale" made it possible to strengthen the financial position and give the personal collection the status of an independent scientific institute. In 1935-1940. attention was focused on saving archives across Europe. The most important acquisition of this period was the archival legacy of Marx and Engels. Then, almost by smuggling out of Austria, it was possible to take out Bakunin's manuscripts, transport the libraries and archives of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries who had fled Russia. Already at that time, the library alone had more than 300,000 titles. In the 1960s and 1970s The development of the Institute was facilitated by a growing interest in the history of social ideas and movements. IISH continued to work to save the archives and libraries of persecuted individuals and organizations. So, in the 1970s. Amsterdam hosted materials from Latin America. Similarly, in the late 1980s, measures were taken to preserve the documents of Turkish parties, trade unions and individual citizens. Since 1979, the Institute has joined the system of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts. The Institute conducts active research and educational work, implements projects on oral history, seeking to fill the lack of written sources on social history in various regions of the world 16 . Today, IISH holds 2,500 archival collections, 1 million volumes of printed information, and about 1 million units of audiovisual documents.

The 2002 UN Official Report 17 recognized IISH's record-keeping experience as exemplary. In 1994, the International Institute of Social History is a research institution whose task is to collect and archive materials on social

15 Official website: http://www.iisg.nl/iish.html

16 Information from the website: http://www.iisg.nl/iisg/historyru.html

"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 164 EX/21. Paris, 9 April 2002 // http://www.ruj.ru/unescomlO.htm

social history - decided to collect online documents on politics, social issues and environmental issues. The exceptional nature of their collection methodology is that it also covers 'newsgroups', with 900,000 reports collected so far from 974 'newsgroups', all accessible via the Internet.

10.Archive Internet, which was established in 1996 as a private, non-profit entity, collects freely available web pages from around the world and currently stores more than 10 billion web pages or 100 terabytes of information (5 times the volume of all materials available in the Library congress). In October 2001, the Internet Archive launched a program called the Wayback Machine, which provides free access to archives throughout the web.

11.Bureau of Applied Sociological Research(Bureau of Applied Social Research - BASR) - a collection of data from general surveys conducted in the United States. The founder of the Bureau is P. Lazarsfeld. When BASR ceased to exist in 1977, its archives and books were transferred to the library of Columbia University, where it existed for 40 years. During this time, a huge database was created: information about 1100 research projects was stored in the archive's electronic files; 750 scientific articles prepared by the staff of the Bureau. In addition, the Columbia University Library has many other interesting archives, including: (1) Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) Collection of Ethnography - a huge database (over 400 items) of full-text materials on sociocultural, ethnographic and national groups from all over the world , the catalog contains 900 thematic categories 18 ; (2) Post-Soviet Nationalities Collection 19 is the largest information base in the United States about the USSR, on the basis of which the best Sovietological scientific school in the country was formed in its time, includes more than 21 thousand monographs and periodicals relating to various aspects of the life of all ethnic groups inhabiting Russia.

12.Library of international sociological data and help desk. Survey Research Center, University of California, Berkeley (International Data Library and Reference Service, Survey Research Center, University of California, Berkeley) - a large collection of survey results from outside the United States, mainly in Asia and Latin America.

13.Lewis Harris Political Science Data Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Louis Harris Political Data Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), - a collection of polls conducted in the United States by the Louis Harris Public Opinion Polling Agency.

14.Center for Public Opinion Survey in the USA, the University of Chicago, Chicago (National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago), - a collection of survey results conducted by this center in the USA, contains subsections on a number of social problems.

15.Roper Center(Roper Public Opinion Research Center, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts) 20, the world's largest archive of sociological

Library website: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indexes/hraf-ethnography.html Collection website: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/slavic/nationalities.html Official website: http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/

ical data containing the results of surveys in different countries and on a wide range of issues. Elmo Roper founded his center immediately after the Second World War, in 1947. George Gallup provided him with great help at first. Today, the Center's library stores complete data on several thousand selective public opinion polls from 70 countries of the world. The Center is also one of the world's top institutions for teaching the basics of public opinion research. Empirical data for 1972-2000 are available on CD ROM: statistics are collected here on 40,933 respondents across 3,500 variables.

16. University of Essex(old name - ESRC, new UKDA) 21 - Essex University archive is one of the largest collections of social information in Europe. Under an agreement with other institutions, receives and provides scientific data from all over the world.

15. Australian Social Science Data Archive(Social Science Data Archives, Australian National University) founded in 1981, has a wide computer base on social, economic and political research conducted by academic, public and private organizations ( http://ssda.anu.edu.au/).

In addition to these centers, the Cologne Archive for Sociological Data, the European Archive for Sociological Data, Belgian

ARCHIVES [from the Greek αρχε?α, literally - bossy (records), that is, official documents; late Latin Archium, Archivum - archive], 1) a set of archival documents formed as a result of the activities of institutions, organizations, enterprises, as well as individuals; 2) institutions or structural subdivisions of organizations or departments that receive, store and process documents for the purpose of their further use; 3) information systems, which are organizationally ordered aggregates of archival funds, collections, documents, created and used information technologies, scientific reference apparatus, databases and data banks. At the beginning of the 21st century, archives are considered as the most important element of the social and cultural memory of society, necessary for the self-identification of a person and a nation.

Archives abroad. In ancient Rome, the terms “erarium”, “tabularia”, etc. were used to designate the place of storage of documents. After the death of the Western Roman Empire (476), the word “archive”, which was briefly used during the time of Emperor Justinian I in Byzantium, was forgotten. In Europe in the 10th-15th centuries, the terms “scriptorium”, “chartularium” (repository of charters) and so on were used to designate the place of storage of old documents. The term "archive" reasserted itself on the eve of the New Age. In German, the word “Archiv” (in the singular) was fixed, in French - “archives” (retaining the Latin root, reproduced the Greek plural), denoting both documents and the premises and institution where they were stored.

At the first stage of the development of archives, their main function was the storage of books and documents. The appearance of the first clay "cuneiform" archives coincides with the emergence of writing at the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennium BC. In all the ancient centers of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, scientists have unearthed archives containing the most valuable letters and documents. In ancient Greece ("Metroon" in Athens) and in ancient Rome ("Erarium" or "Tabularium" in Rome), the archives were more of an administrative nature than in the Ancient East. Archives of institutions (censors, city councils, etc.) were formed. Archives of governors, military garrisons were formed on the ground. Temple (priestly) archives continued to play an important role. The private archives of merchants, usurers, landowners, writers, and scientists have become widespread. Both in Greece and in Rome, archival documents began to be used in writing historical works. For the first time, attempts to concentrate the knowledge recorded in writing were made in large repositories: the Library of Alexandria, the Pergamon and Antioch libraries. The archives continued to remain closely connected with the treasury, the chancellery, museum and library materials, and did not stand out as independent institutions. In the middle of the 1st millennium AD, the archives of the Christian church were born (Vatican archive, or archive of the Popes, 4th century; archives of monasteries, 6th century). Rich book and archival collections (Montecassino, Farfa, Bobbio, Saint-Germain, St. Gallen, etc.) concentrated in the scriptoria of the monasteries.

The first attempt to restore "Roman traditions" in the early Middle Ages belonged to Emperor Charles I the Great, who organized an office and a palace archive at his court. From the 10-11th century, the feudal lords, as their economic, political and military power strengthened, created their own offices. In Byzantium, legislative, administrative and foreign policy documentation was put aside at the imperial office, financial and fiscal - at central and local institutions (with governors in the provinces). In different periods, archives existed there at higher educational institutions: the University of Constantinople, the Higher Patriarchal School, the Higher School of Law, the Higher School of the Holy Apostles, etc. Various documentation was deposited in church archives, among which the repository of the Patriarchate of Constantinople played an important role. Archival work was also developed in the Caliphate. At the beginning of the 9th century, there was a huge library in Baghdad, in which scientists from the “House of Wisdom” worked at the court of Caliph al-Mamun. Even more handwritten books (up to 400 thousand volumes) were stored in the library-archive of Caliph Khakam II (2nd half of the 10th century).

During the period of mature feudalism (12th-13th centuries), with its predominance of property rights over public rights, there was a significant increase in seigneurial and especially royal archives, such as the Treasury of Charters in France, the Chapel of the Scrolls in England, the Aragonese Crown Archive in Zaragoza in Spain. As the state administration apparatus developed, new types of archives appeared: the Parliament and the Accounts Chamber in France, the Parliament and the Chamber of the Chessboard in England. City, notarial, hospital and university archives arose in the cities (Bologna, Paris and Montpellier, Oxford, Cambridge, etc.).

During the Renaissance, the advent of printing gradually led to the fact that archival and library materials began to be stored separately. Archives were considered as repositories of legal papers, which recorded the rights of the upper classes to certain privileges. Often they were called "treasuries of charters", "genuine archives", "treasury", which reflected the evolution of social and legal relations of society. By the end of the 15th century, the functions of archives as a place of storage of legal, legislative and regulatory documents became predominant.

The second stage in the development of archives (from the 16th century to the turn of the 19th-20th century) was marked by the appearance of a variety of archives in European states. The emerging administrative-fiscal apparatus of the absolutist states, preserving the crown archives, created numerous archives-offices, archives-registries (departmental archives). In order to preserve the most important documents in many countries, central repositories were reorganized or created anew, which in the literature are called the main political archives. So, at the court of the Spanish kings in the middle of the 16th century, the famous Simancas archive arose. In France, the functions of the main archive of the kingdom continued to be performed by the Treasury of Charters. Central archives are created in Great Britain (Archive of State Papers), Sweden, Austria (Secret Palace State Dynastic Archive) and in most German states. In 1612, the Secret Vatican Archive, separated from the library, took shape in an independent repository. In countries where the Reformation won, church documentation fell into state custody. During the French Revolution of the 18th century, the feudal archives were largely destroyed. After it, the process of concentration of archives and centralization of their management accelerated. Initially, in France, then in Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, and in the German states, national (central) archives arose.

During the colonial seizures of the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, their archival wealth was plundered, ancient manuscripts were taken to the metropolises or destroyed. Only by the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, archives of colonial administrations began to be created in a number of colonies: the British - the Archive of the Empire in India (1891), the French - in West Africa (1913), etc. The main sets of documents on the development of the colonies were concentrated in the central archive of the metropolitan areas (Archive of the Indies in Spain, State Archives in Great Britain, National Archives in France, etc.).

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new stage in the development of archives began, archiving became a branch of state activity headed by general (main) directorates or national (central) archives. Gradually, in the 19th and 20th centuries, a network of local and regional archives took shape. Today, there are three main types of organization of archives in the world:

1. Centralized: archival directorate - national archives - a network of local archives (Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, China, etc.).

2. Decentralized: national archives - regional and local archives (Great Britain, Germany, USA, Switzerland, Japan, etc.).

3. Mixed (mainly countries in Africa, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Latin America).

In some countries archives are managed jointly with library and museum services. Although in most countries the archival service of the country is subordinate to separate departments (in France - the Ministry of Culture, in Germany - the Ministry of the Interior, in Belgium - the Ministry of Education), there is a clear tendency to resubordinate the archives to a supra-ministerial body under the president or prime minister. In countries with a federal system of government, the scientific and coordinating role was taken over by professional societies of archivists. The functions of the archives are acquisition, examination, custody of office work (from the moment the documents appear in the offices until they are placed in the archives). The archives are increasingly using non-traditional media (film-photo-phono documents, computer databases, etc.), various types of scientific reference apparatus (lists, inventories, calendars, catalogs, reviews, guides, and so on) have been created.

Among the foreign archives, there are several particularly significant for researchers. One of the largest archives in Western Europe is the Vatican Archive, which stores sources on church history (Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy, etc.), the history of the countries of Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. The National Archives of France (founded in 1790) stores the most important sets of documents on the history of Western and Central Europe (the earliest date back to the 7th century), as well as numerous sources on the history of Russia and the USSR. The State Archives of Great Britain (1838, London) contains materials on its history and the history of other countries of Western Europe, starting from the 12th century (the earliest document is the Domesday Book, 1086), as well as a large amount of documents on the history of colonial policy. The US National Archives and Records Service (1934, Washington) holds federal records from 1787, as well as a large collection of captured documents.

In the development of standard norms for all aspects of the work of archives and universal methods for managing records, a great contribution is made by UNESCO, the International Council of Archives (MCA), formed under it in 1948, the Round Table Conference of Archives and other international specialized organizations. Their recommendations formed the basis of international treaties on the restitution of archival documents. Archives become part of national and then international automated information structures.

Archives in Russia and the USSR. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the appearance of the first archives dates back to the 1st millennium BC (they appeared on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus). In Ancient Rus', the archives for a long time were located together with the treasury in the treasuries of princes and large feudal lords. With the adoption of Christianity (late 980s), in churches and monasteries, they began to store collections of handwritten books, letters and other valuable documents along with objects of worship. St. Sophia Cathedral, the Kiev-Pechersky Monastery in Kyiv, and others had significant collections of documents. Traditions of paperwork were brought to Rus' by Byzantine clergy. Russian chroniclers used chronological and weather records, hagiographic tales, teachings, messages, letters, etc., when compiling chronicle codes. The first painting (inventory) of documents is found in the Ipatiev Chronicle (1288). In Novgorod, Pskov, etc., the so-called city archives were formed. Valuable collections also took shape in the homes of the well-born nobility (for example, a collection of documents from the Pskov posadniks Doynikovichi, among which was a collection with the text "Words about Igor's Campaign").

After the formation of the Russian state in Moscow in the 16th century, the so-called Tsar’s Archive (“Keeped the Tsar’s”) arose - in fact, the first all-Russian state archive, which, along with documents on domestic and foreign policy, absorbed papers from Smolensk, Chernigov, Yaroslavl, Tver and other princes. Since the 16th century, archives of orders gradually began to be created, and on the ground - archives under the governors, volosts, from the 17th century - archives under the orders' huts of the governors. The most important documents for the state were placed in the archive of the Posolsky Prikaz, which in the 17th and early 18th centuries became the main political archive of the country. Rich collections of documents continued to store the archives of churches and monasteries (Kirillo-Velozersky Monastery, Solovetsky Monastery, Spaso-Evfimiev, Trinity-Sergius; Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, etc.).

The reforms of Emperor Peter I led to the registration of archives as independent structural units of state institutions. According to the General Regulations of 1720, archival documents were separated from current office work, the procedure for transferring files to archives was determined, and the position of an archivist was introduced at each of the newly formed collegiums. The term "archive" was introduced for the first time. The repositories that possessed the most ancient documents were included in the category of historical ones: the Moscow Archive of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs (1724; see the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, AVP RI), the Senate Archive (1763; about 500 thousand files), the Survey Archive (1768; 1 3 million files by 1918), St. Petersburg (1780; over 1 million files) and Moscow (1782; about 6 million files) state archives of old files; department of the Military Ministry (1819; since 1865 the Moscow branch of the General Archive of the General Staff, or the Lefortovo Archive; see the Russian State Military Historical Archive, RGVIA), etc. The development of science, culture and art led to the creation of the archive of the Academy of Sciences (1728; see Archive Russian Academy of Sciences), the archives of the Hermitage, the Academy of Arts, Moscow University, etc. A significant contribution to the streamlining of archival documents was made by G.F. Miller, N.N. Bantysh-Kamensky, M. M. Shcherbatov. The collection of documents by private individuals acquired a large scale (archival collections in the 18th century were owned by A.A. Bezborodko, I.N. Boltin, D.M. Golitsyn, V.N. Tatishchev, and others).

The formation of ministries at the beginning of the 19th century did not change the departmental principle of organizing archives in the country. Current archives were created at each institution. The State Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1832; until 1834 - the 2nd Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, now part of the WUA of the Republic of Ingushetia), the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice (1852; united a number of historical archives, became the center of publishing activities for the publication of historical documents). In 1852, the supreme decision was approved to create 3 large regional historical archives - Vilna, Kiev (opened in the same year) and Vitebsk (opened in 1863), archives of ancient acts (contained audit, judicial and other materials of courts, audits of Gospodar estates, of the Main Lithuanian Tribunal and other legal acts relating to the territory of the Commonwealth, including Belarusian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, as well as some Great Russian lands and a number of other regions). Since 1872, the Moscow Palace Archive (founded in 1869) has been operating. In Kharkov, in 1880, the Historical Archive was created (materials on the history of the Left-Bank and Sloboda Ukraine from ancient times to the end of the 18th century). N. P. Rumyantsev, A. I. Musin-Pushkin, P. M. Stroev, M. P. Pogodin, V. M. Uidolsky, A. D. Chertkov, I. E. Zabelin, L. M. Savelov and others. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, due to the rapid overflow of archives, their disorder, the lack of special buildings, and a unified leadership, repeated attempts were made to reform archives (projects by G. A. Rozenkampf, N. V. Kalachov, D. Ya. Samokvasov, as well as archival commissions). At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, Russia came close to creating a special branch of the state economy - archives.

