Auxiliary equipment: types, operation, accounting. Industrial equipment: classification

Workers, costs of current repairs and depreciation. injection wells and workshops, etc. Energy costs in oil refining include wages for electricity supply workers, depreciation of workshop fixed assets, cost of water and fuel, etc.

Industrial (occupational) hazards are factors of the production process and the external environment that can be a direct or indirect cause of deterioration in human health, working ability and performance. Their appearance is determined by the physical and chemical properties of objects of labor, the natural conditions in which raw materials are mined or work is carried out outdoors with constructive materials. features or modes of operation of the main production equipment, technology for obtaining a product or semi-finished product, design and procedure for using tools, auxiliary mechanisms and devices. Their complete list and classification are provided by GOST 12.0.003-74 Hazardous and harmful production factors. Classification (system of occupational safety standards).

The existing classification by Soviet statistics is based on the technological purpose of a working machine. With such a classification, statistics have the opportunity to answer the most important questions: what is the fleet of production equipment, what is its capacity, what is the condition of the equipment serving a certain technological process? It is also possible to build a classification according to other criteria, for example, according to a very important industry characteristic (equipment for the coal industry, for ferrous metallurgy, for the textile industry, etc.). But the first classification plays a big role. The fact is that any branch of industry, along with machines characteristic only of this branch of production, has a large number of machines used in other industries. For example, there is no industry in which there would be no metal-cutting equipment, since in all industries there is equipment repair, which is carried out by repair shops. Consequently, constructing a classification based on industry, although it would answer the question of whether industries are equipped with production equipment, would, however, lead to the creation of a basically general classification for all industries. In this case, the classification of equipment in one industry would differ from the classification of another only due to the addition of types or groups of equipment specific to this industry. In the classification based on technological characteristics, there is no repeatability of names.

The study and analysis of factors influencing the duration of the production process makes it possible to identify and distinguish between technically and organizationally necessary and unnecessary components of working time, as well as to identify the causes of detected losses and outline measures to eliminate them. To determine the duration of individual operations of the production process, the worker’s working time is classified. This classification makes it possible to study the state of the organization of labor and the use of working time, identify losses of working time and their causes, assess the feasibility and necessity of individual time expenditures when performing this work, identify irrational expenditures of working time and their reasons, build differentiated balances of the working day, determine standardized time for study the operation and analyze the time of use of the equipment in relation to the working time of the performer.

Thus, in a complex automated system of standards, the following main blocks of consumption standards for raw materials and materials can be distinguished; consumption standards for fuel and energy resources; standards for the use of equipment and determining the need for it; standards; duration of development of production capacity; standards for capital construction; standards for labor costs and wages; standards for financial resources; standards non-production sphere of quality standards. Each block is formed from separate groups of norms with a more detailed classification of them according to the nature of use and scope of application.

Service businesses and many non-profit organizations are engaged in a variety of activities. The difference between these organizations and manufacturing enterprises is that their services are consumed immediately after they are produced, while manufacturing products may be stored in a warehouse. Businesses such as hotels, banks, hairdressers, and car repair shops are involved in the service industry. Although to a lesser extent, the same cost classifications as for manufacturing firms can be applied to them. For example, hotel services are servicing the clients living in them. Direct materials costs include the cost of utilities. Direct wage costs are the wages of maids and housekeeping staff. Overhead costs consist of depreciation of the hotel building and equipment, wages of administration employees, and costs of maintaining security.

One of the most important organizational aspects that determine the correctness and accuracy of accounting for fixed assets is the use of a clear and justified classification. In accordance with the standard classification, the grouping of fixed assets is based on the role and purpose of individual items in the labor process. On this basis, they are divided into production and non-production. The former are directly involved in the production process or serve the technological process. Production includes buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, vehicles, adult working and productive livestock, perennial plantings and other means of labor operating in the sphere of material production.

Classification of procurement shops of machine-building enterprises and the most important areas of analysis of their activities. The production process for manufacturing mechanical engineering products is very complex. It consists of three, as a rule, strictly sequential stages of procurement, processing and assembly, each of which is important in the overall process of manufacturing machines, equipment, instruments and other types of mechanical engineering products.

As an economic entity, fixed capital is the monetary value of fixed assets of material assets that have a long period of operation. Therefore, the funds transfer their value to the produced product in parts. In accordance with the current classification, fixed assets include objects of production (machinery, equipment, etc.) and non-production purposes, used to serve the needs of housing and communal services, culture, etc.

The site represents a relatively isolated group of workplaces. Separation occurs according to organizational and production characteristics, among which the leading role is played by the form of specialization. A workplace is a part of the production area, equipped with everything necessary to perform individual operations of the production process by one or a group of workers. The classification of jobs is shown in Fig. 11.1. Workplace equipment includes technological equipment, mechanization and automation equipment, technological and organizational equipment. All elements of workplace equipment are divided into constants, i.e., independent of the operation being performed, and variables, specific to each individual operation or group of operations. Equipment items and available production areas are the objects of workplace planning. The layout must provide an optimal combination of the material elements of the labor process and its direct human performer. In this case, it is necessary to ensure

Production O. f. classified by type depending on their role in production, taking into account technical and economic. features of the national economy sectors. For industrial enterprises, a following classification has been established: 1) buildings, 2) structures, 3) transmission devices, 4) power machines and equipment, 5) working machines and equipment,

CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT - division of a set of machines, machine tools, mechanisms, units and other equipment into similar groups according to certain characteristics. The main symptom of K. p.o. is the method of influence of equipment on the object of labor. On this basis, all production equipment is divided into 3 groups: 1) mechanical equipment that provides mechanical impact on the subject of labor, for example, metalworking machines, drilling rigs, machines for sorting objects, weaving machines, etc. 2) thermal equipment affecting the subject of labor through thermal conditions, for example, blast furnaces, open hearths, heating furnaces, etc. 3) chemical equipment that affects the object of labor through chemical chemicals. reactions, for example, electrolytic. baths, autoclaves, all kinds of reactors, etc. Each of the 3 groups is divided into detailed positions according to a number of characteristics. Based on technological characteristics. purpose, very close to the division of equipment according to production, a large number of groups of machines and mechanisms are formed. For example, in the mechanical group. equipment, there are machines for extracting minerals from the subsoil, machines for shaping, printing machines, sorting machines, etc. Further, production equipment is divided according to the nature of production operations (pressure, stamping, grinding, dissolving, etc.) according to the type of material being processed (equipment for processing metal, wood, textile materials, food products, etc.) based on the structure of the working body (lathes, milling machines, planers, etc.). The classification is completed by dividing equipment according to the degree of specialization and automation. Based on the first feature, there is a distinction between special and universal equipment. According to the degree of automation in modern conditions. machine production, we can outline 3 groups of machines without forced connection or with partial forced connection of the working body with the subject of labor; machines with forced connection of the working body with the subject of labor, i.e. automatic machines

All production costs are grouped by economics. elements and but the sheet. Classification of production costs by economics. elements is used when establishing production cost estimates, calculated for the entire volume of production without distribution among individual types of products. Production cost plan, drawn up according to economics. elements (materials, fuel, electricity, depreciation, wages), is of great importance for linking the cost plan with other sections of the technical industrial financial plan through the wage fund, a connection is made between the cost plan and the labor plan through material costs, a connection is made between the planning of production costs -in and material balances. The cost estimate for production, combining all costs of raw materials, materials, fuel, is the basis for calculating the need for working capital. However, for proper management and control of industrial households. You don't need to know the activities of the enterprise. only the composition of costs but economical. elements, but also but for the intended purpose. For example, metal can be used for the production of machinery, equipment, or as repair and packaging material. It is necessary to take a differentiated approach to determining the reduction in product costs due to the metal used for the production of these products and for repair and other needs. In the calculation sheet, all costs are grouped depending on the purpose and production site. This classification is used to calculate the cost of individual products and all commercial products of an industrial enterprise. At the same time, some of the articles have economically homogeneous content, while the other part covers a complex of various expenses. For example, the article General plant expenses includes salaries of employees and technical equipment, depreciation of general plant buildings and structures, materials and general-purpose fuel, etc.

In accordance with the classification, all the variety of details of the type of bodies. rotation (shafts, bushings, disks) can be distributed in a certain range according to different classification criteria. By combining the geometric shape, dimensional parameters and machined surfaces, parts are classified and grouped; the general scheme for grouping parts based on the similarity of surfaces does not yet allow us to completely solve the problem. The fact is that in one case it is advisable to process the same part or group of technologically similar parts on universal lathes, and in another - on automatic lathes. Here, along with the design and technological parameters of the parts, it is necessary to take into account such production characteristics as the production program and the average size of the processing batch.

Fixed assets- the main mechanical source of the production process. Through a complex of machines and machines, the enterprise undergoes a continuous process of manufacturing goods necessary for society.

In addition, in addition to equipping with equipment, premises and various kinds of structures are needed in which or through which production activities would take place (buildings, bridges, tunnels, etc.). In the composition of active fixed assets, the leading place is occupied by machinery and equipment. According to their role in the production process, two types of machines can be distinguished.

Power machines are energy equipment that produces energy of various types (thermal, mechanical, electrical, etc.) or converts one type of energy into another. The energy factor is one of the most important elements through which the production process is carried out, the operation of machines and equipment is ensured by the flow of current flows, as well as normal working conditions due to the lighting of production premises. The following types of power machines are distinguished:

1) prime movers that convert the energy of natural resources into mechanical energy (for example, gas and hydraulic turbines);

2) electric motors or secondary engines (for example, electric motors, which are an important part of fixed production assets). On their basis, the entire volume of useful work is performed on the production of certain types of products, depending on production specialization;

3) various electrical devices (welding, electric furnaces), through which the product acquires a certain shape and volume;

4) steam boilers, electric generators, transformers and other current converters.

Thus, power machines, being a source of processed energy, ensure the operation of fixed assets, the task of which is the production of finished products.

Working machines represent a complex of machines and equipment with the help of which workers act on the subject of labor, which is raw materials. In other words, this is production equipment.

Working machines for general production purposes are used in absolutely all industries, regardless of their specialization and technological focus. This type of equipment includes conveyors, sorting machines, etc. Along with them, there are specialized machines that take place in a particular enterprise. Each industry has a special way of influencing the subject of labor. In accordance with this, for example, in metallurgy there is production equipment for the following types of work:

1) mechanical processing of metals, which is carried out through the operation of metal-cutting equipment (drilling, turning, milling machines, etc.);

2) heat treatment of metal through exposure to sources of thermal energy and changes in temperature conditions. For example, in this way the process of melting metals is carried out, giving them the desired shape or creating alloys;

3) chemical processing of metal by exposing it to chemically active elements.

Equipment at enterprises, depending on their production specialization, is of great practical importance. This is the so-called main active force of production, with the exception of workers, whose work is also highly valued. Equipment is a means of labor with which workers carry out labor activities.

Available equipment- this is a set of machines and machines that have already been purchased and are the property of the enterprise, that is, they are listed on its balance sheet and in its inventory. In accordance with their inclusion in the production process, equipment can be installed or uninstalled.

Installed equipment– machines ready for the manufacture of products, which are located in workshops or other production premises. It includes the following categories of equipment.

1) operating machinery and equipment- those who perform useful work, directly or indirectly participating in the production process. They have been put into circulation at the present time and are already transferring their own value to the manufactured product. It is this type of equipment that is called the main one, through which the planned production and operation of the enterprise as a whole are carried out;

2) idle equipment ends up outside the production cycle for a number of reasons, including conservation and various types of malfunctions that can be eliminated through major or partial repairs. For this purpose, working capital is used: tools whose service life is less than 1 year, and spare parts;

3) equipment established, but currently located under major renovation, regardless of whether it is removed from the foundation or not. Accordingly, it cannot produce products, as a result of which the enterprise has to either reduce production or purchase new equipment, or increase the load on working machines;

4) machines and equipment in the start-up period, i.e. equipment that has not yet been put into operation, but produces, although irregularly, a certain volume of production. It is listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise, but formally it is not working, therefore the goods produced by it are above standard.

