White and black. Color illusions that deceive our brain (18 photos) Black circle on a white background

There are works of art that everyone knows. For the sake of these paintings, tourists stand in long lines in any weather, and then, getting inside, they simply take a selfie in front of them. However, if you ask a tourist who has strayed from the group why he is so eager to look at the masterpiece, he is unlikely to explain why he suffered, pushed and suffered with the focal length. Often the fact is that due to the constant informational noise around a particular work, its very essence is forgotten. Our task in the rubric "Great and incomprehensible" is to remember why everyone should go to the Hermitage, the Louvre and the Uffizi.

The first painting in our section was Kazimir Malevich's Black Square. It is perhaps the most famous and controversial work of Russian art, and at the same time the most recognizable in the West. So, in London there is now a large-scale exhibition dedicated to the artist's work. The main exhibit was, of course, the Black Square. It can even be argued that European critics associate Russian art not with Karl Bryullov and Ilya Repin, but with Malevich. At the same time, unfortunately, few visitors to the Tretyakov Gallery or the Hermitage can clearly say why this painting is so famous. Today we will try to fix it.

Kazimir Malevich (1879 - 1935) "Self-portrait". 1933

1. It's not"Black square", A"Black square on a white background"

And this is important. This fact is worth remembering, like the Pythagorean theorem: it is unlikely to be useful in life, but it is somehow indecent not to know it.

K.Malevich "Black square on a white background." 1915 Stored in the Tretyakov Gallery

2. It's not a square

At first, the artist called his painting "Quadrangular", which is confirmed by linear geometry: there are no right angles, the sides are not parallel to each other, and the lines themselves are uneven. Thus, he created a movable form. Although, of course, he knew how to use the ruler.

3. Why did Malevich draw a square?

In his memoirs, the artist writes that he did it unconsciously. However, the development of artistic thought can be traced in his paintings.

Malevich worked as a draftsman. It is not surprising that at first he was fascinated by cubism with its regular forms. For example, the picture of 1914 is “Composition with Mona Lisa”. Black and white rectangles already appear here.

Left - Kazimir Malevich "Composition with Mona Lisa". On the right - Leonardo da Vinci "Mona Lisa", she is "Gioconda"

Then, when creating scenery for the opera "Victory over the Sun", the idea of ​​a square as an independent element appeared. However, the painting "Black Square" appeared only two years later.

4. Why a square?

Malevich believed that the square is the basis of all forms. If you follow the logic of the artist, the circle and the cross are already secondary elements: the rotation of the square forms a circle, and the movement of white and black planes - a cross.

The paintings "Black Circle" and "Black Cross" were painted simultaneously with the "Black Square". All together they formed the basis of a new artistic system, but the dominance was always behind the square.

"Black Square" - "Black Circle" - "Black Cross"

5. Why is the square black?

For Malevich, black is a mixture of all existing colors, while white is the absence of any color. Although, this is completely contrary to the laws of optics. Everyone remembers how they told at school that black absorbs the rest, and white connects the entire spectrum. And then we did experiments with lenses, looking at the resulting rainbow. But with Malevich, the opposite is true.

6. What is Suprematism and how to understand it?

Malevich founded a new direction in art in the mid-1910s. He called it Suprematism, which means "the highest" in Latin. That is, in his opinion, this trend should have become the pinnacle of all creative searches for artists.

Suprematism is easy to recognize: various geometric shapes are combined into one dynamic, usually asymmetrical composition.

K.Malevich "Suprematism". 1916
An example of one of the artist's many Suprematist compositions.

What does it mean? Such forms are usually perceived by the viewer as children's multi-colored cubes scattered across the floor. Agree, you can not draw the same trees and houses for two thousand years. Art must find new forms of expression. And they are not always clear to ordinary people. For example, the canvases of the Little Dutchmen were once revolutionary and deeply conceptual. Life philosophy was displayed through objects on still lifes. However, now they are perceived rather as beautiful pictures, the modern viewer simply does not think about the deep meaning of the works.

Jan Davidsz de Heem "Breakfast with fruit and lobster". Second quarter of the 17th century.
Each element in Dutch still lifes has a certain symbolic meaning. For example, lemon is a symbol of moderation.

This coherent system collapses upon acquaintance with the paintings of the avant-garde artists. The system "beautiful - not beautiful", "realistic - not realistic" does not work here. The viewer has to think what these strange lines and circles on the canvas can mean. Although, in fact, there is no less sense in lemons in Dutch still lifes, just museum visitors are not forced to solve it. In the paintings of the 20th century, one must immediately understand the idea of ​​a work of art, which is much more difficult.

7. Was it only Malevich who was so smart?

Malevich was not the first artist to create such paintings. Many masters of France, England and Russia were close to comprehending non-objective art. So, Mondrian created geometric compositions in 1913-1914, and the Swedish artist Hilma af Klint painted the so-called color diagrams.

Hilma af Klint. From the SUW series (Stars and the Universe). 1914 - 1915 years.

However, it was from Malevich that geometry acquired a clear philosophical connotation. His idea clearly followed from the previous artistic trend - cubism, where objects are divided into geometric shapes, and each of them is painted separately. In Suprematism, they stopped depicting the original form, the artists switched to pure geometry.

