Elimination of consequences of earthquakes. Rescue work

C) What goes around comes around
Previously, when I heard the proverb “What goes around comes around,” I thought that it was only about human labor. Do something and then you will find something. But if you think about the meaning of these words, they can be applied to human relationships.
If you sow bad, bad things, then you will reap the same. These will be bitter fruits from your life's field. You can often see that a person who wishes harm to someone, slander, deceives, is treated very poorly by those around him.
And vice versa. When a person is sincere, friendly, and polite, then she reaps the reciprocity and respect of others from her field. Good begets good, and evil separates people and destroys their souls.
Therefore, we all need to think about what to sow our field with in order to reap the good fruits

A) If you start listing all the qualities that a true friend should have, then he will turn out to be not an ordinary person, but a superman: kind, cheerful, faithful, honest, devoted, helpful, able to support in difficult times and help out of trouble, brave, interesting. .. And that's not all. I wonder if there is a person in the world who has all these virtues? Perhaps, but there are only a few such people, these are people-heroes, people-legends. But even they have the right to make mistakes, because a person cannot, and should not, be perfect, otherwise he will be very lonely in our world.
Who do we choose as our friends? Probably those who have qualities that are of paramount importance to us. Not all of the above, but only some. And we value this person because he is who he really is. In a friend we value not individual qualities, but the person as a whole: with his habits, manner of behavior and conversation.
You often realize that a stranger to you has become a true friend after shared troubles, failures, difficulties in which a person reveals himself from the inside, unable to lie to himself.
A true friend. .. This is something close, infinitely expensive, warm, cozy. “He won’t leave a friend in trouble, he won’t ask too much.” Yes it is. But a friend is not only when he is for you. I believe that one-sided friendship is a mirage, an illusion. Friendship is when two people take, but two also give to each other. Honestly, without deception, without one person using another.
Do I possess many of the qualities that I consider important and necessary for a true friend? What am I willing to sacrifice for a friend? It seems to me that you need to ask yourself these questions more often, that is, become a true friend yourself, and then there will definitely be people who will support you in difficult times, without hesitation, they will give a helping hand and share with you all the sorrows and joys of life.

