Old words replaced by new ones.  Dictionary of obsolete words (according to the works of the school curriculum)

booth- a temporary wooden building for theatrical and circus performances, which has become widespread at fairs and festivities. Often also a temporary light building for trading at fairs.
Pro farce having heard
Come and our wanderers
Listen, stare. (N.A. Nekrasov. To whom it is good to live in Rus').

baluster- to joke, joke; talk, tell something funny and funny.
He was much baluster,
He wore a red shirt
Cloth undershirt,
Lubricated boots... (N.A. Nekrasov. To whom it is good to live in Rus').

Barezh- made of barege - woolen, silk or cotton fabric of rare weaving.
What an esharp cousin gave me!
Oh! Yes, barege! (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).
She was light barezhevoe dress. (I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and children).

Barin- 1. Nobleman, landowner, landowner.
A few years ago, in one of his estates, there lived an old Russian master, Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov. (A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
He was simple and kind master,
And where his ashes lie,
The headstone reads:
A humble sinner, Dmitry Larin... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
2. Lord, owner, master.
I entered the billiard room, I saw a tall master, about thirty-five, with a long black mustache, in a dressing gown, with a cue in his hand and a pipe in his teeth. (A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter).
[Neschastvitsev:] Look, don't let it slip; I am Gennady Demyanich Gurmyzhsky, retired captain or major, as you please; in a word, I master and you are my lackey. (A.N. Ostrovsky. Forest).

Baron- title of nobility below the count; a person who has the title of barony - the lowest degree of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civilian then.
Baron von Klotz in methyl ministers,
And I -
To him as a son-in-law. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).

Barryshnik- the one who is engaged in resale for the sake of profit - profit, profit; reseller.
... Yes, and many possessions
For the hawkers went. (N.A. Nekrasov. To whom it is good to live in Rus').

Batalha- battle, battle, military action.
"Well? - said the commandant. - What's going on battle? Where is the enemy? (A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter).

Gazebo- the turret of the house, which offers a view of the surroundings.
... a river flowed out and meandered between the hills in the distance; on one of them, a green roof rose above the dense greenery of the grove and gazebo a huge stone house ... (A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
... he began to build a bridge, then a huge house with such a high Belvedere that one can even see Moscow from there and drink tea in the open air in the evening and talk about some pleasant subjects. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).

Ticket- paper currency; a receipt presented to the master's office for payment of money.
[Famusov:] Let's take tramps into the house and around tickets. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit)

Boa- women's scarf, fur or feather bandage.
He is happy if she throws
Boa fluffy on the shoulder
Or touch hot
Her hands, or part
Before her is a motley regiment of liveries,
Or raise a handkerchief to her. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Almshouse- a charitable (private or public) institution for the care of the elderly or incapable of work.
Every house seemed to her longer than usual; white stone almshouse with narrow windows it stretched unbearably long... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

charitable establishments hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages.
[Mayor:] Without a doubt, a passing official will want to first of all inspect the charitable establishments- and therefore you make sure that everything is decent: the caps would be clean, and the sick would not look like blacksmiths, as they usually go about at home. (N.V. Gogol. Auditor).

Bolivar- Hat with high brim. By the name of Bolivar (Simon Bolivar) - the liberator of the South American colonies from the rule of Spain (born in Caracas on July 24, 1783, died in Santa Marta on December 17, 1830
While in the morning dress,
Wearing wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open ... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Boston- a type of commercial card game.
Neither the gossip of the world nor Boston,
Neither a sweet look, nor an immodest sigh,
Nothing touched him
He did not notice anything. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
The consequence of this was that the governor made him [Chichikov] an invitation to come to him that same day at a house party, other officials, too, for their part, some for dinner, some for bostonchik who for a cup of tea. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).