Uninstalled equipment represented by machines and machines that are in the warehouses of the enterprise, i.e. they have already been delivered and are waiting their turn for installation. In other words, this equipment was purchased to replace old, outdated or faulty equipment. In addition, the category of uninstalled equipment includes those fixed assets that are in transit, i.e., in fact, they already belong to the enterprise, but have not yet been delivered to its warehouses. This also includes excess equipment, which is subject to write-off due to malfunction, as well as moral or physical wear and tear, regardless of its service life.

Today, in the age of developed high technologies, mechanical equipment has appeared that operates on automatic control. As a result, the labor of workers who previously operated machines began to be displaced. At the same time, technological developments of this kind make it possible to increase labor productivity and expand production volume, which ultimately ensures more efficient functioning of the enterprise itself.

Equipment at the enterprise- this is an active part of fixed production assets that are directly involved in the production activities of the enterprise. The qualitative characteristic of equipment is its condition and ability to produce something. Thus, the equipment is divided into the following types:

1) new fixed assets that have not yet been in operation. This type of equipment represents machines recently acquired by the enterprise of the same model or a technologically and qualitatively newer model;

2) serviceable or in need of ongoing repairs. As a rule, this is equipment in working order, installed and operating in production workshops. It regularly produces a certain volume of finished products and forms part of fixed assets. The need for routine repairs may be caused by minor faults that can be easily fixed. For example, this is possible when a part is displaced or worn out;

3) equipment requiring major repairs includes equipment that does not work for several reasons. Restoring it, accordingly, requires a lot of time, new parts and the labor of repair workers. As a rule, such equipment is removed from the production process for a long time, and even when it is completely repaired, it cannot produce the same production indicators as before;

4) obsolete equipment. Its wear and tear is associated with the advent of better and more advanced equipment, which makes it possible to achieve higher production results. In this case, the enterprise incurs costs for the acquisition of new equipment, i.e., complete re-equipment of production. However, with a limited amount of material resources, an enterprise can modernize “old” equipment. Of course, this is only possible with highly qualified innovative specialists;

5) equipment subject to write-off: it can no longer be repaired and cannot be reconstructed.

In addition to dividing equipment into groups according to quality characteristics, many organizations have a classification that distributes equipment by age. The structural age is the number of years (months, days) that have passed since the creation of fixed assets, and the physical age, accordingly, is represented by the time since the beginning of its installation and commissioning.

Equipment characteristics such as power are of great importance for production.

Power is the ability of a given type of equipment to produce a certain volume of goods or energy per unit of time worked. This indicator is calculated both in kW and in horsepower (1 hp = 0.736 kW). From the point of view of equipment loading, the following types of power are distinguished:

1) normal power, which is characterized by the highest value of the coefficient of efficiency (efficiency);

2) maximum short-term power. For example, in case of emergency, the engine can run for a very limited period of time. In other words, this is the maximum engine power;

3) maximum continuous power - the greatest amount of power with which the equipment can operate for an absolutely unlimited period of time without the risk of accidents.

It is important for the enterprise itself to know the total energy capacity. It is calculated as the sum of the engines available in production and determines the production capabilities of the enterprise: output volume, labor intensity and time costs.

The operation of equipment can be characterized by engine power, volume of output, time standard, i.e., all sorts of characteristics of the final result. Thus, there are a number of indicators by which the usefulness and efficiency of a particular type of equipment can be calculated.

1. Determination of the share of available and installed equipment in the total set of actually operating machines using the following coefficients:

1) K n = actually operating / available equipment;

2) K y = actually operating / installed equipment.

It is quite logical that the coefficient of installed equipment will be less than the final value of the cash coefficient. This is due to the fact that the first is an integral part of the second.

2. The use of equipment in terms of the duration of the time period is described by its extensive load factor: K e = time of actual operation of the machine / maximum possible time. In accordance with this, the structure of the calendar fund of working time can be presented as follows.

3. The intensive equipment load factor shows the degree of equipment utilization based on the power of its engines.

K u = actual power / maximum power.

The numerator of this formula contains the actual productivity of the equipment, which shows how many goods and services are produced by it at a given capacity per unit of time. The denominator, accordingly, contains the value of the maximum long-term power, i.e. it shows what the maximum performance can be, all other things being equal.

4. An important indicator is the calculation of the use of equipment by the volume of work performed by it, i.e. the integral load factor.

K int. = T fact. ? M fact. / T max ? Mmax,

where T is fact. – actual time worked;

M fact. – the power with which the equipment operated.

Accordingly, T max and M max represent the maximum values ​​of the previous indicators, i.e. they show the potential capabilities of the equipment both in terms of the duration of the production process and in terms of the power at which the entire volume of work can be performed. If we take into account that the product of time and power is a physical indicator of work, the integral load factor can be presented in the following form: K integral. = W fact. / W max.

5. The equipment shift ratio shows how many shifts each piece of equipment works on average. Based on this indicator, one can judge with a reasonable degree of probability the size of the installed operating equipment and the efficiency of its operation.

K see = machine-shifts / machine-days.

The numerator shows the total number of machines working for a given number of daily shifts, and the denominator shows the number of machines involved in the production process for a certain number of days. In order to visualize how the shift coefficient is calculated in practice, we can give the following example task.

Let's assume that the calculations are made for one production day. In total, the enterprise operates 50 machines: 25 of them in three shifts, 15 in two shifts and the remaining 10 in one. We find the value of machine shifts by multiplying machines by the number of shifts they worked, i.e. machine shifts = 25? 3 + 15 ? 2 + 10? 1 = 115. Considering that 50 machines operate for only one day, we immediately find the shift coefficient: K cm. = 115 / 50 = 2.3. This means that each machine operates on average 2.3 shifts.

