Friedkin practical guide to musical literacy. A practical guide to musical literacy

A practical guide to musical literacy. G. Friedkin

M.: State. music published, 1962. - 291 p.

All topics of the musical literacy course in this manual are presented according to the following principle: first, a brief theoretical formulation is given, followed by a sheet music table or diagram, which are accompanied by sheet music examples; Each topic ends with sample tasks.

A distinctive feature of this manual is the absence of extensive explanations and maximum clarity.

As a supplement to this publication, a dictionary with brief explanations of musical terms found in the text of this manual is attached.

Format: djvu/zip

Size: 4.0 8 MB

Download: 03/02/2017 The download link has been removed at the request of the publishing house "Music".

CONTENT
Preface 3
1. Names of sounds... ... 5
2. Octave names... ... 6
3. Placing notes on the staff... 8
4. Treble clef 9
5. Musical notation for the duration of sounds 11
6. Size 2/4 ... . 13
7. Eighth notes in two-beat time. . 15
8. Recording a song with and without words 17
9. Major and minor. Tonic... 19*
10. C major scale 21
11. Tonic triad... 23
12. Introductory sounds. . 25
13. Semitone and tone... ... 26
14. Sharp, flat, becar... 27
15. Key and non-key alteration signs. . 29
16. Key of G major... .32
17. Key of F major.... 34
18. Transposition. . .... 36
19. Pause. . . . 37
20. Musical phrase. . . 39
21. Reprise. . 41
22. Bass clef 43
23. Key of A minor 45
24. Key of E minor 46
25. Key of D minor. 49
26. Size 3/4 50
27 Size 3/8 53
28. Zatakt 54
29. Key of D major 57
Z0. League. 59
31. Quarter with a dot in two-beat time. .61
32. Fermata 63
33. Intervals 64
34. The main steps of the mode and their names. .67
35. Stable and unstable sounds of harmony... 69
36. size 4/4 71
37. Three types of minor mode 75
38. Key of B minor 79
39. Major and minor seconds...... 81
40. Seconds in a major mode 82
41. Major and minor thirds 83
42. Terzin in major mode 84
43. Major and minor triads... .86
44. Clean fifths in a major mode 87
45. Clean fourths in a major mode.... 88
46. Key of B-flat major 90
47. On the Key of G minor. 92
48. Tritones in a major mode 95
49. Seconds in harmonic minor 96
50. Thirds in harmonic minor 97
51. Main triads of major and harmonic minor 98
52. Names of the lower, middle and upper sounds of the triad 100
53. Sixteenth notes 101
54. Dotted rhythm with sixteenth notes - - . - 104
55. Key of A major 108
56. Key of F sharp minor 110
57. Key of E-flat major. ..... 112
58. Key of C minor 114
59. Major and minor sixths 116
60. |Sexts in major mode 118
61. Inversions of triads 119
62. Major and minor sevenths 122
63. Sevenths in major mode 123
64. Interval inversions 125
65. Domnnantsept chord 126
66. Key of E major 129
67. Key of C-sharp minor. .... 131
68. Key of A-flat major 133
69. Key of F minor 135
70. Size 6/8... . 137
71. Triplet 139
72. Key of B major 141
73. Double-sharp 142
74. Key of G-sharp minor 143
75. Key of D-flat major 146
76. Key of B-flat minor 147
77. Double-flat. . . . 149
76. Harmonic major 150
79. Table of intervals within octave 151
80. Variable mode. 154
81. Stable and unstable intervals in harmony. 156
82. Fret resolution of intervals.... 158
83. Resolution of subdominant and dominant triads and their inversions 159
84. Introductory seventh chords.... ... 160
85. Tables of major and minor keys. 162
86. Tetrachords 165
87. Enharmonically equal tonality. . 167
88. Letter designation of sounds and tones 169
89. Circle of fifths major keys 171
90. General circle of fifths for major and parallel minor keys*. 172
91. Keys of the same name. .... 175
92. Inversions of dominant seventh chord 177
93. Construction of inversions of a dominant seventh chord from a given sound 179
94. Syncopation... 180
95. Fourths in harmonic minor. . . 182
96. Fifths in harmonic minor. . . . 184
97. Connections of main triads 185
98. Chord sequence from main triads 187
99. Accompanying the melody with main triads 189
100. Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor 196
101. Enharmonically equal intervals 198
102. Consonant and dissonant intervals. 200
103. Compound intervals. .. 202
104. Characteristic intervals and tritones in harmonic major 203-
105. Sequences. . . . 204
106. Diminished and augmented triads. 20T
107. Constructing chords from a given sound. . 209
108. Chromatic scale 210
109. Related keys 214
110. Modulations into related keys. 215
111. Cadences. . . . 217
112. Period... 220
113. Modes of folk music. ... 223>
114. Melismas.... ... ... 227
115. Designations of dynamic shades. 231
116. Italian designations of tempo and character of performance 232
Tasks for repetition (for students of children's music schools with a five-year period of study) 235
Revision tasks (main course). . 252
A brief dictionary of musical terms.... 272