Treads- boots with a high solid top, with a bell at the top and a popliteal notch.
He [the mayor:] is dressed as usual, in his uniform with buttonholes and over the knee boots with spurs. (N.V. Gogol. Auditor).
The police chief was, indeed, a miracle worker: as soon as he heard what was the matter, at that very moment he called to the quarterly, brisk fellow in varnished over the knee boots, and, it seems, he whispered only two words in his ear and added only: “You understand!” ... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

boyar- a large landowner who occupied important administrative and military positions in Russia until the beginning of the 18th century. Boyar - the wife of a boyar.
...A boyar Matvey Romodanovsky
He brought us a glass of foamy mdu,
A noblewoman his white-faced
Brought to us on a silver platter
The towel is new, embroidered with silk. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Song about the merchant Kalashnikov).

brany- military. Swearing (obsolete) - battle, battle.
Your horse is not afraid of dangerous labors;
He, sensing the master's will,
That meek stands under the arrows of enemies,
That rushes along abusive field ... (A.S. Pushkin. Song about the prophetic Oleg).
But only a little from the side
Expect war for you
Ile force raid swearing,
Or another uninvited misfortune. (A.S. Pushkin. The Golden Cockerel).

Breguet- chiming clock named after the manufacturer of such watches, the Parisian mechanic Breguet (or rather, Breguet) Abraham-Louis (1747–1823).
... Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open,
While awake breguet
Lunch will not ring for him. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Breter- a lover of dueling for any reason; bully.
It was Dolokhov, the Semyonov officer, a well-known player and breter. (L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace).

Brigadier- a military rank of the 5th class, intermediate between an army colonel and a major general.
He was a simple and kind gentleman,
And where his ashes lie,
The headstone reads:
Humble sinner, Dmitry Larin,
Lord's servant and foreman,
Sim eats the world under the stone. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Shave foreheads- hand over the peasants as soldiers, usually forever.
She traveled to work
Salted mushrooms for the winter,
Managed expenses shaved foreheads,
I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Chaise- a light semi-open wagon with a folding leather top.
In the morning, the Larins' house was guests
All full; whole families
Neighbors gathered in wagons,
In tents, in carts and in the sleigh. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
IN chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking either, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young either. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).
And before what rushed here
strollers, bricek triples ... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who should live well in Rus').

mesentery- frills on the collar of the shirt and the same frills on the chest.
... Civilians wear light blue ties, the military let them out from under the collar mesentery. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time).

alarm clock- the city watchman, the lower police rank, who watched the order in the city and was in the booth.
He did not notice any of this, and then, when he came across alarm clock, who, placing his halberd beside him, shook tobacco from the horn onto his calloused fist, then only woke up a little, and then because the watchman said: "Why are you climbing ...". (N.V. Gogol. Overcoat).
After asking in detail alarm clock, where you can get closer, if necessary, to the cathedral, to government offices, to the governor, he [Chichikov] went to look at the river that flowed in the middle of the city ... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Mace- a long stick with a spherical knob, which served as an accessory to the doorman's dress at the entrance to large institutions and private aristocratic houses of tsarist Russia.
One porter is already looking like a generalissimo: a gilded mace, count's physiognomy. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).

Bulat– 1. Antique, hard and resilient steel for blades with a patterned surface.
My dagger shines with gold trim;
The blade is reliable, without blemish;
Bulat it is kept by a mysterious temper -
Legacy of the warlike east. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Poet).
2. Sword, steel blade, edged weapons.
Our colonel was born with a grip:
Servant to the king, father to the soldiers...
Yes, sorry for him: smitten damask steel,
He sleeps in the damp earth. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Borodino).

Burnous- a spacious women's coat with wide sleeves.
Sonechka got up, put on a handkerchief, put on burnusik and left the apartment, and at the ninth hour and came back. (F.M. Dostoevsky. Crime and punishment).

Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian. Eg:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ramen is the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But, it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (stomach - life, guest - merchant,), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features ( mirror - mirror, Gishpansky - Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe in order - to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.

Eg:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker and so on.
Most of the obsolete words refer to garments and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote ranks, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Industrial activities such as Konka and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as honey brewing and tinning.

Words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include such words as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.

