Contemporary art as an instrument of influence on the policy of the Russian Federation. Art as a means of control What is the influence of power on art

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Introduction

1. Antiquity

1.1 Art and power of ancient Egypt

1.2 Art and power of antiquity. Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

1.3 Art and power of Byzantium

2. Medieval

2.1 Art and power of France (XI-XIV centuries)

3. Renaissance period

3.1 Art and power of Italy (XIV-XVI centuries)

3.2 The art and power of Spain (XV-XVII centuries)

4. New time

4.1 Art and power of France (XVIII centuries)

4.2 Art and power in Russia (XIX centuries)

5. Power and art of the Soviet period in Russia (XX centuries)

6. Power and art in our time

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

There is a certain regularity in the development of human art. Art was often used to enhance power. Through art, power strengthens its authority, and states and cities maintain their prestige.

Works of art embody the ideas of religion, the perpetuation and glorification of heroes. Musicians, artists, sculptors and architects in their time made majestic images of their rulers. They gave them extraordinary qualities, such as wisdom, heroism, fearlessness, which aroused admiration and reverence in the hearts of ordinary people. All this is a manifestation of the traditions of ancient times - the worship of deities and idols.

Generals and warriors are immortalized in monumental art. Triumphal arches and columns are erected in honor of the victories won. New ideas are reflected in all art forms and power is no exception.

In accordance with this, in my work I set the following goalsAndtasks:

aim research is the change of art under the influence of power over the centuries in different countries of the world

Tasks:

* analyze the dependence of the influence of power on art;

* explore the dependence of changes in artistic creativity under the influence of authorities in different countries of the world;

* identify the main features of power in the visual arts;

* analyze the stages of change in the creative heritage under the influence.

object research is power in art.

Itemresearch- art of countries in different periods of time.

methodicalbase made up: paintings by artists, sculptures, frescoes, temples, triumphal arches, monasteries.

Informationalbase- books on the history of art (T.V. Ilyina History, A.N. Benois, F.I. Uspensky), articles from Internet resources.

1. Antiquity

1.1 ArtAndpowerancientEgypt

In the III millennium BC. e. as a result of the unification of the two states of Lower and Upper Egypt, one of the most ancient states was formed, which played an important role in the formation of ancient culture.

Egyptian art is very interesting in that many works created by the Egyptian people in the history of mankind were made for the first time. Egypt for the first time gave a monumental stone architecture, a realistic sculptural portrait, a high quality product of artistic crafts. They excellently processed stones of various types, made the finest jewelry work, beautifully carved wood and bone, made colored glass and transparent light fabrics.

Of course, one cannot but say about the Great Egyptian pyramids, which can tell a lot about themselves. They tell us about a society so clearly organized that it became possible to build these artificial giant hills, in just the lifetime of the ruler.

The main distinguishing feature of Egyptian art is that it is aimed at embodying the needs of religion, in particular the state and funeral cult of the divine pharaoh. Religion has been an integral part that has influenced Egyptian culture throughout its existence.

Egyptian art was created for the glory of the kings, for the glory of unshakable and incomprehensible ideas, which were based on despotic rule. And this, in turn, was traced in the images and forms of these ideas themselves and the power that the pharaoh was endowed with. Art began to serve the tops of power, which in turn was called upon to create monuments that glorify kings and nobility of despotism. These works had to be done according to certain rules, which subsequently formed the canons.

An example of a monument glorifying the pharaoh is the Namerna slate, on both sides of which there is a relief image that tells of a historical event: the victory of the king of Upper Egypt Namerna over Lower Egypt and the unification of the Nile Valley into a single state. Here one can clearly see the emphasis on the greatness and inequality of the ruler at the expense of proportionality, characteristic of this early class society. This principle can be traced in ancient Egyptian art for decades. In various frescoes, relief sculptures, the pharaoh is depicted several times larger than all other characters. The Sphinx of Khafre of the III millennium BC, which stands in front of the funeral temple of the pharaoh, amazes with its grandeur. This Sphinx is the largest in Egypt. Despite its huge size, the face of the Sphinx has the features of the pharaoh Khafre. In ancient times, the Sphinx, along with the pyramids, was supposed to inspire an idea of ​​​​the superhuman power of the ruler.

To emphasize the divine origin, greatness and power of the pharaohs, the sculptors made their rulers idealized. They showed physical strength, discarding minor details, but at the same time retained a portrait resemblance. An example of such works is the statue of Khafre, the ruler of the IV dynasty. Here the image of the ruler is full of majestic calm, he proudly sits on his throne. This statue has a cult character, which, according to the Egyptians, is the receptacle of the spiritual essence of the ruler. The portrait of Khafre is very real, but here the sculptor no longer showed a portrait resemblance, but the character of the pharaoh himself.