Without special equipment it is impossible to build a house, pave a road, or build a bridge. All devices used by humans to facilitate work are divided into two large groups. Firstly, these are inexpensive instruments that are simple in design, and secondly, the equipment itself, which can be main and auxiliary. The latter type of device is used almost as widely as the first. In this article we will look in detail at exactly what auxiliary equipment is.

Possible areas of application

This type of equipment can be used during both construction and various types of installation work. Sometimes it is used during repairs, along with the main one. Auxiliary equipment can be any structure, machine or installation. This term is often used to refer to additional units of various complex mechanisms.

Simple examples

There are actually just a huge number of types of auxiliary equipment. For example, this class of devices includes diesel generator sets, without which construction machines using electricity will not be able to operate in remote areas. A compressor used in conjunction with a jackhammer is also an auxiliary equipment. Another example of such a device is a dust collector used when grinding stone. Next, we will consider the types and examples of such tools used in a variety of areas of economics and everyday life.

Auxiliary equipment for house construction

In this case, a variety of devices can be used. When building houses, they use, for example:

Cars. Such equipment may have two wheels or one. The bowl itself of a modern construction wheelbarrow is usually made of thick galvanized sheet. This type of auxiliary equipment is used to move mainly various types of bulk construction materials or earth.

Buckets for concrete. This type of additional equipment can have different shapes and sizes. The most common types of tubs are trough-shaped and cone-shaped on stands.

House equipment

Of course, you can live comfortably in any building only if it has such communications as water supply, sewerage and electricity. In the first case, for example, auxiliary equipment such as:

Filters. This type of additional equipment, in turn, may have a different design. There are mesh filters, magnetic filters, reverse osmosis filters, etc. In any case, such auxiliary equipment is designed to purify water from various types of impurities.

Compensators. This type of equipment is used to equalize temperature changes along the length of the pipeline.

Electrical networks may use additional equipment such as:

Surge Protectors. This type of device is used to compensate for voltage surges in the household network. Most often, stabilizers are installed in country houses or in high-rise apartments if the line is worn out.

Uninterruptible power supplies. Such devices are most often used in those homes that have a lot of office equipment. If there is a power outage, for example, the computer may run on the UPS for some time. After all, a sudden shutdown of electronics, as we know, is very harmful.

Quite often, various types of portable electrical receivers are used in everyday life. Auxiliary equipment for them can be used, for example, such as pipe cutters (for welding machines), noise suppressors (for pumps), etc.

When installing sewer systems, the following can be used:

Devices designed for disinfection and neutralization of wastewater.

Machines designed for cleaning storm sewer pipes, etc.

Repair of auxiliary equipment in the event of its breakdown, as well as the main elements and components of communication networks, must be carried out on time. After all, not only the convenience of living in the house, but also the safety of various types of household appliances, structural elements of the building, etc. depend on how effectively such devices operate.

Types of additional boiler room equipment

There are many different kinds of devices and tools that increase the efficiency of the plumbing, electrical networks and sewerage systems. But even more such devices can be used in water heating systems of private homes and businesses. Boiler auxiliary equipment is classified into the following types:

• draft mechanisms;

  ash removal and fuel supply systems;

  chimneys and flues;

  ash catchers;

  various kinds of measuring instruments;

  water treatment devices.

What pumping accessories can be used

Boilers in homes and businesses are used to heat water. The latter can be supplied inside these devices using piston or centrifugal pumps. In forced-type heating systems, at least two such network units are usually used. One of the pumps is considered a backup auxiliary equipment of the boiler room.

What are draft mechanisms

In order for the boiler to operate smoothly, air must be continuously supplied to the firebox, burning coal, briquettes or firewood. Also, draft devices are used to ensure a constant speed of movement in the gas outlets and chimneys of the heating unit emissions.

Fuel supply systems

Most often, such auxiliary technological equipment is used in solid fuel boilers. Fuel supply systems ensure uninterrupted operation of these units. Such equipment can be classified into auger and hydraulic.

Pipes and flues

When wood or coal is burned in solid fuel boilers or diesel fuel in liquid boilers, smoke is generated. Pipes are used to drain them. When installing chimneys, certain standards must be observed. The operation of this type of auxiliary equipment allows you to preserve the health, and sometimes even the lives, of enterprise employees or people living in the house. Gas ducts are used to remove combustion products of blue fuel in gas boilers.

Ash catchers

Not only the actual gaseous products of fuel combustion can be released into the atmosphere through chimneys. Often a large amount of ash comes out into the street through pipes, which leads to environmental pollution. To prevent this from happening, auxiliary equipment such as ash catchers is used.

Boiler room measuring instruments

This type of auxiliary technical equipment is designed to control and regulate water temperature in heating systems, its pressure and level. The main purpose of using measuring instruments in boiler rooms is to ensure the safe operation of heat generators and heat and power units.

What are water treatment devices

Equipment of this type includes various types of filters, iron removers, and softeners. The use of coolant with a high content of various types of impurities significantly reduces the service life of the boiler and other elements of the system design. Water treatment units designed for its purification often have a very complex design. Installation, as well as repair of auxiliary equipment of this type, in most cases is carried out only by specialists.

Additional equipment for chemical production: main types

Of course, various kinds of additional devices can be used in industrial enterprises. Next, as an example, we will look at what auxiliary equipment can be used in chemical production. Enterprises of this specialization often use:

capacitive equipment;

heat exchangers;

• crushers.

Types of capacitive equipment

This group of auxiliary equipment for chemical production includes:

various types of vertical, spherical and horizontal containers;

low and high pressure separators;

cylindrical and spherical tanks;

measuring sticks, etc.

In turn, the capacitive equipment can accommodate, for example, pressure gauges, thermocouples, sight glasses, breathing valves, etc.

Types of heat exchangers

Auxiliary equipment of this type is classified into:

heaters;

refrigerators;

evaporators;

capacitors.

Based on their design and operating principle, heat exchangers are also divided into recuperators and regenerators. The first type of equipment is distinguished by the fact that in it two coolant flows alternately pass through the same space. In regenerators, heat is selected and accumulated from one stream and transferred to another.