A manual for students of children's music schools and evening schools of general music education

Moscow Musical Publishing House 1962

CONTENT

Preface
1. Names of sounds
2. Octave names
3. Placing notes on the staff
4. Treble clef
5. Musical notation for the duration of sounds
6. Size 2/4
7. Eighth notes in two beats
8. Recording a song with and without words
9. Major and minor. Tonic
10. C major scale
11. Tonic triad
12. Introductory sounds
13. Semitone and tone
14. Sharp, flat, becar
15. Key and non-key accidentals
16. Key of G major
17. Key of F major
18. Transposition
19. Pause
20. Musical phrase
21. Reprise
22. Bass clef
23. Key of A minor
24. Key of E minor
25. Key of D minor
26. Size?
27. Size 3/8
28. Zatakt
29. Key of D major
30. League
31. Quarter with a dot in double time signature
32. Fermata
33. Intervals
34. The main steps of the mode and their names
35. Stable and unstable fret sounds
36. Size 4/4
37. Three types of minor mode
38. Key of B minor
39. Major and minor seconds
40. Seconds in a major scale
41. Major and minor thirds
42. Thirds in a major mode
43. Major and minor triads
44. Clean fifths in a major mode
45. Clean fourths in a major mode
46. Key of B-flat major
47. Key of G minor
48. Tritones in a major mode
49. Seconds in harmonic minor
50. Thirds in harmonic minor
51. Main triads of major and harmonic minor
52. Names of the lower, middle and upper sounds of the triad
53. Sixteenths
54. Dotted rhythm with sixteenth notes
55. Key of A major
56. Key of F sharp minor
57. Key of E flat major
58. Key of C minor
59. Major and minor sixths
60. Sexts in a major mode
61. Inversions of triads
62. Major and minor sevenths
63. Sevenths in a major mode
64. Interval Reversals
65. Dominant seventh chord
66. Key of E major
67. Key of C-sharp minor
68. Key of A-flat major
69. Key of F minor
70. Size 6/8
71. Triplet
72. Key of B major
73. Double-sharp
74. Key of G-sharp minor
75. Key of D-flat major
76. Key of B-flat minor
77. Double-flat
78. Harmonic major
79. Table of intervals within an octave
80. Variable fret
81. Stable and unstable intervals in harmony
82. Fret resolution of intervals
83. Resolution of subdominant and dominant triads and their inversions
84. Opening seventh chords
85. Tables of major and minor keys
86. Tetrachords
87. Enharmonically equal keys
88. Letter designation of sounds and tones
89. Circle of fifths in major keys
90. General circle of fifths of major and parallel minor keys
91. Keys of the same name
92. Inversions of the dominant seventh chord
93. Construction of inversions of dominant seventh chords from a given sound
94. Syncopation
95. Fourths in harmonic minor
96. Fifths in harmonic minor
97. Connections of main triads
98. Chord sequence from main triads
99. Accompanying the melody with main triads
100. Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor
101. Enharmonically equal intervals
102. Consonant and dissonant intervals
103. Compound Intervals
104. Characteristic intervals and tritones in harmonic major
105. Sequences
106. Diminished and augmented triads
107. Building chords from a given sound
108. Chromatic scale
109. Related keys
110. Modulations into related keys
111. Cadences
112. Period
113. Modes of folk music
114. Melismas
115. Designations of dynamic shades
116. Italian designations for tempo and character of performance
Revision tasks (for students of children's music schools with a five-year period of study)
Revision assignments (main course)
A brief dictionary of musical terms

The peculiarity of this manual is the absence of massive comments and explanations with maximum clarity.

This feature leaves its mark on the organization of the textbook. All its topics are covered according to a unique scheme:

Capacious theoretical formulation.
A sheet music chart or table that is accompanied by music illustrations.
Sample tasks.

The order of presentation of the topics of the manual corresponds to the established practice of educational work in Children's Music School. Final test assignments to consolidate the completed course are given in two versions:

For an abbreviated course in musical literacy
For the music literacy course in full

This edition includes a brief dictionary of special musical terms found on the pages of the book. Collections of musical dictations are recommended as additional material for G. Friedkin’s “Practical Guide”.