In addition to reliefs, frescoes and sculptures, temples were also erected in honor of the divine ruler. One of the best examples is the tomb of Queen Hatshepsut, which was built at the end of the 16th century. BC. in the Dray el-Bahri valley. This temple is dedicated to the sun god Amon-Ra, Hathor and Anubis, but the main deity is the queen herself. There are other monuments erected in her honor, for example, two obelisks that are in the sanctuary of the temple in Karnak, an inscription in the chapel of Stab el Antara. Despite the fact that this queen ruled for only 12 years, she left behind numerous monuments, but, unfortunately, she was not listed in the official lists of kings.

Thus, the cult of the pharaoh, which reached its apogee in the era of the Old Kingdom, became the state religion and found its embodiment in art, influencing the circle of works of art: sculptural portraits of pharaohs, picturesque and relief images of scenes from the life of their families and, of course, pyramids and temples erected in honor of the ruler were of predominant importance in ancient Egypt.

1.2 ArtAndpowerAntiquity.AncientGreeceAndAncientRome

The concept of "ancient art" appeared in the Renaissance, when the beautiful works of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece were considered exemplary. This is Greco-Roman antiquity covering the period from the 8th century BC. - VI century. AD At this time, the aesthetic ideal prevails. In painting, sculpture and applied art, the image of an ideally beautiful and harmoniously developed human citizen, a valiant warrior and a devoted patriot dominates, in which the beauty of an athletically trained body is combined with moral purity and spiritual wealth.

Greek masters studied the plasticity of movements, proportions and structure of the human body during the Olympic Games. Artists sought realism in vase painting and sculpture, such as the statues of Myron "Discobolus", Polikleitos "Dorifor" and the statue for the Athenian Acropolis, Phidias.

Ancient Greek architects made a huge contribution to art. The rulers highly revered their gods and the Greeks erected numerous temples in their honor. They created the majestic style of the temple by combining architecture with sculpture.

To replace the classical period from the end of the 4th century. BC. a deeper understanding of the world comes, an increase in interest in the inner world of a person, the transfer of powerful energy, dynamics and justice of the image, for example, in the sculptures of Skopas, Praxiteles, Leochar, Lysippus. In the art of this time, there is also a passion for multi-figured compositions and huge statues.

The last three centuries in Greek civilization are called the era of Hellenism. Rome became the heir to the artistic art of the Hellenic civilization.

The Romans highly appreciated the heritage of Ancient Greece and contributed to the further development of the ancient world. They built roads, water pipes and bridges, created a special system for the construction of public buildings through the use of vaults, arches and concrete.

The sculptural Roman portrait deserves great attention, which are distinguished by their accuracy and realism.

Emperors ordered to build triumphantarches that were dedicated to their victories. The emperor passed under the arch during the triumph. The rulers sought to strengthen their power at the expense of art. In the forums, squares and streets of cities there were statues of rulers. The sculptors depicted their leaders triumphant over their enemies, and sometimes the emperor could also look like a god. For example, Emperor Trajan ordered the construction of a column in honor of his victories, the height of which was as high as a seven-story building.

The Romans perfectly planned the cities, built the imperial baths - the baths, the amphitheater - the Colosseum, erected the temple of all the gods of the Roman Empire - the Pantheon, all this is a great heritage of the world.

Ancient art had the strongest development of the art of subsequent eras. It is difficult to overestimate its importance for the development of Western civilization.

1.3 ArtAndpowerByzantium

Byzantine artistic culture is connected to a greater extent with religion. The church in Byzantium served secular power. The emperor was considered a servant of God on earth and relied on the church as on the bureaucracy. In such an environment, art was under the strict control of the church and the ruling classes.

Since Byzantium was under the pressure of all sorts of wars, its artistic work was aimed at rallying the people. Religious-state patriotism created a form of Byzantine art. At the same time, vital issues were resolved as spiritual ones. Their interpretation was to create aesthetic ideals, including state, religious and personal principles.

Temples played an important ideological and educational role, so the best craftsmen worked in church architecture, who solved the most significant construction and artistic problems. In architecture, complex interiors were created that, as it were, involved a person.

There was no development of sculpture in Byzantium as such, because sculpture was considered an idol. But there was a relief, in particular on ivory.

Painting was under strict church-state guardianship. Its development went along three channels: church mosaics and frescoes, icon painting and book miniatures. Here, strict rules in the depiction of saints and events from "sacred stories" were in advantage. The artist loses the opportunity to work from nature. Only a high degree of skill made it possible to fill canonical images with a wealth of human feelings and ideas.

It should also be emphasized that secular art occupied a large place in the artistic culture of Byzantium. Fortifications, residential buildings, palaces were built. Secular sculpture played an important role. Miniatures that were of historical and natural science content never disappeared from Byzantine painting. Most of these art monuments have not been preserved, but their significance for the artistic culture of Byzantium must be taken into account.

The complexity of the stylistic development of Byzantine art was further complicated by the fact that over time the limits of the spread of Byzantine culture also changed. As a result of wars and invasions of neighboring peoples, the borders of the state changed. Separate areas fell away from Byzantium, new art schools were formed in them.