Pablo Picasso "Three Women" 1908
example of cubism. Here the artist still does not abandon the prototype form - the human body. The figures look like the work of a sculptor-carpenter, who seems to have created his work with an axe. Each "slice" of the sculpture is painted over with a shade of red and does not go beyond the boundaries.

8. How can a square be movable?

Despite the outward static character, this picture is considered one of the most dynamic in the history of the Russian avant-garde.

As conceived by the artist, the black square symbolizes pure form, while the white background symbolizes infinite space. Malevich used the adjective "dynamic" to show that this form is in space. It's like a planet in the universe.

So the background and form are inseparable from each other: Malevich wrote that "the most important thing in Suprematism is two foundations - the energy of black and white, which serve to reveal the form of action." (Malevich K. Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1995. Volume 1. P. 187)

9. Why does Black Square have two creation dates?

The canvas was created in 1915, although the author himself wrote 1913 on the reverse side. This was done, apparently, in order to get around their competitors and assert the primacy in the creation of the Suprematist composition. In fact, in 1913 the artist was engaged in the design of the opera "Victory over the Sun", and in his sketches, indeed, there was a black square as a symbol of this victory.

But in painting, the idea was embodied only in 1915. The painting was presented at the avant-garde exhibition "0, 10", and the artist placed it in the red corner, the place where icons usually hang in an Orthodox house. With this step, Malevich proclaimed the significance of the canvas and turned out to be right: the painting became a turning point in the development of the avant-garde.

Photo taken at the exhibition "0, 10". "Black Square" hangs in the red corner

10. Why is there a "Black Square" in both the Hermitage and the Tretyakov Gallery?

Malevich several times addressed the theme of the square, since for him it is the most important Suprematist form, after which, in order of importance, come the circle and the cross.

There are four "Black Squares" in the world, but they are not complete copies of each other. They differ in size, proportions and time of creation.

"Black square". 1923 Stored in the Russian Museum

The second "Black Square" was created in 1923 for the Venice Biennale. Then, in 1929, especially for his solo exhibition, the artist creates a third painting. It is believed that the director of the museum asked for it, because the original of 1915 had already been covered with a network of cracks, craquelure. The artist did not like the idea, he refused, but then changed his mind. So the world has become one square more.

"Black square". 1929 Stored in the Tretyakov Gallery

The last repetition was supposedly created in 1931. No one knew about the existence of the fourth option, until in 1993 a certain citizen came to the Samara branch of Inkombank and left this picture on bail. The mysterious lover of painting was never seen again: he never returned for the canvas. The painting became owned by the bank. But not for long: he went bankrupt in 1998. The painting was bought and transferred to the Hermitage for safekeeping.

"Black square". Early 1930s. Stored in the Hermitage

So, the first painting of 1915 and the third version of 1929 are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, the second version is in the Russian Museum, and the last one is in the Hermitage.

11. How did contemporaries react to the "Black Square"?

If there is no longer any hope for understanding Malevich's work, do not be sad. Even the followers of the Russian avant-garde artist did not fully understand the deep intention of the artist. The diaries of one of the master's contemporaries, Vera Pestel, have survived to our time. She writes:

“Malevich simply painted a square and painted it all over with pink paint, and with another black paint, and then many more squares and triangles of different colors. His room was smart, all motley, and it was good for the eye to move from one color to another - all of different geometric shapes. How calm it was to look at different squares, nothing was thought, nothing was wanted. The pink color was pleasing, and next to it, black was also pleasing. And we liked it. We also became Suprematists.” (Malevich about himself. Contemporaries about Malevich. Letters. Documents. Memoirs. Criticism. In 2 volumes. M., 2004. Volume 1. P. 144-145)

It's like saying about the still lifes of the small Dutch - why think about it.

However, there are more insightful remarks. Despite the fact that not everyone understood the philosophical subtext of the canvas, its significance was nevertheless appreciated. Andrei Bely said this about Suprematism:

“The history of painting and all these Vrubels in front of such squares is zero!” (Malevich about himself. Contemporaries about Malevich. Letters. Documents. Memoirs. Criticism. In 2 volumes. M., 2004. Volume 1. P. 108).

Alexander Benois, the founder of the World of Art movement, was extremely outraged by Malevich's antics, but he still understood the significance that the painting had acquired:

“The black square in a white frame is the “icon” that the futurists offer instead of Madonnas and shameless Venuses. This is not a simple joke, not a simple challenge, but this is one of the acts of self-affirmation of that beginning, which has its name in the abomination of desolation ... ". (Benoit A. The last futuristic exhibition. From "Malevich about himself ...". V.2. P.524)

In general, the picture made a double impression on the artist's contemporaries.

12. Why can't I draw Black Square and become famous?

You can draw, but you won't be able to become famous. The meaning of contemporary art is not only to create something completely new, but also to present it correctly.

For example, black squares were painted even before Malevich. In 1882, Paul Bielhold created a painting with the politically incorrect title "The Night Fight of the Negroes in the Basement." Even earlier, in the 17th century, the English artist Flood painted The Great Darkness. But it was the Russian avant-garde artist who marked the new philosophy with a picture and exploited it for several decades. Can you do that? Then go ahead.

Robert Flood "The Great Darkness" 1617.