Names of sounds do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si

Octave names

Placing notes on a staff

Treble clef

Musical notation for the duration of sounds

Size 2/4

Eighth notes in double time

Recording a song with and without words

Major and minor. Tonic

C major scale

Tonic triad

Introductory sounds

Semitone and tone

Sharp, flat, becar

Key and non-key accidentals

Key of G major

Key of F major

Transposition

Musical phrase

Bass clef

Key of A minor

Key of E minor

Key of D minor

Size 3/4

Size 3/8

Key of D major

Quarter with a dot in bipartite time signature

Intervals

The main steps of the fret and their names

Stable and unstable fret sounds

Size 4/4

Three types of minor scale

Key of B minor

Major and minor seconds

Seconds in a major scale

Major and minor thirds

Thirds in a major mode

Major and minor triads

Perfect fifths in a major mode

Clean fourths in a major mode

Key of B flat major

Key of G minor

Tritones in major mode

Seconds in harmonic minor

Thirds in harmonic minor

Main triads of major and harmonic minor

Names of the lower, middle and upper sounds of the triad

Sixteenth

Dotted rhythm with sixteenth notes

Key of A major

Key of F sharp minor

Key of E-flat major

Key of C minor

Major and minor sixths

Sexts in major mode

Inversions of triads

Major and minor sevenths

Sevenths in a major mode

Interval Reversals

Dominant seventh chord

Key of E major

Key of C-sharp minor

Key of A-flat major

Key of F minor

Size 6/8

Key of B major

Double-sharp

Key of G-sharp minor

Key of D-flat major

Key of B-flat minor

Double-flat

Harmonic major

Table of intervals within an octave

Variable mode

Stable and unstable intervals in harmony

Fret resolution of intervals

Resolution of subdominant and dominant triads and their inversions

Introductory seventh chords

Tables of major and minor keys

Tetrachords

Enharmonically equal tonalities

Letter designation of sounds and tones

Circle of fifths in major keys

General circle of fifths for major and parallel minor keys

Keys of the same name

Inversions of the dominant seventh chord

Construction of inversions of the dominant seventh chord from a given sound

Fourths in harmonic minor

Fifths in harmonic minor

Connections of major triads

Chord progression from major triads

Accompanying the melody with main triads

Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor

Enharmonically equal intervals

Consonant and dissonant intervals

Compound Intervals

Characteristic intervals and tritones in harmonic major

Sequences

Diminished and augmented triads

Building chords from a given sound

Chromatic scale

Related keys

Modulations into related keys

Cadences

Modes of folk music

Dynamic shade symbols

Italian designations for tempo and character of performance

Revision tasks (for students of children's music schools with a five-year period of study)

Revision assignments (main course)

A brief dictionary of musical terms

A practical guide to musical literacy. G. Friedkin

M.: State. music published, 1962. - 291 p.

A distinctive feature of this manual is the absence of extensive explanations and maximum clarity.

As a supplement to this publication, a dictionary with brief explanations of musical terms found in the text of this manual is attached.

Format: djvu/zip

Size: 4.0 8 MB

Download: 03/02/2017 The download link has been removed at the request of the publishing house "Music".