Types and principle of operation of filters

This type of auxiliary equipment is designed to separate heterogeneous systems using porous partitions. The latter can be fabrics, polymer or wire mesh, ceramic plates, etc. In chemical plants, filters can be used as auxiliary devices:

frame type (with periodic action);

chamber filter presses;

continuous vacuum filters.

and crushers

Equipment of this type, like filters, is used for mechanical separation of heterogeneous media. However, such devices operate on a completely different principle. In this case, separation occurs due to the action of centrifugal forces. There are mainly two types of centrifuges that can be used in chemical production: filtering and sedimentation.

Crushers are designed in such enterprises to crush pieces of solid materials, open grains of pure inclusions or increase the surface of particles.

Auxiliary equipment: tests

Despite the fact that such devices are used mainly as additional ones, the serviceability of the entire system as a whole or the efficient operation of the workshop often depends on their uninterrupted functioning. Therefore, when producing such equipment, at the final stage in many cases it is tested. At the same time, specialists performing such a procedure are usually guided by GOST standards.

Engine support and diagnostics

Auxiliary equipment can be used not only in construction, in boiler rooms, in homes or enterprises. Such devices are often used in the operation of various complex mechanisms, for example, engines. It can be:

various types of supporting devices;

test stands for various systems;

• equipment designed to detect leaks, etc.

Also, engines can use all kinds of attached auxiliary equipment: power steering, air conditioners. Such additions, among other things, take away horsepower from the engine. But the benefits of their use, of course, are difficult to overestimate.

Various kinds of engine accessories are driven, often using a belt. Ancillary equipment usually works most efficiently when the latter provides a tight transmission. Installation of the hinged belt itself can be carried out using hydraulic or mechanical systems.

What equipment is used in additional production

Not only the actual tools and devices can be auxiliary. Often entire enterprises perform a similar function. For example, auxiliary productions include:

container shops;

production of non-metallic materials (sand, gravel);

factories specializing in the production of various types of tools.

Enterprises of this type also use all kinds of complex and simple auxiliary and main equipment. For example, in packaging shops such devices as automated and mechanized lines, dryers, and molding devices are used. Sand and gravel mining enterprises use crushers, bulldozers, excavators, loaders, etc.

Accounting for auxiliary production and equipment

Any such workshops play an important organizational and technical role. Their costs have a strong impact on the cost of the enterprise's main products. To determine the company's possible profit and various types of necessary costs, therefore, it is imperative to account for auxiliary production. The analysis of such enterprise structures is carried out according to the following criteria:

• type of products manufactured;
• expenses;
• cost structure;
• degree of unprofitability or level of profitability.

Based on the data obtained, among other things, ways to reduce the costs of such production are determined without compromising the quality of the enterprise’s final product. All costs of such workshops are divided into simple and indirect. To account for them, a special active calculation account is allocated. The debit reflects the costs incurred, and the credit reflects the output of services or products.

Accounting for auxiliary equipment used in enterprises or boiler houses is carried out according to the same principle as the main one. It is accepted onto the balance sheet at its original purchase price.

Features of operation of auxiliary equipment

The design of this type of device can be complex or simple. In any case, their operation must be carried out in strict compliance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer and various GOST standards. For example, when using fuel supply systems, approximately the following conditions must be met:

• peat must first be passed through crushers, and its final fraction should not exceed 50x50x5 mm;
• The angle of inclination of the bunker when using peat as fuel should not be less than 60 degrees;
• Fire safety rules must be observed at all stages (fuel supply, loading).

In the event of a breakdown of auxiliary equipment, as well as the main one, it must be repaired in a timely manner. Only specialists who have undergone appropriate training and have the necessary skills are trusted to carry out such work in enterprises and boiler houses.

Equipment is an active production facility, that is, directly involved in the production process.

The active part of the OPF includes:

power machines, equipment, i.e. all units designed to produce various types of energy (all steam boilers, electric generators);

working machines and equipment;

measuring and control instruments and devices;

computer technology, etc.

These groups are allocated for accounting and analysis of general financial assets, for calculating depreciation and for revaluation.

2. Indicators of availability and use of equipment.

1) Classification of equipment according to availability in the production process:

installed equipment - actually operational, working, undergoing scheduled repairs, idle, backup.

uninstalled - to be installed, redundant, unusable, to be written off

The concept of testing shifts is introduced for equipment, since it can operate more than one shift. The shift coefficient is calculated based on observations.

Kcm=åNi*Lcm/åNi (<=3), где Ксм- сменность работы оборудования, Ni- количество оборудования, L- число смен

Equipment fleet utilization rate = number of actually operating equipment/number of available equipment.

2) By operating time:

Calendar fund = operating time for continuous equipment.

Regular = calendar - holidays and weekends.

Available time = emergency fund - planned repairs - reserve fund.

Planned fund = available time - time not required to complete the production program.

Actual hours worked = planned fund - idle time.

Fleet utilization rate = actually worked time/calendar (regime) time or the maximum possible for a given group of equipment.

The calendar fund is with continuous time, the regime fund is with interrupted time.

3) Indicators of equipment use by power:

Capacity utilization factor = actual products produced / average annual capacity

For power equipment:

Engine utilization factor = average amount of energy actually generated / maximum possible engine power.

The most important equipment statistics.

Energy and production equipment are the most active part of production fixed assets in all sectors of the agricultural sector. Energy - equipment, the main function of which is the production of various types of energy (thermal, mechanical, electrical) and the conversion of one type of energy into another. Production equipment is the tools with which workers directly influence the object of labor.

Production and energy equipment is very diverse in design, purpose and many other characteristics.

Groups of power equipment, taking into account the different roles of its individual types in the energy supply of production:

1. Steam boilers.

Engines:

1. Primary. Convert the potential energy of natural forces into mechanical energy.

   According to the types of energy used, they are divided into:

   1. thermal (steam and internal combustion)

Secondary. Convert one type of energy to another.

Electric generators. Convert mechanical and other types of energy into electrical energy.