Paul Bielhold "Negro Night Fight in the Basement". 1882

You don't have to be a great artist to draw a black square on a white background. Yes, anyone can do it! But here's the mystery: The Black Square is the most famous painting in the world. Almost 100 years have passed since its writing, and disputes and heated discussions do not stop. Why is this happening? What is the true meaning and value of Malevich's "Black Square"?

"Black square" is a dark rectangle

For the first time, Malevich's Black Square was presented to the public at a scandalous futuristic exhibition in Petrograd in 1915. Among other outlandish paintings by the artist, with mysterious phrases and numbers, with incomprehensible shapes and a heap of figures, a black square in a white frame stood out for its simplicity. Initially, the work was called "a black rectangle on a white background." Later, the name was changed to "square", despite the fact that, from the point of view of geometry, all sides of this figure are of different lengths and the square itself is slightly curved. With all these inaccuracies, none of its sides are parallel to the edges of the picture. And the dark color is the result of mixing various colors, among which there was no black. It is believed that this was not the negligence of the author, but a principled position, the desire to create a dynamic, mobile form.

"Black Square" is a failed picture

For the futuristic exhibition "0.10", which opened in St. Petersburg on December 19, 1915, Malevich had to paint several paintings. Time was running out, and the artist either did not have time to complete the painting for the exhibition, or was not satisfied with the result and, in a rush, covered it over by drawing a black square. At that moment, one of his friends entered the studio and, seeing the picture, shouted “Brilliant!”. After that, Malevich decided to take the opportunity and came up with some higher meaning for his “Black Square”.

Hence the effect of cracked paint on the surface. No mysticism, just the picture did not work out.

Repeated attempts were made to examine the canvas in order to find the original version under the top layer. However, scientists, critics and art historians considered that irreparable damage could be caused to the masterpiece and in every possible way prevented further examinations.

"Black Square" is a multi-colored cube

Kazimir Malevich repeatedly stated that the picture was created by him under the influence of the unconscious, a kind of "cosmic consciousness". Some argue that only the square in the "Black Square" is seen by people with an underdeveloped imagination. If, when considering this picture, go beyond the traditional perception, go beyond the visible, then you will understand that in front of you is not a black square, but a multi-colored cube.

The secret meaning embedded in the "Black Square" can then be formulated as follows: the world around us, only at the first, superficial, look looks flat and black and white. If a person perceives the world in volume and in all its colors, his life will change dramatically. Millions of people who, according to them, were instinctively attracted to this picture, subconsciously felt the volume and multicoloredness of the Black Square.

Black color absorbs all other colors, so it is quite difficult to see a multi-colored cube in a black square. And to see white behind black, truth behind lies, life behind death is many times more difficult. But to those who succeed in doing this, a great philosophical formula will be revealed.

"Black Square" is a rebellion in art

At the time the painting appeared in Russia, there was a dominance of artists of the Cubist school.

Cubism (fr. Cubisme) is a modernist trend in the visual arts, characterized by the use of emphatically geometrized conditional forms, the desire to “split” real objects into stereometric primitives. The founders and largest representatives of which were Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. The term "cubism" arose from a critical remark about the work of J. Braque that he reduces "cities, houses and figures to geometric schemes and cubes."

Pablo Picasso, Girls of Avignon

Juan Gris "The Man in the Cafe"

Cubism reached its apogee, already fed up with all the artists, and new artistic trends began to appear. One of these trends was Malevich's Suprematism and the "Black Suprematist Square" as its vivid embodiment. The term "Suprematism" comes from the Latin suprem, which means dominance, the superiority of color over all other properties of painting. Suprematist paintings are non-objective painting, an act of "pure creativity".

At the same time, the "Black Circle" and "Black Cross" were created and exhibited at the same exhibition, representing the three main elements of the Suprematist system. Later, two more Suprematist squares were created - red and white.

"Black Square", "Black Circle" and "Black Cross"

Suprematism has become one of the central phenomena of the Russian avant-garde. Many talented artists have experienced his influence. Rumor has it that Picasso lost interest in cubism after he saw "Malevich's square".

"Black Square" is an example of brilliant PR

Kazimir Malevich has figured out the essence of the future of contemporary art: no matter what, the main thing is how to submit and sell.

Artists have been experimenting with black all over since the 17th century.

The first tightly black work of art called "Great Darkness" wrote Robert Fludd in 1617

He was followed in 1843 by

Bertal and his work View of La Hougue (under the cover of night)». More than two hundred years later. And then almost without interruption -

"Twilight History of Russia" by Gustave Dore in 1854, "The Negro Night Fight in the Basement" by Paul Bielhold in 1882, a completely plagiarized "Negro Fight in a Cave in the Dead of Night" by Alphonse Allais. And only in 1915, Kazimir Malevich presented his "Black Suprematist Square" to the public. And it is his picture that is known to everyone, while others are known only to art historians. Extravagant trick glorified Malevich for centuries.

Subsequently, Malevich painted at least four versions of his Black Square, differing in pattern, texture and color, in the hope of repeating and multiplying the painting's success.