CONTENT

Preface
1. Names of sounds
2. Octave names
3. Placing notes on the staff
4. Treble clef
5. Musical notation for the duration of sounds
6. Size 2/4
7. Eighth notes in two beats
8. Recording a song with words and without words
9. Major and minor. Tonic
10. C major scale
11. Tonic triad
12. Introductory sounds
13. Semitone and tone
14. Sharp, flat, becar
15. Key and non-key accidentals
16. Key of G major
17. Key of F major
18. Transposition
19. Pause
20. Musical phrase
21. Reprise
22. Bass clef
23. Key of A minor
24. Tonality mn mnior
25. Key of D minor
26. Size 3/4
27. Size 3/8
28. Zatakt
29. Key of D major
30. League
31. Quarter with a dot in double time signature
32. fermata
33. Intervals
34. The main steps of the mode and their names
35. Stable and unstable fret sounds
36. size 4/4
37. Three types of minor mode
38. Key of B minor
39. Major and minor seconds
40. Seconds in a major scale
41. Major and minor thirds..
42. Terzin in a major mode
43. Major and minor triads
44. Clean fifths in a major mode
45. Clean fourths in a major mode
46. Key of B-flat major
47. Key of G minor
48. Tritones in a major mode
49. Seconds in harmonic minor
50. Terzni in harmonic minor
51. Main triads of major and harmonic minor
52. Names of the lower, middle and upper sounds of the triad
53. Sixteenths
54. Dotted rhythm with sixteenth notes
55. Key of A major
56. Key of F-day minor
57. Key of M-flat major
58. Key to mnor
59. Major and minor sixths
60. Sexts in a major mode
61. Inversions of triads
62. Major and minor sevenths
63. Sevenths in a major mode
64. Interval inversions 125
65. Domnnantseptaccord 126
66. Key pl major 129
67. Key of C minor 131
68. Key of A-flat major. 133
69. Key of F minor 135
70. Size 6/8 137
71. Trioln 139
72. Key of c major 141
73. Double-day 142
74. Key of G-sharp minor 143
75. Key of D-flat major 146
76. Key of B-flat minor 147
77. Double-flat 149
78. Harmonic major 150
79. Table of intervals within octave 151
80. Variable fret 154
81. Stable and unstable intervals in harmony 156
82. Fret resolution of intervals 158
83. Resolution of subdominant and dominant triads and their inversions 159
84. Opening seventh chords 160
85. Tables of major and minor keys 162
86. Tetrachords 165
87. Enharmonically equal tonality 167
88. Letter combination of sounds and tones 169
89. Circle of fifths major keys 171
90. General circle of fifths of major and parallel minor keys" 172
91. Keys of the same name 175
92. Inversions of dominant seventh chord 177
93. Construction of inversions of dominant seventh chords from a given sound 179
94. Syncopation 180
95. Fourths in harmonic minor 182
96. Fifths in harmonic minor 184
97. Connections of main triads 185
98. Chord sequence from main triads 187
99. Accompanying the melody with main triads 189
100. Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor 196
101. Enharmonically equal intervals 198
102. Consonant and dissonant intervals 200
103. Compound Intervals 202
104. Characteristic intervals and tritones in harmonic major 203
105. Sequences 204
106. Diminished and enlarged triad 207
107. Building chords from a given sound 209
108. Chromatic scale 210
109. Related keys 214
110. Modulations into related keys 215
111. Cadences 217
112. Period 220
113. Modes of folk music 223
114. Melismas 227
115. Designations of dynamic shades 231
116. Italian designations of tempo and character of performance 232
Tasks for repetition (for students of children's music schools with a five-year period of study) 235
Revision tasks (main course) 252
A brief dictionary of musical terms 272

PREFACE
The proposed “Practical Guide to Musical Literacy” is intended for students of children's music schools and evening schools of general music education.
All topics of the musical literacy course in this manual are presented according to the following principle: first, a brief theoretical formulation is given, followed by a sheet music table or diagram, which are accompanied by sheet music examples; Each topic ends with sample tasks. Sometimes a diagram or table is not provided and the tasks are located after the theoretical formulation.
This is the first time that such a structure of individual themes of musical literacy has been proposed. A distinctive feature of this manual is the absence of extensive explanations and maximum clarity.
The order of presentation of the topics is fully consistent with the established (in relation to this subject) practice in music schools.
As you know, musical literacy and solfeggio in children's music schools are combined into one theoretical discipline. Therefore, all the musical samples given in the “Practical Guide” are taken mainly from vocal literature, selected in order of increasing difficulty and should be worked out as examples of the doshas of solfege. Additional material for this manual are collections of solfeggio and musical
dictations from which the teacher can take the necessary examples.
To repeat the completed course, at the end of the “Practical Guide” test tasks are given in two versions. The first option (an abbreviated course in musical literacy) is intended mainly for students in the departments of folk and wind instruments, as well as in evening schools of general music education. The second version of the test tasks is designed for those students who are taking the full musical literacy course.
As a supplement to this publication, a dictionary with brief explanations of musical terms found in the text of this manual is attached.
The “Practical Guide,” along with similar manuals on musical literacy, aims to prepare students for ■ taking a course in elementary music theory using currently generally accepted textbooks.
G. Friedkin

1. NAMES OF SOUNDS
DO, RE, MI, FA, SOL, A, SI
Names of white piano keys1.
1 In front of two black keys there is a white C key, in front of three black keys there is a white F key.
Tasks
1. Name the sounds in a row upward from do to the next do.
2. Name sounds in a row down from to to the next to.
3. Name sounds in a row upward from D to the next D.
4. Name sounds in a row down from D to the next D.
5. Name sounds in a row upward from mi to the next mi.
6. Name sounds in a row down from mi to the next mi.
7. Name sounds in a row upward from fa to the next fa.
8. Name sounds in a row down from fa to the next fa.
9. Name sounds in a row upward from G to the next G.
10. Name consecutive sounds down from G to the next G.
11. Name sounds in a row upward from A to the next A
12. Name sounds in a row down from A to the next A.
13. Name sounds in a row upward from si to the next si.
14. Name sounds in a row down from si to the next si.
15. Name the sounds up and down from do to the next do through one name.
16. Do the same for the sounds: re, mi, fa, salt, la, si.

