Foreign policy of the state. The relationship between foreign and domestic policy of the state

Domestic politics

a set of activities of the state, its structures and institutions for the organizational, concrete and meaningful expression of the interests of the people in order to create conditions for normal human life; maintaining or reforming the existing social and state system. The spheres of domestic policy are diverse: economic, demographic, cultural, agrarian, social, etc. One of these areas is political. Domestic policy in the political sphere is aimed at modernizing, improving the political system of society, its individual institutions, political relations and relationships between institutions, rules, norms, laws governing these interactions, and in general, at creating a stable, effective policy. This policy is based on real human interests, fundamental constitutional principles: the exercise of human rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of others; the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are directly applicable; all are equal before the law and the court; the state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances; the dignity of the individual is protected by the state; citizens have the right to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives; to elect and be elected to bodies of state power and local self-government, to participate in a referendum, etc. The internal policy of the state achieves success when its goals, methods and achievements are understandable, clear and approved by the majority of the population. As time has shown, Russian domestic policy, especially at the initial stage of reform, was incomprehensible to the masses, as a result of which it not only did not achieve the planned results, but the idea of the harmfulness of democratic reforms and their anti-human orientation became stronger in the minds of people. Therefore, the internal policy of many institutions of state power is alienated by people, evaluated negatively. The activities of people and the activities of institutions in various areas of domestic policy are organically interconnected, and only in their unity is the key to its effectiveness.

Shpak V.Yu.

Political science. Dictionary. - M: RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010 .

Domestic politics

the activity of the state, its institutions, which is aimed at maintaining or reforming the existing socio-political system.

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference. comp. Prof. floor of sciences Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 .

Political science. Dictionary. - RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010 .

See what "Domestic Policy" is in other dictionaries:

This page needs a major overhaul. It may need to be wikified, expanded, or rewritten. Explanation of the reasons and discussion on the Wikipedia page: For improvement / December 9, 2012. Date of setting for improvement December 9, 2012 ... Wikipedia

DOMESTIC POLICY- Politics expressing the relationship of classes, social groups and nations within the state ... Glossary of political terms

DOMESTIC POLICY- all internal affairs of the state, their conduct. This is a concept widely used in the constitutional lexicon. In the Russian Federation, the President, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determines the main directions of internal and ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Constitutional Law

DOMESTIC POLICY- - the sphere of relations between the subjects of politics (classes, other social groups, parties, social movements, etc.), the core of which is the conquest, retention and use of power. V. p. is carried out by power structures, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Politics Portal: Politics Bulgaria This article is part of a series: By ... Wikipedia

Politics Portal: Politics Russia This article is part of a series: The political system of Russia The political system The Constitution of Russia ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Politics of Ukraine. Politics Portal: Politics Ukraine ... Wikipedia

The State of Israel This article is from a series of articles: Politics and Government of Israel ... Wikipedia

The internal policy of tsarism in the 19th century.- The more the foundations of the autocratic feudal system were undermined, the clearer the reactionary nature of the policy of tsarism became. Nicholas I stubbornly guarded the dominance of the nobles in the economic, social and political life of the country throughout his ... The World History. Encyclopedia

The information in this section is out of date. You can help the project ... Wikipedia

Books

The internal policy of Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), N. N. Petrukhintsev. The monograph examines the process of formation of the INTERNAL POLICY OF THE TIME OF ANNA Ioannovna’s reign (1730-1740) and analyzes the largest internal political actions of Anninsky…

Among the traditional problems of political psychology: the study of mechanisms for ensuring political influence and types of political leadership, identifying the causes of aggressiveness and violence in politics, studying the mechanism for making political decisions and models of political activity, its motivation, creating psychobiographies of famous political figures aimed at identifying those key moments in politics. their lives, which determined the peculiarities of their political character, their characteristic ways of solving political problems and establishing contacts with followers.