"Black Square" is a political move

Kazimir Malevich was a subtle strategist and skillfully adjusted to the changing situation in the country. Numerous black squares, painted by other artists during the time of Tsarist Russia, have remained unnoticed. In 1915, Malevich's square acquired a completely new meaning, relevant to its time: the artist offered revolutionary art for the benefit of a new people and a new era.
"Square" has almost nothing to do with art in its usual sense. The very fact of his writing is a declaration of the end of traditional art. A Bolshevik from culture, Malevich went to meet the new authorities, and the authorities believed him. Before the arrival of Stalin, Malevich held honorary positions and successfully rose to the rank of People's Commissar of the IZO Narkompros.

"Black Square" is a rejection of content

The painting marked a clear transition to the realization of the role of formalism in the visual arts. Formalism is the rejection of literal content in favor of artistic form. The artist, painting a picture, thinks not so much in terms of "context" and "content" as "balance", "perspective", "dynamic tension". What Malevich recognized and his contemporaries did not recognize is de facto for contemporary artists and “just a square” for everyone else.

"Black Square" is a challenge to Orthodoxy

The painting was first presented at the futuristic exhibition "0.10" in December 1915. along with 39 other works by Malevich. The “Black Square” hung in the most prominent place, in the so-called “red corner”, where icons were hung in Russian houses according to Orthodox traditions. There he was "stumbled upon" by art critics. Many perceived the picture as a challenge to Orthodoxy and an anti-Christian gesture. The largest art critic of that time, Alexander Benois, wrote: "Undoubtedly, this is the icon that the gentlemen futurists put in place of the Madonna."

Exhibition "0.10". Petersburg. December 1915

"Black Square" is a crisis of ideas in art

Malevich is called almost the guru of contemporary art and accused of the death of traditional culture. Today, any daredevil can call himself an artist and declare that his "works" have the highest artistic value.

Art has become obsolete and many critics agree that after the "Black Square" nothing outstanding has been created. Most of the artists of the 20th century lost their inspiration, many were in prison, exile or exile.

"Black Square" is a total emptiness, a black hole, death. They say that Malevich, having painted Black Square, told everyone for a long time that he could neither eat nor sleep. And he does not understand what he did. Subsequently, he wrote 5 volumes of philosophical reflections on the theme of art and being.

"Black Square" is a quackery

Charlatans successfully fool the public into believing something that is not really there. Those who do not believe them, they declare stupid, backward and do not understand anything stupid, who are inaccessible to high and beautiful. This is called the "naked king effect". Everyone is ashamed to say that this is garbage, because they will laugh.

And the most primitive drawing - a square - can be attributed to any deep meaning, the scope for human imagination is simply unlimited. Not understanding what the great meaning of the "Black Square" is, many people need to invent it for themselves so that there is something to admire when looking at the picture.

The painting, painted by Malevich in 1915, remains perhaps the most discussed painting in Russian painting. For some, the "Black Square" is a rectangular trapezoid, and for some it is a deep philosophical message that the great artist encrypted.

Alternative opinions worthy of attention (from various sources):

- "The simplest and most essential idea of ​​this work, its compositional-theoretical meaning. Malevich was a well-known theorist and teacher of the theory of composition. The square is the simplest figure for visual perception - a figure with equal sides, therefore, it is from it that novice artists begin to take steps. When they are given the first tasks on the theory of composition, on horizontal and vertical rhythms. gradually complicating tasks and shapes - a rectangle, a circle, polygons. Thus, the square is the basis of everything, and black, because nothing more can be added. "(WITH)

- Some comrades claim that it's a pixel(jokingly, of course). Pixel (eng. pixel - short for pix element, in a certain source. picture cell) - the smallest element of a two-dimensional digital image in raster graphics. That is, any drawings and any inscriptions that we see on the screen when enlarged consist of pixels, and Malevich was somewhat of a seer.

- Personal "insight" of the artist.

The beginning of the 20th century marked an era of great upheavals, a turning point in people's worldview and their attitude to reality. The world was in a state when the old ideals of beautiful classical art faded completely and there was no return to them, and the birth of a new one was predicted by great upheavals in painting. There was a movement from realism and impressionism, as the transfer of sensations, to abstract painting. those. first humanity depicts objects, then sensations, and finally ideas.

Malevich's black square turned out to be a timely fruit of the artist's insight, who managed to create the foundations of the future language of art with this simplest geometric figure, which is fraught with many other forms. Rotating a square in a circle, Malevich obtained the geometric figures of a cross and a circle. When rotating along the axis of symmetry, I got a cylinder. A seemingly elementary flat square contains not only other geometric shapes, but can create three-dimensional bodies. The black square, dressed in a white frame, is nothing but the fruit of the creator's insight and his thoughts about the future of art ... (C)

- This picture, undoubtedly, is and will be a mysterious, attractive, always alive and pulsating object of human attention. It is valuable because it has a huge number of degrees of freedom, where the theory of Malevich himself is a special case of explaining this picture. It has such qualities, is filled with such energy that it makes it possible to explain and interpret it an infinite number of times at any intellectual level. And most importantly, to provoke people to creativity. A huge number of books, articles, and other things have been written about the Black Square, many paintings inspired by this thing have been created, the more time passes from the day it was written, the more we need this riddle, which has no solution or, conversely, has an infinite number of them .
__________________________________________________

ps If you look closely, you can see other tones and colors through the craquelure paint. It is quite possible that under this dark mass there was a picture, but all attempts to enlighten this picture with something did not end in success. The only thing that is certain is that there are some figures or patterns, a long stripe, something very fuzzy. Which may well not be a picture under the picture, but simply the bottom layer of the square itself and the patterns could be formed in the process of drawing :)

And what idea is closest to you?