Elimination of consequences of earthquakes – this is a set of measures aimed at searching and rescuing victims trapped in rubble, damaged buildings, structures, providing them with first aid and evacuating those in need of further treatment to medical institutions, as well as carrying out emergency recovery work and priority life support for the affected population. During L.p.z. There are two groups of work: emergency rescue and other urgent work (ASDNR); work to restore the socio-economic potential of the disaster zone. The main requirements for the organization and management of ASDNR at L.p.z. are: focusing the main efforts on saving people; organizing and carrying out work within a time frame that ensures the survival of victims and the protection of the population in the danger zone; the use of methods and technologies for conducting emergency rescue operations that are appropriate to the current situation, ensuring the fullest use of the capabilities of rescuers and technical means, as well as the safety of victims and rescuers; prompt response to changes in the situation. Continuity and effectiveness of ASDNR in L.p.z. are achieved: by creating a grouping of forces corresponding to the current situation; stable and firm leadership of the actions of rescuers; concentrating the main efforts in places with the greatest concentration of victims and where the victims are in greatest danger; complete and timely provision of rescuers’ actions with the necessary material and technical means; organizing the work schedule in accordance with the current situation. In order to ensure sustainable management, the emergency zone is divided into sections and work sites, including a certain territory with buildings and structures located on it. The number of work sites and objects is determined based on the current situation, the volume of rubble, the degree of destruction of buildings, the expected number of victims, and their condition. The organizational and technological scheme for carrying out ASDNR is selected by the head of the L.P.Z. work, based on the situation, volume, working conditions in the earthquake area and the adopted technology for practicing individual work operations. Carrying out emergency rescue operations (ASR) includes: assessment of the destruction zone; dispersal of forces and resources to work sites; conducting a search (on the surface and/or in rubble); rapid collection of victims located on the surface and removal of victims from under the rubble; providing them with first aid and first aid followed by evacuation to inpatient medical institutions; extracting the dead from the rubble, registering them and organizing their burial; evacuation of the population from dangerous places to safe areas; carrying out priority life support measures for the affected population. ASR during earthquakes should begin immediately and be carried out continuously, day and night, in any weather, to ensure the rescue of victims within the time frame of their survival in the rubble. (See also Emergency and Rescue Operations). One of the main types of ASR during L.p.z. is search and rescue work. The basic organizational and technological diagram of search and rescue operations is presented in Fig. Fundamental organizational and technological scheme for carrying out emergency rescue operations An integral element of the ASDNR complex during earthquakes is the carrying out of urgent work: clearing access roads and sites for the placement of arriving equipment; arrangement of passages and maintenance of traffic routes; restoration of destroyed railway lines; localization and extinguishing of fires; elimination of accidents and their consequences on utility, energy and technological networks that threaten the lives of victims and complicate ASR; collapse of structures of buildings and structures that threaten to collapse, securing unstable parts of the rubble from movement during the work; restoration of stationary power grids to illuminate the main transport routes of populated areas, as well as facilities where ASR is carried out; organization of commandant service and public order protection; organization of a set of anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures in order to prevent diseases among personnel involved in conducting ASR; organization of burial of those killed during the earthquake. See also Emergency work. To ensure the minimum necessary living conditions for the affected population, the following measures are taken: temporary resettlement of the disabled population, primarily women and children, from the affected areas to unaffected areas and neighboring regions of the Russian Federation; providing the affected population with warm clothes and basic necessities, organizing meals and providing water; temporary accommodation in tents, huts and preserved earthquake-resistant buildings; prevention and prevention of the occurrence of infectious diseases among the population, timely detection and isolation of sick people; carrying out a set of measures to eliminate psychological trauma and shock states, organizing a reference and information service about the places and times of burial of the dead, placing victims in medical institutions and places of resettlement of the evacuated population, etc. The decisive factor is the solution of issues of logistical support for the work: staffing of units (formations) ) truck cranes, excavators, loaders, bulldozers, dump trucks and small-scale mechanization equipment; maintenance and current repair of equipment, providing it with fuels and lubricants; timely provision of personnel with replacement uniforms, personal protective equipment, necessary tools and equipment; ensuring the livelihoods of personnel (organizing accommodation, meals, bath and laundry and medical care, etc. ). In order to maintain discipline, order, and prevent panic in the emergency zone, public order protection is organized. At the same time, the established regime of access (admission) to the zone, protection of the most important objects, unattended material assets and their collection, road safety during work and evacuation, prevention of illegal actions, etc. are ensured. (see also Protection of public order in emergencies). Work to restore the socio-economic potential of the disaster zone includes: resumption of industrial production activities and infrastructure facilities; ensuring the livelihoods of the population in the disaster zone. They are organized and carried out by eliminating destruction and restoring damaged facilities, new construction, measures for the rehabilitation of affected areas, etc. Restoration (rehabilitation work) during L.p.z. are carried out in accordance with restoration plans and programs and are carried out by specialized organizations (construction, repair, etc.) at the expense of the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, economic sectors and organizations, insurance funds, bank loans, financial assistance from higher levels of government. When determining the directions for restoring the life of a territory after an earthquake, various scenarios are possible. In some cases, restoration seems irrational and restoration or rehabilitation work is not carried out. An example of this approach is the refusal to restore the village of Neftegorsk, destroyed by an earthquake. In other cases, they are limited to restoring the minimum necessary elements of infrastructure, without bringing life activity to the level that occurred before the emergency. This is especially typical for the restoration (rehabilitation) of settlements that are unpromising from an economic and demographic point of view. A common approach to restoration involves restoring the socio-economic potential of the territory to its previous volumes, putting into operation all destroyed or damaged industrial and social facilities. In some cases, after an earthquake, restoration occurs on a qualitatively new basis; not only the previous level is achieved, but intensive socio-economic development of the territory occurs.

On October 23, 2011, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred in southeastern Turkey. Turkish rescuers on October 25, 47 hours after the devastating earthquake in Van province in the southeast of the country.

On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake caused a tsunami over ten meters high. The number of dead and missing people exceeded 20 thousand.

Members of the Japanese Internal Security Forces, who carried out search and rescue operations in areas affected by the devastating earthquake in the northeast of the country, two people were there for about four days. A 70-year-old woman was rescued in the city of Otsuchi, and a little later NHK television reported the rescue of a man.

On March 20, almost 10 days after the earthquake, Japanese police in Ishinomaki City (Miyagi Prefecture) found two survivors. They turned out to be an 80-year-old woman and a 16-year-old teenager. Both are in a state of exhaustion.

On April 13, 2010, an earthquake occurred in northwestern China in Yushu County, Qinghai Province. The earthquake killed more than a thousand people and injured more than 11 thousand people.