Abie - immediately, since, when.
Aby - so that, in order.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az - the pronoun "I" or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, beeches, lead - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - as, as, like, as if, as if.
Altyn is an old silver coin worth three kopecks.
Hungry - from the word "hungry" - greedily want.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) - a building for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik is a Dutch chervonets.
Argamak - oriental thoroughbred horse, horse: at the wedding - the horse is under saddle, not in harness
Armyak - men's outerwear made of cloth or woolen fabric.
Arshin - Russian measure of length, equal to 0.71 m; a ruler, a bar of this length for measurement.
More - if, if, when.

Grandmother - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with a fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word "bazhat" - to love, desire, have a tendency.
Bazlanit - roar, scream.
Barber - barber, hairdresser.
Barda - thick, leftovers from the distillation of bread wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvee - gratuitous forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the landowner, the landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid the landowner various taxes in kind, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, oil, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allotted part of the land to the peasants and allowed it to be worked. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on a three-day corvee was advisory in nature and in most cases was ignored by the landowners.
Basque - beautiful, elegant.
Basque - a short form of the word "basque" - beautiful, handsome, decorated.
Bastion - earth or stone fortification, forming a ledge on the ramparts.
Basurman is a hostile and unfriendly name for a Mohammedan, as well as in general for a non-Christian, a foreigner.
Batalha (battle) - battle, battle.
Bakhar is a talker, eloquent.
Bayat - to talk, chat, talk.
Watch - take care; be on guard, vigilant.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness is trouble, ordeal, time.
Steelyard - hand scales with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, worldly rules, decency.
Bela Mozhayskaya - an old Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar "belmes") - you do not understand anything, you do not understand at all.
Berdo - belonging to the weaving mill.
Take care - be careful.
Pregnancy - a burden, heaviness, burden; an armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Undoubtedly - unquestionably, unquestionably, unceasingly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - strong rope, rope; tow line - the movement of a ship with a tow line, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Bechet - ruby ​​type gemstone
A tag is a stick or board on which signs, notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - whipped cream dough for rolls
Beat with a forehead - bow low; ask for something; to offer a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
Bet - bet to win.
The Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin (March 25, according to the old style).
Good - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden is a bodets, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom - a watchman at a cemetery, a gravedigger, a watchman, a headman of a nursing home, for the disabled.
Blockhead - a statue, an idol, a chump.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik - a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word "bort" - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
Bochag is a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Brazhnik is a drunkard.
Brany - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, served for drinking around
Brother - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno - food, food, food, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit - a small seine net, which is used to fish together while fording.
Bude - if, if, when, if.
Buerak is a dry ravine.
Buza is rock salt given to animals.
A mace is a sign of commanding power, also a weapon (mace) or a knob.
Burachok - box, a small box made of birch bark.
Buchenye - from the word "to beat" - soak, whiten canvases.
Buyava, buyovo - cemetery, grave.
Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka is a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Vadit - to attract, attract, accustom.
Important - hard, hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like ruff
Vargan ("on the mound, on the harp") - perhaps from the "worg" - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; sloping, open place in the forest.
Varyukha, Barbara - a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4 according to Art. Art.
Wahmister is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchez is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin (November 21, according to the old style).
Suddenly - again, for the second time.
Vedrina - from the word "bucket" - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Bucket - clear, calm weather.
Vezhezhnost - upbringing, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki are pies filled with meat and fish leftovers.
Holy Thursday is the Thursday of the last week of Lent (before Easter).
Veres - juniper.
The cord is a coarse fabric made from hemp.
Vereya (rope, rope, rope) - a pillar on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Versten - verst.
A skewer is a rod on which meat is fried by turning it over the fire.
Nativity scene - a cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Versha - a fishing projectile made of rods.
Vershnik - riding; riding ahead.
Veselko - stirrer.
Vechka is a copper pan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is the reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, rod, whip.
Wet - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected headman.
Wave - wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Drag - from the word "drag", the path on the watershed, along which loads and boats are dragged.
Volosnik - a women's headdress, a net of gold or silver thread with embroidery (often not festive, like a kika, but everyday), a kind of cap.
Volotki - stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Vorovina - shoe-making, also rope, lasso.
Voroguha, vorogusha - fortune-teller, fortune-teller, intruder.
Voronets - a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Voronogray - divination by the cries of a raven; a book describing such signs.
Votchina - the family estate of the landowner, passing by inheritance.
Wow - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, demon.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state due to personal proximity to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has reached a high position due to chance.
Vskuyu - in vain, in vain, in vain.
Vsugon - after.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
Alien - from outside, not being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I take it out - always, at any time, incessantly.
Vyray (viry, iry) is a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of food.
Vyalitsa is a blizzard.
Greater - greater, higher.

