Types of art and their brief description. Main types and genres of art

Having defined art as a single phenomenon, it should be borne in mind that such “art in general” is an abstraction, an abstraction. In practice, there are various types of art, each of which has its own specifics, sets itself special tasks and has its own means to solve them. The distribution of the arts according to these general characteristics is called the classification of the arts. Classification allows a deeper understanding of the nature of an individual work related to a particular type.

First of all, arts are traditionally divided according to the way they “exist” and are perceived into temporary And spatial . Temporal arts are distinguished by the fact that works unfold and are perceived in time. The work of art in this case often turns out to be inseparable from the person: the author or performer. The temporary arts include the art of the word or poetry, dance, music, cinema. Spatial - painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, applied arts, design. The theater occupies an intermediate place - the performance is located in a certain space, but the action unfolds in time. Most often, the theater is called a synthetic art, since it (just like cinema) combines, synthesizes the achievements of various arts - poetry, music, painting.

It should be noted that due to the diversity and complexity of the art forms, it is practically impossible to distinguish them strictly according to certain characteristics, we can only talk about the predominance of certain means of expression, forms, methods. So, dance, pantomime, theater, cinema do not fully fit into the spatio-temporal classification. An element of conventionality is also inherent in another principle of the division of arts, based on the predominance of figurativeness or expressiveness in the arsenal of artistic means.

The fine arts unconditionally include painting, graphics, sculpture. One of the key principles of creating images is the principle of imitation here - mimesis. Images are built as similarities of real objects or phenomena, they are recognizable and designed for visual perception. The image created by the artist, as it were, sends the viewer to its source - prototype or prototype . At the same time, the mental correlation of the image and prototype, art and reality often affects the aesthetic assessment of a work of fine art - looking at the picture, we involuntarily “compare” it with our own ideas about the depicted phenomena. This moment of recognition, of combining our experience with the artistic image, makes contact between the artist and the viewer possible. At the same time, the habit of seeing in art only what is familiar and recognizable sometimes creates a barrier between the viewer and a work that belongs to a bygone era or belongs to a culture with a value system different from ours. Modern fine arts (starting from the end of the 19th century) are characterized by a bias towards expressiveness. The extreme manifestation of this trend is non-objective art, which flourished in the twenties of the last century. The works of the avant-garde artists of this era, according to the method of creation and the technique used, belonged to the fine arts, and according to the nature of the images and expressive means - to the expressive ones. We can say that expressiveness has always been present in painting, sculpture, graphics, but in the twentieth century it was "brought to the surface."

The expressive arts are music, dance, and architecture. The images created by these arts do not have direct prototypes among the surrounding objects or phenomena, they can only evoke some associations. Works of music, architecture are created not on the basis of observation of specific phenomena, but on the basis of "total" impressions of reality, which the artist draws from his inner world. We can say that these arts also create images, but abstract ones. Works expressing, first of all, the inner state of the author, for all their “obscurity”, sometimes have a deep psychological impact. First of all, this applies to music - no other art is capable of acting with such force on a person’s mood, on his feelings. It is no coincidence that in many cultures, music lessons were considered as a way to arrange, harmonize the soul. The dance is also able to capture the audience, to infect with a certain mood, although the range of influence here is somewhat narrower. Therefore, he, as a rule, needs musical accompaniment. Architecture has a different effect. Architectural images are static and they are more in need of a long examination, empathy. However, the impression of architecture sometimes turns out to be deeper - a long stay of a person in a certain architectural environment can influence his internal state, creating a psychological mood.

Poetry, theater, cinema occupy an intermediate position - expressiveness and figurativeness are equally inherent in them. Such a connection is facilitated by the connection on the stage or on the screen of the achievements of other arts. However, the synthesis of theater and cinema is not only in this. The specific means of influence here is the acting of the actor, which also combines figurativeness (the actor portrays, “shows” the character) and expressiveness (various feelings are expressed by facial expressions, voice, movements). Acting is the "necessary minimum" of theatrical action, without which it cannot take place.