Interdependence of domestic and foreign policy

Every state pays attention to its domestic and foreign policy. The internal policy of the state apparatus is aimed at solving its own tasks of ruling: at optimizing the interaction of legislative, executive and judicial institutions of power, as well as at resolving issues of reproducing the material and spiritual culture of society, improving the quality of life of the population, improving civil society, ensuring the internal security of the individual, society and the state itself as a country.

The foreign policy of the state is determined mainly by national interests, which in international relations can be perceived as fair or unfair, peaceful or aggressive, tolerant or ambitious, corresponding or not corresponding to the norms of international law. In the course of implementing the tasks of foreign policy, the state seeks to ensure its own security and the security of the subjects of society, to eliminate or neutralize external threats.

Many other tasks of a diplomatic, economic, social, spiritual and other nature are solved in foreign policy. As a result of foreign policy activities, the state apparatus of the country seeks to create favorable conditions for the implementation of domestic policy. They can be important both for the well-being of citizens, society, and for the very apparatus of government. Another important desired result of foreign policy is the international recognition and authority of the country and its leadership. The terms "great power", "developed state", "medium developed state", "third-rate state", "accomplice state" are filled with concrete content in the process of foreign policy interactions. At the same time, both real internal and external successes of the state are used, as well as ideological and manipulative means.

Depending on the specific historical cultural development of society and the specifics of the interaction of state power with the subjects of society, domestic policy can have a different degree of spread to social relations and processes. In countries where indicators of material and spiritual culture have not received developed forms, public administration, as a rule, extends to all aspects of the life of society, and often subordinates them to itself. The state administration itself is carried out in authoritarian forms, which can be based on legal norms or be established subjectively. At the same time, domestic policy is carried out mainly "top-down".

In industrialized and socially developed countries, the internal policy of the state does not apply to all spheres of society and activities of its subjects. In civil society, independent socio-cultural entities are formed, capable of reproducing material and spiritual culture without the support of the state apparatus, and even more so without its interference in their affairs. Such internal political state administration requires not only a smart and fair, active "king", a "good" government and other institutions of the state, but also a democracy based on law, a highly developed subjectivity of citizens, their awareness of their rights and freedoms.

In the course of emerging crises and conflicts in any society, the spheres of distribution of state power are expanding. The state apparatus of the country has more opportunities and means to overcome crises and conflicts in society, including violent ones on a legal basis. The long-term inability of the state apparatus to successfully manage social development, unsuccessful domestic policy are also causes of social tensions in society and lead to a change in state power and the political regime.

General signs of domestic and foreign policy.The foreign policy of a state is largely determined by the success or failure of its domestic policy. This is their common features.

1. Both domestic and foreign policy are carried out in typical spheres of society and community life: economic, government, social, spiritual, environmental, military-political. The activity of, for example, the state in the foreign economic sphere is based on domestic economic policy: how government interacts with the financial, industrial, transport, mining, trade and other structures of the country, how it forms and uses the state budget, how it manages state property. The foreign policy legal activity of the state also depends on the state of law within the country, on the activities of law-making, law enforcement and other institutions of the state.

We can say that the common thing for the domestic and foreign policy of the state is the identity of their content and the main directions of implementation. An effective domestic policy on state management of the spheres of society's life largely determines the credibility and effectiveness of the state's foreign policy in these areas.

2. Domestic and foreign policy have two varieties, taking into account its scale and temporal indicators. Both domestic and foreign policy have tactical and strategic components. Tactical (current) policy is aimed at the implementation of immediate goals and objectives, as well as plans and programs of the political strategy. It has flexibility, close connection with current political processes, events and situations, the use of temporary agreements, the acquisition of allies (supporters) in solving specific problems, the operational use of methods and means of political interaction, the involvement of citizens (electorates, strata) in election campaigns, the formation of an internal and foreign policy public opinion.