2. Middle Ages

2.1 ArtAndpowerFrance(XI- XIVcenturies)

Art at this time was influenced by churches and monasteries, which in turn were allies of royal power. Many politicians who strengthened the authority and power of kings were at the same time ministers of churches. For example, Abbot Suger is the builder of many churches and adviser to Ludwig VI and Ludwig VII. Therefore, art, in particular architecture, painting and sculpture, was influenced by the monasteries. The construction of monasteries was most often led not by townspeople, but by some monastic order or bishop, who was at the same time the feudal ruler of this city.

Romanesque architecture was integral to monumental sculpture and stone carving. She decorated capitals, portals that filled the entire facade, for example, Notre-Dame-la-Grand in Poitiers. Plastic decor can be traced in the churches of Burgundy (tympanums of the cathedrals in Vezelay and Autun) and Languedoc (Saint-Sernin in Toulouse, XI-XIII centuries),

Painting and sculpture acquired a monumental character. The outer facade was decorated with capitals, sculptures or reliefs. The walls inside the temple were painted with large frescoes and, as a rule, were not decorated with sculpture. One of the earliest monuments of sculpture, which is located on the facade of the temple, is the relief of the architrave of the church of Saint Jean de Fontaine in southwestern France. Monumental paintings were widespread in the churches of France. Now we have about 95 fresco cycles that have come down to us. The main monument is the frescoes of the church of Saint Saven sur Gartan in the region of Poitou (beginning of the 12th century), the rarest example that has preserved the picturesque decoration of France.

Secular farces and religious mysteries competed in the cities. Everywhere there was a struggle between the fantastic and the real and the mystical and the rational. But almost always in artistic creativity life was perceived in its contradictory and changeable balance.

An image of the art of the second half of the 13th century is the portal of St. Stephen on the south side of Notre Dame Cathedral (circa 1260-1270). The many countless statues of the Reims Cathedral, created during the 13th century, also belong to the masterpieces of high Gothic. 30-70s By the middle of the 13th century. a miniature took shape, according to the principle of decoration.

The masters of Gothic sculpture in the second half of the 14th century, during the period, nevertheless managed to show new forces, when the difficulties of the Hundred Years War sharply reduced construction work and the number of artistic orders. In the 13th-14th centuries. book miniature and stained glass painting were widespread. The main centers of stained glass art were in the 13th century. Chartres and Paris. A relatively large number of stained-glass windows have been preserved in Chartres Cathedral. A very good example of the transition from the Romanesque to the Gothic style is the image of the Mother of God sitting with the baby on her knees, which is currently located in the part of the cathedral that survived the fire in 1194.

Miniatures of the late 13th-14th centuries. now they not only decorate, but supplement and comment on the text, acquiring an illustrative character. Typical works of the second half of the 14th century. these are the works of the miniaturist Jean Pucel, whose works include the Bible by Robert Bilsing (1327) and the famous Belleville Breviary (until 1343).

The medieval art of France played a huge role in the history of the art of its people and the peoples of all Western Europe. Its echoes (especially in architecture) lived for a very long time, receding into the past only by the middle of the 16th century.

artistic creative art power

3. Periodrenaissance

3.1 Italy(XIV- XVI)

The Italian Renaissance is a period of great achievement and change that began in Italy in the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modern Europe.

The most famous achievements are in the fields of painting and architecture. In addition, there were also achievements in science, philosophy, music and literature. In the 15th century, Italy becomes a leader in all these areas. The Italian Renaissance was accompanied by the collapse of politics. Therefore, all of Italy was divided into separate small states. The Renaissance had a great influence on Rome. In the 16th century, the Italian Renaissance reached its peak when there were foreign invasions that involved Italy in wars. Despite this, Italy retained the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance and spread throughout Europe, eclipsing the Northern Renaissance.

In art at this time, images of saints and scenes from scripture are common. Artists depart from any canons, saints could be depicted in modern clothes for those times. It was popular to portray Saint Sebastian, as he was believed to protect against the plague. Painting becomes more realistic, such as the works of Giotto, Masaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli.

Artists invent new colors, experiment with them. At this time, the profession of an artist is in great demand, and orders cost a lot of money. The portrait genre is developing. The man was portrayed as calm, wise and courageous.

In architecture, the architect Filippo Brunelleschi had a great influence, according to whose designs the Church of San Lorenzo, the Pallazo Rusellai, Santissima Annunziata, the facades of the churches of Santo Maria Navella, San Francesco, San Sebastiano and Sant'Anrea were built.

Thus, the perception of the world becomes more complex, the dependence of human life and nature is more clearly realized, ideas of the variability of life develop, the ideals of harmony and integrity of the universe are lost.

3.2 SpainXV- XVIIcenturies

The Spanish Renaissance is closely related to the Italian, but it came much later. The "golden age" of the Spanish Renaissance is considered the end of the 16th to the second half of the 17th century.