The situation is somewhat more complicated with poetry or verbal art. The main feature of poetry lies in its special material - the word. The word has a multifaceted impact: it carries an ideological content - a thought, creates visible pictures - images, has an expressive "corporeality" - a phoneme. Ideally, each word of a poetic text (and poetry is, as it were, an “ideal model” of literature) harmoniously combines meaning, image, and melody.

A brief review of the types of art allows us to appreciate the diversity of the sphere of artistic creativity - music and dance, theater and architecture in their own way reveal the inner world of a person, characterize the time of their creation, the culture of a particular era. However, with a historical approach to the study of artistic culture, as a rule, priority is given to fine, applied arts, and architecture. The reason for this preference lies, first of all, in the fact that spatial works are able to outlive the time of their appearance for a long time. Theatrical performances of Antiquity, the music of Ancient China are known only from descriptions. We can guess how the dances of the people of the Paleolithic era looked like, based on ethnographic data, and monuments of fine art that keep the warmth of the hands of our distant ancestors directly appear before our eyes. Thanks to the surviving works of architecture, painting, sculpture, we can see the remains of ancient cities, the faces of the great people of the past, we can imagine what they admired and what the representatives of bygone cultures aspired to.

It is also significant that the perception of spatial arts does not require a significant investment of time, acquaintance with the monuments of fine art allows you to quickly get an idea of ​​the cultural image of the era. Modern technology of printing and digital processing of visual information allows you to see the famous masterpieces of painting with minimal color distortion. The situation is somewhat more complicated with three-dimensional spatial arts - sculpture and architecture. Their full perception requires a change of point of view. However, here, too, the use of several photographs allows one to get an idea of ​​the artist's intention and its embodiment in the material.

The complexity of the perception of works of fine art and architecture, in comparison with poetry, lies in the fact that they use their own conditional language - the language of line, color, volume, the understanding of which requires some preparation. However, this "shortcoming" of the visual arts also has its positive side - works of architecture, monuments of applied art, painting, unlike works of literature, do not need translation, their conditional language is international, it, to a certain extent, steps over barriers, bringing epochs closer , countries and civilizations. The prehistoric era or ancient cultures, whose writing cannot be read, are known to us thanks to the preserved artifacts, of which the fine art monuments are the most informative for a culturologist.

When studying world art, we will also mainly rely on monuments of architecture, sculpture, painting, supplementing their consideration with examples from the history of music, theater, and literature, if possible and to the extent necessary.

However, before turning to the historical consideration of artistic culture, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the specific language of fine art, as well as with the division into types and genres adopted in it. This information is summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1

Types and genres of fine art.

Based on the creative reproduction of the surrounding world in artistic images. In addition, in a broad sense, art can mean the highest level of skill in any field of activity, not even directly related to creativity (for example, in cooking, construction, martial arts, sports, etc.).

object(or subject) art is the world in general and man in particular, and the form of existence is a work of art as a result of creative activity. Piece of art- the highest form of the result of creativity.

Aims of Art:

• distribution of spiritual blessings;
• author's self-expression.

Functions of art.

1. Cognitive. Art acts as a source of information about the world or a person.
2. Educational. Art influences the moral and ideological development of the individual.
3. aesthetic. It reflects the spiritual need of a person for harmony and beauty. Forms the concept of beauty.
4. hedonistic. Close to the aesthetic function, but does not form the concept of aesthetics, but provides an opportunity for aesthetic pleasure.
5. predictive. The function of trying to foresee the future.
6. Compensatory. Serves to restore psychological balance; often used by psychologists and psychotherapists (fans of the Dom-2 program compensate for the lack of their own personal life and emotions by watching it; although I would not classify this show as art).
7. Social. It can simply provide communication between people (communicative), or it can call for something (propaganda).
8. Entertaining(for example, popular culture).

Kinds of art.

Kinds of art are different - it all depends on what criterion they are classified by. The generally accepted classification considers three types of art.

1. art:
   • static (sculpture, painting, photography, decorative, etc.);
   • dynamic (for example, silent film, pantomime).

1. expressive art(or non-pictorial):
   • static (architecture and literature);
   • dynamic (music, dance art, choreography).
2. Spectacle art(theater, cinema, opera, circus).

Degree of application in everyday life art can be

• applied (decorative and applied);
• graceful (music).