Strategic domestic and foreign policy is aimed at long-term interactions, at the development and implementation of long-term plans and programs, at the future of the policy itself, the state and the world community. The essence of strategic policy is the choice and justification of fundamental significant goals and priorities of the internal and external political development of the state. The content of strategic policy can be: the search for political forces, material, technical, financial, spiritual and other necessary resources to achieve the intended goals, the creation of new political parties and blocs within the country and in the international arena, the conclusion of agreements with other states, the forecast of intermediate and final results . Strategic policy is considered to include long-term (10-15 years) and medium-term (3-10 years) phases.

FOREIGN POLICY - the activities of the state in the international arena,

regulating relations with other subjects of foreign policy

activities: states, foreign parties and other public

organizations, world and regional international organizations.

V.p. relies on economic, demographic, military, scientific and

technical and cultural potential of the state; combination of the latter

determines the possibilities of V.p. activities of the state on certain

directions, the hierarchy of priorities in the formulation and implementation of V.p. goals.

The form of traditional implementation of V.p. is to establish

diplomatic relations (or reduction of their level, suspension, break and

even a declaration of war when relations with former partners are aggravated) between

states; opening of representative offices of the state at world and

regional international organizations or state membership in them;

Domestic policy - a set of areas of activity of the state, its structures and institutions for the organizational, concrete and meaningful expression of the interests of the people in order to create conditions for a normal human life; maintaining or reforming the existing social and state system.

Domestic policy is based on real human interests, fundamental constitutional principles:

▪ the exercise of human rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons;

▪ human and civil rights and freedoms are directly applicable;

▪ everyone is equal before the law and court;

▪ The state guarantees equality of human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, and other circumstances;

▪ the dignity of the individual is protected by the state;

▪ Citizens have the right to participate in the management of state affairs both directly and through their representatives;

▪ to elect and be elected to bodies of state power and local self-government, to participate in a referendum, etc.

18. Constitutional and legal regulation of religious relations and the status of churches.

In the conditions of democratic regimes, constitutions proclaim ideological pluralism, freedom of belief and expression of one's opinions (Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan, etc.). In accordance with the International Covenants on Human Rights, the law prohibits only calls for violence, terror, racial and national hatred. Some prohibitions are related to the moral values of society (for example, the restriction or complete prohibition of pornographic publications in a number of countries), with the need to protect the health of the population (for example, the prohibition or restriction of the promotion of alcohol or tobacco products).

There is an officially recognized ideology in a group of countries (for example, rukunegaru in Malaysia, pancha power in Indonesia), but it is not enforced and evading it does not attract punishment. However, significant advantages are being created for its propaganda. The same can be said about Islam, the ideas of "Arab socialism", the Caliphate in a number of Muslim countries. For non-believers, these views are not obligatory, but for Muslims they are part of the Sharia, and in those countries where the canons of Islam are most zealously observed, the expression of other views can even lead to punishment, including by a special morality police (mutawa) .

Finally, in countries with totalitarian political systems, there is, as already mentioned, a de facto or even formally obligatory ideology. Speeches criticizing Marxism-Leninism, Maoism (in China), the Juche idea, the works of Kim Il Sung in North Korea, etc. brought punishment.

In its content, politics is a public attitude, primarily about power. Politics is manifested through the activities of institutions and institutions of state power; the science and art of political maneuvering, its methods and means; political ideology, including the development of goals, objectives and principles of policy. In scientific literature, a distinction is made between the terms "foreign policy" and "international relations". The latter are considered as a broader concept, including not only political, but also other ties between the subjects of international relations. In the history of public relations, foreign policy appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of states. The foreign policy of the state can be defined as the area of its activity, primarily its governing bodies in the field of international relations in order to exert directed influence on other participants in international relations.