Guy - oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Galloon - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, krinka.
Gatki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood in a marshy place. Nagat - lay a gutter.
Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.
Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards under sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth classes according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General - a third-class general rank, under Catherine II, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian Saint George the Victorious; Egory-Veshny (April 23) and Egoriev (Yuriev) day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
To perish - to perish, to perish.
Glazed - sewn from glazet (a kind of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Glezno - lower leg, ankle.
Goveino - post (Mrs. goveino - Assumption post, etc.)
Fasting - fasting, abstaining from food.
Speaking is speech.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.
Fit - marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
Years gody - years live, from the word "year" - to live.
Golbchik - golbets, a fence in the form of a closet in the hut between the stove and the floor, the stove with steps for climbing the stove and the floor, and with a hole in the underground.
Golden, golden - talking noisily, shouting, scolding.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.
Dutchman - chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is the open sea.
Gol - ragamuffins, golyaks, beggars.
Grief - up.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where the ministers of the church lived.
Throat cap - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; in shape - a high straight hat with a crown that widens upwards.
Upper room - a room usually located on the top floor of the house.
The upper room is a clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever - a serious illness with high fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of morbid delirium with a high temperature or temporary insanity.
Guest is a guest.
Diploma - a letter; an official document, a decree giving someone the right to something.
Hryvnia - dime; in ancient Rus', the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
A grosh is an old coin worth two kopecks.
Grumant is the old Russian name for the Svalbard archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.
Bed - a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
A governor is the ruler of a province.
Spongy cheeses - curd mass, knocked down with sour cream.
Gudok - a three-stringed violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.
Gouge - a loop that fastens the shafts and the arc.
Guzhi with garlic - boiled kalachi.
Barn - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered current.
Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.

Yes, recently.
The housekeeper is the mistress of the inn.
Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden - a room in the landowners' houses, where serf yard girls lived and worked.
Nine - a period of nine days.
Dezha - dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
The actors are actors.
Del - division.
Delenka is a woman who is constantly busy with work, needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Denga - an old coin worth two pennies or half a penny; money, capital, wealth.
Desnaya, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten to ten times.
Wild - wild.
An officer's diploma is a diploma for an officer's rank.
Dmitriev Saturday is the day of commemoration of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
Dna - diseases of internal organs, aching bones, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrokhot - well-wisher, patron.
Suffices - should, should, should, decently.
Sufficient - to be sufficient.
An argument is a denunciation, a denunciation, a complaint.
Satisfy, satisfy - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Dokuka is an annoying request, also a boring, boring business.
Top up - overcome.
Dolon - palm.
Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Until then until.
The bottom is a plate on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.
To correct - to demand a file, a debt.
Dor is a rough shingle.
The roads are a very thin oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Dragoon - a warrior of cavalry units, operating both on horseback and on foot.
Dranitsy - thin boards chipped from a tree.
Grass - coarse sand, which is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, shops.
Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.
Druzhka is the wedding manager invited by the groom.
Dubets - a young oak, an oak, a shelf, a staff, a rod, a twig.
Dubnik - oak bark, necessary for various chores, including for tanning leather.
Smoky furs - bags sewn from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smoke - groin.
Drawbar - a single shaft, reinforced to the front axle to turn the wagon, with a pair of harnesses.
The deacikha is the wife of a deacon.
Uncle - a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

Evdokei - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
A single child is the only son of his parents.
Go - food.
Hedgehog - which.
Daily - daily, everyday.
Oil - olive oil, which was used in the church service.
Elen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Christmas tree - a spruce branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Eloza is a fidget, a sneak, a flatterer.
Eltsy - various types of figured cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a sock for pouring liquids.
Epancha - an old long and wide cloak, coverlet.
Jeremiah - the Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Ernishny - from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch shrub.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Growling on the belly - from the word "roar" - swear, swear.
Estva - food, food.
Essence is food.
Essence is nature.
Yetchi - yes.

Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - fetters, chains, shackles.
Affection - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerisms.
Foal - lot.
Lives happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; cattle.
Belly - livestock, prosperity, wealth.
Live - are.
Dwelling - living place, premises.
Fat - good, property; good, happy life.
Zhitnik - rye or barley baked bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Harvest - harvesting, harvesting; streak after squeezed bread.
Zupan - an old semi-caftan.
Grumpy - Grumpy.
Zhalvey, zhelv, zhol - an abscess, a tumor on the body.

Continuation

Introduction

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that used to be used very often are now almost inaudible, while others, on the contrary, are used more and more often. Such processes in the language are associated with a change in the life of the society that it serves: with the advent of a new concept, a new word appears; if society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept stands for.

As mentioned above, changes in the lexical composition of the language occur constantly: some words become obsolete and leave the language, others appear - are borrowed or formed according to existing models. Those words that have gone out of active use are called obsolete; new words that have just appeared in the language are called neologisms.

Historiography. There are many books on this topic, here are just a few of them: "Modern Russian: Lexicology" by M.I. Fomina, Golub I.B. "Stylistics of the Russian language", electronic sources were also used to provide more complete information.

The purpose of the work is to study the use of both obsolete words and neologisms in various styles of speech. The objectives of this work are to study obsolete vocabulary and new words that have different areas of use and what place they occupy in different styles of speech.

Based on the goals and objectives set, the structure of the work consists of an introduction (in which the goals, objectives, historiography and structure of the work are indicated), three chapters (which show the stylistic division, the reasons for the appearance and signs of obsolete words and neologisms, obsolete vocabulary and new words , the so-called neologisms, in various styles of speech), as well as a conclusion (which summarizes the work done).

obsolete words

Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army soldier, people's commissar)

From a stylistic point of view, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

stylistically neutral or common (can be used in all styles of speech without restriction);

stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish: scientific, official business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use “not in their own style” violates the correctness, purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word "hindrance" belongs to the colloquial style, while the word "exorcise" belongs to the book style.

Also, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:

common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),

limited vocabulary.

Common vocabulary includes words used (understood and used) in different linguistic areas by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs (blue, fire, grumble, good), numerals , pronouns, most function words.

The vocabulary of limited use includes words whose use is limited to some locality (Dialectisms (from the Greek diblektos "dialect, dialect") are elements of Russian dialects (dialects), phonetic, grammatical, word-formation, lexical features that occur in the stream of normalized Russian literary speech.), profession (Special vocabulary is associated with the professional activities of people. It includes terms and professionalism.), Occupation or interests (Jargonisms are words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. For example, there are jargons of schoolchildren , students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc.).

Word obsolescence is a process, and different words may be at different stages. Those of them that have not yet gone out of active use, but are already used less often than before, are called obsolete (voucher).

Outdated vocabulary, in turn, is divided into historicisms and archaisms.

Historicisms are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts, for example: chain mail, corvée, horse-drawn carriage; modern Saturday, Sunday; socialist competition, the Politburo. These words have fallen out of use along with the objects and concepts they designate and have passed into passive vocabulary: we know them, but do not use them in our everyday speech. Historicisms are used in texts that deal with the past (fiction, historical research).

Historicisms are used in articles on historical topics to denote realities, in articles on current topics - to draw historical parallels, as well as in connection with the actualization of concepts and words in modern speech.

In addition to historicisms, other types of obsolete words are distinguished in our language. We use certain words less and less in speech, replacing them with others, and so they are gradually forgotten. For example, an actor was once called a lyceum, a comedian; they said not a journey, but a voyage, not fingers, but fingers, not a forehead, but a brow. Such obsolete words are called completely modern objects, concepts that are now commonly called differently. New names have replaced the old ones, and they are gradually being forgotten. Obsolete words that have modern synonyms that have replaced them in the language are called archaisms.

Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If historicisms are the names of obsolete objects, then archaisms are obsolete names of quite ordinary objects and concepts that we constantly encounter in life.