A resident of the city of Jiegu in the earthquake-hit Qinghai province 49 hours after the disaster. The rescued woman was a 30-year-old Tibetan woman.

As a result of earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 and 5.9 that occurred off the coast of Haiti on January 12, 2010, about 3 million people were affected and 250 thousand houses were destroyed. The number of victims reached 212 thousand people.

On February 9, 2010, the American television and radio corporation CNN reported that the man managed to survive after spending almost a month under the rubble of one of the markets in the capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince. According to relatives of the surviving man, 28-year-old Evan Muncie was discovered under the ruins of the market where he used to sell rice. The man was exhausted and had open wounds on his legs that had already begun to rot.

On May 21, 2003, an earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale occurred in Algeria. In the town of Borj Menail, 80 kilometers east of the capital, after lying under rubble for four days after the earthquake. The rescued girl escaped with only minor injuries. She said she survived by eating cookies she sold, which luckily stayed with her when she was trapped under the rubble of the building.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

On October 23, 2011, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred in southeastern Turkey. Turkish rescuers on October 25, 47 hours after the devastating earthquake in Van province in the southeast of the country.

On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake caused a tsunami over ten meters high. The number of dead and missing people exceeded 20 thousand.

Members of the Japanese Internal Security Forces, who carried out search and rescue operations in areas affected by the devastating earthquake in the northeast of the country, two people were there for about four days. A 70-year-old woman was rescued in the city of Otsuchi, and a little later NHK television reported the rescue of a man.

On March 20, almost 10 days after the earthquake, Japanese police in Ishinomaki City (Miyagi Prefecture) found two survivors. They turned out to be an 80-year-old woman and a 16-year-old teenager. Both are in a state of exhaustion.

On April 13, 2010, an earthquake occurred in northwestern China in Yushu County, Qinghai Province. The earthquake killed more than a thousand people and injured more than 11 thousand people.

A resident of the city of Jiegu in the earthquake-hit Qinghai province 49 hours after the disaster. The rescued woman was a 30-year-old Tibetan woman.

As a result of earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 and 5.9 that occurred off the coast of Haiti on January 12, 2010, about 3 million people were affected and 250 thousand houses were destroyed. The number of victims reached 212 thousand people.

On February 9, 2010, the American television and radio corporation CNN reported that the man managed to survive after spending almost a month under the rubble of one of the markets in the capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince. According to relatives of the surviving man, 28-year-old Evan Muncie was discovered under the ruins of the market where he used to sell rice. The man was exhausted and had open wounds on his legs that had already begun to rot.

On May 21, 2003, an earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale occurred in Algeria. In the town of Borj Menail, 80 kilometers east of the capital, after lying under rubble for four days after the earthquake. The rescued girl escaped with only minor injuries. She said she survived by eating cookies she sold, which luckily stayed with her when she was trapped under the rubble of the building.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Earthquakes are the most destructive natural disasters, occupying one of the first places among other disasters in terms of the number of people killed, the volume and severity of destruction, as well as the amount of material damage. The main damaging factors of earthquakes are seismic waves. They are divided into hypocentral (longitudinal and transverse) and superficial (Rayleigh and Love waves).

Hypocentral longitudinal waves (P-waves)– seismic waves propagating from the earthquake source in all directions with the alternate formation of compression and tension zones. In this case, the displacement of soil particles occurs along the direction of wave propagation.

Hypocentral shear waves (S-waves)– seismic waves propagating from the earthquake source in all directions with the formation of shear zones. The displacement of particles occurs perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

Rayleigh and Love waves (R-waves and L-waves)– seismic waves propagating from the epicenter of an earthquake in the thickness of the upper layer of the earth’s crust. The displacement of soil particles in the R-wave occurs in the vertical plane, and in the L-wave - in the horizontal plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of these waves.

The main parameters of seismic waves are: speed of propagation, maximum amplitude of oscillations, period of oscillations and duration of wave action.
The propagation speed of hypocentral longitudinal waves is about 8 km/s, hypocentral shear waves about 5 km/s, and surface waves – 0.5 – 2 km/s.

The maximum amplitude of oscillations, the period of oscillations and the duration of the waves depend on the ground conditions, the location of the source and the power of the earthquake.

The overall impact of the above damaging factors of an earthquake on the earth's surface is characterized by the intensity of the earthquake, which is expressed in points. Depending on the intensity of vibrations of the earth's surface, the following classification of earthquakes has been established (Table 2).