Electrical devices. They affect objects of labor (welding machines, electric furnaces, electric dryers, etc.)

Transformers and current converters (rectifiers, umformers).

Production equipment is divided

by the method of influence on the object of labor: mechanical, thermal and chemical.

by the nature of its application: cross-industry application and specialized for specific industries.

by specialization: universal and special.

according to the degree of automation: machines without a forced connection of the working body with the subject of labor, machines with a forced connection of the working body with the subject of labor, with automated supply of material and automated removal of the finished product - automatic machines.

according to the degree of technical excellence: modern, technically advanced equipment; equipment requiring modernization; outdated equipment, the modernization of which is not practical.

according to other characteristics (age, place of manufacture).

The availability of equipment is characterized by its numbers.

Available equipment

installed equipment

1. actually working

   simple

   in scheduled repairs

   backup

uninstalled equipment

1. to be installed

   unnecessary

   unusable (to be written off)

Cash - all equipment listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Installed - equipment put into operation. Reserve - serviceable equipment included in the technological or other type of reserve on the basis of the relevant document. Equipment in idle mode is inoperative for all reasons, including being awaiting repair and undergoing emergency repairs. Actually working - all used pieces of equipment, regardless of the duration of their operation during the observed period.

By comparing the number of units of actually operating equipment with the number of units of installed or available equipment, equipment fleet utilization rates are obtained.

Based on the operating mode, a distinction is made between continuous and intermittent equipment. Shift coefficient is an indicator characterizing the use of equipment based on the average number of work shifts per day.

K cm = number of shifts worked by all pieces of equipment

number of machine days worked

By comparing the shift coefficient with the number of shifts of the enterprise according to the established operating mode, we obtain the shift mode utilization coefficient.

An important characteristic of the availability of power equipment is its power. The effective maximum continuous power is indicated in the passport and characterizes the maximum power that can be obtained on the working shaft of the engine and used for a long time without the threat of equipment failure due to overload. Based on data on the energy actually produced by the engine, the average actual power is determined. (If an electric generator with a nameplate power of 100 kW produced 1600 kWh of electricity in 200 hours of operation, then its average actual power = 1600:200 = 80 kW).

Engine power utilization factor = average actual engine power: its effective maximum continuous power. (80:100=0.8).

The total power of power equipment of enterprises determines the energy potential. Mpr = M pd + M em + M ea, where Mpr is the power serving the production process, M pd is the power of the primary engines directly servicing the working machines, M em is the power of the electric motors driving the working machines, M ea is the power of electrical devices.

The use of equipment can also be characterized by time:

Calendar time fund - time of weekends, holidays and breaks between shifts = regime time fund.

Regime fund of time - reserve time = available fund of time.

Available time fund - time for planned repairs = planned time fund.

Planned time fund - time unnecessary to complete the production program = time of equipment participation in the production process.

Time of equipment participation in the production process = machine time (actually worked time + preparatory-final and auxiliary time).

Equipment utilization rate by time = time of equipment participation in the production process or actual time worked: time fund taken as the basis for comparison (calendar, routine or planned).

Indicators of equipment use by time and by power make it possible to obtain a general indicator of equipment use by the volume of work performed by multiplying the coefficients of equipment use by power and by time.

Of - the actual amount of useful work produced

Tf - time of actual operation of the equipment

Mt - nameplate productivity of the equipment

Tk - calendar fund of time

A general characteristic of the production capabilities of an enterprise is the production capacity indicator - the maximum possible volume of products that can be produced by the enterprise during a certain period of time.

The average annual power is determined by the formula:

,?=H

- average annual capacity, Mn - capacity at the beginning of the reporting year, Mvv - capacities commissioned during the reporting period, Mvyb - capacities retired in the reporting year, Ch1 - number of months remaining from the moment of commissioning of power until the end of the year, Ch2 - number months remaining until the end of the year from the date of disposal of capacity, 12 - the number of months in the year.

Production capacity utilization factor is the ratio of the actual volume of production produced to the average annual capacity.

Topic No. 7: Enterprise product statistics

TO category:

Technical operation of vehicles

Types of main equipment and their brief characteristics

During vehicle maintenance and repair, about 40-50% of all work (in terms of labor intensity) is performed from below and 15-20% of work is performed from the side of the car. To ensure proper access to units and parts located below and on the side of the vehicle, as well as to create the necessary convenience for workers, various lifting, inspection and handling equipment is used.

All types of equipment used for these purposes can be divided into the following groups:
1) inspection ditches;
2) overpasses;
3) track bridges;
4) lifts and jacks;
5) lift-tilters;
6) handling equipment.

In addition to the listed types of equipment, special traction and transport equipment for production lines is also used.

When choosing equipment for posts and lines, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the equipment used contributes to increasing labor productivity and improving the quality of work performed with its help, improves production standards and complies with safety requirements and sanitary rules. It is also necessary to check the economic efficiency of the introduction of mechanization of work.

Rice. 1. Types of inspection devices: a - stands; b - inter-track inspection ditch with internal flanges; c - inter-track inspection ditch with external flanges; d - wide type ditch: d - flangeless inspection ditch; e - side ditch; g - track bridge, h - hydraulic lift

Inspection ditches, depending on the width of the working space, are divided into two groups: inter-track ditches, in which the width of the working space does not exceed the distance between the inner lateral surfaces of the front wheels of the car (Fig. 1, b), and wide-type ditches, in which the width of the working space is equal to or greater than the overall width of the car (Fig. 1, d).

A special place is occupied by the so-called side ditches, which provide access to vehicle parts and assemblies located on the side (Fig. 1, e).

Inspection ditches can be either dead-end or direct-flow. When a car enters and exits a dead-end ditch, forward and reverse movements are used, and on a direct-flow ditch, cars move only in forward gear.

To secure the vehicle in the longitudinal direction, the dead-end ditches have a limiting stop. Fixing the vehicle in all types of ditches in the transverse direction is carried out by flanges located on both sides along the ditch. The height of the flanges is usually taken to be 0.15-0.20 m. When the flanges are located outside the vehicle track, the width of the working space of the ditch increases significantly (Fig. 1, c). However, such a ditch loses its universal properties and can only be used for one brand of car. It is inconvenient to remove and install wheels in such a ditch.