There are several types of archaisms:

1) the word can become completely obsolete and completely out of use: cheeks - "cheeks", neck - "neck", right hand - "right hand", shuytsa - "left hand", so that - "to", destruction - "death";

2) one of the meanings of the word may become obsolete, while the rest continue to be used in the modern language: stomach - "life", thief - "state criminal" (False Dmitry II was called "Tushinsky thief"); over the past 10 years, the word give has lost the meaning of "sell", and the word throw away - the meaning of "put on sale";

3) 1-2 sounds and / or place of stress can change in a word: number - number, library - library, mirror - mirror, string - lace;

4) an obsolete word may differ from modern ones by a prefix and / or a suffix (friendship - friendship, restaurant - restaurant, fisherman - fisherman);

5) the word may change individual grammatical forms (cf.: the title of the poem by A. S. Pushkin "Gypsies" - the modern form of gypsies) or the belonging of this word to a certain grammatical class (the words piano, hall were used as feminine nouns, and in modern Russian is a masculine word).

As can be seen from the examples, obsolete words differ from each other in terms of the degree of archaism: some are still found in speech, especially among poets, others are known only from the works of writers of the last century, and there are those that are completely forgotten.

The archaization of one of the meanings of a word is a very interesting phenomenon. The result of this process is the emergence of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words used in an unusual, outdated meaning for us. Knowledge of semantic archaisms helps to correctly understand the language of classical writers. And sometimes their word usage cannot but make us think seriously...

Archaisms should not be neglected either. There are cases when they return to the language, re-integrate into the composition of the active vocabulary. So it was, for example, with the words soldier, officer, ensign, minister, adviser, which received a new life in modern Russian. In the first years of the revolution, they managed to become archaic, but then they returned, having acquired a new meaning.

Archaisms, like historicisms, are necessary for word artists to create the color of antiquity when depicting antiquity.

Decembrist poets, contemporaries and friends of A.S. Pushkin, used Old Slavonic vocabulary to create a civil-patriotic pathos of speech. A great interest in obsolete words was a hallmark of their poetry. The Decembrists were able to single out the layer in the archaic vocabulary that could be adapted to express freedom-loving ideas. High outdated vocabulary can be subjected to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor and satire. The comical sound of obsolete words is noted in the everyday story and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, parodies, which were written by participants in the linguistic polemics of the early 19th century. (members of the "Arzamas" society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.

In modern humorous and satirical poetry, obsolete words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech.

We often meet obsolete words in classical literature. They are often given footnotes-explanations, since these words are not used in modern language, and many may not know their meaning.

Examples of obsolete words:

indus - even

lanita - cheeks

saryn - rabble, crowd

week - week

lying down - lazy

Obsolete words include archaisms and historicisms. These are words that are rarely used in lively modern speech or are found only in the literary works of writers of past centuries. Obsolete words can be attributed to the passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

Archaisms are characterized by the fact that, as a rule, they have synonyms in modern speech.

Examples of archaisms:

hand - palm,

vyya - neck;

belts - shoulders,

sail - sail,

piit - poet,

fisherman - fisherman,

mouth - lips.

Historicisms, as you can guess from the name of these words, are associated with a certain era in the history of the country and are the names of those objects that have already disappeared, and the word, as a reminder to posterity, remained in the literature, archival documents or periodicals of those years.

Here are some examples of obsolete words - historicisms:

kulak - a prosperous peasant in the 20-30s of the last century;

rabfak - working faculty;

workers' faculty, workers' faculty - students of the workers' faculty.

Among historicisms there are many ancient names of monetary units, measures of length and weight, names of objects and clothes, etc., for example:

mace, pood, verst, arshin, dime, student, barge hauler, policeman, coachman, tavern, etc.

Obsolete words are those words that, due to the time interval, have gone out of the previously habitual active use, but they have been preserved in the passive dictionary and they remain understandable to native speakers to a greater extent.

Among obsolete words, two types are distinguished as archaisms and historicisms.