Foreign policy is an integral part of state policy, determining the actions of the state in the sphere of domestic policy. Sometimes it is simply a function of internal politics. Each state pursues one or another course of foreign policy. The need for foreign policy stems from the fact that domestic policy does not fully meet the needs and interests of a given society. In this sense, foreign policy is a continuation and addition of domestic policy, performing auxiliary functions in relation to domestic political processes. Features of foreign policy should not be absolutized. The internal and external functions of politics are closely interrelated. The same problem often contains both an internal aspect and an international one. The lack of democracy in domestic politics may, over time, lead to foreign policy becoming a function of domestic politics. Each political regime is faced with the need to implement a foreign policy that would serve the needs of domestic policy.

It must be remembered that foreign policy is carried out in other social conditions than domestic policy. The international community has its own decentralized structure, the constituent elements of which are sovereign states. Ultimately, political action in the international arena is based, to a greater extent, not on normative acts subordinating individuals to a given state power, but on the joint activity of people and their cooperation.

Specific and basic features of foreign policy.

Some specific and basic features of foreign policy can be distinguished. One of its most important features is the development and implementation of foreign policy goals. Of course, the formulation of programs and the organization of political action are always conditioned by the specific situation in the international arena. For example, the successes of Soviet foreign policy during perestroika are largely associated with the proclaimed principle of de-ideologization of foreign policy. One of the features that characterize the foreign policy activity of the state, as already noted, is the ability of this state to maintain political stability at the proper level within the state. Interrelations and interdependencies of domestic and foreign policy extend to almost all spheres of public life, be it the economy, culture, science. Therefore, the feedback of the impact of domestic policy on foreign policy is also obvious. An effective foreign policy can actively influence the implementation of domestic policy goals. The internal policy of each state not only determines the directions, but also provides the means for implementing foreign policy. The latter not only serves the purposes of domestic policy, but also adjusts it in accordance with international conditions. It should be remembered at the same time that the primacy of domestic over foreign policy is a consequence of the primacy of the internal functions of the state over its external functions.

The essence of the state's foreign policy activity cannot be considered in isolation from the nature of international relations. Features of the nature of international relations in which the foreign policy activities of states are carried out may look as follows. International relations cover a very wide, and therefore difficult to understand, area of phenomena and processes, the full knowledge of which, the theoretical ordering and analysis of their relationships with the current state of knowledge and the imperfection of the scientific apparatus is almost impossible.

In international life, unlike other manifestations of public life, there is no central core of power and control, but there is polycentrism and polyhierarchy, within which spontaneous processes and subjective factors play a very important role. Any regularities or repeatability are difficult to detect. The researcher of international relations does not have full access to broad and objective information, especially in the field of political and strategic, in which security considerations and the secrecy of diplomacy play an important role. In international life - in contrast to the internal life of states - there is a preponderance of heterogeneous factors over unifying factors, which ultimately complicates the systematic description and generalization of international phenomena and processes and the clarification of the causal activity of states. In the sphere of action of factors (acting units) of international relations, the simultaneity of many interactions (interactions) and random events play a very important role, which, taken together, makes it difficult to analyze and evaluate targeted actions, and predict their consequences.

Types of foreign policy.

The implementation of the internal functions of the state takes on various forms depending on the prevailing circumstances in the international arena. It is possible to single out certain types of foreign policy that are characteristic of certain states in modern conditions. One of these types is a passive foreign policy, which is inherent in economically weak states that are forced to adapt to the international situation. Aggressive foreign policy consists in the formation of one's own domestic policy and in the desire to adapt or force other states to change in the domestic and foreign policies. An active foreign policy consists in an intensive search for a balance between domestic and foreign policy. A conservative foreign policy consists in actively or even aggressively maintaining the previously achieved balance between domestic and foreign policy. This policy is typical of some former superpowers. An example is the British response to the 1984 Argentine invasion of the Falklands-Malvinas.