Rice. 2. Schemes of dead-end and washing ditches: a - trench; b - washing

The dimensions of the inter-track ditches are determined by the dimensions of the vehicle. Typically, the width of the working space of a universal ditch is taken to be 0.9-1.1 m, the depth (from the floor level of the room) is 1.3-1.4 m, the length (for a single car) is 0.5-0.8 m more than the overall car length.

When three or more ditches are located in parallel, they are connected by a trench (Fig. 2). When the ditches are located in a dead-end direction, wide open trenches are used (for placing equipment in them), and when the ditches are located in a direct-flow direction, closed trenches (tunnels) 1.8-2 m wide and 1-2 m deep are used. Open trenches must have a metal protective fence with a height of at least 0 .9 m.

In Fig. 2, b shows a diagram of a track bridge, providing good access to the lower and side parts of the car. Such track bridges are usually used at car wash stations.

Inter-track ditches, despite the simplicity of their design, are inconvenient for work, since they have limited working space and difficult access to parts and assemblies located on the side of the car. For work related to hanging wheels, removing and installing springs and axles, ditches are equipped with lifting devices and stands. In addition, proper sanitary and hygienic working conditions for workers are not provided in the inter-track ditches (insufficient natural air exchange and illumination of the workplace; it is also difficult to maintain proper cleanliness of the workplace). Modernization of inter-track ditches by widening the lower part and installing steps along the entire length does not eliminate their main disadvantages.

Rice. 3. Wide ditch of NIIAT design; 1 - hose for distributing grease; 2 - hose for distributing nigrol; 3 - hose for distributing engine oil; 4 - air distribution hose; 5 - carts for hanging a car

A wide-type inspection ditch (NIIAT design) with the vehicle suspended on special trolleys mounted on a rail track is convenient for servicing various brands of cars and does not have the disadvantages inherent in an inter-track ditch. The relatively limited use of these ditches is explained by the fact that they are complex in design and occupy a large area of ​​production premises. It is inconvenient to remove and install car springs and axles in these ditches.

Rice. 4. Inspection ditch of the Giproavtotrans design: 1, 10 - rear bogie; 2 - niche for tools; 3 - guide flange; 4 - divider for directing the front wheels; 5 - entry ramp; 6 - horizontal section; 7 - ventilation duct; 8 - guide channel for moving the trolley; 9-15 - hydraulic jacks of the front and rear bogies; 11 - pneumatic motor of the hydraulic pump; 12 - drain funnel for oil; 13 - stand for the front axle beam; 14 - front bogie; 16 - ladder grid; 17 - limiter; 18- front axle beam; 19 - trolley roller

In Fig. Figure 4 shows a flangeless inspection ditch designed by Giproavtotrans. In this ditch, the axles and wheels of the car are suspended using roller carts with hydraulic lifts attached to them. This design makes it possible to increase the width of the working space of the ditch (compared to the inter-track) and provides more convenient access to parts and assemblies located below the vehicle.

The disadvantages of a flangeless ditch are the inconvenience of removing and installing springs and axles and difficult access to parts and assemblies located on the side of the car.

To improve sanitary and hygienic working conditions, inspection ditches are equipped with spotlights, articulated lamps, portable lamps or fluorescent lamps. The walls of the ditches are lined with glazed or metlakh tiles. The floor of the ditch must be waterproof with a slope of 1.5-3.0 towards the drain. Wooden grates are installed on the floor. To remove exhaust gases when adjusting the engine, the ditches are equipped with exhaust manifolds, to which car mufflers are connected with flexible hoses. Compressed air is supplied to each post.

Rice. 5. Scheme of overpasses used in premises: a - with internal entrance; b - with external entrance: 1 - workshop floor level; 2 -. outer inclined part of the overpass

To heat and ventilate the ditches, they install special channels through which heated air circulates, or install steam or water heating radiators.

Dead-end and straight-through overpasses are used. Their main advantages are ease of manufacture and convenience when performing work on the side and bottom of the car. The disadvantage of overpasses is the large area occupied by inclined ramps for entry and exit, and the inconvenience of hanging wheels.

For maintenance and repair of vehicles indoors, overpasses are used, the diagrams of which are shown in Fig. 168. Such overpasses do not occupy a large area, provide easy access to the mechanisms and components of the vehicle, and also create good conditions for workers. Their disadvantage is the inconvenience of hanging the wheels.

Lifts and jacks. Hydraulic, pneumatic-hydraulic and mechanical lifts are widely used in motor transport enterprises.

Rice. 6. Diagram of a single-plunger hydraulic lift: 1- oil tank; 2- drain pipe; 3- bypass valve; 4 - three-way valve; 5 - pressure gauge fitting; 6 - oil pump; 7- electric motor; 8 - suction pipe with filter; 9 - lift body; 10 - guide cylinder; 11 - plunger; 12 - oil seal; 13 - platform; 14 - pickup

In Fig. Figure 6 shows the device of the single-plunger hydraulic lift GARO model 412M. This lift is designed for lifting cars weighing up to 4 tons. The lift plunger rotates 360°, which greatly facilitates entry and exit from the lift, as well as convenient positioning of the car in relation to side lighting. The lift plunger can be stopped at any height when the pump is turned off.

The maximum lifting height of the plunger is 1500 mm. When this height is reached, the pump turns off automatically. The duration of raising the plunger to full height is 45 seconds, the duration of lowering is 30 seconds. The working pressure of the lift pump is 7.5 kg/cm2, the maximum pressure is up to 13 kg/cm2. The hydraulic lift pump is driven by an AC electric motor with a power of 4.5 kW. To fill the pump, use mineral oil with a viscosity of 1.8-3.3 ° E at 50 ° C. Oil tank capacity 230 l. The lift is equipped with a safety device (supports hinged on both sides to the lift platform).