The period of the October Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War of 1917-22 - a time of significant loss and destruction of archives as a result of the destruction of documents by the political police and judicial institutions of Russia (most likely, former provocateurs and informers), the destruction of documents during hostilities, the nationalization of church and private archives, liquidation of government papers in the course of the so-called waste campaigns and political processes. At that time, there was an active export of documents abroad by emigrants, their purchase by representatives of foreign embassies. In the 1920s and 1930s, a significant number of documents from the institutions of the Russian Empire were transferred to the newly formed states: Poland, Finland, and the Baltic countries. Abroad, a huge work on the concentration of documents on the history of the social and revolutionary movement, the culture of Russia was carried out by employees of the Russian Foreign Historical Archive in Prague (created in 1923; see the Prague Archive), the Hoover Institute for War, Peace and Revolution in Stanford (1923; see the Hoover Institution archive ), International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam (1935). The Bakhmetev Archive, the Russian Archive in Leeds, and others also have large collections of Russian documents abroad.

The task of saving archives in Russia during the transitional period was undertaken by the Union of Russian Archival Workers (1917-24; chairman A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky in 1917-19, S.F. Platonov in 1919-24). Prominent historians and archivists took part in the work of the Union: I.A. Blinov, N.V. Golitsyn, K. Ya. Zdravomyslov, A. I. Lebedev and others, who, along with the adoption of practical measures to protect and save archives, significantly contributed to the preparation of archival reform. On the basis of the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated June 1, 1918 "On the reorganization and centralization of archives in the RSFSR", the process of concentrating documents in central and local state archives assumed a massive character. The archives of governmental institutions of the Russian Empire were liquidated, the documents contained in them made up the Unified State Archival Fund (EGAF). For the management of archives in 1918, the Main Directorate of Archival Affairs under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR was created. At the direction of V. I. Lenin, V. D. Bonch-Bruevich wrote the brochure “Keep the Archives”, which was sent through the “ROSTA Windows” to government agencies. After a series of reorganizations in 1938, the management of archives was transferred to the NKVD (since 1946 - the Ministry of Internal Affairs) of the USSR.

According to the main parameters, archiving in the USSR developed in the same way as in the countries of Western Europe and the USA. With the development of technology, the sources of acquisition of archives diversified: they received more and more documents created on new media (film-photo-phono). The 2nd World War of 1939-45, which caused a huge increase in the volume of documentation, confronted the USSR, as well as other countries, with the problem of modernizing archival services. The strict centralized management of archives in the USSR contributed to the concentration of documents in central and local archives, effective control over the safety of documents in departments and their transfer to state custody, and taking into account the national interests of the republics in the creation of national archives. At the same time, there was a lag in the Soviet archives (since the 1970s) in providing the latest technology, modern buildings, the process of describing archival documents and compiling a scientific reference apparatus slowed down. There was also the practice of creating secret funds, special depositories, etc. in the archives, which limited access to archival documents.

Since 1956, the USSR Archival Service has become a member of the MCA. In 1960, the Main Archive Directorate (GAU) of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs was transformed into the GAU under the USSR Council of Ministers, which was in charge of the central archive of the USSR (13 in total), archive departments and departments of the union republics, central state archives of the union and autonomous republics, archives of territories, regions and districts, city archives with a permanent composition of documents. Archives with a variable composition of documents (district and city) remained under the jurisdiction of the executive committees of district and city councils. The system of party archives headed by the Central Party Archive of the NML under the Central Committee of the CPSU (now part of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, RGASPI) was under the jurisdiction of party bodies.

According to the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and the decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation (August 1991), a significant part of the archives of the CPSU and documents of the KGB of the USSR were transferred to the jurisdiction of the archival authorities of the RSFSR. Roskomarchiv became the successor of the GAU under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The network of central and local archives that kept the documents of the party fund automatically became part of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation. The materials of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU entered the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (founded in 1992). In 1992-96, the governing body of the archival industry of the Russian Federation was the State Archival Service of Russia, renamed in 1996 into the Federal Archival Service (FAS) of Russia (until 2004). In 1993, the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation and archives were adopted. Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the Federal Archival Service of Russia" (1998), "On the Federal State Archives of Russia" (1999) specified the structure, status, functions of the federal archives and the FAS. The archives of various special and secret services of the state, the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation and the like, which continue to store secret documentary complexes, as in all countries of the world, are inaccessible to researchers. Since 1992, the publication of the Historical Archive magazine, established by the Committee for Archives under the Government of the Russian Federation, has been resumed. After 1992, the Russian Federation, under the terms of restitution, transferred to France, Germany and other countries a number of archival complexes that ended up in the "Special Archive" after the end of the 2nd World War of 1939-45.

Since June 17, 2004, the functions of providing public services and managing federal property in the field of archiving have been carried out by the Federal Archival Agency of the Russian Federation, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. Relations in the field of organizing the storage, acquisition, accounting and use of documents of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation and other archival documents (regardless of ownership, i.e. in state and non-state institutions, organizations, enterprises) are regulated by the Federal Law "On Archival Affairs in the Russian Federation” dated 22.10.2004. An agreement is concluded with the owner who stores the documents of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation, which determines his obligations for the storage, accounting and use of documents to be transferred to state storage in the future.

There are 15 central federal archives in the Russian Federation: the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the Russian State Historical Archive; RGVIA; Russian State Archive of the Navy, Russian State Archive of Economics, Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, Russian State Military Archive (it also includes the "Special Archive", which includes two sets - documents on prisoners of war and prisoners of the camps during the Great Patriotic War and subsequent period; trophy documents); Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East; Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation; Russian State Archive of Audio Documents; Russian State Archive of Film and Photo Documents; RGASPI; Russian State Archive of Contemporary History; Center for storage of the insurance fund. There are archival bodies in 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 203 state archives and centers for storing modern documentation (former party archives), 2427 municipal archival institutions subordinate to local governments. Documents on foreign policy are concentrated in two archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - ΑΒP RI and the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. Materials of a military nature (since 1940) are stored in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense and the Central Naval Archive. Documents relating to the activities of the Academy of Sciences, the personal funds of scientists are kept in the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences have large scientific and branch archives. Valuable monuments of written culture are at the disposal of the departments of manuscripts of the largest libraries, museums and scientific centers. In total, the archival fund of the Russian Federation has over 460 million items. Archives of religious, political and public organizations, private banks, firms, etc. are in the process of being created. Archival science deals with the history, theory and practice of archiving.

Lit .: Samokvasov D. Ya. Archival business in Russia. M., 1902. Book. 1-2; Archival Courses: The History of Archival Studies of Classical Antiquity in Western Europe and the Muslim East. P., 1920; Casanova E. Archivistica. 2ed. Siena, 1928; Cherepnin Ya. V. Russian feudal archives of the XIV-XV centuries Moscow; L., 1948-1951. Ch. 1-2; Schellenberg T.R. modern archives. principles and techniques. Chi., 1956; Mayakovsky M.L. Essays on the history of archives in the USSR. 2nd ed. M., 1960; Maksakov V.V. History and organization of archives in the USSR (1917-1945). M., 1969; Brenneke A. Archivkunde. Munch., 1970; Posner E. Archives in the ancient world. Camb., 1972; Brzhostovskaya N.V., Ilizarov B.S. The development of archiving from ancient times to 1917 // Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Documentation and Archiving. M., 1979. T. 1-2; Favier J. Les archives. R., 1985; Samoshenko VN The history of archives in pre-revolutionary Russia. M., 1989; he is. Historical archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg (XVIII - early XX century). M., 1990; Starostin E. V. Archives and archiving in foreign countries. Sverdlovsk, 1991; he is. History of Russia in foreign archives. M., 1994; he is. Foreign archiving; problems of history, theory and methodology. M., 1997; he is. Archives of Russia: methodological aspects of archival knowledge. M., 2001; Khorhordina T. I. History of the Fatherland and archives, 1917-1980s M., 1994; Archives of Russia. Moscow and St. Petersburg: Reference book and bibliographic index. M., 1997; Karapetyants IV Economic archives of Western Europe and the USA until the beginning of the 20th century M., 1997; Kozlov V.P. Russian archival business. M., 1999; Mikhailov O. A. Electronic documents in the archives: In 2 books. 3rd ed. M., 2000; Lodolini E. Archivistica: principi e problemi. 9 ed. Mil., 2000; Archival documents in libraries and museums of the Russian Federation. Directory. M., 2003.

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF UZBEKISTAN NAMED AFTER MIRZO ULUGBEK

IOFE V.G.

GENERAL HISTORY OF ARCHIVES AND LEADING ARCHIVES OF THE MODERN WORLD.

Methodological guide for the direction of the undergraduate program "Archival Studies"