2. OCTAVE NAMES
An octave is a group of sounds from C to each next C1.
1 In addition to this definition, the term “octave” has another meaning in music (om. topic 33).
The octave that is in the middle of the piano keyboard is called the first.
Octaves that are above (to the right) of the first octave are called: second octave, third octave, fourth octave.
Octaves that are lower (to the left) of the first are called: small octave, large octave, counter octave, subcontra octave.
Sounds of one octave on the piano:
The names of the octaves that are above (to the right) of the first octave:
h-
Tasks
1. Play all the sounds of the first octave on the piano.
2. Play all the sounds of the small octave on the piano.
3. Play all the sounds of the second octave on the piano.
4. Play the sounds in a small octave: sol, re, si, mi.
5. Play the sounds in the first octave: sol, do, fa, la.
6. Play the sounds in the second octave: mi, do, fa, re.
7. Find the following sounds on the piano: F of the small octave, C of the first octave, E of the second octave, A of the first octave, D of the large octave, B of the small octave, G of the first octave.

3. PLACEMENT OF NOTES ON THE STAFF
Notes are signs for recording music. A staff, or stave, is a line of five lines on which notes are placed. The staff lines are counted from bottom to top.
Notes on the staff lines:
Notes in the spaces between the staff lines:
Notes on additional lines below:
Notes on additional lines above:
Tasks
1. Determine on which lines or in which spaces the notes are placed:
2. Write down the following notes in the music notebook: on the fourth line, on the second, on the third, above the second, above the fourth, below the first, above the fifth, on the first additional from below, on the first additional from above.

4. Treble clef
A treble clef is a sign that indicates that the G sound of the first octave is written on the second line of the staff.
Treble clef, or G clef, on the staff:
Note G of the first octave in the treble clef:
Recording the sounds of the first octave in treble clef:
Exercise
In the following songs, read the names of the notes (without taking into account the durations):
Children's song "Cornflower"
Russian folk song "As at dawn"

5. NOTATION FOR THE DURATION OF SOUNDS
The duration of a sound is indicated by different types of notes.
White note without a stick, or a whole note:
White note with a stick, or half note:
Black note with stick, or quarter note:
Black note with stick and tail, or eighth note:
The main division of sound duration:
Direction of note sticks on the staff to the third line:
The direction of the note sticks on the staff above the third line is:
Exercise
In the following songs, determine the duration of each note:
V. Zakharov. "Glory to the Soviet Power"