What attracts Malevich's primitive Suprematism? Precisely by the fact that it is primitive to disgrace. An elementary, simplest image is capable of giving rise to its own versions, guesses and additions in the viewer with a minimum of imagination. This also applies to the "Black Circle", which is no less interesting than its square counterpart, but for me it's more so.

Everyone knows Kazimir Malevich's black square. And what is his "Black Circle"?
Malevich wrote the second version of this ingenious, most complex work (as well as the 2nd version of the Black Square) with the help of his students A. Leporskaya, K. Rozhdestvensky and N. Suetin. He wouldn't be able to do it alone. Apparently, Rozhdestvensky was stretching the stretcher, Leporskaya was priming the canvas, and Suetin got hold of a compass. Malevich had only to take black paint and work as a house painter for about five minutes. The first version was written eight years earlier, but the circle then came out crooked, apparently Malevich did not have a compass yet, so he had to cover the canvas with a copper basin and somehow circle it around the edge.

What is this piece about? It's hard to believe, but nevertheless, it is... about a black circle! It was not difficult for Malevich to present the concept of the work; he was an unsurpassed master of spreading noodles. Everyone will be able to draw geometric figures, only a few will be able to present them as something outstanding.

Malevich was born on February 23, which every year overshadows the day of the Soviet Army, due to his evasion from military duty. He died on May 15, which every year overshadows my and Mikhail Bulgakov's birthday. In total, he lived only 56 years, not having time to depict all the options for geometric shapes. Specifically, it has a black square on a white background, a white square on a white background, a black circle on a white background... but no "Black Circle on Black Background"! And I decided to fill this gap (if you can call this mob a gap). He is in front of you.

"Do you see the gopher? And I don't. But he is!" (Hera Lieberman) See the black circle? And I don't see. But he is. And a meticulous viewer will notice this. This is the whole point of the picture, that is, not everything that you do not see is not. Another name is "A Black Hole in a Black Square, or Activated Coal in the Ass of an African American Sitting in a Dark Cave on a Moonless Night". Is the title politically correct? Quite. But the novel "Ten Little Indians" is racist, it should be renamed "Ten African American Kids."

I don’t know about the rest, but I’m terribly bored to contemplate these “masterpieces” by Malevich, so I’m exhibiting my variations of the Black Circle. How to "revive" the black circle with minimal means, to make non-objective painting objective? Here are some examples. Here, lengthy conceptual explanations are not required, everything is as clear as a white night in St. Petersburg. Far from every spectator's imagination is limitless, and when looking at Malevich's masterpieces, many of them do not come up with a single image. So I decided to help such a viewer looking at a black circle.

"Black balloon". I don't remember if there are black balloons? Well, for example, at a gathering of Goths, or at an oilman’s holiday, or you can tie it to a hearse so that it’s not so gloomy ...

And this is a paradoxical version of the black ball: "Black Kettle". It is heavy and at the same time weightless, it soars. But if the thread breaks - then scatter in all directions!

"Rockfall or Rolling Stones". Malevich's painting is untouched, but the image of a flying stone is there.

"Black smiley". Malevich was one step away from the invention of emoticons. At least black ones.

"Malevich's Clock". There may be more options here, but many have probably already been used in watch design.

"Sewerage". And I remember that Malevich argued that he depicted the depths of the universe. Is that the sewer is also a kind of universe of the deep worlds.

"Black Moon". Used a real photo of the moon in the negative. Reminiscent of outlandish, decorative flowers in the manner of M. Vrubel; there is something to look at, unlike the original.

"Black Malevich under pink Picasso". This refers to the pink period of Pablo Picasso's work. "The Girl on the Ball" was written ten years earlier than Malevich's "ball", possibly influencing the latter.

"Core". If you remove the cannon, it will pass for a throwing projectile of an athlete, both as a core and as a disk.

Before you is the Suprematist composition "Four white circles on a black circle in a white square". However, if you have a white shirt with black buttons, you can see many copies of this composition for at least hours.

Similar to the previous one, "White circle on a black circle on a white square". Suprematism at its finest! Write it to Malevich - it would be a masterpiece for the ages! If not for one circumstance - this masterpiece is now posted everywhere, at any first tire fitting. It's a pity, such a beautiful, elegant name, not like the stupid "Tire Service"!

"Black target". With this version of the "Black Circle" any military man will stand much longer, not to mention biathletes. And if a place for a small shooting gallery is fenced off near the picture, then the profit from viewing such a "malevich" will increase greatly.

And this composition is called "Crisis". It's already hovering and ready to explode. A crisis is never white or pink, it is always black.

How to get rid of the crisis? It's pretty simple. The crisis needs to be flipped and bitten off. Let's add a leaf - and now we are not facing a crisis, but an elegant, expensive device from Apple. Now the main thing is not to turn it back, otherwise the crisis will return, but already broken out!