By creation time:

• traditional (sculpture, literature);
• new (cinema, television, photography).

In terms of time-space:

• spatial (architecture);
• temporary (music);
• spatio-temporal (cinema, theater).

By the number of components used:

• simple (music, sculpture);
• complex (it is also synthetic: cinema, theater).

There are many classifications, and the definition and role of art is still an occasion for incessant disputes and discussions. The main thing is different. Art can destroy the human psyche or heal, corrupt or educate, oppress or give impetus to development. The task of human society is to develop and encourage precisely the "light" types of art.

Each person understands the meaning of art in different ways: some elevate and exalt, others erupt into the abyss of emotions. A person can do without works of art in everyday life, but emotional hunger needs to know real art, which gives a feeling of happiness, joy and peace of mind. It is able to take a person into the world of dreams and fantasies, which everyone expresses in various forms of art. Below we will consider them.

Plastic or spatial arts

art

This type of creativity aims to reproduce the surrounding world and feel it visually. For the sake of this type of art, many artists gave up a calm, well-fed life and burned on the altar of art. The works of the masters became the causes of political clashes and wars. Collectors were ready to incur a curse. That's what people are willing to do for the sake of art.

• Painting. The art of depicting reality with colors. It represents objects depicted with a multi-colored palette on the surface. The artist can express his inner world and emotions on canvas, easel and cardboard. This genre is divided into several types: easel, monumental, miniature.
• . The art of depicting objects with strokes and lines. On the one hand, both adults and children can do this, having only a sheet of paper, paints, pencils. But not everything is so simple, and those who believe that graphics are publicly available are mistaken. This is a complex kind that needs to be trained if you want to become masters of this business. The artist applies strokes, lines and spots on the plane (wood, metal, structures, cardboard, and so on), using one or two color schemes (in some cases, you can use more). This genre is divided into several types: easel, computer, magazine and newspaper, book, applied and industrial.
• Sculpture. The artist expresses his works from solid and plastic materials that have a three-dimensional form. The captured works in the materials are able to convey the life image of the objects of creation. This type is divided into several types: sculpture of small forms, monumental, easel, small plastic and monumental - decorative.

constructive art

The master expresses his creativity in reproduction of artistic buildings that organize the spatial and objective environment around us while not showing anything. It is divided into two genres:

• . It is based on the life, views and ideology of society and easily adapts to the change of style in different historical periods of life. This genre is divided into several types: urban planning, landscape and architecture of three-dimensional structures.
• Design. It is an aesthetic symbol of the modern world. By creating masterpieces, the designer consolidates the style of the era with his creativity. It is divided into several genres: exhibition, subject, landscape, interior design, clothing and books.

Decorative and applied art

Creative works of this art have practical use in everyday life . The basis of this art is various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. It is divided into several types:

• ceramics;
• forging;
• glass;
• tapestry;
• clay toy;
• sewing;
• application;
• quilted products;
• artistic processing of leather;
• weaving;
• stained glass and much more.

Temporary arts

The composer expresses his spiritual beauty and picture of the world with the help of sound tones and rhythms, meaningful and organized in an orderly manner. This is the spiritual language of the material world, reproduced with the help of musical instruments. (their basis is a resonator), unconsciously grasped by hearing. Types of music can be divided according to different criteria, for example, according to the nature of the performance, it is divided into such types as vocal, instrumental, chamber, solo, electronic, vocal-instrumental, choral and piano. By habitat - military, church, religious, dance and theatrical. But basically it is divided into two types:

• vocal;
• instrumental.

Most often, this type of art means only fiction, but not everything is so simple. In addition, this includes scientific, philosophical and other works that reflect the views of people. Here works are created with the help of words and writing. They reflect the totality of branches of knowledge of a particular science or specialty. Literature is divided into such types as educational, technical, scientific, artistic, reference, memoir and documentary prose. Created in several genres:

• folklore;
• prose;
• poetry.

Spatio-temporal arts

This is a combination of several art forms, such as literature, choreography, music, poetry, and so on. The theater has its own views and views on the reflection of reality and does this with the help of dramatic action. This is a collective art, expressing one's ideas with the help of actors, directors, screenwriters, directors, composers, costume designers and make-up artists. It consists of several types, such as drama, puppet, opera, ballet and pantomime.