6. SIZE 2/4
The 2/4 time signature is a two-beat measure in which each beat lasts a quarter.
KOHETS FRAGMEHTA

BRIEF DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS

Accompaniment is instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
A chord is a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Accent is the forceful selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, accent is marked with special signs.
Alto - 1. Low female voice (in choir); 2. A bowed string instrument, similar in appearance to a violin, but slightly larger and lower in sound.
The alto clef is one of the types of C clefs. Placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that the note up to the first octave is on this line. Notes for the bowed viola are written in the alto 1 key.
Ensemble - playing or singing together (for example, duet, terzetto or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). An orchestra is also a type of ensemble.
Fingering is the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
An aria is a piece of music for voice accompanied by an orchestra, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio - playing the sounds of a chord not simultaneously, but sequentially, one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed in front of the chord.
Baritone 1. Average male voice. For baritone, for example, the roles of Ruslan in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera “Prince Igor” by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written.
2. A brass instrument that is part of a brass band.
Bass - 1. Low male voice. For bass, for example, the roles of Susanin in the opera “Ivan Susanin” by M. Glinka, Pimen in the opera “Boris Godunov” by M. Mussorgsky, Gremin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written.
2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
The bass clef is a sign that indicates that the note F of the small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Bekar (refusal) is a sign that cancels the effect of a sharp or flat.
Flat is a sign that lowers the sound by a semitone.
Variations are an instrumental work based on a song and dance theme. What follows is a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
Introductory sounds are the sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (VII and II degrees).
Enter seventh chords - seventh chords built on the VII degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the opening seventh chords are minor (if the seventh is minor) and diminished (if the seventh is minor).
The introductory tone is one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic of the mode, the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
Vocal music is music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, and choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta is a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a musical work with a different ending. Indicated by numbers
Gamma - sounds of a scale located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
A harmonic interval is an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major is a major with a lowered VI degree.
Harmonic minor is a minor with a raised VII degree.
Harmony - 1. One of the expressive means of music. Progressions of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main triads are triads built on the main steps of the mode: the tonic triad is on the 1st step, the dominant triad is on the 5th step and the subdominant triad is on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma) is a melodic figure of four notes. It is performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in measures - - distribution of notes into groups depending on the size of the measure.
Decima is an interval that contains ten steps (third through octave).
Range - the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest sounds of a given voice or instrument.
A diatonic scale is a scale in which not a single degree is repeated in a form modified through alteration.
Diatonic intervals are the intervals that are possible between the main degrees of diatonic modes (pure, major, minor and tritones).
Diatonic modes are modes without alteration, that is, without chromatic raising or lowering of degrees (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
Diatonic semitone - a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example mi - fa, do - re
Diatonic tone is a tone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example do - re, fa - sol.
Sharp (#) is a sign that raises the sound by a semitone.
Dynamic shades (nuances) - changes in sound volume during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor is the head of an orchestra or choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, and shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals are intervals that sound sharper, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant is the fifth degree of the mode.
A dominant triad is a triad built on the V scale degree.
Dominant seventh chord - a seventh chord, built on the 5th degree of the fret, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
The Dorian mode is a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor VI by a raised degree, which is called the Dorian sixth.
Double-flat (bb - double flat) is a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Double-sharp (double sharp) is a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet - 1. An ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
Zatakt is an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound is the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, strings, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
A scale is a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual modes, instruments or human voices, any musical works or their excerpts.
Alteration marks are signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five alteration signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Abbreviation signs for musical notation are signs by which musical notation is simplified. The most common are: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation - imitation; conducting a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody sequentially in two or more voices.
Instrumental music is music for performance on musical instruments.
An interval is a combination of two sounds taken sequentially or simultaneously. The bottom sound of an interval is called its base, the top sound is its top.
Cadence is the conclusion of a musical thought.
The cadence is complete perfect - the end of the construction on the tonic prime in the melody.
Complete imperfect cadence - the end of the construction on the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Half cadence - a stop in the middle of the construction on an unstable sound of the scale, most often on one of the sounds of the dominant triad.
Canon is a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata is a musical work for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
The qualitative (or tonal) value of intervals is the number of tones or semitones contained in an interval.
A fourth is an interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clear quart is indicated by part 4.
Quartdecima is an interval that contains fourteen steps (a seventh through an octave).
Quartet - 1. An ensemble of four singers or performers on musical instruments. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
A quartsex chord is the second inversion of a triad, with the fifth down.
A fifth is an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A perfect fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima is an interval that contains fifteen steps (octave after octave). Quintdecima is indicated by part 15.
The circle of fifths is a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in perfect fifths.
Quintole - a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintesext chord - the first inversion of a seventh chord with a third at the bottom, designated 65.
Clavier - arrangement of an opera or symphonic score for performance on the piano (or for singing with the piano).
A key is a sign that determines where a sound is recorded on the staff and, depending on it, all other sounds.
Key signs are alteration signs displayed next to the key.
Coda is the final part of a musical work (completes it as a whole).
The quantitative (or step) value of intervals is the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals are intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances are consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure fourth.