Foreign policy is designed to regulate the relationship between states and peoples, the course of a state, its representatives in the international arena, aimed at achieving national-state interests. To determine the essence of the foreign policy course of any country, it is essential to take into account the prevailing internal social relations. Being "transferred" to the international arena in the person of the state, they become the state's foreign policy aimed at preserving and strengthening the given structure of social relations and forms of ownership. Any state strives to turn its international policy into an important instrument for strengthening its position and achieving its class goals. The foreign policy of any civilized state is based on national interests. Foreign policy thereby expresses national interests in the international arena, selects adequate means and methods for their implementation.

The main subjects of foreign policy are:

The state, its institutions, as well as political leaders and heads of state. The state has a decisive role in shaping the foreign policy course.

Non-governmental organizations, the so-called "people's diplomacy", which includes the activities of both political parties and movements, and non-political associations and unions.

The success of foreign policy depends on the objectivity and reality of reflecting vital public interests, as well as on adequately developed means and methods for realizing these interests and achieving the goals set.

Foreign policy goals.

The essence of foreign policy is determined by the goals that it sets for itself and the means of achieving them, which depends on many circumstances: the socio-political structure of the state, the form of government, the political regime, the level of socio-economic development, participation in international organizations and, above all, the military political blocs, the political dynamics of the state, the level of political culture, etc. The traditional goals of the state's foreign policy can be called: raising the material and spiritual standard of living of the population, the economic and political power of the state; ensuring the security of the state, its national sovereignty and territorial integrity; inadmissibility of outside interference in internal affairs; increasing the prestige and role of the state in international relations; defending certain political and economic positions in the outside world. All of these goals are closely interrelated. The successful implementation of each of them contributes to favorable conditions for the implementation of all the others.

The goals of foreign policy are very diverse. And in modern conditions, their formulation and development are due to various circumstances: the socio-political structure of the country, forms of government, the level of economic development, alliances with other states. Depending on these factors, several groups of goals of the foreign policy activities of modern states can be distinguished. This is the provision of national security; the growth of the economic and political power of the state; strengthening its international position. Strengthening national security is one of the most important tasks of the state. During times of greatest threat to national security, states usually subordinate all other objectives to their own security in order to create effective safeguards against any external threat. There are many examples in the history of states illustrating this pattern. A classic example is the Great Patriotic War of the USSR against Nazi fascism.

One of the most important groups of goals of the state's foreign policy is to ensure the growth of its economic and political potential. Defending national interests is closely related to ensuring optimal conditions for the functioning of the state. The power of the state depends on its internal political stability, the ability to regulate the contradictions of various strata of society. The state through its foreign policy can contribute to the effective economic development of the country, improve the living standards of the population. The state is able to increase its national wealth through participation in various economic and political groups. An important task of the state is to create a positive international image, prestige and strong international positions among the states of the world community. These groups of foreign policy goals are closely interrelated. Thus, the formation of a positive image of the country in the international arena is impossible without the implementation of the two previous ones. For example, the political destabilization of society seriously undermines the national security of the state, weakens its international positions. It is clear that it is very difficult, and sometimes simply impossible, to achieve an ideal state in which the optimal implementation of all the goals of the state is ensured. It must also be remembered that the goals of foreign policy are always derived from the economic potential of the country, the level of development of democracy and political culture. Therefore, a rational foreign policy always consists in finding a balance of conditions under which the lack of success in achieving goals in one of the policy areas is compensated by achievements in other areas.

Functions of foreign policy.