A type of artistic creativity based on various technical methods for recording and reproducing an image in motion, accompanied by sound. There are several types of this art - feature films, documentaries and short films.

Expression of emotions and inner experiences with the help of body movements, built into a certain work, accompanied by music. People have the opportunity to express their feelings, themes, ideas through pantomime, scenery and costume. It has its own directions and styles: ballroom dance, historical, ritual, folk, acrobatic, variety and club dance.

INTRODUCTION

One of the main tasks of our society facing the system of modern education is the formation of a culture of personality. The relevance of this task is connected with the revision of the system of life and artistic and aesthetic values. The formation of the culture of the younger generation is impossible without referring to the artistic values ​​accumulated by society in the course of its existence. Thus, the need to study the foundations of art history becomes obvious.

In order to fully understand the art of a certain era, it is necessary to navigate in art history terminology. Know and understand the essence of each of the arts. Only in the case of possession of a categorical-conceptual system, a person will be able to fully realize the aesthetic value of art monuments.

CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS

Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) exists and develops as a system of interrelated types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of itself (the real world, displayed in the process of artistic creation.

Art forms are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize life content and differ in the ways of its material embodiment (word in literature, sound in music, plastic and color materials in fine arts, etc.).

In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts has developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is its division into three groups.

The first includes spatial or plastic arts. For this group of arts, spatial construction is essential in revealing the artistic image - Fine Arts, Decorative and Applied Arts, Architecture, Photography.

The second group includes temporary or dynamic arts. In them, the composition unfolding in time - Music, Literature - acquires key importance.
The third group is spatio-temporal types, which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts - Choreography, Literature, Theater Arts, Cinematography.

The existence of various types of arts is due to the fact that none of them, by its own means, can give an artistic comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture can only be created by the entire artistic culture of mankind as a whole, consisting of individual types of art.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTS

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") is a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, responding to the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.

The forms of architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.

Architecture is more closely connected than other arts with the development of the productive forces, with the development of technology. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other arts. The basis of the architectural composition is the three-dimensional structure, the organic interconnection of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.

Architecture does not reproduce reality directly; it is not pictorial, but expressive.

ART

Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.

GRAPHIC ARTS

Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive art form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.

Graphics preceded painting. At first, a person learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. The mastery of color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.

The specifics of graphics are linear relationships. By reproducing the forms of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real ratios of the colors of the world, in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, calibrates their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction to the environment. .

In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate into drawing and printed graphics, and now drawing with colored crayons - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water colors - watercolor and gouache are already included in graphics. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view about graphics. In some sources, graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subspecies of fine art.

PAINTING

Painting is a flat visual art, the specificity of which lies in the representation with the help of paints applied to the surface of the image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.

Painting is divided into:

Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles.

Easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):

The portrait is the main task to convey an idea of ​​the external appearance of a person, to reveal the inner world of a person, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.

Landscape - reproduces the surrounding world in all its variety of forms. The image of the seascape is defined by the term marinism.

Still life - the image of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of a certain era.

Historical genre - tells about historically important moments in the life of society.

Household genre - reflects the daily life of people, the temper, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.

Icon painting (translated from Greek as "prayer image") is the main goal of directing a person on the path of transformation.

Animalism is the depiction of an animal as the protagonist of a work of art.

In the XX century. the nature of painting is changing under the influence of technological progress (the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - multimedia art.

SCULPTURE

Sculpture is a spatial and visual art that explores the world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. At the present stage of development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculptures has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main types of sculpture: volumetric three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

High relief - high relief,

Bas-relief - low relief,

Counter-relief - mortise relief.

By definition, sculpture is monumental, decorative, easel.

Monumental - used to decorate the streets and squares of the city, designate historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:

monuments,

monuments,

Memorials.

Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and is designed to decorate the interior.

Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).

DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART.

Decorative and applied art is a kind of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for the subject of DPI can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to the way of life.

An important component of decorative and applied arts is folk art crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing a local cultural tradition and focused on the sale of handicrafts.