The development of the heyday of Spanish culture is the unification of a previously fragmented country, under the rule of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. The centuries-old war with the Arabs stopped, after which new lands were in the possession of Spain, which had not previously belonged to them.

Foreign architects, artists, sculptors were attracted to the royal court. For a short time, Spain became the most powerful European state.

After Philip II founded Madrid, the artistic life of the country was concentrated there, where palaces were built. These palaces were decorated with paintings by Spanish artists and great painters - Titian, Tintorentto, Bassano, Bosch, Brueghel. The courtyard became the main center for the development of art.

In architecture, under the rule of Catholic kings, churches were created in which they propagated the power and greatness of royal power. Buildings dedicated to Spanish victories were also created: for example, the church of the monastery of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo - as a monument to the victories over the Portuguese in the battle of Toro, Escorial - as a monument to the victory over the French at San Quenten.

The most famous sculptors of that time are Alonso Berruguete, Juan de Juni, Juan Martinez Montañez, Alonso Cano, Pedro de Mena.

Thus, Spain made a significant contribution to the world history of art, which influenced the further attitude of people.

4. Newtime

4.1 ArtAndpowerFrance(XVIIIV.)

In the 18th century in France there was a struggle against absolutism, the church, the aristocracy, freethinking, this struggle was preparing the country for the bourgeois revolution.

French artistic culture is on the rise. It departs from the previously used canons, religious painting is becoming a thing of the past, and secular realistic and "gallant" genres are becoming the leading ones. Artists turn to the intimate spheres of human life and small forms. Realism is embodied in the disclosure of the image of a person.

In the XVIII century, there were periodic exhibitions of the Royal Academy - Salons, which were held in the Louvre, as well as exhibitions of the Academy of St. Luke, which were held directly on the squares. A new, characteristic feature was the birth of aesthetics and the development of art criticism, which reflected the struggle of currents in art.

People at this time traveled around the countries and borrowed knowledge from each other. There are many Encyclopedias. People analyze works of art. For example, the works of Diderot "Salons", "Experience on Painting", the works of Rousseau "Art and Morality", "Discourses on the Sciences and Arts" and "Emil, or on Education".

Thus, the 18th century became known as the Age of Enlightenment. Enlightenment ideas not only influenced the development of art, the enlighteners actively intervened in its course. Enlightenment has become a powerful movement that refracted previous worldviews.

4.2 ArtAndpowerRussia(XIXV.)

In the 19th century the first decades in Russia there was a nationwide upsurge after the Patriotic War of 1812. Artists are becoming more in demand compared to the 18th century. They can express in their works the significance of their personality, freedom, where social and moral problems are raised.

Russia is now more interested in artistic creativity. Art magazines are published: "The Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts" (1801), "Journal of Fine Arts" first in Moscow (1807), and then in St. Petersburg (1823 and 1825), "Society for the Encouragement of Artists" (1820), " Russian Museum ... "P. Svinin (1810s) and the" Russian Gallery "in the Hermitage (1825).

The ideals of Russian society are reflected in architecture, monumental and decorative sculpture. After a fire in 1812, Moscow is being restored in a new way, here the builders rely on the architecture of antiquity. Sculptors erect monuments to military leaders, for example, a monument to Kutuzov at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The largest architect of this time Andrey Nikiforovich Voronikhin. he designed a number of fountains for the Pulkovo road, finished the “Flashlight” office and the Egyptian vestibule in the Pavlovsk Palace, the Viskontiev Bridge and the Pink Pavilion in the Pavlovsk park. The main brainchild of Voronikhin is the Kazan Cathedral (1801-1811). The semicircular colonnade of the temple, which he erected not from the side of the main - western, but from the side - northern facade, formed a square in the center of the Nevsky prospect, turning the cathedral and the buildings around it into the most important town-planning node.

Artists depict historical events that took place in ancient times, for example, K.P. Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii", A.A. Ivanov, The Appearance of Christ to the People. Portraits of rulers are depicted, for example, a portrait of Elizabeth II, Peter I. Monuments are erected in honor of the rulers, a monument to Catherine II. During this period of time, a large number of artists appeared: Kramskoy, Ge, Myasoedov, Makovsky, Shishkin, Vasiliev, Levitan, Repin, Surikov, etc.

Complex life processes determined the variety of forms of artistic life of these years. All types of art - painting, theatre, music, architecture - stood for the renewal of the artistic language, for high professionalism.

5. PowerAndartSovietperiodRussia(XXV.)

During the Soviet period in Russia, revolutionary cataclysms occur, these revolutionary transformations call on artists to new creative experiments. The artistic life of the country requires an acutely social and understandable art for an unprepared aesthetic mass. The October events that led to the revolution, the artists began to glorify in their work. The victory of art at the front becomes a solid element of the Bolshevik victory.