To lift cars weighing up to 8 tons, use the GARO model 410M double-plunger lift. It is an installation consisting of two 4 t lifts mounted at a distance of 4100 mm from each other. This lift design provides good access to all elements of the power transmission and chassis of the vehicle. This lift can be used to service vehicles with a wheelbase from 3290 to 4900 mm. The capacity of the hydraulic system has been increased in the lift. Therefore, the plunger is raised to its full height in 1.5 minutes, and lowered in 30 seconds. Oil tank capacity 375 l, hydraulic system capacity 575 l. To lift passenger cars GAZ -21 Volga, Moskvich 408 and their modifications, GARO enterprises produce a two-post electromechanical lift model 463M. Its load capacity is 2000 kg, the maximum lifting height is 1500 mm; the duration of the rise to full height is 1.5 minutes. Drive motor power 2.8 kW.

Rice. 7. Hydraulic lift model 434A: a - general view; b - installed in an inspection ditch; 1- cylinder; 2 - guide; 3 - emphasis; 4 - carriage; 5 - skating rink; 6 - rolling pin; 7 - safety pin; 8 - rod; 9 - pickup; 10 - sleeve; 11 - guide; 12 - tap

To lift vehicles weighing up to 3 g (when installed under the front or rear axle), use a hydraulic garage jack (model 414). Maximum lift height 560 mm, minimum lift height 100 mm, length with raised handle 1670 mm, weight 156 g.

Rice. 8. Electromechanical tipper: 1 - stand assembly; 2 - lifting frame; 3- wheel clamps; 4 - control panel; 5 - exit ramp

The GARO lift model 434A is installed on a standard narrow-type inspection ditch (1100 mm wide) and is designed to lift the front or rear axles of a vehicle, as well as for removing and installing units during vehicle maintenance and repair. The lift is mounted on a trolley, which moves along guide channels embedded in the upper part of the ditch. A hydraulic cylinder with a double-acting hand pump also moves transversely along the tubular frame of the trolley, one of the pipes of which serves as a reservoir for hydraulic fluid. The lifting capacity is 4000 kg, the maximum plunger stroke is 600 mm.

Pneumohydraulic lifts powered by a compressor are also used. The function of the pump in them is performed by compressed air. Under pressure from compressed air, oil is forced into the lift cylinder and lifts the plunger. The lifts are controlled by an air valve connected to the compressor and the atmosphere.

Rice. 9. Hoist: a - manual; b- hoist: 1- electric motor; 2 - button control

To lift the front or rear axles of a car, mobile hydraulic jacks GARO model 426M with a load capacity of 6000 kg and model 444M with a load capacity of 2500 kg are also widely used. These jacks provide lifting to a height of 555-600 mm.

To check the technical condition of the units and mechanisms of the car located below, to weld or touch up the body and apply an anti-corrosion coating, lift-tilters are used.

The GARO electromechanical tipper allows you to tilt the car at different angles up to 60°. The tipper consists of a stand, a lifting frame, wheel clamps and a control panel,

The lifting mechanism of the tipper consists of an electric motor with a power of 2.8 kW at 1420 rpm, a single-stage worm gearbox, a silent clutch, a free-hanging screw and a nut secured against rotation in the carriage axis. When the vehicle is tilted at an angle of more than 40 °C, the battery and air filter must be removed to prevent electrolyte and oil from overflowing.

Lifting and transport equipment. To make workers' labor easier and more convenient to perform work at dead-end posts and production lines, when removing and installing units, as well as transporting them to production and auxiliary departments, suspended monorail tracks (monorails) with manual hoists or electric hoists, beam cranes, and mobile cranes are used various types and lifting trolleys.

The most widely used are monorails with electric hoists and a load capacity of 0.25-1 g and suspended crane beams with a load capacity of 1-3 tons.

In some cases, when working with heavy-duty diesel vehicles, overhead cranes are used. Overall and structural dimensions of monorails and crane beams are standardized. When using them, the required height of the room from the floor to the protruding ceiling elements should be selected from the conditions of ease of removal and installation of vehicle components and the overall dimensions of lifting and transport equipment. When installing monorails, the rails of the overhead track are installed with a slope of no more than 0.01; the smallest radius of curvature of the rail track is 1.5 m. The suspension of the rail track to the structures of coatings or interfloor ceilings of buildings is carried out using rigid or hinged connections. In this case, it is necessary to ensure reliable fastening of the overhead track rail.

In Fig. Figure 10 shows the GARO model 423M mobile hydraulic jib crane, which is designed for disassembly and assembly work during vehicle maintenance and repair. The crane consists of a U-shaped frame mounted on four wheels, a vertical stand on which the boom is hinged, and a manual hydraulic pump.

Rice. 10. Hydraulic cantilever mobile crane: 1 - shaped frame; 2 - pump; 3 - stand; 4 - pump drive lever; 5 - working cylinder; 6 - cylinder rod

Rice. 11. Trolleys; a - for transportation of engines; b - for removing, installing and transporting gearboxes; in - for transportation of rear axles; d, e - for removing, installing and transporting rear axle gearboxes

Engines and other vehicle components are transported on special or universal trolleys. Heavy units at operational repair stations are removed and installed using rollers, monorails with electric hoists, portal cranes and other devices.

Dismantling of car engines and assemblies is carried out on universal or specialized stands.

Auxiliary equipment. To perform work on pressing and pressing bushings, liners, bearings, straightening shafts, front axle beam and other work, a stationary hydraulic press with a maximum working force of 20 tons is used.

For straightening and bending large parts, as well as for pressing, pressing and stamping of various parts, a 40-ton hydraulic press is used, which has two pumps - with manual and electric drives. Small pressing work is performed on a bench rack and eccentric press.

Rice. 12. Stands: a - simplified, for disassembling and assembling rear axle engines; b - for disassembling and assembling engines; c, d - universal, for disassembling and assembling rear axles

To remove bearings, gears and other parts, universal and special pullers are used. Their use increases worker productivity and also ensures the safety of parts during disassembly.