The key creative idea of ​​traditional crafts is the assertion of the unity of the natural and human worlds.

The main folk crafts of Russia are:

Woodcarving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;

Painting on wood - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;

Decoration of products from birch bark - embossing on birch bark, painting;

Artistic processing of stone - processing of hard and soft stone;

Bone carving - Kholmogory, Tobolsk. Khotkovskaya

Miniature painting on papier-mache - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Msterskaya miniature, Kholuy miniature

Artistic processing of metal - Veliky Ustyug black silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo painting on metal;

Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinsky ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;

Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovsky lace,

Painting on fabric - Pavlovsky shawls and shawls

Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, Color interlace, Gold embroidery.

LITERATURE

Literature is a kind of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.

The scope of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, her feelings. In its various genres, literature embraces this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person's inner world.

The literature is divided into:

artistic

educational

historical

Scientific

Reference

The main genres of literature are:

- lyrics- one of the three main genres of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is a poetic form.

- Drama- one of the three main genres of fiction, a plot work written in colloquial form and without the author's speech.

- epic- narrative literature, one of the three main genres of fiction, includes:

- epic- a major work of the epic genre.

- Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.

- Tale(story) - a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, fewer figures, life content and breadth

- Story- An epic work of small size, which differs from the short story in the greater prevalence and arbitrariness of the composition.

- Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.

- ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic plot work written in stanzas.

- poem- a plot literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.

The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and constituent parts of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.

MUSICAL ART

Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which musical sounds organized in a certain way serve as a means of embodying artistic images. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.

The division of music into secular and spiritual is accepted. The main area of ​​sacred music is cult. The development of the European musical theory of musical notation and musical pedagogy is connected with European cult music (usually called church music). By performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. Distinguish music monophonic (monody) and polyphonic (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:

For genera and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;

Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses, as a means of embodying reality and human feelings, sound images.

Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - such is the nature of a musical image.

CHOREOGRAPHY

Choreography (gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - writing) is a kind of art, the material of which is the movements and postures of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.

Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own laws to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping with heels, etc.

The origins of the dance were: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; dance spontaneously expressing in movements in movements the culmination of a person's emotional state.

Dance has always, at all times, been associated with the life and way of life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people from whom it originated.

THEATER

Theater is an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by a creative team.

The basis of the theater is dramaturgy. Synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, actor.

Theatrical performances are divided into genres:

- Drama;

- Tragedy;

- Comedy;

- Musical, etc.

Theatrical art has its roots in ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rites, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.

PHOTO ART.

Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object transmitted by it.

A specific feature of photography is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photo art developed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which was oriented towards a mirror accurate image of the visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura) to achieve this goal.

The specificity of photographic art lies in the fact that it gives a pictorial image of a documentary value.

A photograph gives an artistically expressive image and captures with certainty an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.

Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the sphere of art almost without additional processing.

CINEMA

Cinema is the art of reproducing on screen moving images captured on film, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema is an invention of the 20th century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.

Cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the change of various events in their internal logic.

Cinema is a synthetic art, it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in a feature film), theatrical art (acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.

Cinema can be conditionally divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.

Film genres are also defined:

Tragedy,

Fantastic,

Comedy,

Historical, etc.

CONCLUSION

Culture plays a special role in the improvement of the personality, in the formation of its individual picture of the world, because it accumulates all the emotional, moral and evaluative experience of Mankind.

The problem of artistic and aesthetic education in the formation of the value orientations of the younger generation has become the object of attention of sociologists, philosophers, cultural theorists, and art critics. This educational and reference manual is a small addition to a huge layer of educational material related to the field of art. The author expresses the hope that it will serve as a good help for students, pupils and all who are not indifferent to art.

4.1. The concept of art

4.2. Spatial arts:

· architecture;

· sculpture;

· painting;

· photo.

4.3. Dynamic Arts:

· literature;

· music..

4.4. Synthetic arts:

· theater;

· circus;

· movie;

· stage;

· choreography;

· TV.

4.1.Art is a form of social consciousness, a specific type of spiritual and practical exploration of the world. Art is one of the most important spheres of culture. Without it, it is impossible to imagine the life of people.