Imperfect consonances are consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: major and minor thirds, major and minor sixths.
A concert is a major work for a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra.
Mode is the organization of musical sounds around a reference sound called the tonic.
Modal resolution of intervals - the transition of unstable sounds of an interval into the nearest stable sounds of a mode.
The Lydian mode is a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural major IV by a raised degree, which is called the Lydian quart.
A major mode is a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a major triad.
A major triad is a triad that consists of a major and minor third or a major third and a perfect fifth.
A small introductory seventh chord is a seventh chord built on the VII degree of the natural major scale. Consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh or two minor thirds and a major third.
Melismas are melodic figures that decorate individual sounds of a melody.
A melodic interval is an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
Melodic minor is a minor in which the VI and VII degrees are raised.
Melody is a musical thought expressed in one voice, a one-voice melody.
Meter is a uniform alternation of accents in music.
A metronome is a device for accurately determining tempo.
Mezzo-soprano is a low female voice. The roles of Carmen in the opera “Carmen” by J. Bizet, Marfa in the opera “Khovanshchina” by M. Mussorgsky and others were written for mezzo-soprano.
The Mixolydian mode is a special mode that is found in folk music. Differs from natural major VII by a lowered degree, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
A minor scale is a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a minor triad.
A minor triad is a triad that consists of a minor and a major third or a minor third and a perfect fifth.
Modulation is a transition from one key to another.
Mordent (melism) is a melodic figure of three notes. It is performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is placed, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
Musical scale - all sounds used in music, arranged in height.
Natural major is a major scale in which the degrees are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale is: tone - -tone - semitone - tone - tone - tone - semitone.
Natural minor - a minor in which the degrees are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key alterations - see random alterations.
Unstable intervals in harmony are intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona is an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). A nona is called major if it consists of seven tones. A nona is called minor if it consists of six and a half tones.
A note is a sign by which the pitch and duration of a sound are recorded.
The staff is the five horizontal parallel lines on which the notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff - see staff.
Nuances - see dynamic shades.
Overtones are overtones that accompany the main sound. All overtones, when sounded, form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the fundamental tone): pure octave, pure fifth, pure fourth, major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( major) triad and are of great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Inverting intervals - moving the bottom sound of an interval up an octave or the top sound down an octave. The result is another interval, which, when added to the original, equals an octave
An inversion of a seventh chord is a type of seventh chord in which the bottom sound is the third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Inversion of triads is a type of triad in which the lower sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name are major and minor keys that have the same tonics (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave - 1. An interval that contains six tones. The pure octave is designated by part 8. 2. One of the groups of sounds (from do to each next do), into which the entire musical scale is divided.
An octet is a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera is one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other forms of art (ballet, painting).
Oratorio - a piece of music for choir, orchestra! and solo singers (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
The organ is a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
An orchestra is a group of performers on musical instruments, organized to perform music together.
The main divisions of the duration of sounds are dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to the next two shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc. .).
"Special types of rhythmic division are the division of durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from dividing into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed and etc.).
Parallel keys are major and minor keys that have the same key signs. The parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major key.
A score is a musical notation of all the voices of a musical work (for an orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate line of music is allocated for each voice or instrument.
Part - 1. A voice in the score, performed by one of the ensemble members (or several participants in unison). 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
A pause is a sign of silence.
Pentatonic scale is a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without IV and VII degrees in natural major and without II and VI degrees in natural minor).
An alternating mode is a mode in which there are two tonics. Most often, the tonics of an alternating mode are triads of a major and a minor parallel to it, or vice versa. There are also other types of alternating fret.
(Change sizes are sizes in which the number of beats changes throughout the entire work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs - “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh yes you, Kalinushka”.
Songs are the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony - 1. Polyphonic music with an independent meaning for each voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
A semitone is the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude - an introductory piece before the main presentation of a musical work. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima is an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. Prima is called pure if it has zero tones.
Simple intervals are intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
Simple sizes are two- and three-beat sizes, having two or three beats with one accent.
Five-step scale - see pentatonic scale.
Measure size - numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation; they determine the structure of the beat. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register is a part of sounds united by some characteristic, mainly timbre. Each voice or instrument has three registers: high, middle and low.
Reprise is a sign of repetition of some part of a musical work.
Recitative is a musical recitation that represents something intermediate between spoken language and singing, as if chanting.
Rhythm is an organized sequence of sound durations in a piece of music.
Related tonalities are tonalities that have the greatest number of common sounds. Related tonalities include: parallel tonality, dominant tonality and its parallel, subdominant tonality and its parallel.
Romance is a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic nature.
Rondo is a play based on one main theme that is repeated several times. Between repetitions of this main theme, other themes (episodes) are included.
Sequence is the repetition of any melodic or harmonic turn from different degrees of the scale or at a certain interval.
Sexta is an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called major if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is indicated by b. 6, minor sixth - m. 6.
A sixth chord is the first inversion of a triad with a third at the bottom, indicated by the number 6.
A sextet is a musical ensemble of six performers.
A second is an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a great second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is designated b. 2, small second - m. 2.
A second chord is the third inversion of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