Ed. Z. R. Ishankhodzhaeva (responsible editor), A. A. Razzakova

TASHKENT-2009

Reviewers:
ISAKOVA M.S. - Ph.D. ist. Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Source Studies of Special Historical Disciplines of the Faculty of History of the National University of Uzbekistan named after M. Ulugbek
ZAKIROVA D.T., Director of the Central State Administration of the KFFD of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The methodological manual is intended for the direction of "Archival Studies". The purpose of the manual is to give students a systematic understanding of the history and organization of historical archives in foreign countries, the emergence and development of archives in foreign countries, the leading, largest archives of the modern world. , highlight the main ones. the most important ideas for future bachelors of archival science about the general history of archives, about the principle of accessibility of archives, about the main systems for organizing archives in the past and present.
Chapter 1. The main stages of the world history of archives.
There are archives today in all countries of the world and each of them is of interest for research. But among the vast array of archives, some archives stand out for their wealth and exceptional value for historical science.
Archives already existed in the states of the Ancient East - in Egypt, Babylonia (Babylon), Assyria. These were usually temple and palace repositories of economic documents, diplomatic correspondence, as well as works of literature (“archives-libraries”). Most of the ancient Eastern archives that have come down to us are cuneiform.
cuneiform archives.
These are collections of documents - diplomatic, judicial, private law, economic reports, letters, etc., written in cuneiform characters on clay tablets. Cuneiform archives were created in palaces and temples, as well as in the homes of large slave owners (especially merchants and usurers) in various countries of Western Asia (Sumer and Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria, Elam, the Hittite kingdom, Phoenicia, Urartu, Persia), starting from 3 thousand BC until the 1st century AD, when cuneiform finally fell into disuse. The largest cuneiform archives that have survived to this day and now exist are the Nineveh (Kuyundzhik) cuneiform archive in Iraq, which in ancient times was part of the Library of the famous Assyrian king Ashurbanipal; in Iraq, the archives at the temple of the god Hamash in Sippar (modern Abu-Habba) have also been preserved. The archive of the temple of Enlil - Bela in Nippur (modern Nuffar), the archive of the temple of the goddess Nana-Ishtar in Uruka (modern Warka), the archive in Lagash (modern Tello), finally, this is the archive of the Engibi / Egibi / usury house (in Babylon, 7th century BC).
In Egypt, there is a large Tel el-Amarna archive (Tel el-Amarna diplomatic archive); in Syria - the archive in Mari (Tel Hariri); The archive of Ras Shamre (ancient Ugarit), in Iran, is a cuneiform archive in the ancient capital of the Achaemenids - in the city of Persepolis; the Archive of the Assyrian colony of the 20th-19th centuries BC is located in Turkey. Kanese (modern Kul-Tepe). Especially among the cuneiform archives of the world, the Bogazkey archive of the Hittite kings mentioned above is famous. This archive was found in the capital of the Hittite state Hattushash - modern Bogazkoy in Central Anatolia in Turkey.
The Bogazkey archive of the Hittite kings (Hattushash, Central Anatolia / Antalya /)) contains over 15 thousand clay tablets, mainly in cuneiform Hittite, some texts of historical and political content are written in Akkadian, and fragments of ritual texts are in other ancient languages ​​( Luwian, Palaian, Hattian, Hurrian). It includes royal annals, chronicles, decrees, treaties, lists of kings, diplomatic correspondence, deeds, instructions to officials, codes of laws, minutes of court sessions, an essay on horse breeding, mythological and poetic texts, astrological predictions, texts of oracles, hymns and prayers, rituals, descriptions of religious holidays, Sumerian-Akkadian-Hittite dictionaries, and cuneiform catalogs of documents from this archive and labels for individual documents. Almost all of the texts in this archive belong to the New Hittite period of the 14th-13th centuries BC. and only one document - 17th century BC. It was discovered and excavated by G. Winkler in 1906-1912, the research was continued from 1931 by the German archaeologist K. Bittel. New Hittite period Х1У-Х111 centuries BC and only one document belongs to the 17th century BC. The Bogazkey archive was discovered and partially excavated by G. Winkler in 1906-1912
Hugo Winkler (07/04/1863 - 04/19/1913) was a prominent German orientalist, assyrologist and archaeologist, founder of the Near East Society. Winkler studied and published many cuneiform texts, letters from the diplomatic archives of Tell el-Amarna; annals of Sargon II and others. palaces and fortifications of the Hittite capital - Hattushash and the Bogazkoy archive itself. At the same time, together with F. Delnch, it was he who was the author of the theory of pan-Babylonism, which derived all the cultures of the world from Babylonia, in fact denied the ability of other peoples to develop independently and was repeatedly subjected to serious scientific criticism.
The research of the archive in Hattushash continues to this day, especially in the 30s, a lot was done by the German archaeologist K. Bittel) knowledge of historians of antiquity, who before that had very few sources at their disposal (the Bible, the writings of ancient authors, and some others). Excavations in the areas adjacent to Mesopotamia - in the territory of ancient Elam, Persnda, Urartu, the Hittite kingdom, as well as in Egypt and the study of the material found there, made it possible to establish that the peoples of these countries used the Babylonian cuneiform. the high level of ancient Babylonian culture, its effectiveness and beneficial influence on many peoples of Asia and Europe. But this also served as the basis for the promotion of the German Oriental school of the pan-Babylonian concept of the development of the world (GWinler, G. Messerschmitdt, F. Delich, etc.), which argued that the history of world culture is supposedly only the development of knowledge laid down in Babylon, that it was allegedly the center of civilizations of most peoples of the world - incl. peoples of the Mediterranean, India, China, South America, who borrowed elements of culture from her according to this theory. This concept caused in the first decades of the 20th century. heated discussions. It was sharply criticized as unfounded by the German historian, Egyptologist A. Ehrman, and the American Egyptologist, J. H. Breasted. They showed that even Egypt, neighboring Mesopotamia, independently created its own written language and culture F.K. An objective study of the sources of cuneiform archives of Mesopotamia and other sources showed that the Babylonian influence on the culture of a number of peoples of antiquity was secondary and did not exclude the original cultural creativity of these peoples who contributed
Ancient monuments of writing (1X-U1 centuries BC) were discovered on the territory of Transcaucasia - on the territory of the ancient state of Urartu. These are clay tablets with cuneiform text, as well as cuneiform inscriptions on stones and objects (bronze bowls, clay vessels, military armor, etc.). From the ancient cities in the Northern Black Sea region - Chersonese - Tauride, Olbia, Tyra, Theodosia, Paitikapeia, Phanagoria, the so-called "Marble Archive" has been preserved, in the form of a large number of inscriptions on the stones of altars, and altars, on the walls and columns of temples, etc. containing peace treaties, laws, decisions of people's assemblies, reports of officials, etc.
The development of archiving in the ancient world.
In ancient Greece, the beginning of the organization of archives dates back to the 6th century BC. In the 4th century BC state.acts in Athens were concentrated in the Metroon temple. There are archives in other ancient Greek city-states, as well as at temples (in Delphi, on the island of Delos). In Dr. Rome, the archives were first run by priests, in the middle of the 5th century BC. in the temple of Saturn, an ARCHIVE OF THE SENATE is created, controlled by censors and quaestors. With the establishment of the empire under Augustus, the Imperial Archives arose on the Palatine Hill, there were also archives of censors, temple archives, etc.
Archives in the Middle Ages.
In the countries of the East, the development of archiving in the Middle Ages had its own characteristics. So. for example, during the Middle Ages in many Arab countries of the 11th-13th centuries. in Iran, China, and later in the Mughal Empire (Baburid State) in India, there was a coherent system of office work and document storage, which was at a higher level than in Western countries in the same historical period.
Many archives of the countries of the East were very developed. Researchers found documents from the first quarter of the 8th century. - the era of the Arab conquest, a lot of materials related to the system of state administration, tax collection, etc. A number of monuments containing information about writing in the states of Central Asia of antiquity have been preserved. For example, sherds from large vessels with inscriptions dating back to the 1st century BC were found, characterizing the system of economic relations and the system of state administration of the Parthian kingdom and other states on the territory of Central Asia. Archives of Central Asia of the early and developed Middle Ages are known. On Mount Mug in the upper reaches of Zarafshan (Zerafshan), documents of the 8th century BC were discovered. in 4 Sogdian language. Numerous well-known documents that have been stored for many centuries date back to the 1st quarter of the 8th century and contain information about the struggle of the peoples of Central Asia against the Arabs, data on the economy of Sogdiana (Sogd), tax collection, and the system of government. As already mentioned in the section on the history of archives in Central Asia and Uzbekistan, the archives of the Samanid state of the late 9th-10th centuries are known, and along with the central archives, there were also archives of individual regions. At this time, wood, leather, parchment began to be replaced by paper. There are also private archives - libraries of large feudal lords. As is well known, the great thinker, physician and philosopher Abu Ali Ibn Sino left a detailed description of the archive-library of the Samanid emir. Similar archives began to appear among other peoples.
In many Central Asian countries of the 7th-13th centuries - i.e. before the Mongol conquest - (as well as in Iran, China, and later in the State of Baburids / the so-called Mughal Empire /) there was a harmonious system of office work and storage of documents, which at that time was at a higher level than in the countries of the Western Europe of this time, for example.
Along with the central archives, there were also archives of individual feudal lords, archives of individual territories and regions. At this time, wood, leather, parchment began to be replaced by paper. Private archives also appeared - libraries of large feudal lords. Similar archives began to appear among other peoples. For example, more than 25,000 ancient Armenian manuscripts have been preserved; some of them date back to the end of the 4th century. a significant part of them is collected in the Matenadaran. The birth of the archives of Kievan Rus, Georgia dates back to the 10th century, and the development of writing also stimulated the appearance of archives.
In the era of the Renaissance (Renaissance) and Reformation, in the context of the struggle of the growing "third estate" (primarily the bourgeoisie) with feudal privileges and institutions, representatives of the growing entrepreneurial stratum and representatives of the Catholic clergy and feudal nobility often turned to archival documents (the latter sought with their help to confirm your rights).
In Western Europe, in the Early Middle Ages, archives of "barbarian" kings arose, which were usually transported from place to place. There were archives in large monasteries, bishoprics and feudal knights' castles. Frequent fires and civil strife led to the destruction of the archives. The secular archives of the 5th - 9th centuries have hardly reached us. Of the monastic archives, the most significant were the archives of Montecassino, Farfa, Bobbio (Italy), Paris and Saint-Germain (France), Fulda, Saint-Gallen (Germany). The largest archive of the Early Middle Ages in the West was the Pontifical Archives (later the Vatican), which arose in the 4th century AD.
In the 10th-12th centuries, city archives appeared that kept charters, sovereigns, city statuses, court decisions, financial reports; in connection with the growth of commodity transactions, archives of notaries are also being created. With the rise of royal power and the processes of centralization, the role and importance of the royal archives increases. So, the Royal Archives in France - the Treasury of Charters with the unification of the country included the archives of the provinces and individual feudal lords. In Spain, after its unification at the end of the 15th century. a pan-Spanish royal archive began to be created in the fortress of Simancas. In England of the 14th century, there were 3 royal archives: in the Palace of Westminster, in one of the towers of the Tower, in the Chapel of the Scrolls. In the 16th century in the years of the late Middle Ages, the Archive of State Papers was created. An abundance of medieval documents have survived in England, aided by the early development of legislative institutions and the relative safety of the country due to its insular position. Manuscripts (in general, there were many unrelated archives).
Maurists and their role in the development of archival science.
Maurists played an important role in the development of archives; they played a particularly prominent role in the collection and publication of Western European medieval manuscripts. The Congregation of St. Maurus was founded in 1618 (the center is the Parisian monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Pres), and1 was liquidated in 1790.2
In order to defend the authority of the Catholic Church (in particular, the Benedictine order itself) from criticism of the Protestants, the Maurists identified and published a huge number of sources on its history. In addition, they compiled a history of French literature based on rich handwritten material (more than 40 volumes), and also multi-volume histories of individual French provinces (Languedoc, Brittany, etc.), in the appendices of which many documents were printed. The Maurists were not historians in the full sense of the word. Their merit is the development of rules for the critical publication of monuments, the creation of VIA (paleography, diplomacy, etc.). In the 17th-18th centuries French monks - Benedictines of the Congregation of the Saint Maurus (Maurists) develop principles for organizing document repositories, compiling inventories, methods of storage and rules for publishing documents, vigorously collecting manuscripts. The Maurists "played an outstanding role in collecting and publishing Western European medieval manuscripts. The congregation was founded in 1618, its center was the Parisian monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The erudite SCHOOL, WITH WHICH THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MAURISTS ARE ASSOCIATED, was a direction in historiography and source studies, mainly medieval history of the history of the Middle Ages (in Western Europe in the 18th-18th centuries. Its founders were the so-called church erudites , whose activities proceeded within the framework of monastic learned societies, the main of which were the Maurists, and later the Bollandists, members of learned societies in Paris and Antwerp (J. Bolland, D. Petavius, D. Paperbach and many others). , church scholars sought to strengthen the authority of the church with their historical works, including new scientific arguments from previously unknown medieval sources, the study and publication of which they were actively engaged in. In this regard, they had to pay great attention to the criticism of sources, and in general to source study, Latin and Greek paleography, chronology, diplomacy. Despite the well-known conservatism of their positions. erudite scholars significantly advanced the development of auxiliary historical DISCIPLINES, introduced into scientific circulation a large number of new sources not only on the history of the church, but also on many issues of the history of the Middle Ages in general (especially on the history of France, Byzantium). From the 2nd half of the 17th century, interest in the VIE and the publication of sources also spread among secular scientists, who were more progressive. Among these "secular scholars" the most famous are L.J. Brequini,. E.Balk. Ch. Ducange in France, G. Leibniz in Germany, L A. Moratorium, . J.Traboski,. F.S. Maffe - to Italy. As for the Bollandists, according to the plan of J. Bolland and K. Rosweid, in the middle of the 17th century they published the Lives of the Saints, while although they themselves mainly sought to strengthen the authority of the Catholic Church, they at the same time objectively played a significant role in the development of archaeography and diplomacy, especially D. Paperbroch.
A huge number of interesting documentary materials were collected and scientifically processed by the Maurists in the library of the monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Pres
However, the criticism of the Maurists was of a formal nature (establishing the authenticity, place and time of the compilation of documents), the antiquity and authenticity of the monument were sufficient grounds for them to recognize as reliable any legends, myths cited in it, and sometimes simply fabrications of some chroniclers.
The most prominent Maurists were J. Ducange, J. Mabillion, B. Montfaucon and M. Bouquet.
Ducange Charles (12/18/1610-10/23/1688), French historian and philologist, was the author of the famous "History of Constantinople under the French Emperors" (Paris, 1657), in which he acted as an independent researcher and publisher of texts; he also published a number of Latin chronicles, as well as the texts of many Byzantine writers in translations and with notes of a historical and philological nature. Ducange was one of the first to apply the method of source criticism. In 1678 published his famous “Dictionary of Medieval Latin” (new ed. Gratz, 1954), consisting of three main parts: an extensive introduction about the causes of the “spoilage” of the Latin language, a catalog with biographical and bibliographic information about 5 thousand medieval writers and a lexicon from 14 thousand words. The dictionary is one of the first and most remarkable monuments of science of that time, and has not lost its significance even now. Equally valuable is the Dictionary of the Medieval Greek Language: Lugdoni, 1698, new ed., Graz, 1958).
The flourishing of the erudite school, a direction in historiography and source study of the Middle Ages in Western Europe in the 17-18 centuries, is associated with the name of him and his student B. Montfaucon. Its founders were the so-called church scholars, whose activities proceeded mainly within the framework of monastic learned societies (the Benedictine congregation of St. Maurus and the Jesuit societies in Paris and Antwerp - the so-called Bollandists - J. Bolland, D. Peto, .Pansbrock/ in another spelling _Paperbroch/).
Jean Mabillon (December 26, 1632 - October 7, 1707) was a prominent representative of the French erudite school, a member of the Maurist congregation, from 1701 a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. From 1664 he worked in the library of the monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. His edition of Acta sanctorum ordinis Santa Benedict (vols. 1-9, Paris, 1668-1702) and Annales ordinis Santa Benedicti (vols. 1-6, Paris, 1703-1739, last 2 volumes completed by other Maurists) is a carefully prepared publication of sources on the history of the Order of St. Benedict with comments and notes. Maurists, incl. and Mabillon, preparing sources for publication, scrupulously checked their authenticity and restored the original text. Mabillon is the founder of Latin diplomacy (a special auxiliary historical discipline) precisely as a historical discipline, he also wrote the first major work on Latin diplomacy and paleography (“De re diplomatica libri VI”, Paris, 1681, the best edition is Paris, 1789 .). Mabillon developed a method for determining the authenticity of a document, determined the signs of dating and localization of the manuscript, and created the theory of "national types" of Latin writing.
Another prominent representative of the Maurists - Bernard de Montfaucon (13.01.1655-21.12.1741) - was also an outstanding French polymath historian, a member of the Maurist congregation and since 1719 a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. He began his activities under the leadership of Ducange by publishing sources on the socio-economic history of Byzantium in the 10th-12th centuries. (“Analelekta Kraets”, Paris, 1688). He also published the works of the Greek "fathers of the church" Athanasius and John Chrysostom ("Saint patris Athanasil ... Omina's Opera" vol. 1-3, Paris, 1698; "Santa Ioani Chryssostomi arcenes Constantinople. Opera omnia", vol. 1 -13, Paris, 1718-1738). a guide to Greek paleography, a description of the Greek codices compiled by Montfaucon, lectures by Chancellor Seguier (“Consliana olim Seguirian's Library ...”, Paris, 1715); these works contained in fact the first catalogs (i.e. they themselves are the first scientific catalog of medieval manuscripts). In 1739, another extensive catalog of manuscripts was published in 2 volumes, compiled by Montfaucon - "Library Biblomotekarum Maniscriptorum Nova". The multi-volume works of Montfaucon on archeology (“La antiquie explicue et reprenti en figures”, vols. 1-15, Paris, 1719-1724, as well as “Les moments de la monarchie française”, vols. 1-5, Paris, 1720- 1733) are distinguished by a large number of engravings; they pursued not only scientific, but also educational goals, were designed for a wide range of readers.
In the 18th century, the first proper archival studies appeared, and in general, by the end of the 18th century, in each of the countries of Europe, there were many unrelated archives.
The main features of the history of archiving in modern times.
The Great French Revolution of the late 18th century led to new major changes in archiving. The archives were declared the property of the nation; the documents of the feudal and church archives became a powerful weapon in the struggle against feudalism. In 1789-1790. The National and then the Constituent Assembly decided to create the National Archives of France, where the papers deposited as a result of the activities of the country's legislative institutions during the revolution began to concentrate. On Messidor 7, Year 11 of the Republic (according to the republican calendar; June 25, 1794), the Convention issued a decree declaring the National Archives the central state archive, in which it was ordered to submit both documents of new legislation and historical materials on land and judicial issues. In the provinces, similar materials were to be concentrated in departmental archives. Documents valuable only in historical terms were transferred to the Paris National Library. The principle of the Publicity of all archives (all state archives) was also recognized. The decree of Messidor 7, which for the first time established a provision on a general archival reform, became an example to a large extent for the archival legislation of a number of countries.
In the XIX-XX centuries. there is a desire to centralize archives, manifested both in the concentration of state archives, and in the subordination of archives to a specially created management body. In the 19th century the principle of publicity of archives was recognized, which made the use of archival documents relatively accessible. The centralization of archives in France was later framed by a number of legislative acts in the 40-80s of the XIX century. (of which the most significant was the law of 1884), according to which the management of the National Departments of communal and hospital archives was concentrated in the Ministry of Education, under which the Archival Administration, the Archival Commission and the Inspectorate were created. All departmental archives were subordinate to the archival management, which in turn were subordinate to the communal and hospital archives. Similar systems, oriented to the model of France, were created as a result of the archival reform in Belgium (1879) and Holland (1875); a network of state archives (central and provincial) subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior was created here.
The concentration of archives in England remained incomplete, as if stopping halfway. Here, in 1838, a law was passed on the creation of a Public State Archive, and in 1854, all the historical repositories of London were concentrated in the new building; some materials from existing institutions also began to arrive here. The State Archives was not subordinated to any ministry or department, neither a general archival administration, nor a network of local state archives was created in England.
The concentration of the archives of Italy, which remained fragmented until the 2nd half of the 19th century, began with individual Italian states: in 1808 the General Archives arose in Naples, in 1815 - the State Archives in Venice, in the middle of the 19th century - in Florence . After the unification of Italy, a reform was carried out in archiving. In 1861, the Archive of the Italian Kingdom was created, all state archives were transferred to the Ministry of the Interior.
In politically divided Germany, archival reforms were also carried out in the first half of the 19th century, only within the boundaries of individual German states (in Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, etc.).
The development of archives and their well-known centralization, the scientific study of documents led to the development of archival science. In almost every more or less developed country, the training of special cadres of historians and archivists began. France played a leading role in this regard. Back in 1821, a special archival institute was established here, known as the School of Charters (Ecole des chartes). Similar schools and institutes were gradually established in many other countries of the world.
The policy of the colonial authorities, which in many countries of the East was careless, had a negative impact on archiving in the countries of the East. Often, in the metropolitan countries, the archives of colonial and semi-colonial countries were treated carelessly, and sometimes - predatoryly; the archives were plundered by the colonialists, many, for example, ancient manuscripts were taken to European countries. Many materials of the colonial period turned out to be outside the borders of the countries of the East, because. a significant part of the documents on the management of colonial possessions were deposited in the archives of the metropolitan countries.
Archival work in modern times.
The development of archives in modern times differed in many respects in developed and former colonial - developing countries. The All-German State Archives came into being only in 1919, after the end of World War I and the creation of the Weimar Republic.
In the USA there was no Central State Archive until 1934; archival materials were concentrated in individual states. Documentation of federal significance at departmental institutions, and was stored there, in departmental archives; some of the historical documents - the most significant - were transferred to the manuscript department of the Library of Congress. In 1934, a law was passed creating the National Archives of the United States.
It should be noted that the Second World War caused great damage to the archives of Eastern and partly Central Europe - many archives were destroyed. For example, the Archives of Warsaw lost 90% of its funds from the Central State. Over 18,000 volumes of documents were taken from the Prague Archives to Germany. Many archives of Germany perished, archives of Italy suffered. After the war, over 2 million units were transferred to East Germany. archival documents and acts. Saved by the soldiers of the Soviet Army from destruction during the defeat of Nazi Germany; a number of saved archival documents were also handed over to the governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia. Romania, Hungary, France. In the post-war period, archival technology noticeably improved, microfilming and photographing of documents began to be widely used. In France, Italy, and the FRG, archives of films and microfilms were the first to be created; , new methods of restoration of documents are applied. Along with state archives, numerous private archives of enterprises, joint-stock companies, political parties, etc., are springing up in the West.
In many rules, norms (terms) began to operate, according to which it is allowed to use and publish archival documents only 50 years old, not earlier. Along with the centralized management system of state archives (France, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, etc.), in which there is a central manager of all state archives, there is also a decentralized management system (USA, Switzerland, Great Britain, Spain), in which local state archives (states, cantons, etc.) e) are not subordinated to the central administration.
In the countries of Eastern Europe, many documents nationalized from private owners, monasteries, passed into the state archives. In 1949-1957 in Albania, Bulgaria, East Germany, Poland. Romania, Czechoslovakia underwent archival reforms and centralized archival systems were created. state archival funds, which included both the archival funds of the archives themselves and museums, libraries, etc., established the principles for the acquisition of archives .. archive management bodies were created (and in Bulgaria, for example, central archives were created for the first time). At the same time, the principles of archival construction that had developed in the then USSR were often mechanically used; the main attention was paid only to collecting the so-called. historical and revolutionary documents. In the post-war period, some economic and other specialized archives arose (Hungary, East Germany, etc.).
Gradually, the practice of microfilming documents began to be widely used. Archival universities or archival specializations at universities appear in many countries, later, archives of documents based on mechanical recording (audiovisual materials), and then on machine-readable, electronic documents (the first in France) are born and rapidly develop.
The colonial authorities did not create a unified archival network, system, or organization. The archives here were dispersed, were of a narrow departmental nature. A large number of documents were lost, perished, and many documents were stored (and are stored) in the "mother country" countries, for example, in England - in the Archives of the East India Company and the Office of Indian Affairs: in the Netherlands - in the archives of the Dutch East India Company, in Spain and Portugal - materials from the colonial period of many Latin American countries are also kept in the archives of these countries, etc. (Note that archival documents in a number of countries, even with the formal recognition of the principle of accessibility of archives, are practically inaccessible, some of the materials are in closed departmental archives, and in a number of countries there is a rule that archival documents become available only after 50 years for research and can be published ).
It is this situation in archiving that is typical, for example, for India during the colonial period. Founded in 1891 in Calcutta, the central "Archive of the Empire" was a purely administrative, not a scientific institution, it was not public and was not available for scientific work.
The organization of archival work in India improved somewhat in 1919, after the creation of the Indian Commission of Historical Archives in that year, and especially after its reorganization in 1942. After India won independence, archival work in India noticeably intensified. Here began the centralization of archives, work to turn the National Archives of India (the former "Archives of the Empire") into the main center of historical research.
In 1950, the commission received the right to inspect the provincial archives. The collection and scientific processing of materials expanded, and the access of researchers to archival funds became easier.
In China, prior to the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, archival work was, on the whole, rather backward; there was not a single department of archives, not a single network of state archives. In 1925, the Department of Documentary Monuments was created at the Palace Museum, renamed by 19^9 into the “Storage of Documentary Monuments; it contained mainly the archives of the central institutions of the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911). After the creation of the People's Republic of China, the system of archival work was restructured, archives began to be widely used in legislation, for national economic purposes, and in scientific work. A number of state (as well as party) archives were created, a number of measures were taken to collect and concentrate archival materials. In 1949, a Commission was established under the State Council (then the State Administrative Council) to receive documentary materials from former Kuomintang institutions and organizations in the city. Nanjing (which was the capital of China during the Kuomintang period) In 1951, the Department for Systematization and Processing of Nanjing Historical Materials was formed at the 3rd Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the same year, the Documentary Repository was transformed into an Archive. In 1954, the State Archives Administration under the State Council of the People's Republic of China was established, and in 1955, a preparatory commission for the organization of archives was established under the CPC Central Committee; On April 17, 1956, the State Council of the People's Republic of China adopted a resolution on improving the state archives in China. In 1952, courses for archivists with a one-year term of study were created at the People's University of China, which were then transformed into a special department of the university. In 1955, the Faculty of History and Archives was organized at the People's University with a 4-year term of study, and in 1951 the journal "Archive Business" ("Dan'an Gongjie") began to be published. first called "News about the work on documentary materials." On October 8, 1959, the Central Archives of the People's Republic of China opened in Beijing. The state of China's archives was negatively affected by the so-called. "cultural revolution" in China 1966-1976, but since the 80s. The state and development of archiving in China is again given great attention. In Shenyang (former Mukden) in Northeast China (Dongbei, former Manchuria) a large historical archive was created.
Among the existing archives, the longest existing one is the Vatican Archive (created in the 4th century AD), the Chief Archip Simancas in Spain (originated in the 16th century), the Chief Archive of India in Seville (founded in 1781). Main National Archives of Mexico (founded in 182.1). Main State Archive of the Netherlands in The Hague (founded in 1814). The Central State Archive of Egypt in Cairo, the Main Archive of Ancient Acts in Warsaw (founded in 1808) and others (which will be discussed below).
Archives in Russia.
Many documents appear in Rus' in the era of the Early and Developed Middle Ages. Documents were written on wooden boards, birch bark, parchment, and from the middle of the 14th century - on paper. In the 11th - 19th centuries, individuals began to collect manuscripts of religious, historical and artistic content. Collections of manuscripts were formed by the princes Yaroslav the Wise, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavich, the Novgorod bishop Luka Zhidyata, and others. Many documents of that era were lost. governors - charter letters. There are princely and monastic archives (church - Novgorod Sophia Cathedral, Kirillo-Belozersky, Trinity-Sergius, Solovetsky and other monasteries). More than 375 birch bark writings have been found in Novgorod (starting from the 11th-12th centuries), which reflects the spread of writing among the population of the 11th-15th centuries. archives are formed by large feudal lords, merchants, and also, apparently, wealthy artisans. At the Trinity Cathedral (Pskov) there was a so-called. "chest", where veche resolutions, decisions of clergy councils, spiritual testaments, loan notes, payment receipts of private individuals, etc. were kept (church and monastery archives kept the most important documents). They were written on wooden boards and birch bark, and from the middle of the 14th century on paper.
With the unification of the lands around Moscow, there is a concentration of archives of feudal principalities included in the "Tsar's Archive" in Moscow, in its inventory of the 2nd half of the 16th-18th centuries. speaks of 240 boxes of documents, mostly princes (Tver, Ryazan, Smolensk, Chernigov, Yaroslavl and others) and a significant number of materials on internal administration and relations with the countries of the East and Western Europe. At the beginning of the 11th century .. during the Polish-Swedish intervention, part of the archive was taken to Poland, some documents ended up in Sweden as part of the archive of J. Delagardi, the rest made up the Archive of the Posolsky Prikaz (in large part). In the XVI - XVII centuries. large archives were being formed under orders, documents were written on paper and folded into columns. The largest archives were under the Ambassadorial, Discharge and Local orders, which were in charge of the branches of government (including documents on relations with the states of Central Asia were also deposited in the archive of the Ambassadorial order). Letters of rulers, treaties and correspondence, orders to ambassadors are mainly documents of the Ambassadorial Order. Documents were written on paper and glued into columns for storage. The archives of the Embassy Prikaz (which arose in the middle of the 16th century) deposited materials on diplomatic and trade relations between Russia and the countries of Western and South-Eastern Europe (German principalities and England, France, Poland, Hungary, Sweden, etc.), including . countries of the East (China, India, Iran, Turkey, Central Asian khanates, etc.) from the 15th to the 1st quarter of the 18th centuries; until the abolition of the ambassadorial order, letters of foreign rulers, grand dukes, kings, peace and trade treaties, correspondence with embassies, article lists and orders to ambassadors, etc. In the archive of the Discharge Order, which arose in the 1st half of the 16th century, documents from the middle of the 16th century were preserved. until the beginning of the 18th century. - boyar books and lists, category books, reports from theaters of military operations, etc. The archives of the Local Order (which arose from the middle of the 16th century) contained documents characterizing the development of land ownership (of the feudal type), the process of enslaving peasants - scribe (census, refusal, boundary) books, cases with awards, sales, exchange of land., cases of detecting runaway peasants and serfs, registering peasant deeds to land and serf deeds to land and peasants, and others. on the ground - first under the governors and governors, and from the 17th century. - under the ordering huts of the governor - their own archives were formed.
Large archives were formed under the Trinity - Sergnev, Kirill-Belozersky, Solovetsky, Volokolamsky monasteries, in the 17th century. the number of privately owned archives increased - the archives of the Stroganovs, the steward A.I. Bezobrazov, the boyar B.I. Morozova and others. Gradually, the development of enlightenment and the growth of culture expanded the circle of collectors of early printed books, as well as ancient manuscripts and annals. Collections of historical and artistic monuments were owned by Maxim Grek, A.F. Adashev, Prince A.M. roundabout F.M.Rtishchev, boyars A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin, A.S. Matveev, Prince VV Golitsin, as well as Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Patriarch Nikon (XVIII), etc. The most valuable Greek, Latin and Old Russian manuscripts were kept in libraries (of the Patriarch's, the Printing House and the Posolsky Prikaz).
The reorganization of the state apparatus carried out by Peter I in the 1st quarter of the 18th century. significantly affected the state of the archives - archives arose under the new state institutions - the Senate and the Boards; documents of the abolished institutions were partly transferred to new institutions, partly to the newly created historical archives. The first historical archive was created from the documents of the Posolsky Prikaz, since 1714 it was called the "General Archive of Old State Affairs" (later - the Moscow Archive of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs). in 1720 it was finally constituted as the main historical archive of the country - the General Archive of Old State Affairs (later the Moscow Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs). According to the General Regulations of 1720, which determined the order of work of the collegiums, the archives were officially separated from the offices. the procedure and deadlines for transferring files to the archives were established, the positions of archivists were introduced. each collegium created its own archive.
In reality, each collegium had its own archive, and archives were created at provincial and district institutions. There were also many private archival collections; In the XVIII century. in the conditions of significant development of science, culture, education, art, new repositories of documents arose: the Archive of the Academy of Sciences, in which the funds of scientists were collected; The manuscript department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, where the most ancient chronicles were concentrated, etc. The manuscript department of the Hermitage Library, which also collected written sources of a historical nature. The archives of the Academy of Arts, the Archive and the library with a manuscript department (department) at Moscow University, etc. The development of agriculture, industry, domestic and foreign trade in the territory of the then Russian Empire led to an increase in the number of private archives - estate and factory. In the XVIII - first half of the XIX centuries. there were large archives of the Demidovs, Yusupovs. Sheremetevs, Kurakins. Golitsyn. Vorontsov; in the 18th century increased collection of historical documents; large collections of antiquities, as indicated above. Especially large collections, especially of ancient manuscripts, were held by Peter I. Catherine II, Ya.V. Bruce, B.P. Sheremetiev, Feofan Prokopovich, A.D. A. Potemkina, A. A. Kusheleva - Bezborodko, A. R. Vorontsova, N. N. Novikov, V. N. Tatishchev, G. F. Miller, M. M. Shcherbatov, I. N. Boltina, V. N. Krestinina, I .I.Golikov, P.I.Rychkov, I.Dubrovsky and others.
In the second half of the 18th century, 2 new historical archives were created: the State St. Petersburg Archive of Old Cases (1780) and the State Moscow Archive of Old Cases (1782). They received the materials of the orders that were previously transferred to the collegiums. After the abolition of the Moscow Office of the Senate, the cases of the Discharge Order were merged in 1763 with the Archive of the Office into the Discharge-Senate Archive, archives were formed at the provincial and district institutions, to which documents of the liquidated local institutions of the 16th - 17th centuries were transferred. in the 2nd half of the 18th century. in connection with the new reform of the apparatus for storing documents of liquidated colleges, offices and offices, expeditions, 2 new historical archives were created - the State St. Petersburg Archive of Old Cases and (1780) and the State Moscow Archive of Old Cases (1782). They stored materials and those orders, the functions of which Peter I transferred to the collegiums. After the abolition of the Moscow office of the Senate, the cases of the Discharge Order were merged in 1763, under Catherine II, with the Archive of the Office of the Order into the Discharge - Senate Archive. It was formed in 1786 from the files of the Local Order and the materials of the former Estates Board. According to the provincial reform of 1775, a complex administrative apparatus was created in the localities with a large number of administrative, judicial and financial institutions, under which current archives also arose.
Numerous current archives begin to emerge. The Academy of Sciences began to concentrate the funds of scientists; the oldest chronicles and other documents were collected in the Manuscript Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences. The manuscript department of the Hermitage Library also collected historical monuments; the archives of the Academy of Arts, the Archive and the library with a manuscript department at Moscow University, etc. began to operate. The development of trade and industry stimulated the growth of private estates and factory archives. The Demidovs, Yusupovs, Sheremetyevs, Kurenny, Golitsyns, Vorontsovs had large archives or collections of manuscripts, and in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. - at the chancellor N.P. Rumyantsev and A.I. Musin-Pushkin. At the beginning of the 19th century, current archives appeared at the ministries. In 1819, the Moscow Branch of the General Archive of the Inspection Department of the General Staff emerged, which kept documents of military history and military units. In 1834, the State Archives of the Russian Empire was created under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It also included a part of the St. Petersburg Archive of Old Cases, abolished in 1834, and the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs became the Main Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In St. Petersburg, as an archive of the current office work of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there was the St. Petersburg Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, merged in 1864 with the General Assembly of the Russian Empire. In 1852, 4 state archives were founded - the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice (MAMYU) as a result of the merger of the Discharge-Senate, Pomestno-patrimonial archives and the State Archive of Old Cases; Archive of ancient acts in Kyiv, Vilna and Vitebsk (in fact - since 1863). The last two archives merged in 1903. In 1867, the Military Scientific Archive of the General Staff was created on the basis of collections of maps, plans, drawings and military operational documents, stored since 1797 in His Majesty's Own Archive of Maps, and since 1812 - as part of the Archive of the Military Topographic Bureau, in 1869-1872. for the storage of funds of palace institutions of the 16-18 centuries. the Moscow Palace Archive was created, and in 1880 the Historical Archive (Left-Bank Ukraine) was established in Kharkov. The archives were subordinated to different departments, there was no unified archival system. After the provincial reform of 1775, many local archives operated, and according to the laws on the establishment of ministries in 1802 and 1811. It was envisaged the creation of several archives under each ministry. The formation of ministries at the beginning of the 19th century caused the organization of current archives under them; in 1819, the Moscow branch of the General Archive of the Inspector's Department of the General Staff arose, which kept documents of military institutions of the 18th century. . and military. From the archives of government agencies of the XIX - early XX centuries. the largest were the Archives of the Senate and the Archives of the Synod (established in the 18th century), the Archives of the State Council, the State Duma, the Committee (a since 1905 - the Council) of Ministers, the ministries of agriculture and state property, finance, the court, public education, maritime, state control, branches of the "Own E. I.V. Chancellery "(especially the archive of the" Third Department "- political investigation, documents of the highest police, information about incidents in the country, data on observation with foreigners, the press, publishing houses (1826-1880);). Large collections of sources on the history of the ancient world and the ancient period of the history of Russia were formed in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. at the chancellor N.P. Rumyantsev and A.I. Musin - Pushkin. Of the archives of government institutions of tsarist Russia, the largest were the archives of the Senate, the Synod (which arose in the 18th century). State Council, Committee of Ministers. Council of Ministers (since 1905), State Duma. Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, Marine Ministry, State Control; departments of His Majesty's Own Chancellery, the largest of them was the Archive of the "Third Department", which concentrated in its funds documents on the organization and activities of the high police, political investigation, surveillance of foreigners, the press, publishing houses, information about all "incidents in the country" ( -1826 - 1880). since 1881, such documents were deposited in the Archives of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and in the archives of the security department. The rapid overflow of archives with documents necessitated their selection, but the value of documents was determined independently by ministries and departments; the allocation of documents for destruction was usually entrusted to officials who did not always understand their significance. The lack of a unified management of historical archives and the often unsatisfactory system of storing documents by departments caused attempts at archival reform.
Projects of archival reform were put forward by the directors of MAMU (in different years) N.V. Kalachov in 1869 and D.Ya. Samokvasov in 1899. These projects proposed the creation of state archives for storage, the concentration of documents from the current archives of institutions, the creation of central bodies for managing archives and the training of archival personnel. But these projects were not accepted by the Russian government (apparently due to the fact that they led to the elimination of departmental ownership of archives): in order to combat the massive unjustified destruction of documents and organize historical archives, provincial scientific archival commissions were organized in 1884. (GUAK S. 1881; similar documents were deposited in the Archives of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and in the archival funds of the security department.The rapid overflow of the archives necessitated the selection of documents that were of no value, the latter was determined by the ministries independently, the selection of documents for destruction was entrusted to officials who did not always understand their significance. historical archives, an unsatisfactory system for storing documents in departmental archives, caused attempts at the Archival Reform. In these archives, it was proposed to organize state archives to concentrate documents from the current archives of institutions, create a central body to manage archives and train archival personnel. But these projects were rejected by the tsarist government (their implementation would mean the elimination of departmental ownership of the archives). To combat the mass destruction of documents on the organization of historical archives, the Provincial Historical Scientific Archival Commissions (GUAC) were established in 1884, which collected a number of historical sources, in addition to the current historical departmental archives in the 19th century. especially in the second half, the number of historical documents kept in the manuscript departments of libraries, museums, and other scientific institutions and societies increased. The largest manuscript department was formed at the Imperial St. Petersburg Public Library (founded in 1814), which received valuable monuments of ancient writing (including the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057). Second in number and scientific value of historical sources, the earliest of which belonged to the 11th-12th centuries, was the Manuscript Department of the Rumyantsev Museum (founded in 1862).
. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. museums and libraries arose, concentrating written and other materials in their manuscript departments, for example. Russian Historical Museum, A.A. Bakhrushin Museum - on the history of theatrical art, etc. The initiative to organize museums - archives and collect documents of writers, artists, composers, etc. belonged to scientific societies and individuals. Government institutions of tsarist Russia did not pay attention to the protection and collection of privately owned archives; no attention was paid to the collection of the most valuable sources on the history of the national regions that were then part of the tsarist empire; for the most part they were all brought to the centers of the empire. In addition to the officially existing archives, in fact, in the tsarist empire there were illegal archives of organizations of the national liberation movement and various illegal organizations opposed to the tsarist government. Of course, the documents of organizations operating illegally under the conditions of the tsarist regime could not be drawn up. Documents about opposition organizations and parties have been preserved mainly in the archives of judicial and investigative and other institutions. But the opposition organizations themselves collected and sometimes published some handwritten and printed archival materials of their organizations. Abroad
The scientific activity of the archives consisted mainly in the publication of inventories and guidebooks and the publication of documents. The publication of historical sources began to be widely practiced comparatively from the second half of the 18th century. The Academy of Sciences, a number of historians published a number of valuable documents, provincial scholars and archival commissions, which collected a certain number of historical sources. The publication of archival documents gradually develops. - the beginning of the 20th century - lists and guides of archives were published on the initiative of individuals, as well as collections of documents, a number of documents were published by the Russian Academy of Sciences. N.I. Novikov, the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University (since 1804), the Commission of State Letters and Treaties at the Moscow Institute of Foreign Affairs (since 1811) played an important role in the publication of documents. Archaeographic Commission (since 1834), Russian Historical Society (since 1866). This was of great importance, especially since there were often no conditions for the scientific use of documents. N.I. Novikov, a famous educator, published, in particular, “Ancient Russian Vnvliofika” (vols. 1-20, 1788-91). An important role in the publication of historical sources was played by the Society for the History of Russian Antiquities at Moscow University (founded in 1804) and the Commission for Printing State Letters and Treaties at the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (established in 1811). A significant number of documents were published by the Archaeographic Commission established in 1834 and the Russian Historical Society established in 1866 (148 humes of sources from the 15th - 19th centuries). However, in general, there were no conditions for the scientific use of documents. Researchers' access to archives was limited In general, archives containing important political documents (GA MFA, Military Scientific Archive and some others) could only be accessed with the permission of the tsar or minister personally. Access to departmental archives was actually closed to scientists. In the archive of the "Third Department", combined with the Archive of the Police Department, only after the events of 1905-1907. several researchers were admitted. After the February Revolution of 1917, the situation with the archives changed little. In the first days of the February-March events of 1917, there were cases of mass destruction and theft of documents of the political investigation bodies of the tsarist regime and some other government institutions with the participation of employees;> silent institution. All archives remained in the hands of the officials of the former ministries. In the autumn of 1917, in September - early October, some of the important political documents were taken out of Petrograd and dispersed in different cities, as a result, some of them perished. Many archives perished during the enemy invasion, as well as from fires (especially during the fire of Moscow in 1626!.) and other natural disasters.
It should be emphasized once again that in addition to the state. historical departmental current archives (but mainly from the 2nd half of the 19th century), the number of archival documents stored in the manuscript departments of libraries, museums, other scientific institutions and societies increased; the largest of them was the manuscript department at the so-called. The Imperial Public Library (in 1814), where monuments of ancient writing were kept (the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057, the Izbornik of Svyatoslav of 1076, the Laurentian list of the old chronicle), etc. Another large repository of chronicle sources, incl. X1-X11 centuries_, there was a manuscript department of the Rumyantsev Library / Rumyantsev Museum / (since 1862) At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries; handwritten departments of museums and libraries, which also kept separate valuable historical materials (for example, the Russian Historical Museum, the A.A. Bakhrushin Museum - which kept valuable documents on the history of theatrical art, etc.) An initiative to organize archive museums and collect documents from writers, artists, composers etc. belonged to scientific societies and private individuals, government agencies did not pay much attention to the protection and collection of privately owned archives (not to mention the documents of many organizations opposed to the tsarist regime. For the most part, the archives of judicial investigations and similar institutions were absent. As mentioned above, researchers had access to archives were very limited.The archives where the most important political documents were stored - the State Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Military Scientific Archive, etc. - could only be accessed with the permission of the king personally or the corresponding minister. Access to the departmental archives for scientists was actually closed. The archive of the 3rd department, combined with the Archive of the Police Department, access, and very limited, was opened only after the events of 1905-1907.
The fact that after the February Revolution of 1917 there were cases (in the early days) of mass destruction and theft of the archives of the tsarist political investigation bodies, as well as some friends / their government institutions, led to the destruction of many documents. Under the Provisional Government, the structure of the archives remained the same. We emphasize once again - in the fall of 1917. in the conditions of a turbulent socio-political situation, some of the important political documents in September - October 1917 were taken out of Petrograd and dispersed in different cities, as a result, some of them died; at all. the lack of a centralized organization for the storage of documents, and often the negligent attitude of officials to documents as historical monuments, had a negative impact on the state of archiving; in addition, the archives often perished during periods of foreign invasions, during fires - especially, for example, during the fire of Moscow in 1626 - and other natural disasters.
Archival business on the territory of modern countries-participants of the CIS (former USSR) in the XX century.
On June 1, 1918, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the reorganization and centralization of archives" was issued in Russia, according to which the archives were recognized as the property of the country and the EGAF (Unified State Archival Fund) was created; archive management bodies were created in the Narkompros system (since 1918 - the Main Directorate of Archival Affairs (/ Glavarchiv, then Central Archive); since 1922 it was subordinated to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee). In 1929 under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, an archive department (Central Archive Department) was created.
The desire of the new leadership for strict centralization and the "nationalization" of the archives helped, however, to finally create a single network of archives. In 1918-1920, all archives on the territory of the former Russian Empire and documents formed as a result of the activities of new authorities, institutions and organizations were declared national property of the people. The Unified State Archival Fund (EGAF) was formed - a set of documents belonging to the state, regardless of when they were created, origin, technique and method of reproduction - especially if they had scientific, political or practical significance , known at that time historians (M.P. Pokrovsky. I.V. Adoratsky, N.N. Baturin, V.I. Picheta, etc.). As mentioned above, in 1918 the Main Directorate of Archival Affairs was created, it and its institutions were part of the system of the then People's Commissariat of Education, and in 1922 the bodies of the archival administration of the RSFSR were subordinate to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In subsequent years, in other (the so-called union republics), which were part of the then USSR, the bodies of archival management were subordinate to the republican Central Executive Committee. For the general management of archival work of "all-Union significance" in 1929, the Central Archival Administration - TsAU - was created under the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. The system of archival bodies in the republics was unified. Soon after the adoption of the Constitution of the then USSR in 1936 at the turn of the 30/40s. TsAU was transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKVD (later the Ministry of Internal Affairs) of the USSR as its Archival Directorate - the Main Archival Directorate of the NKVD - the Ministry of Internal Affairs). The same reorganization took place in the republics that were part of the then Union. If under the tsarist regime the archives were divided and there was no coordination of their activities, then in the period of the former USSR, on the contrary, centralization reached extreme limits, all the most important documents sought to be concentrated in the central archives of the Union, the rights of the republics were in fact extremely limited, including in the field of archiving.
Only by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 13, 1960, in the conditions of the “Khrushchev thaw”, was the Main Archive Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs removed from the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (by the way, for a certain period the allied Ministry of Internal Affairs was completely liquidated; and at the level of allied republics it was replaced by ministries of public order) and transformed into the Main Archival Administration under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, similar structures were created in the republics. Thus, from January 13, 1960, the archives were transferred to the disposal of the Council of Ministers (GAU under the Council of Ministers of the then Union), which worked on the basis of the regulation (dated 13 January 1958). Legislation began to impose duties on the GAU to develop rules, regulations, instructions, on the procedure for storing, concentration, examination of value, organizing the use of EGAF - GAF funds, as well as preparing lists of documents to be concentrated in state archives. The functions of the GAU included the preparation of a series of collections of documents (including jointly with the National Research University), the exchange of documents and the compilation of lists of documents.
On the territory of the CIS countries there were certain traditions of archival education, however, in the Soviet period, under conditions of strict centralization, it was carried out, for example, practically only in the center; so-called union republics of that time, incl. and Uzbekistan, they practically could not train their own personnel, and only a few came to work from the center of specialists - archivists with higher education (for example, in Uzbekistan). Archival education was only in Moscow and partly in Leningrad at that time. there was an archival department at Moscow State University, and then in 1928-1932; in 1931, the Institute of Archival Studies was opened in Moscow, renamed in 1932 into the Historical and Archival Institute (later - the Moscow State Historical and Archival Institute / MGIAI /) with the faculties of history and archival science and state. paperwork, and then scientific and technical information; later, on its basis, in 1991, the Russian State University for the Humanities was established, within the framework of which the Historical and Archival Institute now exists. MGIAI trained qualified personnel of archivists, also developed the problems of organizing office work, the history of state institutions. In 1934 - 41 years. and Leningrad there was an Archival School, which trained scientific and auxiliary workers for the archives. Of the other republics of the former USSR, only at Kiev University, at the Faculty of History and Philosophy, the Department of Archiving and VID was created. As mentioned earlier, in Tashkent, a small number of archivists were trained at the higher education department of the history department of the Tashkent State University.