The beginnings of the artistic activity of mankind are noted even in primitive society, long before the advent of science and philosophy. And yet the problem of the essence and specificity of art has not been fully resolved so far. What is the meaning of the term "art"? Can be distinguished 3 different values this word.

1. Art is skill. - In this sense, "art" acts as a skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is something artificial in comparison with the natural, natural. The highest degree of skill, skill in any field of activity. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word "techne" - art, skill.

2. Art is creativity according to the laws of beauty.

Such creativity refers to a wide range of activities:

creation of useful things, machines;

design and organization of public and private life;

culture of everyday behavior;

communication of people, etc.

art object– like sciences, philosophies – the surrounding world.

Piece of art- reality, life in its broadest social meaning.

3. Art is artistic creation, whose products are social, spiritual, aesthetic values.

Art has an impact on the formation of personality, enriches its sensory-emotional and intellectual-thinking potential.

Art improves the creative abilities and capabilities of a person, prompting him to work according to the laws of beauty.

The difference between art and science:

1. The object of science is truth, and the object of art is beauty.

2. Reflection of reality: in science - in the form of abstract concepts, in art - in the forms of artistic images.

Art exists in specific types, is activity model personality and reflection peace under certain historical conditions, it class and politically oriented, nationally and internationally.

Art exists in its specific forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, theater, literature, music and etc.

4.2. Types of art are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the ways of material embodiment.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual means and techniques.

The types of art differ from each other:

The subject of the image

using various visual media.

Attempts to study the structure of the art world were made in ancient times. First attempt is mythological classification of arts, which includes: tragedy, comedy, « technical art»: architecture, medicine, geometry; " musical art»: poetry, music, dance.

During the Renaissance, a study was made of the differences between the visual arts and poetry. L. da Vinci in "The Book of Painting" and Lessing in "Laookon", S. Batte in the treatise "Fine Arts" gave the first deep analysis of art.

At the beginning of the XIX century. Hegel, in The System of Individual Arts, outlined the relationship between the five main arts - architecture, sculpture, painting, music and poetry; analyzed the patterns of division of poetic art into genera: epic, lyrical and dramatic.

Starting from the XIX century. world aesthetic thought (Hegel, Schelling, Wagner, Scriabin, etc.) proved equivalence And necessity existence and development of all kinds of arts.

Certain schemes and systems for classifying the arts have developed in aesthetic and art history literature. The most common scheme is its division into three large groups:

1 group – spatial or plastic kinds of art:

· architecture;

all genres of fine arts;

artistic photography.

2 group - temporary or dynamic arts: literature and music.

3rd group: spatiotemporal views: theater, cinema, television, choreography, stage, circus.

In modern conditions, the artistic principle in various spheres of human activity is noticeably increasing. Sports festivals are increasingly turning into integral theatrical performances, and in certain sports (figure skating, rhythmic gymnastics), the skill of athletes rises to the level of real artistic creativity. The appearance, exposition, advertising of various exhibitions, fairs are aesthetically filled with artistic creativity.

Architecture(from the Greek builder) is a type of art, the purpose of which is the creation of structures that meet the utilitarian, spiritual and aesthetic needs of people.

Following the definition, it merges together usefulness and beauty, technical and aesthetic principles.

Architecture is considered by many to be a historical art. Indeed, in order to hide from the weather, the primitive man had to build some kind of housing for himself, and this is its beginning.

In ancient Egypt huge tombs, pyramids, temples with many columns were built. This architecture is characterized by: the geometric clarity of forms, the incompatibility of the scale of buildings and man, monumentality, overwhelming personality.

Grandiose structures were created not to meet the real needs of the people, but in the name of religious purposes, in the name of glorifying the despotic power of the pharaoh.

In Ancient Greece architecture acquires a democratic appearance. Religious buildings lose their depressing character. Thus, the Parthenon temple with its beauty affirms the beauty, freedom, dignity of man. There are new types of public buildings and structures: theaters, stadiums, schools. Architectural buildings are built according to the humanistic principle of beauty, which was formulated by Aristotle: the beautiful should not be too big and not too small. Man is the measure of all things, in architecture there is a measure of the beauty and scale of the structure.