"Weapon of the proletariat". Composition of Suprematist symbolism. The circle, acquiring the serration of a gear, symbolizes mechanical engineering and the sun of Soviet industry. Another object symbolizes the tool, the key of the worker, at the same time resembling the crosshairs of the hammer and sickle - the weapon of the worker and the collective farmer. If only Malevich had depicted such a picture in time, the coat of arms of the USSR would undoubtedly have looked different. Perhaps it would look like that, one to one. Well, for those snickering bourgeois who do not like the symbols of the Soviet proletarian, there is a simpler name: "Beer".

"Kutuzov Suprematist. Portrait of a Field Marshal". Someone will say: this is not a portrait - where is Kutuzov himself? I will answer: firstly, the bandage is on the right missing eye of Kutuzov. Secondly, every second viewer will catch the connection with Kutuzov, which means that the portrait is quite similar.

A minimum of actions with the previous picture - and we already have scrambled eggs for breakfast. Let's call it "fried eggs Kutuzov". If the classic fried egg has both "eyes", then the Kutuzov fried egg is necessarily prepared from one egg! Scientifically speaking: monoovary. For those on a diet.

"Sisyphus". Well, many people know this. This is such a hefty, but stupid ancient Greek who did not guess to use the lever. The ancient Greek shamefully did not justify the proverb "there is strength - the mind is not needed."

The most important property of our eye is its ability to distinguish colors. One of the properties related to color vision can be considered the phenomenon of shifting the maximum of relative visibility during the transition from daytime to twilight vision.

With twilight vision (low illumination), not only the sensitivity of the eye to the perception of colors in general decreases, but even under these conditions the eye has a reduced sensitivity to colors of the long-wavelength part of the visible spectrum (red, orange) and an increased sensitivity to colors of the short-wavelength part of the spectrum (blue, violet).

We can point to a number of cases when we also encounter visual errors or illusions when looking at colored objects.

First, sometimes we mistakenly judge the color saturation of an object by the brightness of the background or by the color of other objects surrounding it. In this case, the laws of brightness contrast also apply: the color brightens on a dark background and darkens on a light one.
The great artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci wrote: "From colors of equal whiteness, that one seems lighter, which will be on a darker background, and black will seem more gloomy against a background of greater whiteness. And red will seem more fiery on a darker background, as well as all colors surrounded by their direct opposites."

Secondly, there is the concept of actual color or chromatic contrasts, when the color of the object we observe changes depending on the background against which we observe it. There are many examples of the effect of color contrasts on the eye. Goethe, for example, writes: "The grass growing in a courtyard paved with gray limestone seems to be of an infinitely beautiful green color when the evening clouds throw a reddish, barely noticeable reflection on the stones." The complementary color of dawn is green; this contrasting green, when mixed with the green of the grass, produces "infinitely beautiful green".

Goethe also describes the phenomenon of so-called "colored shadows". "One of the most beautiful cases of colored shadows can be observed on a full moon. The light of a candle and the moonlight can be completely equalized in intensity. Both shadows can be made of the same strength and clarity, so that both colors will be completely balanced. They put the screen so that the light of the full moon falls directly on it, while the candle is placed somewhat to the side at an appropriate distance; some transparent body is held in front of the screen. Then a double shadow appears, and the one that the moon casts and which in at the same time, a candle illuminates, it seems of a pronounced reddish-dark color, and, conversely, the one that the candle casts, but illuminates the moon - the most beautiful blue color. Where both shadows meet and merge into one, a black shadow is obtained. "

Illusions associated with the structural features of the eye.

Look at the picture (below) close to the right edge of the monitor

Blind spot.

The presence of a blind spot on the retina of the eye was first discovered in 1668 by the famous French physicist E. Mariotte. Marriott describes his experience in making sure that there is a blind spot as follows:

“I attached a small circle of white paper on a dark background, approximately at eye level, and at the same time asked the other circle to be held to the side of the first, to the right at a distance of about two feet), but somewhat lower so that its image fell on the optic nerve of my right eye, while I closed my left one. I stood against the first circle and gradually moved away, without taking my right eye off it. out of sight. I could not attribute this to his lateral position, for I distinguished other objects that were even more to the side than he was; I would have thought that he had been removed if I had not found him again at the slightest movement of the eyes. "

It is known that Marriott amused the English king Charles II and his courtiers by teaching them to see each other without a head. The retina of the eye in the place where the optic nerve enters the eye does not have light-sensitive endings of nerve fibers (rods and cones). Consequently, the images of objects falling on this place of the retina are not transmitted to the brain.

Here's another interesting example. In fact, the circle is perfectly even. It is worth squinting and we see it.

The optical effect of color.

This effect includes illusions or optical phenomena caused by color and changing the appearance of objects. Considering the optical phenomena of color, all colors can be divided into two groups: red and blue, because in general, colors in their optical properties will gravitate towards one of these groups. The exception is green. Light colors, such as white or yellow, create an irradiation effect, as if they spread to the darker colors located next to them and reduce the surfaces painted in these colors. For example, if a ray of light penetrates through a crack in a plank wall, the crack appears wider than it actually is. When the sun shines through the branches of trees, the branches appear thinner than usual.