Chapter 2. The largest archives of the world.
The main archives of the world-repositories of the historical memory of mankind. It is necessary to know the main archives of the world, to present their structure and the most interesting documents. Among them, such as the largest archives in Europe - the National Archives of France (the largest archive in the world); The State Public Archives of Great Britain, the Austrian State Archives, the Vatican Archives (actually consisting of 8 large archives), the Hungarian National Archives, the German Central Archives, the Federal Archives of Germany, the National Historical Archives of Spain in Madrid, the Main Archives of Spain in Simancas (more than 30 million documents ), Archive of the Crown of Aragon, Archive of Rome, Venice Archive, State Archive of Ancient Acts of Poland in Warsaw, Archive of New Acts in Warsaw, National Archive of Portugal "Torri do Tombu", Archive of the Office of the Council of Ministers of Turkey in Istanbul (50 million documents), Archive of the Top-Kapu Palace (Turkey), National Archives of Finland, State Archives of the Czech Republic, Union Archives in Switzerland, State Archives of Sweden (Stockholm). Among the archives of Asia, the archives of China and the National Archives of India should be especially noted; from the archives of North America, the National Archives of the USA stands out, in South America - these are the Main National Archives of Argentina and the National Archives of Brazil; in Africa, archiving in most of the country is in its infancy, the largest of the archives of this continent is the Central State Archive of Egypt in Cairo; Among the CIS countries, the largest archives are in the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Among the oldest archives is the Vatican Archive, created in the 4th century. AD and containing documents from the end of the 4th century, the State Archive of Sweden, founded in the 16th century; the National Archives of Portugal "Torri do Tombo", founded in the 14th century; Main Archive of Spain in Simancas, founded in the 16th century. Since the 18th century, there has been the Palace Archive of Austria, now part of the Austrian State Archive; The National Archives of France (founded at the end of the 18th century; the Main Archives of India (1881), the Main Archives of Ancient Acts of Poland and the Main State Archives of the Netherlands, founded at the beginning
19th century; from the archives of Latin America - the oldest - the Main National Archives of Argentina (1821). Among the oldest archives is the State Archive of Croatia in Zagreb, founded in 1763, and especially the oldest city archive, the State Archive of Dubrovnik, founded in the 13th century. The oldest surviving documents are stored, as mentioned above, in the Vatican Archives (in the Archives of the Castle of the Holy Angel) - IV century, the National Archives of France has the oldest document (testament in favor of the abbey of St. Denis) 627: documents starting from 1X- X1 centuries are stored in the archives of Austria, Spain, in the Archives of Rome (Italy), Portugal (since the middle of the 9th century), in Croatia (Zagreb) since the 9th century, Russia - the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057. in the National Library of Russia (GPB named after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin), in the RGADA (Moscow); The Netherlands (from 1100), England from the 12th century, Poland from 1155, Denmark from 1170, India from the 13th century, Slovakia from the 13th century, Uzbekistan from the end of the 13th century, Turkey from the beginning of the 14th century, Romania from the 14th century, Hungary from the 15th century, Greece from the 15th century, Sweden from 1323, Ireland, Germany, Finland, Czech Republic from the 16th century. Among the specialized archives, economic archives in Hungary (Central Economic Archive, Budapest), Switzerland (Economic Archive of Switzerland, Basel, etc.) are of particular interest. At the Paris National Archives of France there is a museum unique in its kind, exhibiting the most ancient and valuable and interesting documents: the testament in favor of the abbey of Saint-Denis (627), certified by Chlothar II; diploma of Hugo Capet of 988, the Edict of Nantes on religious tolerance, Voltaire's letters, the will of Napoleon I, etc. The Cabinet of Seals has also been created at the National Archives of France, exhibiting and storing the largest collection of seals: it contains 20 thousand seals (with the oldest V century), and 80 thousand casts from seals. A large number of valuable documents and handwritten books are stored in the Paris National Library of France. The National Archives of France is dedicated to the work of one of the outstanding historians of the 20th century and a major specialist in European and Russian modern history, Academician E.V. Tarle, which is called “The National Archives in Paris”. In France, the world's first National Institute of Electronic Archives was also created.
As mentioned above, a special group among the archives of the world are cuneiform archives - collections of documents (diplomatic, judicial, private law, economic reports, letters, etc.) written in cuneiform characters on clay tablets. They were created, as already mentioned above, at palaces and temples, as well as in the houses of large slave owners of antiquity (especially merchants and usurers) in various countries of Western Asia (Sumer and Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria, Elam, the Hittite kingdom, Phoenicia, Urartu , Persia (Iran), starting from the 3rd millennium BC and ending with the 1st century AD, when cuneiform finally fell into disuse. ) an archive that was part of the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, the Archive at the temple of the god Shamash in Sippar (modern Abu-Habba), the Archive of the temple of Enlil-Bel in Nippur (modern Nuffar); the archive of the temple of the goddess Nana-Ishtar in Uruk (modern. Varka); Archive in Lagash (modern Tello), Archive of the commercial and industrial house of Egibi (in Babylon, 7th century BC). In Egypt, this is the Tel-El-Amarna Diplomatic Archive; in Syria, the Archive in Mari (Bel-Hariri), and the Archive in Ras-shamra (ancient Ugarit), in Turkey - the Bogazkey archive of the Hittite kings, in Turkey there is also the Archive of the Assyrian colony 20-19 centuries BC. Kanese (modern Kul-tepe), in Iran, is an archive in the capital of the Achaemenids - Persepolis, the Bogazkey archive, for example, found in the capital of the Hittite state Hattushash (modern Bogazkey in Central Anatolia, Turkey) contains over 15 thousand clay tablets, mainly , in cuneiform Hittite; some texts of historical and political content are written in the Akkadian language, and fragments of ritual texts are written in other ancient languages ​​\u200b\u200bof (Asia Minor) (Luvian, Palayan, Hittite, Hurrian). This archive includes royal records, instructions to officials, codes of laws, minutes of court sessions, essays on horse breeding, mythological and poetic texts, astrological predictions, oracle texts, hymns and prayers, and cuneiform catalogs of documents from this archive, and labels for some documents (more – in chapter 1 of this section).
ELECTRONIC ARCHIVES ARE IN INCREASINGLY USED IN SOME COUNTRIES. Foreign archives today have developed standards for three levels of documentation that each MHD array should have: user (purpose, data source, content, data organization - description of the data itself and description of machine-readable files for possible secondary use); administrative, including official documents regulating the relationship of the archive with the user; catalog, which is used to search for data in an array of documents. The description of the MCHD indicates the characteristics of the software, information array, linguistic support, etc.