Artists at this time occupy a very active and very popular position. They are engaged in the design of cities for demonstrations, the sculptors carried out the “Leninist plan of monumental propaganda”, the graphic artists are actively working on the design of classical editions of Russian and foreign literature. A host of new, previously unrealized artistic directions are being developed. New names and new directions appear: “Russian impressionism” - A. Rylov and K. Yuon; "Blue Bears" P. Kuznetsov and M. Saryan; representatives of the "Jack of Diamonds" P. Konchalovsky and I. Mashkov with the carnival festivity of their paintings, decorative in color and composition, A. Lentulov, who made the image of Russian medieval architecture live in the intense rhythms of the modern city. Pavel Filonov worked in the 1920s. Based on the method he called "analytical", he created during these years his famous "formulas" ("Formula of the Petrograd Proletariat", "Formula of Spring", etc.) - symbolic images that embody his ideal of the eternal and permanent. K. Malevich continued his path in non-objectivity, and Suprematism developed by his students I. Puni, L. Popova, N. Udaltsova, O. Rozanova began to spread in applied art, architecture, design, graphics.

In sculpture, works inspired by "revolutionary romance" were created in the 1920s by Ivan Dmitrievich Shadr (real name Ivanov). These are made by order of Goznak (for the image on new Soviet banknotes, stamps and bonds) "Sower", "Worker", "Peasant", "Red Army Man" (all 1921-1922). One of his most famous works is the work "Cobblestone - the weapon of the proletariat, 1905". This work is dedicated to the 10th anniversary of Soviet power. Shadr sought to use the traditions of world art and create a work inspired by the spirit of modernity, as he understood it.

Thus, painters, sculptors, writers and many others, had to look for public solutions. The means for creating monumental images have become: Soviet heraldry, figurative symbols, which have become a popular designation of the atom, outer space. Symbols of friendship, labor, peace… only great ideas could give great solutions.

6. RatioauthoritiesAndartVis ourtime

In recent times, everything has changed, but the interaction between power and art remains a very important and urgent problem. The relationship between these two industries is especially evident during periods of political and social change. Now there is no censorship, which means that every person who wants to express his thoughts and ideas through art can do this without fear of being punished. This is a colossal breakthrough in the field of freedom of creativity and spirit.

At the moment, in different cities there are numerous exhibitions on various topics. Periodically, exhibitions are held that highlight the problem of art and power. These exhibitions are interesting for people studying history and political science. Recently, a similar exhibition was held in the Swedish Museum, which was called "Art for the rulers." At this exhibition there were more than 100 expositions and with the participation of 400 exhibits from different eras.

Art does not stand still, it develops rapidly from different sides. Nowadays, there are many different directions. The world cultural heritage is replenished and replenished, and this is very good for our time.

Conclusion

In the course of the work, we found out that art has been changing under the influence of power over the centuries in different countries of the world.

After analyzing the situation, we found out that art depends on the political system and the ruler of the country. Art and power arose and developed simultaneously and are an integral part of the formation of social life.

I think that the government had more opportunities to control society and increase its power through art than it does now. Decades later, we finally freed ourselves from strict canons and all sorts of prohibitions. A person can express his individuality, as soon as he invents and wants. Artists, sculptors and musicians have unlimited freedom, but it's hard to say whether it's good or not. But after many years and our centuries, our descendants will admire and be proud.

Listusedliterature:

1. T.V. Ilyin. Art history. Domestic art. Moscow. year 2000

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Report

Theme "Art and

power" in the subject of art.

From the teacher's personal experience.

art teacher

MBOU secondary school №1

Dobroe village

The subject of art is quite young. And in my case - a completely new one, because. I've only been with him for three years.

How is art different from the Moscow Art Theater, fine arts, music, history?

If you think about it, then perhaps this is the only subject in the school curriculum, which, based on historical facts and dates, names and surnames known to the whole world, masterpieces of world cultural life, teaches a child not just memorization, analysis, evaluation of what he saw or heard. Art encourages spiritual and sensual work.

This lesson requires the result of mental work, it should not just be the knowledge or acquisition of this or that skill, but the feeling of the appearance of some kind of feeling inside oneself: joy, bitterness, love, hatred, peace, anger, admiration, contempt, compassion, etc. .d.

What does this subject offer on the topic "Art and Power".