The difficulty of rescuing people in an earthquake is due to the suddenness of its occurrence, the difficulties of deploying forces and deploying search and rescue operations in the zone of mass destruction; the presence of a large number of victims requiring emergency assistance; limited survival time for people in the rubble; difficult working conditions for rescuers. The source of an earthquake is generally characterized by: destruction and overturning of buildings and structures, under the rubble of which people die; the occurrence of explosions and massive fires resulting from industrial accidents, short circuits in energy networks and depressurization of containers for storing flammable liquids; the formation of possible foci of contamination by chemical toxic substances; destruction and blockage of populated areas as a result of the formation of numerous cracks, collapses and landslides; flooding of settlements and entire regions as a result of the formation of waterfalls, dams on lakes and deviation of river beds.

table 2

Earthquake classification

The main goal of emergency rescue and other emergency work during earthquakes is to search and rescue victims trapped in rubble, damaged buildings, structures, provide them with first aid and evacuate those in need of further treatment to medical institutions, as well as provide priority life support to the affected population.

The main requirements for the organization and conduct of emergency rescue and other urgent work during the liquidation of the consequences of earthquakes are:

Concentrating the main efforts on saving people;
organizing and carrying out work within a time frame that ensures the survival of victims and the protection of the population in the danger zone;
the use of methods and technologies for conducting emergency rescue operations that are appropriate to the current situation, ensuring the fullest use of the capabilities of rescuers and technical means, as well as the safety of victims and rescuers;
prompt response to changes in the situation.

Emergency rescue operations during the liquidation of the consequences of earthquakes include:

Search for victims;
releasing victims from the rubble of building structures, confined spaces, from damaged and destroyed floors of buildings and structures;
providing first aid and first aid to victims;
evacuation of victims from danger zones (places of blockade) to collection points for victims or to medical centers;
evacuation of the population from dangerous places to safe areas;
carrying out priority measures to support the life support of the population.

Emergency work during earthquakes is aimed at localizing, suppressing or reducing to the minimum possible level the impact of harmful and dangerous factors that impede rescue operations and threaten the life and health of victims and rescuers, and provide the affected population with the necessary assistance. The specified works include:

Equipment and clearing of traffic routes in the destruction zone;
collapse and strengthening of structures threatening collapse;
localization and extinguishing of fires, carrying out smoke control measures at areas (facilities) of rescue operations;
localization and disinfection of sources of contamination with chemically hazardous and radioactive substances;
localization of damage to utility networks and hydraulic structures, which can become secondary sources of infection;
carrying out anti-epidemic measures.

Forces and means for eliminating emergency situations associated with earthquakes are involved in carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work in the prescribed manner.

Management of emergency rescue and other urgent work during earthquakes consists of the targeted activities of management to effectively use available forces and means in rescuing victims, providing them with medical care, evacuating them from the disaster zone and further life support.

The basis for organizing management is a pre-developed action plan to prevent and eliminate an emergency.

Emergency rescue operations during earthquakes must begin immediately and be carried out continuously, day and night, in any weather, to ensure the rescue of victims within the time frame of their survival in the rubble.

Continuity and efficiency of emergency rescue operations are achieved by:

As a rule, rescue operations in earthquake damage zones have five stages (Table 3).

During rescue operations in rubble and other difficult conditions, micro-breaks can be prescribed - “minutes of silence” lasting 2-3 minutes for a short rest and listening to the rubble in order to search for victims.

Work breaks lasting 10–15 minutes. are assigned taking into account the performance status of the rescuers. When working hard, rest during breaks should be passive. In case of negative ambient temperatures, rest areas are organized in warm rooms, and in hot weather - in the shade.

After the end of the last (within a day) work shift, rescuers are provided with inter-shift rest - at least 7-8 hours of full sleep, as well as to meet needs and active rest - based on the need for full restoration of working capacity.

Meals during emergency rescue operations are organized before and after the end of the work shift.

A formation (military unit) for conducting emergency rescue operations during an earthquake is assigned several work areas, and a battalion is assigned one work area.

In order to ensure sustainable management, the site is divided into work objects, which include a certain territory with buildings and structures located on it. The number of work sites and objects is determined based on the current situation, the volume of rubble, the degree of destruction of buildings, the expected number of victims, and their condition.

The search and rescue team (service) is assigned one or two work objects.