Let us briefly characterize the largest archives of the world.
France. National Archives (NA) of France, Paris, founded 1789-1790. The largest collection of archival sources. The old section contains material from the old royal archives. Treasuries of the Charters, funds of the Paris Parliament, the Accounts Chamber, judicial institutions, noble, judicial and administrative archives, documents of knightly orders, churches, monasteries, notarial archives, collections of ancient charters, registers, chronicles. The new section contains the main materials of the institutions of the VFR period of the late 18th century, the First Empire; in the 19th and 20th centuries documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ministries of trade, industry, agriculture and education were received here; documents 2 m.v. and post-war years are stored in the so-called. modern subsection. All documentary material in France is divided into series, denoted by the letter of the Latin alphabet, for additional series, a designation of double letters has been introduced. So, series A and B contain materials of the WFR of the late 18th century, series SS-funds of the Senate of the First Empire, series G-funds of the largest French institutions, series U-Treasury of charters, etc. The department of economic and private archives and microfilms (sections of the so-called New departments) stores microfilms with documents from banks of enterprises, railways, companies, materials from family archives, as well as some original documents obtained from private archives. The National Assembly of France has a museum exhibiting the most ancient and remarkable documents, the testament in favor of the abbey of Saint-Denis of 627, certified by Chlothar II, the diploma of Hugh Capet of 988, the Edict of Nantes from Voltaire, the testament of Napoleon I, etc. The archive also created an office of seals, which stores 20 thousand seals (the most ancient of the 5th century) and 80 thousand casts from seals. A large number of valuable documents and handwritten books are stored in the National Library of Paris. The French archives contain valuable materials on the history of Russia, letters and letters of Peter I, materials on northern trade, Russian-Polish relations in the 17th century, reports from French ambassadors in Russia, correspondence between Catherine II and D'Alembert, etc.
Great Britain. State Public Archives, London, founded in 1838. One of the richest archives. Keeps documents of government agencies Funds from 2 sections: legislative documents and government papers, legislative documents - documents of the royal chancellery and the "Chessboard Chamber" (Supreme Financial Authority). Documents from the end of the 12th to the 16th centuries, royal letters, patents, grants of titles, lands, positions, privileges, orders, regulation of coinage. Parliamentary documents, the most interesting manuscripts are unique: “The Book of the Last Judgment” - 1086, the oldest document, the Magna Carta of 1215, a section of government papers, files and documents of internal sections, correspondence of the 12-15 centuries Archive at Oxford University.
Vatican. Vatican Archive The most valuable archive on the history of the Middle Ages in Europe 8 departments / sections: 1) Secret Vatican; archival collection of papal bulls from the 9th century, brevekbooks of copies of documents of church feudal lords for the 15th-16th centuries, the Council of Trent; 2) The Avignon Archive from the period of the Avignon captivity of the popes (1309-1377) to the end of the 18th century; 3) Archive of the castle of St. Angelo: original bulls, imperial diplomas, letters of the papal office. The most ancient documents of the 4th century; 4) Archive of Datarii of awarding church positions, beneficiaries, awards, pensions, military income and expenses, indulgences from the 13th century, petitions to the papal office; 5) Archive of the Apostolic Papal Curia, income and expenditure books of the 13th-16th centuries; 6) Archive of the Consistory - an advisory body (with the pope, minutes of meetings, acts, appointments, 7) Archive of the State Secretariat contains materials on the foreign policy of popes and their relations with European countries; reports of nuncios and legates, letters of European rulers, cardinals, peace treaties, management documents of the 16th-19th centuries, 8) Archive of various collections, donations, funds of families, monasteries, orders.
Austria. Austrian State Archives. Vienna, founded in 1945. Main departments: dynastic, palace archives until 1945, created from independent archives, founded. in 1749. The oldest documents date back to the 9th-10th centuries. One of the richest in Europe. Archives of the Habsburgs in Vienna, Prague, Innsbruck, Graz; documents of countries and lands that were part of the possessions of the Habsburgs. A large number of materials on the history of international relations over several centuries are stored, a collection of letters, registers, acts, statuses, privileges, treaties with different countries, popes and others, a special department "Rossica" (documents on the history of Russia in the 15-19th centuries), reports envoys in Russia during the reign of Peter I, the correspondence of Catherine II with Emperor Joseph, etc. The archive of general administration contains materials from the central administration from the 16th century. until 1938, mainly with the exception of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Railways. The special department keeps noble imperial acts (including the Archives of the Higher Financial Chambers and the Ministry of Finance - materials of the central financial administration from the 16th century). Military Archive - materials from all military institutions
Sweden. State Archive Stockholm, founded in the 16th century, in 1920 received the current structure; divided into 5 main and 3 auxiliary sections. The 1st section contains documents of the central.administrative.institutions of Sweden, the royal chancellery from the time of Gustav Vasa from 1523 to 1840, the rikstraat and the Supreme Court. The 2nd section includes constitutional documents, decisions of the Riksdag, etc., as well as foreign policy documents. The originals of the 1809 constitution, Sweden's treaties with foreign powers, including the articles of the Westphalian peace treaty of 1648, diplomatic correspondence of all-European significance are stored here. There are valuable documents on the history of Russia and Ukraine in the 16th-19th centuries, mainly. documents and copies of 1323. The Archive of Uppsala University is of great importance.
Switzerland. The Federal Archive, Bern, founded in 1848. It contains documents, materials of the central government institutions of the Helvetic Republic (1798-1803), and the central federal institutions from 1803 to 1848, as well as documents of the currently existing, central. institutions Switzerland (since 1848). Documents up to 1798 are stored in cantonal, city and other archives. Economic Archive of Switzerland, Basel, founded in 1910 |, it contains materials from banks of railway companies, industrial and trading firms, printed sources on the history of Swiss industry. The Swiss archives contain such historical materials as the La Harpe archive (in Lausanne); Franz Lefort's correspondence with Peter I (in the Geneva archives), materials on Suvorov's campaigns.
Czech Republic. State Central Archive (Prague), founded in 1954, on the basis of the former Central Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the former "archive of the Czech Republic", etc. Keeps letters of Czech kings and estates and written materials, all institutions of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia. Documents of the 16th-20th centuries predominate. (the oldest - II century.), Prague Mountains. The archive stores documents on the history of Prague from the 14th century.
Slovakia. State Slovak Central Archive, Bratislava, stores documents of the Slovak central authorities (there are documents from the 13th century, in series - from the 16th century)
Serbia. State Archive Belgrade, 1953 Stores materials of national importance, founded in 1880 as an old Archive; the new State Archive of Serbia in Belgrade, founded in 1900, documents of the prince's office, funds of the State Council, various ministries, the Belgrade metropolis, protocols of the national assembly, the senate, the funds of political and literary figures of Serbia of the 19th-20th centuries are also kept.
Montenegro. State Archive of Montenegro in Cetinje (contains archival materials of state institutions of Montenegro since 1889, earlier materials (of an earlier period) are stored in the Archival Department of the State Museum in Cetinje.
Croatia. State Archive of Croatia in Zagreb, osn. 1763, keeps the funds of the Croatian dynasty from the 10th century, minutes of the Croatian Cathedral, materials of the revolution of 1848, censuses of tax duties on the Croatian and Slovenian peasantry, for the period of the 16th-18th centuries, guild archives of craftsmen's guilds of the 17th-18th centuries. and etc.
Slovenia. The State Archive of Slovenia in Ljubljana, founded in 1945, contains materials from the 16th-19th centuries.
Bosnia and Herzegovina. State Archive in Sarajevo, founded in 1947, contains materials on the history of the provinces during the period of Austro-Hungarian domination for 1878-1918, Sarajevo region. 1880-1918, etc.
Macedonia. The State Archive in Skopje (Skopje), founded in 1951, contains documents on the history of Macedonia from the 17th century.
Of great value is the oldest of the Yugoslav archives - the State Archive of Dubrovnik, founded in the 13th century.
Argentina. Main National Archive of Buenos Aires, founded in 1821. 2 tr.: documents of the colonial period until the end of the 18th century. including Archive of the Viceroy of La Plata, judicial financial municipal authorities, materials of the Jesuits, documents of the national period from 1810 - materials of the independence movement, etc.
Belgium, Main Archive of the Kingdom of Brussels, founded in 1831. The funds are divided into sections: funds of the 11th-18th centuries. to the fund account of the chamber, documents of the provinces of Liege, Flanders, Namur, Hainaut, Brabant, IMIA (1492-1814) Archival collection of medieval letters, materials, in the valuable archive of the University of Louvain.
Bulgaria. TsGIA Sofia. Founded in 1951. Materials until 1944. Central State Archive of Bolg. Sofia 1951. Since 1945, the Sofia Archive has also been operating.
Brazil. National Archives of Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Colonial period up to 1822, judicial records, laws, decrees, the first years of independence incl. royal letters, patents, etc., a group of maps and books,
Hungary. 1) Hungarian National Archives, founded in 1875, 2 parts: before and after 1945, the earliest document -1109; the large Central Economic Archive in Budapest (founded in 1953); two Budapest archives.
Germany - German Central Archives in Potsdam, founded in 1946; funds of the former Imperial Archives 1867-1945; German Central Archives in Merseburg / 2nd department / (former German State Archives) - funds of the former. Secret State Archive and Brandenburg-Prussian Dynastic Archive; The Federal Archive in Koblenz contains materials from all the central institutions and states of the western part of Germany from the middle of the 19th-20th centuries, the branch of the Federal Archives in Frankfurt am Main stores documents from the central institutions of the Holy Roman Empire, the German Union, the Frankfurt National Assembly (from the middle of the 16 until the middle of the 19th century). Large archives include the Main Archive of Saxony in Dresden and the Main Archive of Thuringia in Weimar.
USA - National Archives of the USA in Washington, founded in 1934; keeps documents of the central government from 1787, mainly until 1945;., these are legislative acts and documents, proclamations of presidents, records of government agencies, departments - agriculture, commerce, air force, etc.;, bureau of maritime inspection and navigation, the Senate, here the Panama Canal fund; Russian-_American company for the management of Alaska; and many others.
The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, transferred in 1952 from the Library of Congress, are also stored here. Minutes of the Continental Congress. Many valuable documents are in the Library of Congress (manuscript department) .. A large archive is available at Columbia University.
India - National Archives (former Archive of the Empire). Keeps documents on the history of India, mainly 18-20 centuries, including materials from the East India Company., materials from the uprising of 1857-1859. etc. Among them are materials on Central Asia of the 19th century. - about trade relations with the Central Asian states, reports of British agents from Khiva, Bukhara, etc. In Bhopal there is a large branch of the National Archives of India, founded in 1948, where there is a particularly large fund on the uprising of 1857-1859; among other archives are the large central archives of Mumbai (Bombay), Madras.
Spain - National Historical Archive in Madrid, founded in 1866. Here are stored the acts of the Spanish crown, royal and state councils, monasteries and corporations; The main archive in Simancas, founded in the 1st and 6th century as the Archive of the Kingdom of Castile, stores documents of the central government, courts and others, including the Inquisition (15-19 centuries). More than 30 million documents, the oldest is 1189. The Main Archive of the Indies in Seville - archive of colonial materials from 1488-1865; many materials on the history of geographical discoveries and on the war for the independence of the peoples of Latin America; Archive of the Crown of Aragon - in Barcelona; stores documents from the 9th to the 18th centuries.
Italy.-Central State Archive of Italy (Rome), founded in 1861 as the archive of the Italian kingdom; keeps materials of the central institutions of Italy since 1861; Archive of Rome (includes the archives of all the central institutions that have existed on the territory of the former Papal States since the 9th century; the Venetian Archive is very valuable with materials on trade in the Middle Ages; archives of the Doge and the Senate of the former Venetian Republic are stored here; State Archive of Florence - stores acts city ​​and government institutions of Florence and Tuscany, as well as the archive of the Medici, the Dukes of Urbino, etc.; there is a rich archive of notaries, the earliest documents of which date back to the 6th century; .d the earliest - from the 8th century.
Netherlands - Chief State. The archive in The Hague was founded in 1814; keeps the funds of stadtholders; House of Orange, Batavian Republic; many government agencies; materials on the former Dutch colonies (including materials from the Dutch West India and East India companies); has 3 sections; The oldest documents in the archive date back to 1100; in series of documents from 1300; Historical and Economic Archive in The Hague; founded in 1914; many materials of the 17th-19th centuries; including exchanges of many cities.
Poland - Main archive of ancient documents in Warsaw, founded in 1806; collected acts from ancient times to 1918; has 7 departments, materials of the former Kingdom of Poland; Grand Duchy of Warsaw; ex. Kingdom of Poland, etc. The earliest document - 1155, large collections of funds of Polish magnates (Radziwill, .Pototsky, Poniatowski and others); one of the largest collections of maps and plans (more than 20 thousand); Archive of New Acts in Warsaw, stores documents from 1918, including archives of the period of the Second World War. The largest are the Voivodship archives in Krakow, Lodz. Know. Bydgoszcz, Gdansk, Wroclaw. In Warsaw, a large archive based on mechanical recording (film and audio documents).
Portugal - the country's largest historical archive - the National Archives of Torri do Tombu in Lisbon; founded in the 14th century. It is based on the former Royal Archives. Most of the earliest materials date back to the 9th century. In Lisbon, the Historical Archive of the Overseas Territories contains interesting materials on the history of the great geographical discoveries and the former Portuguese colonies.
Turkey - Archive of the Office of the Council of Ministers of Turkey - one of the largest collections of archival documents; contains about 50 million documents. The oldest are from the beginning of the 14th century, in series - from the 16th century. Another major archive is the Top Kapu Palace Archive. Contains a large number of documents dating back to the 14th century. on the history of the Ottoman Empire and the Sultan's court.
Greece - The Main Archives (Athens) founded in 1829, keeps documents from the 15th century
Denmark-State Archive (Copenhagen) was founded in 1889. It consists of 4 departments, the oldest document is 1170.
Ireland - The Central Archives in Dublin was founded in 1867, materials from the 16th century.
Canada - The Public Archives in Ottawa was founded in 1872.
Cuba - National Archives in Havana, founded in 1840; consists of 2 large departments.
Mexico - The Main National Archive was founded in Mexico City in 1823; contains documents from the colonial period from the discovery of Mexico to 1821 and documents from the national period.
Mongolia - Central State. Archive in Ulaanbaatar, founded in 1927; contains many documents on the history of Mongolia in the feudal period, the bulk of the documents -18-20 centuries.
Norway _ State Archive in Oslo, the oldest documents of the 12th century, documents from the 16th century are regularly received.
Egypt - Central State Archive in Cairo, contains over 3 million documents, starting from the 14th century.
Romania - State Archives in Bucharest. Founded in 1831; documents from the 14th century; State Archive in Iasi; keeps many documents from the 14th century. on the history of Moldova; State Archive in Cluj. Contains documents on the history of Transylvania since the 13th century.
Finland - The National Archives in Helsinki, stores documents of national importance, including documents of the former Grand Duchy of Finland. Since the 16th century, the collection of J. Delagardi has been kept; many historical documents.
A significant number of large archives are located and operate on the territory of the CIS member states. Naturally, there is no way to give a detailed description of each of them and even simply list them. The main archives discussed below are only the most important archives of the CIS member states, containing a significant number of funds. First of all, let's focus on the group of large repositories of archival documents. State. The Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) was established in 1920 as the IV branch of the State Archive of the RSFSR. Since 1925 it was called the Archive of the October Revolution. Since 1931 - CAOR. Since 1930 the Central Archive of the trade union movement operated. In 1941 both archives are merged and create the Central State. Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Construction The archives in Moscow were transferred to the funds of the former Central State Historical Archive in Moscow (TSGIM) (for the most part) on the history of the socio-political struggle on the territory of the former Russian Empire in the late XIX - early XX centuries), after which the archive was called the Central State Archive of the October Revolution, the highest bodies of state power and state administration. GARFE - the name of the archive, after the collapse of the former USSR and the creation of new state-political structures. There are about 2600 funds in the archive, about 3.5 million documents; the earliest of the 18th century, and in microcopies - from the 14th century. The funds contain a rich collection of materials from all the highest bodies of state power of the former USSR, including the government, and many materials on the history of the Russian Federation. (Central Executive Committee, Council of People's Commissars, Council of Ministers, Supreme Soviet, congresses of Soviets, etc., ministries and departments of the former Union, a number of documents of the late XIX - early XX centuries, for example, funds of the Investigative Commission for the Affairs of the Decembrists funds II] department, Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs , security departments, a number of cases of the Ministry of Justice, many documents of 1917, a fund of personal origin - Decembrists, major statesmen, public figures, scientists.
Russian State. The Archive of the Economy (RGAE) (created in 1961 on the basis of the allocation of documents on the national economy transferred to the Central State Academy of Architecture and Development, and the archives of the economic ministries, abolished in 1957, about 2 thousand funds, about 3.5 million units, starting since 1917. The archive contains documents of all the highest bodies of economic management, primarily of the Soviet period (people's commissariats, ministries, departments, including the Supreme Council of National Economy, Gosplan, Central Statistical Administration, Ministry of Finance, State Committee for Science and Technology, etc., contains rich factual material on the history of the national economy, large construction projects, etc., here documents of all agrarian departments, transport ministries, including construction departments, VDNKh (VVTs), are stored in the archives, the funds of many prominent scientists, business leaders.Separately with a branch in SAMARA (the first two archives are located in Moscow ) operates the Russian State Scientific and Technical Archive, merged with the former Space Archive (about 500 thousand items in 250 funds, starting from 1869, about 7 thousand items of management documentation: created in 1967 in Moscow, since 1976 operates in Samara (former Kuibyshev); later relocated back to Moscow with the preservation of a branch in Samara .. Scientific and technical (design, design, technological, research documentation, formed as a result of the activities of research institutes, design bureaus, design and technological organizations, research and production associations; funds reflect the development of science and technology, cooperation with foreign countries, the activities of prominent scientists, fords contain the largest projects of scientific and technical significance, patent documentation, applications for major inventions.