In the development of human culture, a curious pattern is constantly traced. Art, as a manifestation of the free, creative powers of a person, the flight of his imagination and spirit, was often used to strengthen power, both secular and religious. Thanks to works of art, the authorities strengthened their authority,
and cities and states maintained prestige.
Art embodied in visible images the ideas of religion, glorified and immortalized the heroes. Sculptors, artists, musicians at different times created idealized majestic images of rulers-leaders. They were given extraordinary qualities, special heroism and wisdom, which, of course, aroused respect and admiration in the hearts of ordinary people. Traditions coming from ancient times are clearly manifested in these images - the worship of idols, deities that caused awe not only for everyone approaching them, but also for those who looked from afar. The valor of warriors and commanders is perpetuated by works of monumental art. Equestrian statues are erected, triumphal arches and columns are built to commemorate the victories won.
By decree of Napoleon I, who wanted to immortalize the glory of his army, the Triumphal Gate was built in Paris. On the walls of the arch are engraved the names of the generals who fought alongside the emperor.
In 1814 in Russia, to the solemn meeting of the Russian liberator army, returning

from Europe after the victory over Napoleon, wooden Triumphal Gates were built at the Tverskaya Zastava, at the place where Napoleon's army entered the city.
In the XV century. after the fall of Byzantium, which was considered the successor of the Roman Empire and was called the Second Rome, Moscow became the center of Orthodox culture.

During the period of economic and military growth, the Muscovite state needed an appropriate cultural image. The courtyard of the Moscow Tsar becomes the place of residence of many culturally educated Orthodox people.

Among them are architects and builders, icon painters and musicians.
The Moscow tsars considered themselves the heirs of Roman traditions, and this was reflected in the words: "Moscow is the Third Rome, and there will be no fourth." To match this high status, the Moscow Kremlin is being rebuilt according to the project of the Italian architect Fioravanti. The completion of the construction of the first stone church in Moscow, the Assumption Cathedral, became the reason for the founding of the Choir of the Sovereign Singers. The scale and splendor of the temple demanded greater than before the power of the sound of music. All this emphasized the power of the sovereign.
In the second half of the XVII century. According to the grandiose plan of His Holiness Patriarch Nikon - to create holy places in the image of Palestine, connected with earthly life and the feat of Jesus Christ - the New Jerusalem Monastery was built near Moscow. Its main cathedral
similar in plan and size to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.
In the XVIII century. opened a new chapter in Russian history. According to Pushkin's apt expression, Peter I "cut a window to Europe" - St. Petersburg was founded.
New ideas are reflected in all kinds of art. Secular painting and sculpture appeared, music changed to a European style. The choir of the sovereign's choristers has now been transferred to St. Petersburg and is becoming the Court Singing Chapel.
In the twentieth century , in the era of Stalinism in our country, pompous, magnificent architecture emphasized the strength and power of the state, reducing the human personality to an insignificantly small level, ignoring the individual originality of each person.

It can be concluded that a particularly pronounced manifestation of the connection between art and power was observed during periods of personality cults.

Echoes of this phenomenon have survived to this day in the form of numerous surviving sculptural images of the leader of the proletariat, V.I. Lenin. Most often they have no artistic value and are rather clumsy. A reasonable question arises: is it worth keeping them or not? This is where you need to think about the feelings that arise when contemplating these monuments of our history.

And, as it turned out, these feelings are very different for different generations. People of a more mature age, by virtue of the memory of their political and social upbringing, feel respect, gratitude, warmth and even love for Ilyich's sculptures.

The middle generation, seeing the same thing, feels the exact opposite.

And, finally, young people, for the most part, are completely indifferent to this phenomenon, which is also quite a feeling.

This means that our feelings directly depend on the information laid down in childhood. So, in order not to be categorical, not to experience acutely polar feelings towards the manifestations of art that surround us, we need to remember what was, to know what is and strive to look into the future.

The subject of art is the best help in this.

9 - 1 Art and Power

In the development of human culture, a curious pattern is constantly traced. Art as a manifestation of the free, creative powers of man, the flight of his imagination and spirit

often used to strengthen power - secular and religious. Thanks to works of art, the authorities strengthened their authority, and cities and statesmaintained prestige. Art embodied in visible images the ideas of religion, glorified and

immortalized the heroes. Sculptors, painters, musicians at different times created idealized majestic images of rulers-leaders. They were given extraordinary

What qualities do artists and sculptors emphasize in the images of statesmen, rulers of different eras and countries? What feelings do these images evoke in you?

What are the similarities and differences between these images? What are the common (typical) features that symbolize power.

qualities, special heroism and wisdom, which, of course, aroused respect and admiration in the hearts of ordinary people. These images clearly traditions emerge coming from the ancient

times - worship of idols, deities that caused awe not only to anyone who approaches them, but also to those who look from afar. The valor of warriors and commanders is perpetuated by works of monumental art. Equestrian statues are erected, triumphal arches and columns are built to commemorate the victories won . By decree of Napoleon I who wanted to immortalize the glory of his army, builttriumphal gate in Paris. On the walls of the arch are engraved the names of the generals who fought alongside the emperor.

In 1814 in Russiato the solemn meeting of the Russian liberator army, returning from Europe after the victory over Napoleon, were built woodentriumphal gate at Tverskaya Zastava. For more than 100 years, the arch stood in the center of Moscow, and in 1936 it was demolished. Only in the 60s. 20th century The triumphal arch was recreated on Victory Square, near Poklonnaya Hill, at the place where Napoleon's army entered the city. In the XV century. after fall of Byzantium, which was considered the successor of the Roman Empire and was called

Second Rome , Moscow becomes the center of Orthodox culture. During the period of economic and military growth, the Muscovite state needed an appropriate cultural image. The courtyard of the Moscow Tsar becomes the place of residence of many culturally educated Orthodox people. Among them are architects and builders, icon painters and musicians.