The organizational and technological scheme for carrying out emergency rescue operations is selected by the commander of the formation (military unit), the head of the search and rescue squad (service), based on the situation, volume, working conditions in the earthquake area and the adopted technology for practicing individual work operations (Table 4).

Practical techniques used in conducting prospecting work are presented in Table. 5.

Unblocking victims during rescue operations in conditions of destruction of buildings is a set of measures taken to provide access to victims, free them from the rubble of building structures and confined spaces, and organize evacuation routes from blocked areas.

Types and methods of releasing victims are listed in table. 4.

First medical aid to victims is a set of simple medical measures performed by rescuers, medical instructors and doctors of rescue units directly at the site of injury to victims using standard and improvised means, as well as by the victims themselves in the form of self- and mutual assistance. The main goal of first aid is to save the life of the victim, eliminate the ongoing impact of the damaging factor and prepare the victim for evacuation from the affected area.

Table 3

Stages of rescue operations in earthquake damage zones

The optimal time for providing first aid is up to 30 minutes. after being injured. When breathing stops, this time is reduced to 5–10 minutes.

Providing first aid begins with determining what condition the victim is in: alive or dead. To do this you need:

Determine whether consciousness is preserved;
feel the pulse on the radial artery, and in case of damage to the upper extremities - on the femoral or carotid arteries. The pulse is determined in the lower part of the forearm at 23 cm above the wrist joint along the palmar surface, slightly retreating from its middle towards the thumb. If it is impossible to check the pulse in this place (for example, in the presence of a wound), the pulse can be determined on the side of the neck, in the middle part of the shoulder on its inner surface, in the middle of the third of the thigh on the inside;
determine whether the victim is breathing; breathing, which in a healthy person is carried out in the form of 16–20 inhalations and exhalations per minute, can be weak and frequent in people who have been injured;
determine whether the pupils constrict to light, note their size. In the absence of pulse, breathing and consciousness, and a wide pupil that does not respond to light, death is declared. If two out of three signs are determined (consciousness, pulse, breathing) with the pupil reacting to light, the victim is alive, first aid is provided to him.

First of all, the victim’s head and chest should be relieved of pressure. Before releasing the compressed limbs from under the blockage, a tourniquet or tight twist must be applied as quickly as possible above the place of compression. After removing the victim from the rubble, it is necessary to assess his state of health.

If the victim is in an extremely serious, unconscious state, first of all it is necessary to restore the airway, clear the mouth and throat of soil, sand, construction debris and begin artificial respiration and chest compressions. Only if the victim has spontaneous breathing and a pulse can other injuries be dealt with.

When providing first aid, they stop bleeding in case of damage to the skin, injury to soft tissues using pressure bandages or applying a tourniquet, twisting from improvised means, apply bandages for burns or frostbite, create immobility of the limbs in case of bone fractures, compression of tissues, bruises, warm frostbitten areas of the body before redness appears, painkillers are administered and other measures are taken.

Evacuation of victims can be carried out in two parallel streams:

From littered premises of the lower floors, rubble of building structures, basements;
from the upper floors.

The victims are evacuated from the blocked areas in stages:

Stage I– from blocking points to the working site;
Stage II– from the work site to the casualty collection point.

When rescuing a large number of victims located in adjacent blocked rooms (floors, levels), evacuation is carried out in three stages.

At the first stage (for example, when rescuing from upper floors), the victims are regrouped and concentrated in the safest room with free access to evacuation routes, then (or in parallel) evacuation routes are organized from this room to the work site, and from there to the point collection of victims.

In case of emergency circumstances (for example, a fire spreading upwards of a building, a high risk of collapse of building debris), an evacuation site can be equipped on the roof of the building (the top remaining floor), and evacuation can be carried out using helicopters or equipped cable cars to neighboring buildings.

Table 4

Basic organizational and technological diagram of search and rescue operations

Table 5

Tactical techniques for conducting search operations
in earthquake damage zones

When evacuating victims from rubble and littered premises of destroyed buildings, the following are used:

Medical stretcher;
raincoat;
stretcher strap;
products from scrap materials;
pieces of fabric.

Using these means, victims can be carried, dragged, lowered or raised.

When evacuating victims from the upper floors of destroyed buildings, the following methods are used:

Descent down ladders or assault ladders;
descent using a rescue belt;
descent using a loop;
descent using a chest sling;
lowering a horizontally suspended stretcher with a victim;
descent using a cable car.

The effectiveness of work to counter emergency situations caused by earthquakes largely depends on the activities of executive authorities, local government, and RSChS management bodies at all levels.