Foreign policy performs some specific functions. Among them stand out:

- The protective function is connected with the protection of the rights and interests of a given country and its citizens abroad. Its purpose is also to adapt the national foreign policy strategy to the polystrategies of state systems. The implementation of this function is aimed at preventing a threat to a given state, at finding a peaceful political solution to emerging controversial problems. A threat to the state may be a decrease in the image in the eyes of the world community, the emergence of territorial claims from neighboring states, support for separatist movements in their own country from foreign states. The effective implementation of this function depends on the ability of the state and the relevant authorities and institutions to identify potential sources of threat and prevent an undesirable course of events. Embassies, consulates, representative offices, cultural centers are institutions that contribute to the implementation of the protective function. The specific tasks of a protective order are also carried out by intelligence and counterintelligence.
- The information and representative function finds its expression in the activities of the relevant bodies to create a positive image of the state in the world community. These bodies inform their government about the intentions of other governments, provide contacts of this state with other countries. These bodies conduct analysis of the multi-strategic situation on specific issues. The representative function is implemented by influencing public opinion and political circles of certain countries in order to create favorable conditions for solving foreign policy problems. The successful implementation of this function reduces the possibility of erroneous decisions in foreign policy, mitigates the negative consequences of dysfunctional factors. The information and representation function is implemented within the framework of cultural and scientific exchanges, the activities of cultural centers of foreign states, etc.
- The organizational function of foreign policy also consists in initiative organizational actions aimed at finding profitable contacts and creating favorable foreign policy conditions for the activities of the state. Essential for the implementation of these functions is the activity of the central bodies of foreign policy (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, embassies).
- The regulatory function of foreign policy is necessary in order to eliminate imbalances in the system of foreign policy relations. In the process of implementing the foreign policy activities of state bodies, the flexibility of the state's political strategy is manifested. A rigid political system always reacts to a violation of the foreign policy balance with an insignificant number of reactions, the freedom to choose decisions is small. The mobility of a political system depends on many factors, including the historical experience of the system, the basic properties of its structure. In the process of negociator activity, the quality of diplomacy is manifested, the means of foreign policy are adapted to its goals. The functions of foreign policy mentioned above are of a universal nature. Universality arises due to the fact that all subsystems of foreign policy are closely interconnected, and no single function can adequately satisfy the needs of the state.

Means of foreign policy.

An essential element of the process of foreign policy activity is the choice of means and evaluation of their effectiveness. The choice of means of foreign policy usually testifies to its rationality and efficiency. In carrying out foreign policy, the state usually uses many means. They can be grouped according to the main spheres of society: information and propaganda means, political, economic, military.

Information and propaganda means (or ideological ones) play an important role in the adaptation of the state to complex multi-hierarchical international structures in the field of mass media, the activities of cultural centers, etc. In international systems, propaganda means appear covertly and unevenly depending on the international situation. The political means of foreign policy are used primarily for the purposes of diplomatic relations. Diplomacy is carried out in the form of negotiations, correspondence, daily representation of the state abroad, participation in international organizations. The economic means of foreign policy imply the use of the economic potential of a given country, both for solving internal problems and for influencing the policies of other states. The economic power of the country is a particularly important means of foreign policy that determines the position and place of the state in the world community. A state with a strong economy also has a strong international position. Important means of foreign policy are also the resource base of the state, foreign trade, licensing policy. In international practice such means of foreign policy as an embargo or the most favored nation treatment in trade are widely used.

The military power of the state is considered to be the military means of foreign policy, i.e. the size of the army, types of weapons, the presence of military bases, the possession of nuclear weapons. Military means are often used to exert indirect pressure on other countries. Forms of pressure can be exercises, parades, maneuvers, testing of new types of weapons. In addition to the above typology, foreign policy means are sometimes also distinguished, which can be defined as stable (territory, climate, natural resources, geopolitical position) and variable (directions and concepts of foreign policy, political leaders, political culture, political system, etc.).

The foreign policy of the state should be considered at two levels:

1) as an element in the hierarchically organized political system of the state, where decisions are made by centers of state power and are binding on addressees, including the state apparatus;
2) as an element in polyhierarchical international systems where there are no centers of power and decisions are made by sovereign subjects of law (states) that do not have binding force, as would be the case within a separate state.