Central Russian State Military Archive (Armed Forces). The archive arose on the basis of the fund of military institutions in 1920 as a branch of the military-historical commission of the then People's Commissariat for Military Affairs. In 1921, documents were included in the Naval Section of the EGAF, and then, as a department, in the then AOR. Since 1925, it has acted as an independent archive of the Red Army (since 1933 - the Central Archive of the Red Army, since 1941 - the Central State Archive of the Red Army, and since 1958 - the Central Archive of the Soviet Army. Then - the Central Archive of the Armed Forces, now - the Russian State Military Archive - Russian Archive of the Armed Forces, has about 33 thousand funds, about 1800 thousand items, since 1917 contains documents of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, the Revolutionary Military Council, the All-Glavshtab, and many military units, many personal funds etc. for the period 1971-1945, including documents from funds in the Central (Ros.) Archive of the Ministry of Defense in Podolsk, Moscow Region
The Russian Navy Archive is located in St. Petersburg. It contains about 2900 TVs. Funds of about 1 million items, starting from 1659, about 40 funds, more than 300 thousand items of scientific and technical documentation, starting from 1950, the repository was created in 1724. as the Archive of the State Admiralty - Board, Naval Ministry, in 1918. its funds became part of the naval section of the EGAF, since 1925. acted as the Naval Archive of the Leningrad branch, the Central Historical Archive. Since 1934 - as the Naval Historical Archive, since 1937. -Central State Naval Archive, since 1941. called the TsGA of the Navy. Contains documents on the creation, construction, combat training of the Navy, the development of naval art, science. and technology, geographical discoveries, the history of shipbuilding and naval education. The archive contains the funds of the Tsar's Staff of Peter, the Admiralty Collegium, the Naval Ministry of the Main Naval Headquarters and many other documents, incl. the First World War (ending 1940 “on the activities of naval forces on various seas and oceans, starting with the creation of a navy, there are also personal funds, materials from theaters of military operations, materials from the fleet and flotillas, large geographical expeditions (Kruzenshtern, Bellingshausen, etc. ) on the defense of Port Arthur, etc. The archive contains ship logs, scientific and technical documentation, a rich collection of maps and atlases, plans, etc., starting from the 16th century.
Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) Moscow (about 14 thousand funds, about 3.5 million items, from the middle of the 16th century to 1918. The archive dates back to 1797). Own e.i.v. "Depot of maps", in which maps, plans and drawings from the Department of the General Staff were transferred for storage. In 1812 The depot of maps was included in the archive of the Military Topographic Depot of the Ministry of War, transformed in 1867 into the Military Scientific Archive of the General Staff, since 1906 of the Main Directorate of the General Staff. The archive documents reflect the history of the regular army in Russia, contain the funds of the central and local institutions of the army, the headquarters of all military branches, fronts, armies, districts, military educational institutions, etc. including on the history of the 1st World War. The archive includes documents from the Moscow branch of the archive of the Inspectorate Department of the General Staff, formed in 1819. and reorganized in 1965 into the Moscow branch of the General Archive of the General Staff ("Lefortovo Archive"). In 1925 The military scientific archive, MOAA General Staff, the Moscow military district archive and a collection of documents on the 1st World War were combined into the Military Historical Archive of the RSFSR (since 1933 - the Central Military Historical Archive of the former USSR, since 1941 - the Central State Military Historical Archive archive). The archive contains a rich set of documents on all theaters of military operations of the specified period, about the Decembrist movement, the Pugachev uprising, many expeditions (including Central Asia), the archive contains documents on the history of Turkestan (the conquest of Turkestan by Tsarist Russia, documents on the history of the TGGG and the Turkestan region, data on the uprising of 1916 in Turkestan and assignment to rear work, etc. The archive contains many valuable plans, drawings, and maps.
The Russian State Historical Archive (in St. Petersburg) (RGIA) contains about 1400 funds, about 7 million items, starting from the 13th century. (mainly from the 1st quarter of the 16th - 18th centuries and until 1918. The beginning of the archive was laid by the EGAF, which included documents from the central institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia (including the State Council, the Senate, the Committee and the Council of Ministers, ministries, the State Duma, etc.) etc.) public and private organizations, family and personal archives.In 1925. on the basis of these funds, the Leningrad historical archive was created, renamed in 1929. into the Leningrad branch of the Central Historical Archive of the RSFSR (LOTSIA).In 1934. divided into 4 archives, and in 1941 on the basis of the merger of 2 of them, the Central Archive of the National Economy and the Central Archive of Internal Politics, Culture and Life, the Central State Historical Archive in Leningrad (TSGIAL) was created. documents of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the archive of the revolution and foreign policy, etc., the names changed several times, renamed in 1941 into the Central State Historical Archive in Moscow (TSGIAM), which included many documents of the institutions of political investigation of tsarist Russia. In 1961 TsGIAM was disbanded, most of the documents on the history of the socio-political struggle and political parties were transferred to the then TsGAOR, and TsGIAL became known as the Central (now Russian) State Historical Archive. RGIA keeps a huge number of funds of state and public institutions, the richest personal funds.
The Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) consists of about 1.5 thousand funds, about 3.5 million items, from the 11th century to 1917. The archive was formed on the basis of the union of the following archives: the former Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (existed from 1732 to 1832 - My. Archive of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs), State Archive of the Republic of Ingushetia (existed from 1834), MAMU (operated from 1852) » Moscow Department of the General Archive of the Ministry of the Imperial Court (Moscow Palace Archive, established in 1869), Landmark Archive (existed since 1768), as well as archives of personal origin, church institutions and monasteries. Since 1918 these documents were included in a number of sections of the EGAF, and in 1925. were merged into the Ancient Storage of the Moscow branch of the Central Historical Archive of the RSFSR (with the exception of the Land Survey Archive). In 1931 The ancient storage was transformed into the State Archive of the Feudal Serfdom Era (GAFKE), which included in 1938-1939. included documents of the Survey Archive. In 1941 GAFKE was renamed the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts (CTADA, since 1985 - the USSR) The archive includes documents from all institutions, orders, departments, monasteries, local pre-reform institutions, courts, under the name Ancient Storage of Charters and Manuscripts there are documents of Kievan Rus and Russian lands period of political fragmentation, treaties, letters incl. rare and valuable documents (such as "Russkaya Pravda", judicial records of the 16th-16th centuries, many documents of the highest bodies of state administration of the 18th century after the reforms of Peter the Great are also stored in this archive (Peter's Secret Council of Collegia, the Cabinet of Ministers, the Senate, etc.). ) there are many valuable personal collections, manuscripts, lists of collections in the archive, a lot of materials on the history of science and culture
Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI) - has about 2800 funds of about 900 thousand items, starting from 1545. In 1941. On the basis of the funds collected by the Literary Museum, the Central State Literary Archive of the former USSR was created (the SLM funds were organized in 1933), In 1954-55 it was transformed into the Archive of Literature and Art. It contains materials of writers, documents on the history of painting, sculpture, theater, etc. many original documents of creative organizations, universities, documents and funds of famous writers, artists, rare collections, autographs.
Russian State Archive of Film and Photo Documents. Keeps film documents from 1896, photographic documents from 1855. (c. 800. In 1926, the Central Film and Photo Archive of the V RSFSR was created, merged in 1934 with the Central Archive of Sound Recordings into the Central Photo and Photo Archive of the USSR) later the Central State Archive of Film and Photo Documents. In 1967 after the transfer of sound documents to the new Central State Archive of Sound Recordings, it was called the Central State Archive of Film and Photo Documents. He has numerous film and photo documents, starting with a photograph of the defense of Sevastopol in 1855 and Sevastopol itself in 1855-56. and others. Has many unique photographs and documentary films. Located in Krasnogorsk, Moscow region.
The Russian State Archive of Audio Documents has sound recordings since 1902, . first established as the Central Archive of Sound Recordings. Recreated in 1967. Contains many unique recordings of speeches, concerts and addresses, etc. There is a separate Central Archive of the Russian Federation for the Far East (approx. 500 thousand units). Since 1943) Among other archives of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to note the archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Archive of Russian Foreign Policy; storing documents on the history of foreign policy (AVPR), the Central Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (created in 1728), having a created in 1936. The Moscow branch of the archive concentrates all the funds of the institutions of the system of the Academy of Sciences, the funds of many academicians and other scientists. The archives of the Institutes of History and Oriental Studies contain many sources; including in the archives of the Institutes of Oriental Studies, archeology, ethnology, etc., there are many interesting sources on the history of Central Asia. To store the scientific development of manuscripts, documents and materials of the largest writers, composers, artists, etc., in addition to RGALI, there are memorial museums and archives. In 1936, for example, literature and documents on A.S. Pushkin were concentrated under the jurisdiction of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Academy of Sciences (the so-called “Pushkin House”) in St. Petersburg. Manuscripts and other materials of L.N. Tolstoy are concentrated in the State. Museum of Leo Tolstoy in Moscow, etc.
Large collections of written sources are concentrated in the manuscript departments of scientific libraries and museums. So, for example, in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library (formerly the State Public Library named after M.E. paper. Among them are the "Ostromir Gospel" (1056-1057), the oldest copy of Nestor's chronicle, handwritten books of the 11th-17th centuries. personal archives of major state, literary and public figures, musical autographs of composers, sources on the history of France, etc. The collections of Porfiry (Uspensky), materials of the Kokand and Khiva khans, collections of Arabic and Persian manuscripts, etc., are stored in the eastern funds of the department, more than 40 languages. The Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library in Moscow (former "Leninki") contains valuable collections of handwritten books of the 11th-17th centuries, collections of acts of the 11th-17th centuries, the richest personal funds, autographs, including the funds of a number of prominent historians.
The collection of the Russian State Historical Museum in Moscow contains ancient manuscripts, starting from the 11th century, many Slavic, Greek, Latin manuscripts; books of the old Church Slavonic press, at the heart of the collection (collections of libraries of a number of monasteries and cathedrals, personal funds of statesmen and public figures, collections of documents The Manuscript Department of the A.A. Bakhrushin Theater Museum contains documents and autographs of playwrights, actors, directors, composers, the Manuscript Department of the Tretyakov Gallery contains funds and the Scientific Archive of the Russian Museum contains funds of famous artists.
Today, electronic archives have begun to develop in Russia. In the 1980s the storage of machine-readable documents was handled by the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation - now (RGANTD), the development of the concept of centralized storage of MCHD was entrusted to the Central Archive of the National Economy of the USSR (RGAE), which prepared the "Regulations on the procedure for selecting, accepting for archival protection and issuing to consumers documents created by means of computer technology. At present, machine-readable documents on magnetic tapes are kept by the Central Archive of Documents on special media (Moscow), created in 1993 on the basis of the archive of film and photo documents in Moscow. However, significant arrays of electronic documents are in departmental and non-state archives.
In the Concept of Informatization of Archiving in the Russian Federation (section "Archiving documents on non-traditional media"), it is recommended to accept for permanent storage "a fairly limited range of large arrays of machine-readable information that have obvious socio-economic significance (primary data of demographic censuses, sociological surveys), which have no analogues in the traditional form, with their subsequent transfer to a single data recording format. The use of documents is possible either in this format or with conversion to the user's format. At the same time, the possibility of receiving heterogeneous data complexes for storage is also stipulated, when the archivist's task is only storage, periodic copying and a specific description of data arrays, and all problems of their use are solved directly by the user. In addition, the question of the correlation between the technical expertise of the MCHD array (applied programs, data format) and the source analysis of the array, which is of priority importance for the historian, deserves special attention. There is a point of view according to which, when selecting computer files for storage, one should adhere, if possible, to the same criteria as when selecting documents on traditional media, i.e. criteria of origin, content and external features .
Quite important is the problem of standardizing the description of machine-readable documents, as well as the creation of a single standard for electronic records and uniform rules for describing archival documents in databases.
When describing (cataloging) machine-readable data, in addition to information about the data itself, additional information is needed that reflects the process of transition from the source to its machine-readable version.
Valuable documents on the history of the Soviet period are contained in Ros. State. Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI) and the Russian State. Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI).
There are also many large archives in other CIS countries. Among them, the Central State Archive of Ukraine, which has been storing material since 1917, is the former TsGAOR of Ukraine, which existed since 1943 on the basis of the Central Archive of the Revolution, the All-Ukrainian Archive and the Central Archive of Labor. existing in Kharkov before the war (from 1930 to 1935 it was called the All-Ukrainian State Archive in Kharkov, part of the funds from the former Central Archive of the Revolution, existing from 1920 to 1922 - Slobozhansky Archive) and the Central Archive of Labor, which existed since 1925 (until 1958 he worked in Kiev with a branch in Kharkov, in 1958 the archive and the branch were combined; until 1970 the archive worked in Kharkov, since 1970 - in Kiev.) keeps all documents of the central authorities of Ukraine from 1917; The Central State Archives of Ukraine has approx. 3.5 thousand funds, approx. The Museum of Literature and Art of Ukraine (TsGALI of Ukraine) exists since 1966, 1103 f.; about 200 thousand items. contains documents on the history of culture and art of Ukraine.; I would like to say a little more about such a large archive as the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine - the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (in Kiev) with about 1700 funds. More than 1300 thousand items; the earliest documents - 1369 Created in 1941, finally formed in 1943-44 as the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine was created in 1943 on the basis of the funds of the All-Ukrainian Archive of Ancient Acts, part of the funds of the Central Archive of the Revolution in Kharkov and Kiev regional (previously until 1932 - Central) historical archive. The archive includes the funds of the former. The Central Archive of Ancient Acts that existed since 1852, part of the funds of the Central African Republic (Slobozhansky Archive) and the Kyiv Central Historical Archive. In 1971, the materials of the archive (branch) in Kharkov, which was established in 1880, were transferred to its composition. as the Historical Archive at Kharkov University, and from 1920 the Central Historical Archive operated, in 1932 on the basis of it the All-Ukrainian Central Archive of Ancient Acts was formed, transformed in 1943 into a branch of the TsGIA, i.e., in the centuries into the archive included the funds of the former Central Archive of Ancient Acts that existed since 1852, part of the funds of the Central African Republic (Slobozhansky Archive) and the Kiev Central Historical Archive. In 1971, the materials of the archive (branch) were transferred to its structure. as the Historical Archive at Kharkov University, and since 1920 the Central Historical Archive has been operating, in 1932 it was on the basis of it that the All-Ukrainian Central Archive of Ancient Acts was formed, transformed in 1943 into a branch of the Central State Archive of Ukraine in Kharkov. The registers of administrative bodies, governorships, general governments and other documents from the 14th century are stored here. There are many valuable church documents, personal funds, originals of land acts, manuscripts and universals, maps, etc. in Ukraine, especially the Right Bank.
The Central State Archive of Ukraine in Lvov has about 800 funds, about 1100 thousand documents, from 1233 to 1939. In 1939, on the basis of the Archive of Ancient Acts of Lvov, the Central Archive of Ancient Acts was created in Lvov, in 1944 from 1944 resumed work as GALO. Since 1946 as a branch of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine, since 1958 it has been operating as an independent Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, the archive contains documents of the Diet, on the history of Galicia and the period of the Commonwealth and the Habsburg Empire and materials on Western Ukraine until 1939. has originals of valuable documents, maps, among other archives it should be noted the Central State Archive of Film and Photo Documents of Ukraine in Kiev, the earliest photographs date back to 1853, film documents - to 1909, and sound recordings - to 1911. Established in 1932 as the All-Ukrainian Central Photo and Film Archive, and the current one - from 1943, the photos come from the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
In Belarus (Republic of Belarus), the largest archives are the Central Archives of Belarus (former TsGAOR), which has existed since 1922 as an archive depository - the former Central Archive of Belarus, since 1927 an independent archive (in 1930-1944 it was in Mogilev), keeps all the main documents since 1917, 1115 funds and about 0.5 million documents (including the highest state authorities of Belarus /. TsGA NTD since 1968, Central State Archive - Museum of Literature and Art (approx. 300 f ., 55 thousand items since 1939, exists since 1960; Central State Archive of KFFD, and the largest archives of a historical profile - Central State Archives of the Republic of Belarus (about 3100 funds, more than 1 million items. in Minsk, created in 1919 as an archive depository of the Mogilev Archival Bureau, since 1924 - the district archive, since 1927 - the Mogilev Historical Archive, since 1930 a branch of the TsAU of Belarus, since 1938 the Central Historical Archive (since 1943 - TsGIA ), transferred to Minsk in 1963. The archive contains documents from 1391 of the period when Belarus became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, many parchment deeds of the 17th-16th centuries, / acts of the 16th-10th/13th centuries. reflected in the 30-60s. 19th century, many family funds; The Central State Historical Archive in Grodno was established in 1940. as a branch of the TsGIA, since 1960 - an independent archive, which has many rare documents from 1802.
In Moldova, the Central State Archive of Moldova in Chisinau has more than 2100 funds, about 900 thousand items, starting from the 14th century. created in 1940 on the basis of the Chisinau regional archive in Chisinau, the Central State Archives was created, in Tiraspol - a branch, in 1945 the Central State Archives was transformed into the Central State Archives of Moldavia, and the branch - into the Central State Administration of the Russian Federation. In 1958, both archives were merged into the Central State Archive of Moldova, which keeps documents dating back to the 10th century, many documents of the 19th century, state authorities of the 20th century, etc. available in Chisinau CFA KFFD since 1977.
In Georgia, the Central State Archive of Georgia (formerly the Main Soviet Archive) was merged when it was created in 1927 with a number of archives in 1939, since 1940. TsGAOR, since 1946 TsTAORSS, keeps documents since 1921, 1120 f., approx. 900 thousand items, TsGA NTTD, TsGALI. A large archive is the Central State Historical Archive of Georgia (c. 850 funds, c. ) and other archives as the Main Historical Archive. At the same time, the Military Historical Archive was created, then the Archive of Ancient Acts and the Historical-Revolutionary and Legal Archives. In 1939, all the documents of these archives until 1921 were united in the TsGIA of Georgia. ancient documents, collections and handwritten books from the 9th century, rare writings of the medieval period, documents from the period when Georgia was part of Tsarist Russia, including all the main organs of direction (the chief administrator of the Transcaucasian region, etc.), materials on the history of culture, etc. , materials on the history of the Georgian Democratic Republic (1918 - 1921); there is also the Central State Archives of the KFFD (since 1946); the Central State Archives of Abkhazia, Adjara, a large archive in Kutaisi, etc.
In Azerbaijan, there are large archives of the Central State Archive of Azerbaijan (more than 1720 funds, about 500 thousand documents (since 1918 it was created in 1920 as the Azerbaijan State Archive; on the basis of part of the funds in 1930, the AOR of Azerbaijan (TsGAORSS since 1938) Contains the main documents on the history of Azerbaijan of the period, BC, the Musavatist Government, the highest bodies of Soviet power - ministries, departments, personal funds of professors, etc. TsGA NTMD since 1969, TsGALI (since 1966).
Central State Historical Archive of Azerbaijan; contains documents from 1705, 740, about 250 thousand units, created on the basis of a part of the funds of Azerbaijan as the Historical Archive of Azerbaijan; since 1938 Central, Historical Archive; since 1941 - TsGIA contains documents from the 18th-19th centuries. early 20th century on the history of Azerbaijan; there is also CGA KFFD and TsGAZZ.
In Armenia, the largest archives are the Central State Archives of Armenia (it was created in 1923, it was divided in 1932 into the Central State Archives and the Central State Archive for Archives, since 1941 it has been again a single Central State Archive, since 1958 it has been divided; the former Central State Archives of Armenia, contains documents of state authorities, enterprises, institutions since 1920, there are TsGA NTD, TsGALI, TsGA KFFD, the largest archive is the Central State Historical Archive of Armenia, more than 423 ff., approx.
When getting acquainted with the main archives, it is important for an archivist to have an idea about the main archives of the neighboring countries of Central Asia, which contain a significant number of documents that are, in particular, of interest for studying the history of Uzbekistan.
In Kazakhstan, the first major archive of a state character was created in 1921 as the Central Regional Archive of the Kirghiz ASSR, since 1925 - the Central Archive of the Kazakh ASSR; on the basis of which 2 archives were organized in 1931: CAOR (since 1941 - TsGAOPSS) and TsGIA, Kazakh ASSR (since 1937 - SSR). In 1957 they were merged into the Central State Archive of Kazakhstan. It contains about 2 thousand funds, about 1 million items; starting from 1733. There are many documents on the history of Kazakhstan, there is information on the history of Kyrgyzstan and the Central Asian khanates. Among the large funds are materials of the Orenburg border commission of this general government, regional boards of the Bukrevskaya horde, documents of the period of the general political struggle of 1917-1918, Alash-Orda are stored: Cossack speeches, here are the funds of the highest bodies of state power and state administration of Kazakhstan; in Alma-Ata there are also CSA NTD, CSA KFD and Sound Recordings, a large archive is being deployed in Astana (there are about 1100 funds, 250 thousand items, numerous scientific and technical documentation, film and photo documents since 1918. Numerous regional archives and their branches.
In Kyrgyzstan, in the city of Bishkek, there is the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan (about 3.5 thousand funds, approx. 500 thousand items, starting from 1865, approx. was established in 1926 as an archival bureau, in 1927 on its basis the Central State Archive of Kyrgyzstan was created, in modern forms since 1939. The archive contains rich funds of state authorities; documents of the highest state authorities, ministries and departments of Kyrgyzstan, there are a number of interesting personal funds, the archive has a number of branches.The Central State Archives of the KFFD of Kyrgyzstan also operates in Bishkek, there are a number of regional archives and their branches (Osh, Talas, Naryn, etc.).
In Tajikistan, the leading archive is the Central State Archive, which has about 1250 funds, about 400 thousand items, the earliest documents - 1868, and about 19 thousand items. scientific and technical documentation (since 1902). In 1931, the Central Historical Archive and the AOR of Tajikistan were created. In 1941, both archives were merged into the Central State Archive of Tajikistan. Contains documents on the history of Tajikistan, incl. funds of the highest bodies of state power and state administration of Tajikistan. The CGA has branches in Gissar, Gharm, etc.,
There is the Central State Archive of the KFFD of Tajikistan, established in 1966 on the basis of the department of film and photo documents; there are regional archives (Kurgan-Tyube, Kulyab and a particularly large archive in Khujand (formerly Khujand, Leninabad). The latter has about 700 funds, approx. 160 thousand items, since 1917, as well as scientific and technical documentation The archive was created in 1925 as a county archive in Khujand, in 1928 a district archival bureau was created on its basis, and an interdistrict bureau from 1930. In 1939, a regional state archive was created in what was then Leninabad, which in It became the Leninabad branch of the Central State Archive of Tajikistan in 1962, and the regional state archive since 1978. This is one of the richest archives in Tajikistan in terms of funds, which itself has branches (Kanibadam, Ura-Tyube, Penjikent), there is also a state archive of Gorno-Badakhshan in Khorog.
In Turkmenistan, the largest archive is the Central State Archive of Turkmenistan (about 1150 funds, about 350 thousand items, the earliest documents from 1874, in addition, scientific and technical documentation is stored in the archive. The archive was created in 1929 Documents of the late XIX - early XX centuries cover the history of the former Transcaspian region (funds of the Chancellery of the head of the Transcaspian region, departments of district chiefs, city governments, etc.) The documents widely reflect the relationship with Bukhara, Khiva, as well as Persia and Afghanistan, history the emergence of cities (Ashgabat - Ashgabad, Merv, Turkmenbashi (Krasnovodsk), etc.; there are decrees on the formation of power, agreements with Merv rulers, etc., data on the economy of Transcaspia, water and land relations (Murgab), etc. ., many branches of agriculture, on the history of national liberation movements and popular uprisings, the history of health care, culture, etc. The archive contains documents of the commissars of the Provisional Government in Transcaspia, materials of the council of the OTH, documents of the period of the war on the territory of Transcaspia in 1918-20 gg., here are documents on the Turkmen region as part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, national-territorial delimitation, formation "of the Turkmen Republic; in the archive - the funds of the highest bodies of state power and state administration of the Soviet period, there are materials on the history of the economy, culture, prominent scientists, many personal funds, there are files, the archive is allocated to the archive in Kerki. The Central State Archive of the KFFD is located in Ashgabat, contains photographic documents from 1880, about 5 thousand film documents, approx. 6 thousand phonorecords (created in 1941, in 1960: merged with the Central State Archive of Turkmenistan, in 1973 recreated as a separate archive) in the Central State Archive of the KFFD of Turkmenistan about 86 documents, for example, interesting for studying the history of Uzbekistan).
Among the photographic documents are rare footage of the construction of the Trans-Caspian railway, the famous motor rally, the horse race Ashgabat - Moscow, etc. Among the large archives of Turkmenistan are the regional archives of the Ashgabat region (up to 30 thousand units), Mary, Dashovuz, Turkmenabad (formerly Chardzhevskaya ) areas.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the archives of the Central Asian republics store many documents that are important for the history of Central Asia, including for studying the history of Uzbekistan.
Chapter 3. International archival cooperation and archival education.
Questions of the organization of archiving occupied a wide place even in the work of international historical congresses in Brussels in 1923 and in Oslo in 1928. The international relations of archivists became especially wide after the Second World War. Many archives began to cooperate in identifying documents on cultural, economic and political ties between peoples (in Finland, France, Romania, Switzerland, Sweden, a number of CIS countries), work was launched to exchange photocopies of documents, publications of archival sources on the history of diplomatic, scientific, cultural and economic ties between different countries and peoples. Work on the development of archiving, the need for constant contacts between archivists from different countries determined the need to create an international organization of archivists
The International Union of Archives plays an active role in modern international archival cooperation. operating since 1948 at UNESCO. Its tasks are the periodic convocation of Congresses of archivists, and most importantly, the establishment and strengthening of ties between archivists of all countries, the promotion of the preservation and protection of documents, the coordination of the work of archives in the international aspect, i.e. The tasks of the UIA are to strengthen ties between archivists from all countries of the world community, promote the preservation and protection of documents, coordinate the work of archives in the international aspect, and also convene periodically congresses of archivists. in many regions, regional courses for archivists have been established; including in Kuala Lumpur, the capital of the Federation of Malaysia, where the employees of the archival service of Uzbekistan are also trained - this regional office serves archivists from Asian countries. Separately - but under the auspices of the UIA structures since 1957, the so-called Round Table of Archives has been operating - a regional, unlike the UIA - European organization, whose conferences are held annually between international congresses of archivists, convened, as a rule, once every 3-4 years. The governing body of the ISA is the General Assembly, the working body is the Executive Committee. The ISA publishes the journal "Archivum", and the International Courses for Archivists have been set up in Paris. The 1st International Congress of Archivists was held in 1950 in Paris, the 2nd in 1953 in The Hague, the 3rd in 1956 in Florence, the 4th in 1960 in Stockholm, etc. .. After the war, a whole range of documents saved from destruction by the Nazis during the Second World War (to Romania, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Belgium, Norway) was transferred to a number of countries. The valuable collection of documents from the Manchurian archive, taken out of China in 1901 by the tsarist government, was returned to the Chinese government. But even today, many valuable archives on the history of many countries of the world, incl. and Uzbekistan, as I.A. Karimov (1999) spoke about at the XIU session of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, are unreasonably in the vaults of foreign countries and should be returned to the peoples of these countries.