This phenomenon plays an essential role in the design of fonts. While, for example, the letters E and F retain their full height, the height of letters such as O and G is reduced somewhat, further reduced by the sharp ends of the letters A and V. These letters appear below the overall line height. So that they seem to be of the same height with the rest of the letters of the line, they are already taken out slightly up or down outside the line when marking. The effect of irradiation also explains the different impression of surfaces covered with transverse or longitudinal stripes. A field with transverse stripes seems to be lower than a field with longitudinal ones, since the white color surrounding the field penetrates above and below between the stripes and visually reduces the height of the field.

The main optical features of the red and blue color groups.

Yellow visually raises the surface. It also seems to be more extensive due to the effect of irradiation. Red color is approaching us, blue, on the contrary, is moving away. The planes, painted in dark blue, purple and black, visually decrease and rush downwards.

Green color- the most calm of all colors.

It should also be noted the centrifugal movement of yellow and the centripetal blue.

The first color pricks the eyes, in the second the eye sinks. This effect increases if the difference in lightness and darkness is added to it, i.e. yellow is enhanced by adding white to it, and blue by darkening it with black.

Regarding the structure of the eye, Academician S. I. Vavilov writes: “How simple the optical part of the eye is, how complex its perceiving mechanism is. Not only do we not know the physiological meaning of the individual elements of the retina, but we are not able to say how expedient the spatial distribution of photosensitive cells is, what a blind spot is for, etc. Before us is not an artificial physical device, but a living organ in which advantages are mixed with disadvantages, but everything is inextricably linked into a living whole.”

A blind spot, it would seem, should prevent us from seeing the whole object, but under normal conditions we do not notice this.

Firstly, because the images of objects falling on the blind spot in one eye are not projected onto the blind spot in the other; secondly, because the falling parts of objects are involuntarily filled with images of neighboring parts that are in the field of view. If, for example, when looking at black horizontal lines, some areas of the image of these lines on the retina of one eye fall on a blind spot, then we will not see a break in these lines, since our other eye will make up for the shortcomings of the first. Even when observing with one eye, our reason compensates for the lack of a retina and the disappearance of some details of objects from the field of view does not reach our consciousness.
The blind spot is quite large (at a distance of two meters from the observer, even a person's face can disappear from the field of view), but under normal conditions of vision, the mobility of our eyes eliminates this "lack" of the retina.

Irradiation

The phenomenon of irradiation consists in the fact that light objects against a dark background seem to be enlarged against their real sizes and, as it were, capture part of the dark background. This phenomenon has been known since very ancient times. Even Vitruvius (I century BC), the architect and engineer of Ancient Rome, pointed out in his writings that when dark and light are combined, "light devours darkness." On our retina, the light partly captures the place occupied by the shadow. The initial explanation of the phenomenon of irradiation was given by R. Descartes, who argued that an increase in the size of light objects occurs due to the spread of physiological excitation to places adjacent to a directly irritated place in the retina.
However, this explanation is currently being replaced by a new, more rigorous one, formulated by Helmholtz, according to which the following circumstances are the root cause of irradiation. Each luminous point is depicted on the retina of the eye in the form of a small circle of scattering due to the imperfection of the lens (aberration, from Latin - deviation), inaccurate accommodation, etc. When we consider a light surface against a dark background, due to aberrational scattering, the boundaries of this surface seem to move apart, and the surface seems to us larger than its true geometric dimensions; it seems to extend over the edges of the dark background surrounding it.

The effect of irradiation is the sharper, the worse the eye is accommodated. Due to the presence of circles of light scattering on the retina, under certain conditions (for example, very thin black threads), dark objects on a light background can also be subjected to illusory exaggeration - this is the so-called negative irradiation. There are a lot of examples when we can observe the phenomenon of irradiation, it is not possible to give them here in full.

The great Italian artist, scientist and engineer Leonardo da Vinci, in his notes, says the following about the phenomenon of irradiation: “When the Sun is visible behind leafless trees, all their branches opposite the solar body are so reduced that they become invisible, the same will happen with the staff placed between the eye and the solar body. from a great distance to consider the battlements of the fortresses, separated from each other by gaps equal to the width of these battlements, then the gaps seem to be much larger than the teeth ... ".

The great German poet Goethe points out a number of cases of observations of the phenomenon of irradiation in nature in his treatise "The Teaching of Flowers". He writes about this phenomenon as follows: "A dark object seems to be smaller than a light object of the same size. If we consider simultaneously a white circle on a black background and a black circle of the same diameter on a white background, then the latter seems to us approximately "/, less than the first. If the black circle is made correspondingly larger, they will appear equal. The young crescent of the moon seems to belong to a circle of a larger diameter than the rest of the dark part of the moon, which is sometimes distinguishable in this case.

The phenomenon of irradiation in astronomical observations makes it difficult to observe thin black lines on objects of observation; in such cases it is necessary to stop the lens of the telescope. Physicists, due to the phenomenon of irradiation, do not see thin peripheral rings of the diffraction pattern. In a dark dress, people seem thinner than in a light one. Light sources visible from behind the edge produce an apparent notch in it. The ruler, from which the flame of the candle appears, is represented with a notch in this place. The rising and setting sun makes a notch in the horizon.

A few more examples.

The black thread, if held in front of a bright flame, seems to be interrupted in this place; the incandescent filament of an incandescent lamp seems thicker than it really is; light wire on a dark background seems thicker than on a light one. The sashes in the window frames appear smaller than they really are. A statue cast in bronze looks smaller than one made of plaster or white marble.