A seventh chord is a chord of four sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
A septet is a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Septima is an interval that contains seven steps. A seventh is called major if it consists of five and a half tones. A septima is called minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is designated b. 7, minor seventh - m. 7.
A symphony is an orchestral piece of music consisting of several movements (usually four).
The development of the symphony is based on the principles of “sonata form”.
Syncopation is the movement of the beat emphasis from a strong beat to a weak one.
A scherzo is a piece of music, most often of a lively, playful nature. A scherzo can be an independent piece of music or part of another larger work.
The treble clef is a conventional sign that indicates that the G note of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions - dimensions formed from the merging of two or more identical simple dimensions
Random accidentals are accidentals placed immediately before a note.
Mixed sizes are sizes that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo - performance of a work (or part of it) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio is a special activity that promotes the development of musical ear.
Somata is a large instrumental work consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
Sonata allegro is a form of musical work consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, presentation of thematic material; 2) development, in which the themes presented in the exhibition are further developed; 3) reprise, that is, a re-statement of the main themes with some changes.
Sonatina is a small sonata and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano is a high female voice. The roles of Tatiana in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Lisa in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for soprano.
Compound intervals are intervals wider than an octave.
Staccato - abrupt execution of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below the notes.
Degree - the name of each sound included in the musical scale, scale, mode. Indicated by a Roman numeral.
The subdominant is the fourth degree of the mode.
A subdominant triad is a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
A suite is a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, varied in content and built on the principle of contrast.
A beat is a segment of a piece of music from one strong beat to the next.
A bar line is a vertical line that separates bars from each other. The bar line is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre is the character of sound characteristic of a voice or instrument.
Tempered tuning is a tuning that divides each octave into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Tempo is the speed of music performance.
Tenor is a high male voice. The roles of Lensky in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Herman in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the tenor.
Tenor clef is a type of C clef. Placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that there is a note up to the first octave on this line. Notes are written in the tenor key for cello, bassoon, and trombone.
Tetrachord is a melodic sequence of four sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV degrees form the first or lower tetrachord, and V, VI VII, VIII degrees form the second or upper tetrachord.
T ertzdecima is an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sexta through an octave). A tercidecima is called major if it consists of twelve and a half tones. A tercidecima is called minor if it has twelve tones. The major tercidecma is designated
b. 13, minor third - m. 13.
Terzetto - a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal
A third is an interval that contains three steps. A third is called major if it consists of two tones. A third is called minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is designated b. 3, minor third m. 3
Third quarter chord - the second inversion of a seventh chord with a fifth at the bottom, designated z.
Key - pitch of the fret Each key is distinguished by its key accidental signs, which determine the composition of sounds.
The tonic is the first degree of the mode.
Tonic triad - a triad built on the first degree of a mode
Transposition is the transfer of a musical work or part of it from one key to another.
T resonance is a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma) is a uniform, rapid alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo - rapid repetition of the same sound or a sequence of several sounds.
A triplet is a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton is the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritones include an augmented fourth and a diminished fifth.
Augmented triad - a triad that consists of two major thirds, the outer sounds forming an augmented fifth. Occurs in harmonic minor at the third degree and in harmonic major at the sixth degree.
Overture is an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of the entire work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a programmatic nature, for example, the “1812” and “Romeo and Juliet” overtures by P. Tchaikovsky.
A reduced introductory seventh chord is a seventh chord built on the VII degree of harmonic major or harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad - a triad that consists of two minor thirds, the extreme sounds forming a diminished fifth. Occurs in natural major at the VII degree and in harmonic major or minor at II and VII degrees.
Undecima is an interval that contains eleven steps (a fourth through an octave). Undecima is called pure if it consists of ten and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated
Unison - an exact match of two sounds in height. An interval that has “O” tones, that is, usually a pure prima.
Stable intervals in harmony - intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they are included in the tonic triad
Texture is a way of presenting the expressive means of music. The main types of texture are vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata is a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
Finale is the name of the last final part of a musical work.
Piano is the general name for instruments, the sound of which is produced by striking a hammer on a string when pressing a key.
The grace note is long - melisma, which consists of one sound performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
Short grace note - melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds performed before the main sound (always at its expense)
Phrasing is the distinct identification of musical phrases when performing musical works.
The Phrygian mode is a special mode found in folk music. Differs from natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major are increased and decreased intervals that appeared as a result of lowering the VI degree in the harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4, as well as uv. 4 at stage VI and mind. 5 at stage II.
The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor are increased and decreased intervals that appeared as a result of increasing the VII step in the harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4, as well as uv. 4 at stage IV and mind. 5 at the VII stage.
Choir - 1. Large group of singers. There are choirs for children, women, men and mixed. 2. A piece of music for choral performance.
The chromatic sign and are the same as alteration signs.
Chromatic scale is a scale consisting of halftones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
A chromatic semitone is a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name.
Chromatic tone is a tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name.
Caesura is a moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely noticeable pause between phrases. Caesura is indicated using signs
A whole-tone scale is a six-step scale built on whole tones: In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary music theory is an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonically equal sounds - sounds that are the same in pitch, but different in name
Enharmonically equal intervals are intervals that are identical in sound and in the number of tones they contain, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain.
Enharmonically equal tonalities are tonalities that are identical in sound but different in name.