An important element in the development of archiving is archival education - the training of highly qualified personnel of professional historians - archivists. For the first time, special training for archivists began to be conducted in France, and at present, under the auspices of the UIA, the International Courses for Archivists are operating in Paris.
In the former Soviet Union archival education was concentrated exclusively in the Center, in Moscow and Leningrad (Petersburg). Initially, courses for archivists were created here at the Leningrad (Petrograd) University at the Faculty of Social Sciences in 1923-1927; there was an archival department, at Moscow State University in Moscow there was also an archival department. In 1938-1941. in Leningrad there was an archival school that trained cadres of scientific and auxiliary workers for the archives. At Kiev University, at the Faculty of History and Philosophy, a department of archiving and auxiliary disciplines was created.
In 1931, as mentioned above, a special center for training historians-archivists was established in Moscow - the Institute of Archival Studies was opened, renamed in 1932 into the Moscow State Historical and Archival Institute (MGIAI), which became the leading educational institution for the training of historians-archivists , and later, together with the All-Union Institute of Records Management and Archiving (VNIIDAD), which undertook a number of significant publications on issues of historical and archival science 1 MGIAI trained qualified historians - archivists and specialists - referents in state office work and scientific and technical processing of documents, using information - computer technology, computers in the organization of state office work and management. Later, special attention was paid to the scientific development and teaching of the history and organization of office work, the history of state institutions. MGIAI operated the only department of the history of state institutions, the only department of office work. In fact, for the entire former Soviet Union, the training of specialists in historical archiving and office work was carried out only at the full-time and evening departments of this university, and later also at the correspondence department; under him, a graduate school was established. MGIAI (the Russian University for the Humanities was later created on its basis and now the Historical and Archival Institute exists within the framework of the Russian University for the Humanities) was indeed a large center for training personnel, but of course, it could not, before and never everyone had the opportunity to go to study in Moscow
It should be borne in mind that some documents were published in a number of journals published in the former Soviet Union, for example, such as Hard Labor and Exile, Archive of Labor History, Krasny Arkhiv, Archive File, and in the post-war years - in the journal "Historical Archive" (since 1955), specializing in the publication of historical sources, articles on archival science, archeography and special auxiliary historical disciplines.
On the territory of the former USSR, a number of archival journals were published that published documents (; "Proletarian Revolution", "Red Chronicle", "Red Chronicle of Turkestan", "Katorga and Exile", "Archive of the History of Labor", "Red Archive", etc.).
The largest archival publication on the territory of the then Soviet Union before the war against fascism was the journal Archivnoye Delo, which published historical sources, articles and other materials on archiving, source studies, archaeography, etc., after the war such materials were published in the journal Soviet Archives "(now" Domestic Archives "), created in 1923, and in the journal" Historical Archive "created in 1955 (it was later closed during the so-called period of "stagnation" and resumed publication only in the 90s. ). From the consolidated editions of past years, one can use a large reference material and a number of valuable documents on history published by the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library in Moscow (former "Lsninka"). At the same time, publications should be treated critically, remembering that various ideological factors often influenced the selection of documents, some documents were not published in full, etc. . Unfortunately, the selection of materials for publication, even in major journals, bore obvious features of ideologization.
Today, the major printed journals include Arkhivum, Historical Archive. "Domestic archives", "Bulletin of the archivist" and other major historical and archival journals, known among the archivists of the modern world.
Conclusion
Today, in independent Uzbekistan, in the context of the enormous tasks facing the education of young people on historical traditions, the struggle to restore the truth of history, and the spiritual revival of Uzbekistan, the development of archives in the independent republic is of exceptionally great importance. For the development of archiving in Uzbekistan, raising it to a new qualitative level, improving the efficiency of the central and local state archives of Uzbekistan, it is also of great importance in the framework of Uzbekistan's integration into the world community - the study of experience - great experience - forms, methods of organizing archives abroad, national history of archiving. Modern Uzbekistan creates an archive system, combining its experience, traditions, features, national identity, originality - with the world's positive experience, with the achievements of the peoples of other countries, including in archiving.