The architects of ancient Greece made the corner columns of their buildings thicker than others, given that these columns from many points of view will be visible against the background of a bright sky and, due to the phenomenon of irradiation, will appear thinner. We are subjected to a peculiar illusion in relation to the apparent magnitude of the Sun. Artists tend to draw the Sun too large compared to other depicted subjects. On the other hand, in photographic landscape shots, which also show the Sun, it seems unnaturally small to us, although the lens gives a correct image of it.
Note that the phenomenon of negative irradiation can be observed in such cases when a black thread or slightly shiny metal wire appears thicker on a white background than on black or gray. If, for example, a lace maker wants to show off her art, then it is better for her to make lace from black thread and spread it on a white lining. If we observe the wires against a background of parallel dark lines, such as a tiled roof or brickwork, then the wires appear thickened and broken where they cross each of the dark lines.

These effects are also observed when the wires are superimposed in the field of view on a clear outline of the building. Probably, the phenomenon of irradiation is associated not only with the aberration properties of the lens, but also with the scattering and refraction of light in the media of the eye (a layer of liquid between the eyelid and the cornea, media filling the anterior chamber and the entire interior of the eye). Therefore, the irradiative properties of the eye are obviously related to its resolving power and radiant perception of "point" light sources. The ability of the eye to overestimate acute angles is connected with aberrational properties, and therefore, partly with the phenomenon of irradiation.

Astigmatism of the eye.

Astigmatism of the eye is its defect, usually due to the non-spherical - (toric) shape of the cornea and sometimes the non-spherical shape of the lens surfaces. Astigmatism of the human eye was first discovered in 1801 by the English physicist T. Jung. In the presence of this defect (by the way, not in all people it manifests itself in a sharp form), there is no point focusing of rays falling parallel to the eye, due to different refraction of light by the cornea in different sections. Pronounced astigmatism is corrected by glasses with cylindrical glasses, which refract light rays only in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder.

Eyes completely free from this deficiency are rare in humans, as can be easily seen. To test the eyes for astigmatism, ophthalmologists often use a special table, where twelve circles have shading of equal thickness at regular intervals. An eye with astigmatism will see the lines of one or more circles as blacker. The direction of these more black lines allows us to conclude the nature of the astigmatism of the eye.

If astigmatism is due to the non-spherical shape of the lens surface, then when moving from a clear vision of horizontal objects to viewing vertical objects, a person must change the accommodation of the eyes. Most often, the distance of clear vision of vertical objects is less than that of horizontal ones.

Take a look from afar on the picture and say: how many black circles could fit in the free space between the bottom circle and one of the top circles - four or five? Most likely you will answer that four circles will fit freely, but for the fifth, perhaps, there will not be enough space. When they tell you that exactly three circles fit in the gap, no more, you will not believe it. Take a piece of paper or a compass and see that you are wrong.

This strange illusion, due to which black areas appear to our eyes smaller than white areas of the same size, is called "irradiation". It depends on the imperfection of our eye, which, as an optical apparatus, does not fully meet the strict requirements of optics. Its refractive media do not give on the retina those sharp contours that are obtained on the frosted glass of a well-trained photographic apparatus: due to the so-called spherical aberration each light contour is surrounded by a light border, which increases its size on the retina of the eye. As a result, light areas always seem to us larger than black ones equal to them.

In his Teachings on Colors, the great poet Goethe, who was a keen observer of nature (although not always a sufficiently circumspect theoretical physicist), writes about this phenomenon as follows:

“A dark object appears smaller than a light object of the same size. If we consider simultaneously a white circle on a black background and a black circle of the same diameter on a white background, then the latter will seem to us about 1/5 less than the first. If the black circle is made correspondingly larger, they will appear equal. The young crescent of the Moon seems to belong to a circle of a larger diameter than the rest of the dark part of the Moon, which is sometimes distinguishable at the same time (“ashy light” of the Moon. - I.P.). In a dark dress, people seem thinner than in a light one. Light sources visible from behind the edge produce an apparent notch in it. The ruler, from which the flame of the candle appears, is represented with a notch in this place. The rising and setting sun makes a notch in the horizon.”

In these observations, everything is correct, except for the assertion that the white circle always seems to be larger than the equal black one and the same share. The increase depends on the distance from which the circles are viewed. It will now become clear why this is so.

Move the drawing with black circles away from the eyes - the illusion will become even stronger, even more striking. This is explained by the fact that the width of the additional border always remains the same; if, therefore, at a close distance, it increased the width of the light area by only 10%, then at a far distance, when the image itself decreases, the same addition will no longer be 10%, but, say, 30% or even 50% of its width. The indicated feature of our eye is usually also explained by the strange property of the following figure. Looking at it closely, you see a lot of white circles on a black field. But move the book away and look at the drawing from a distance of 2-3 steps, and if you have very good eyesight, then from a distance of 6-8 steps; the figure will noticeably change its appearance: instead of circles, you will see white hexagons in it, like bee cells.

I am not quite satisfied with the explanation of this illusion by irradiation, since I noticed that black circles on a white background also seem to be hexagonal from a distance (see the figure below), although the irradiation here does not increase, but reduces mugs. It must be said that in general the existing explanations of visual illusions cannot be considered final; the majority of illusions have no explanation at all.