The Moscow tsars considered themselves heirs of Roman traditions, and this was reflected in the words: "Moscow is the Third Rome, and there will be no fourth." To live up to this high status, The Moscow Kremlin is being rebuilt according to the project of the Italian architect Fioravanti. Completion of the construction of the first stone church in Moscow -Assumption Cathedral became the reason for the foundationChoir of the Sovereign Singers. The scale and splendor of the temple demanded greater than before the power of the sound of music. All this emphasized the power of the sovereign.

In the second half of the XVII century.according to the grand plan of the holy Patriarch Nikon- to create holy places in the image of Palestine, associated with earthly life and the feat of Jesus Christ, -

built near MoscowNew Jerusalem Monastery. His main the cathedral is similar in plan and sizeChurch of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.This is the brainchild of Patriarch Nikon - ver-

tire of the development of the ancient traditions of the Russian Church, originating from

the time of the baptism of Rus' (X century). In the XVIII century. opened a new chapter in Russian history. Peter I, according to Pushkin's apt expression, "cut a window to Europe" - foundedSaint Petersburg .

New ideas are reflected in all kinds of art. Secular painting and sculpture appeared, music changed to a European style. The choir of the sovereign singing deacons now

transferred to St. Petersburg and becomes the Court Singing Chapel (often Peter I himself sang in this choir).

The arts proclaim praise to the Lord and toast to the young tsar of all Rus'. Now the Glinka Choir Chapel is a majestic monument of Russian culture, famous throughout the world. The chapel helps to maintain the connection of times and the continuity of traditions.

In the twentieth century, in the era of Stalinism in our country, pompous, magnificent architecture emphasized the strength and power of the state, reducing the human personality to an insignificantly small level,

ignored the individual uniqueness of each person. The soulless mechanism of state coercion highlights the grotesque beginning in music (D. Shostakovich, A. Schnittke and others).

The democratic sentiments of the people findespecially bright expression in art V turning points in history. This and revolutionary songs, marches during the October

coup in Russia (1917), posters, paintings, musical compositions during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945).This is both a mass song, reflecting the labor enthusiasm of the post-war years, and an author's song of the second half of the 20th century. (a kind of urban folklore), which expresses not only the lyrical moods of the younger generation, but also a protest against the restriction of individual freedom, is especially pronounced

developed in rock music.

Give examples of historical eras with authoritarian and democratic rule.

Pick up works of art that reflect the ideas of these states. Contact help desk

literature.

Look at paintings, fragments from films, listen to musical works that express the ideals of the people at different times in different countries. What can you say about social ideals?

By what means and for what purpose does art influence people today?

Artistic and creative task

Prepare a report or computer presentation on a topic related to instilling certain feelings and thoughts in people through art. Analyze various works of art of the same type of art in different eras, or select an era and present its holistic image based on works of various types of art.

Bulat Okudzhava

Vladimir Vysotsky

Boris Grebenshchikov

Alexander Galich

Art and power Art is a part of the spiritual culture of mankind, a specific kind of spiritual and practical exploration of the world. Art includes varieties of human activity, united by artistic and figurative forms of reproducing reality - painting, architecture, sculpture, music, fiction, theater, dance, cinema. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary Power - the ability and ability to exert a decisive influence on the activities, behavior of people with the help of any means - will, authority, law, violence (parental power, state, economic, etc.)

In the development of human culture, a curious pattern is constantly traced. Art as a manifestation of the free, creative powers of a person, the flight of his imagination and spirit was often used to strengthen power - secular and religious J.-L. David. Bonaparte crossing the Alps on a fiery horse. (fragment)

Art embodied in visible images the ideas of religion, glorified and immortalized the heroes. Sculptors, artists, musicians at different times created idealized majestic images of the rulers-leaders Donatello - Equestrian statue of the condottiere Gattamelata THE BRASS HORSEMAN Sculptor: Etienne Falcone.

What qualities do artists and sculptors emphasize in the images of statesmen, rulers of different eras and countries? What feelings do these images evoke in you? What are the similarities and differences between these images? What are the common (typical) features that symbolize power. Alexander Nevskiy. Artist P. D. Korin 1942 Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Parsuna. OK. 1600 Alexander the Great

The valor of warriors and commanders is perpetuated by works of monumental art. Equestrian statues are erected, triumphal arches and columns are built to commemorate the victories won. Trojan column. Rome

By decree of Napoleon I, who wanted to immortalize the glory of his army, the Triumphal Gate was built in Paris. On the walls of the arch are engraved the names of the generals who fought alongside the emperor.