1. Archives and archiving in foreign countries. Ed. V.V. Maksakova.- issue 1, -M.1959, issue 2 -M. 1957.
2. Audiovisual archives at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. (domestic and foreign experience). Rep. Ed. V.M.Magidov. –M..2003.
3. Bernat A. Archives, libraries and museums-institutions of public memory. What distinguishes them and brings them together / / Domestic archives. M 2005, No. 2.
4. Karapetyants I.V. Economic archives of Western Europe and the USA (until the beginning of the twentieth century) M.1997.
5 Razzakov A.A. State Archival Service of the USA. - Tarikhiy manbashunoslik muammolari. T.2008.
6. Rumyantseva M.F. Theory of history. M, 2002.
Additional literature.
1. Valberg H. Electronic documents in archives.// Domestic archives, M.2004, No. 1.
2. Volkova T.S. Legal regime of storage and use of presidential documentation in the USA. (Presidential papers) // Otechestvennye archives. M., 2005, No. 2.
3. Historical archive. Russia and Great Britain. XVI-XX centuries. Special issue. M.. 2005, No. 1.
4. Karavaev I.V. RGANTD website in the context of "internetization" of foreign archives// Otechestvennye archives, M.: 2006, No. 1.
5. Karapetyants I.V. Economic archives of Western Europe // Bulletin of the archivist, - M., 1995, No. 6 (30).
6. Kiseleva M.Yu. Scientific and reference apparatus of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. (1728-1936).// Bulletin of the archivist. M. July-October 2006 No. 4-5.
7. Komarova A.A. Electronic archive of the World Trade Organization//. Bulletin of the archivist. M. July-October 2006 No. 4-5 ..
8. Medvedeva G.A. Influence of the use of modern archiving technologies on the effectiveness of the use of RGANTD documents//Bulletin of the archivist. M.: January-February 2003, No. 1 .. 9. Medvedeva G.A. Development and implementation of modern automated technologies in the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation. Methods and practice of training archival specialists.//Bulletin of the archivist. M. July-October 2006, No. 4-5.
10. Mikhailov O.A. The influence of information technology on the theory and practice of archiving// Bulletin of the archivist, - M., 1992, No. 6 (12)
11. Mollaeva M.M. Archival business in Turkmenistan in 1991-2007//M. Domestic archives. M.: 2007, no.; 6.
12.Nalench D. Archives in the era of the information society.// Bulletin of the archivist. M.: January-February 2003, No. 1 ..
13. Petrichenko M.B. Archives and computer genealogy: relationship and development. Russian and foreign experience.// Bulletin of the archivist. M.: January-February 2003, No. 1 ..
14. A. Plate. UNESCO's strategy for the development of archiving.// Bulletin of the archivist. –M., 1995. No. 6 (30).
15. Prozorova V.B. National Treasure Public School. France-the results of the first decade//Domestic archives. M.: 2003, No. 2.
16. Ryskov O.I. Records management in Australia.// Domestic archives. M., 2005, No. 2.
17. Savin V.A. Archival School. // Bulletin of the archivist, -M., 1995, No. 1 (25).
18. Tarle E.V. National Archives of France. - Op. .T; 4 M.1958.
19. Starostin E.V. Foreign archival science: problems of history, theory and methodology. .M, 1997.
20. Starostin EV. Album by N.A. Zalshupin in the National Library of France.
Domestic archives, M., 2006, No. 1.
21. Tkachenko N.A. From the experience of developing an automated information system "Archive of the organization" // Bulletin of the archivist. M.: January-February 2003, No. 1 ..
22. Tyuneev V.A. Archival heritage of the CIS countries: storage, access, use / / Domestic archives, - M .: 1998; No. 5.
23..Khorohordina T.I. Guide. Volume 5. Personal funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. (1917-2000) / / Domestic archives, M .: 2003. No. 2.
24. Khorokhordina N.S. New about the Russian foreign historical archive//events and people.// Vestnik archivist. M. July-October 2006, No.

APPS:
Appendix No. 1. An approximate list of topics for self-study.
1. Bogazkoy archive.
2. Archives of the ancient world. The main cuneiform archives of the world.
3.National Archive of France.
4. Leading archives of the world.
5. Leading archives of Asian countries.
6. The main stages in the development of archiving in Europe.
7. Archival business in the post-war world.
8. Archives of the CIS countries (Ukraine, Belarus, Transcaucasia).
9. Archives of the countries of Central Asia.
10. Materials on the history of Uzbekistan. located in the archives of other countries
11. Features of the development of archives in the Middle Ages.
12. Development of archives in the XIX-XX centuries. and its characteristic features.
APPENDIX #2. Some reference materials..
TABLE No. 1. Cuneiform Archives of the World.
No. No. Name of the archive Country Location Note
1 Bogazkoy Türkiye Hattushash (Central Anatolia (Antalya) Archive of the Hittite kings
2 Kanesa Türkiye Kul-Tepe Archive of the Assyrian colony of the 20th-19th centuries. BC.
3 Persepolis Iran Persepolis Archive in the Achaemenid capital
4 Mari Syria Tell Hariri
5 Ugarit Syria Ros Shamra
6 Tell el-Amarna diplomatic archive Egypt Tell el-Amarna
7 Nineveh (Kuyundzhik) Iraq Kuyundzhik Part of the former library of King Ashurbanipal
8 At the temple of the god Shamash in Sipar Iraq Abu-Habba
9 Temple of Enlil-Bel Iraq Nuffar
10 Temple of Goddess Nana-Ishtar in Uruk Iraq Warka
11 In Lagash Iraq Tello
12 Babylonian Iraq District of ancient Babylon Archives of the trade and craft house Egibi, 7th c. BC.

TABLE No. 2. The largest archives of the modern world that store the oldest documents.
1. National Archives of France (more than 80 million items). (Paris) with an archival museum, an office of seals and an institute of electronic archives.
2. Archive of the Department of Affairs of the Council of Ministers of Turkey (more than 50 million items). (Istanbul).
3. Main Archive Simancas (Spain, more than 30 million items).
4.Vatican archive (8 archives); the oldest written document is 4th century AD.
5. Central archives of the Russian Federation.
6. Austrian State Archives (Vienna)
7.Central archives of Germany.
8. State Public Archives of Great Britain
9. Main Archive of Ancient Acts (Warsaw, Poland).
10. National Archives of the USA (Washington).
11. Archives of China.
12.National Archive Torri do Tombu (Portugal, Lisbon).
13. National Archives of India (former "Archives of the Empire".).

TABLE #3.
SPECIALIZED ARCHIVES.
1. Archives of audiovisual sources (archives of documents based on mechanical recording, film-television, photo-phono documents).
2. Electronic archives.
3. Archives of scientific, technical, medical documentation.
4. Economic archives (archives of the national economy) - Russia, Switzerland, Hungary, etc.

TABLE No. 4 International archival organizations and some centers of archival education.
№№ by p / p International archival organizations Centers for archival education
1 International Council of Archives (since 1948 at UNESCO) School of Charters in Paris (1823)
2 Round Table of Archives (since 1957, Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State Humanitarian University / former MGIAI / - (1931)
3 Regional centers for the training of archivists of the CIS member countries - Moscow at VNIIDAD, Archival School at the IAI.
4 Regional Center for the Training of Archivists in Asian Countries - Kuala Lumpur (Federation of Malaysia)