For example, lanites - in Old Russian cheeks. Hand - palm. Dolu - down, down. Eyes - eyes. Chelo - forehead. Or an archaic appeal - dear sir :-). Virgo is a girl. There is such a word - zasupon - tuck / shirt /. Burned - hung out with someone. This is a folk speech, I heard the last two words from my grandmother / Smolensk region /.

To what has already been written by other authors, I can add that even the words used today can be considered obsolete if in former times they were used in other meanings than in the present. Such words are called semantic archaisms.

Archaisms.

Otrok is a teenage boy.

Otrokovitsa - a teenage girl.

Astrologer is an astrologer.

Actor - actor.

A creature is a living being.

Shame is a spectacle.

Vulgar - ordinary.

Domovina is a coffin.

Zolotar is a jeweler.

Hope - hope.

Dark - blind.

Crown - wreath.

Supper - dinner.

Vitya is a speaker.

This one is this one.

Rest - sleep.

Grad is a city.

Arap - Negro.

Innocent - innocent.

The lamb is the lamb.

The husband is a mature man.

Scoundrel - not fit for military service.

A brothel is a brothel.

The cloister is a monastery.

Historicisms.

Likbez, Berkovets, carriage, rattletrap, stagecoach, serf, October nok, pioneer, bast shoe, inquisition, posadnik, Komsomol, torch, archer.

The works of the classics of the 18th and 19th centuries are full of obsolete words. The meaning is not always clear.

The poet Pushkin has blueberries. An outdated word. So a nun.

He has to pay. The word is found in the conversation of old villagers. Bed for sleeping on the stove.

An obsolete word is used today.

OBSOLETE words, or ARCHAISMS, denote such objects, phenomena and concepts that have not disappeared from our modern life, but continue to exist in it, but under a different name. That is, they are denoted by modern words.

There are a lot of archaisms known. And they are listed in dictionaries.

Here is Ozhegov's dictionary in front of me. I open a page at random - and outdated words immediately come across: lanita- cheek; lapotnik- peasant; word hawker used in the meaning reseller And horse trader.

I close the dictionary. What can I remember?

This is not difficult to do if we recall some of the expressions and phrases of our famous classic writers. For example, A, P, Chekhov have this appeal: WISE secretary! That is wise.

From a poem by A.S. Pushkin's Prophet, everyone knows the lines:

I think that it is not worth translating the selected obsolete words into modern language, because we all know them from the school curriculum.

Here are a few more outdated words: full - captivity; shelom - a helmet; footman - infantryman; tuga - longing, sadness; right hand - right hand; guard - watchman; finger - finger; existing - existing; thief - thief, robber, etc.

I repeat that there are a lot of archaisms, both primordially Russian, and Old Slavonic, and borrowed.

Within the framework of this project, it is simply impossible to list them.

There are a lot of obsolete words (the so-called words that used to be used quite actively, but now they are rarely or not used at all in the meanings in which they used to be) in the Russian language. Because the process of obsolescence is permanent. Such words are sometimes even subdivided into obsolete and obsolete.

Here are some of them:

Screen. Archaism. Many have now thought about screenshots, which are abbreviated as screenshots. But it turns out that earlier they called small chests and packing. For example, if Dostoevsky had lived not in the 190th century, but earlier, he would have called the old woman's casket (packing), from which Raskolnikov pulled out money and jewelry, a screen. Hide from the word.

Chernitsa. Archaism. That's what the nuns were called. By the color of their clothes.

Belenkaya. Historicism. This substantiated adjective once meant a banknote with a face value of 25 rubles.

Cereal. archaic meaning. This word had a now obsolete meaning rich, fertile. From the word cereal.

Asp - a poisonous snake, yell - plow, namale - soap, ahead of time - in advance, the largest - the elder, the spring - a well, the finger - a finger, get out - dress up, a hustochka - a handkerchief, nicoli - never, one - once.

Obsolete words are divided into historicisms and archaisms, we will give examples of both.

Historicisms:

county, boyar, volost, tsar, clerk, altyn.

Archaisms:

stomach is life

mirror - mirror,

hand - palm.

eye - eye,

cold - cold.

Read about the difference between these two groups of obsolete words.

obsolete words