In 1814, in Russia, for the solemn meeting of the Russian liberator army, returning from Europe after the victory over Napoleon, wooden Triumphal Gates were built at the Tverskaya Zastava. For more than 100 years, the arch stood in the center of Moscow, and in 1936 it was demolished.

Only in the 1960s. 20th century The Arc de Triomphe was recreated on Victory Square, near Poklonnaya Hill, at the site of the entry into the city of Napoleon's army.

The Moscow tsars considered themselves the heirs of Roman traditions, and this was reflected in the words: "Moscow is the Third Rome, and there will be no fourth." To match the Ivan the Great Bell Tower with this high status, (the Church of John of the Ladder, designed by the Italian architect Fioravanti, the Moscow Kremlin was rebuilt under Dmitry Donskoy - A.M. Archangel Cathedral (1505-08) Vasnetsov Assumption Cathedral (1475-79), Annunciation - tomb Russian princes Palace of Facets (1487-91) Cathedral (1484-89) and tsars)

The completion of the construction of the first stone church in Moscow - the Assumption Cathedral was the reason for the founding of the Choir of the Sovereign Singing Deacons. The scale and splendor of the temple demanded greater than before the power of the sound of music. All this emphasized the power of the sovereign.

In the second half of the XVII century. According to the grandiose plan of His Holiness Patriarch Nikon - holy places were created in the image of Palestine, associated with earthly life and the feat of Jesus Christ - the New Jerusalem Monastery was built near Moscow.

Its main Resurrection Cathedral is similar in plan and size to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. This is the brainchild of Patriarch Nikon - the pinnacle of the development of the ancient traditions of the Russian Church, originating from the time of the baptism of Rus' (X century).

In the XVIII century. opened a new chapter in Russian history. According to Pushkin's apt expression, Peter I "cut a window to Europe" - St. Petersburg was founded. Kazan Cathedral I. Monument to Peter Isaac. Hermitage Cathedral St. Petersburg. Peterhof

New ideas are reflected in all kinds of art. Secular painting and sculpture appeared, music changed to a European style. The choir of the sovereign's choristers has now been transferred to St. Petersburg and is becoming the Court Singing Chapel (often Peter I himself sang in this choir). The arts proclaim praise to the Lord and toast to the young tsar of all Rus'. Ivan Nikitich Nikitin. PORTRAIT OF PETER I. K. Rastrelli. Statue of Anna Ioannovna with a black boy. Fragment. Bronze. 1741

Give examples of historical eras with authoritarian and democratic rule. Pick up works of art that reflect the ideas of these states. Refer to the reference literature, the Internet. Look at paintings, fragments from films, listen to musical works that express the ideals of the people at different times in different countries. What can you say about their social ideals? By what means and for what purpose does art influence people today?

The power of art. Art and power. How are such phenomena as art and power related? Art, as a manifestation of the free, creative powers of a person, the flight of his imagination and spirit, was often used to strengthen power, both secular and religious. "The Bronze Horseman" Thanks to works of art, the authorities strengthened their authority, and cities and states maintained prestige. Art embodied in visible images the ideas of religion, glorified and immortalized the heroes. D. Levitsky. Catherine II «J.-L. David "Napoleon at the St. Bernard Pass" Task:  What qualities do artists, sculptors emphasize in the images of statesmen, rulers of different eras and countries?  What are the similarities and differences between these images? What are the common (typical) features that symbolize power. The valor of warriors and commanders is perpetuated by works of monumental art. Equestrian statues are erected, triumphal arches and columns are built to commemorate the victories won. Triumphal Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy. By decree of Napoleon I, who wanted to immortalize the glory of his army, the Triumphal Gate was built in Paris. On the walls of the arch are engraved the names of the generals who fought alongside the emperor. France, Paris, Arc de Triomphe In 1814 in Russia, for the solemn meeting of the Russian liberator army, returning from Europe after the victory over Napoleon, wooden Triumphal Gates were built at the Tverskaya Zastava. For more than 100 years, the arch stood in the center of Moscow, and in 1936 it was demolished. Only in the 60s. 20th century The triumphal arch was recreated on Victory Square, near Poklonnaya Gora, at the place where Napoleon's army entered the city. The Moscow tsars considered themselves heirs of Roman traditions, and this was reflected in the words: "Moscow is the Third Rome, and there will be no fourth." Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery - a monument. 2nd floor XVII century (the desire of Patriarch Nikon to create holy places in the image of Palestine, where the earthly life of Jesus Christ passed) In the twentieth century, in the era of Stalinism in our country, pompous, magnificent architecture emphasized the strength and power of the state, reducing the human personality to an insignificantly small level, ignoring the individual the originality of each person Unrealized projects of Moscow architects of 30-50s. Palace of Soviets Homework.  Prepare a report or computer presentation on a topic related to instilling certain thoughts and feelings in people through art. Analyze various works of art of the same type of art in different eras, or select an era and present its holistic image based on works of various types of art.