Foreign policy, being a continuation of domestic policy, depends on many factors, performs various functions in society and uses various means to achieve its goals. It is aimed at creating the most favorable conditions for solving domestic political problems and strengthening the international positions of the state. The development of international relations, the practical implementation of foreign policy largely depends on the activities of international associations and organizations. International organizations are permanent associations of an intergovernmental and non-governmental nature, created on the basis of an international agreement (charter, status or other constitutional document) in order to promote the solution of international problems.

Plans for the creation of such organizations have been put forward since ancient times. However, the first international organizations appeared only in the 19th century. Especially quickly they began to be created after the Second World War. In modern conditions, their number is huge. International organizations are divided into intergovernmental, created on the basis of multilateral international treaties and uniting states (UN, UNESCO, ICC, OAU, etc.), and non-governmental, including national public organizations (HPF), individuals (Council of the Pugwash Movement), cities (World federation of sister cities), scientific institutions (International Council of Scientific Unions), and other associations. They are also divided into world and regional.

International organizations are an important subject of international relations and in recent years have an increasing influence on the world political process as a whole.

DOMESTIC POLICY - a set of economic, demographic, social integration, socio-cultural, repressive, etc. directions. activities of the state, its structures and institutions, focused on the preservation or reform of the existing socio-political system. In the implementation of domestic policy goals. the state uses a wide range of means: consolidation of existing property relations or their transformation on its territory; tax leverage and benefits; creation of socially prestigious and socially non-prestigious public statuses by economic, propagandistic-ideological and repressive means; regulation of employment by creating jobs in the public sector of the economy; directed organization of social education, general and special education; health and sports activities; organization of search and investigation, judicial and penitentiary systems; regulation of the service of readaptation of persons seen in deviant behavior, etc. foundation of domestic policy. is the ratio of socio-economic structures that has developed at a given stage of development of society, and the ratio of the ruling classes in society and other social groups derived from it, which determines the priority of goals, the choice of methods and means, the degree of satisfaction with the intermediate results of domestic political development. www.georoot.ru

FOREIGN POLICY - the activity of the state in the international arena, regulating relations with other subjects of foreign policy activity: states, foreign parties and other public organizations, world and regional international organizations. Foreign policy is based on the economic, demographic, military, scientific, technical and cultural potentials of the state; the combination of the latter determines the possibilities of the state's foreign policy activities in various areas, the hierarchy of priorities in setting and implementing foreign policy goals. The form of the traditional implementation of foreign policy is the establishment of diplomatic relations (or reduction of their level, suspension, break and even declaration of war when relations with former partners deteriorate) between states; opening of representative offices of the state at world and regional international organizations or membership of the state in them; cooperation with state-friendly foreign political parties and other public organizations; implementation and maintenance at various levels of episodic and regular contacts with representatives of states, foreign parties and movements with which this state does not have diplomatic relations or friendly relations, but is interested in dialogue with them for one reason or another. The presence of stable channels of communication with foreign partners allows the state to diversify the combination of methods and means of foreign policy activities: the implementation of a regular exchange of information, the exchange of visits at different levels; preparation and conclusion of bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements on a wide range of issues, including treaties and agreements of a confidential and secret nature; facilitating the development of opportunities for domestic and foreign policy activities of some states and blocking similar opportunities for others (in one direction or another); preparation and implementation of a partial or complete blockade; preparation for war and providing a favorable environment for conducting military operations, etc.

On the whole, the foreign policy course of a given state is determined by the character, the class nature of its domestic policy. At the same time, the foreign policy situation significantly influences domestic policy. Ultimately, both foreign and domestic policies solve one problem - they ensure the preservation and strengthening of the system of social relations existing in a given state. But within the framework of this fundamental commonality, each of the two main directions of policy has its own important specifics. Methods for solving internal political problems are determined by the fact that the state - even with a pronounced opposition - has a monopoly on political power in a given society. And in the international arena there is no single center of power, there are states that are basically equal in rights and relations between which develop as a result of struggle and negotiations, various kinds of agreements and compromises.