In the Middle Age dominates in architecture Gothic style. In Gothic cathedrals, not only a religious impulse to God was expressed, but also a passionate earthly dream of happiness.

During the Renaissance style begins to develop baroque. Buildings built in this style differed pretentiousness, a large number of stucco decorations, internal painting. The architecture of this time is characterized by pathos, elation, contrast of forms. Examples of this style: the Palace of Versailles, the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, the ensembles of Tsarskoye Selo (architect Rastrelli).

In the era of modern times (since the 18th century) styles arise rococo (sink) And empire. Character traits rococo: rich painting, large mirrors, creating the impression of lightness and intangibility of the walls.

In style empire (empire) is expressed monumentality and majesty, the aesthetic tastes of the big bourgeoisie are embodied (the Arc de Triomphe in Paris).

From the 16th to the 30s of the 20th century has a three-century history of style classicism. Its signs: proportionality, proportionality, clarity, achieved by simple constructive and artistic means. These are various types of buildings: industrial, administrative, multi-storey residential buildings. All this required the architect to solve the following tasks: to create a building that is easy to use and has an aesthetically complete form.

In the XX century. is beginning to gain importance “small form architecture”: kiosks, trash cans, advertising bollards, lampposts, etc.

In the conditions of the world ecological crisis, artistically meaningful "green architecture" those. "gardening" culture.

In the transformation of the subject environment, it is of great importance "architecture of monumental forms": roads, bridges, triumphal arches, television masts, etc. They are distinguished by the scale and complexity of the technical design.

Architecture is rightly called the chronicle of the world. After all, she speaks when the legends about the irretrievably departed people and their culture are already silent. Whole epochs of human history are captured on the pages of this “stone book”.

art includes: painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography.

Painting is a type of fine art, the works of which are created on a plane with the help of paints and colored materials.

Painting happens:

monumental– paintings on a large scale: painting on walls, vaults, pillars, etc.

Its varieties:

mosaic- monumental painting, in which the image or ornamental motif is made of separate, very tightly fitted colored stones, marble, cubes of multi-colored glass paste - smalt;

fresco- painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in lime mortar;

easel- painting, which has an independent meaning, paintings of various genres, painted on canvas (less often on cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.

The main genres of painting:

landscape - an image of nature;

portrait;

· still life - the image of natural objects: fruits, flowers, things, etc.;

· plot-thematic paintings - the image of historical, battle and everyday scenes.

A miniature is a painting in a small format, executed on paper, metal, ceramics, porcelain, wood.

Graphics - one-color drawing. She happens in the form engravings(engraving - a printed impression of a relief drawing applied to a wooden or metal board), caricatures, lithographs (a method of flat printing on stone (limestone)).

Sculpture is a type of fine art that reproduces reality in a three-dimensional form.

Main materials used: stone, bronze, marble, wood.

Types of sculpture:

1. monumental - monuments, monuments.

2. easel - works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have independent significance.

3. small sculpture - toys, medals, stone carving.

art photography is a relatively young art form. Today, photography is not just a copy of the external appearance of the phenomenon on film. An artist-photographer, by choosing an object, lighting, a special position of the camera, can create an artistic image. At the end of the XX century. art photography has taken its special place among the fine arts.

Decorative and applied art is an ancient form of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to satisfy both practical and aesthetic needs of a person.

This type of art is very ancient, it was used to decorate objects. The artistic and figurative meaning of arts and crafts is an ornament that becomes a sign of a certain national identity, by which we can easily find out what nationality it belongs to: ancient Greek paintings on clay vases, Turkmen and Chinese carpets, Western Ukrainian, Russian stoves, etc. d. This type of art contributes to the improvement of subject culture, the artistic design of a thing must be strictly consistent with its practical significance.

4.3. Literature is a written form of art, one of its main types.

The term "literature", starting from the 18th century, replaced the concept of "poetry". "poetic art". The main expressive and pictorial means of literature is word. It reveals the plot, shows literary images in action, and also directly forms the author's position and makes it accessible to the reader.

Being the most analytical of all forms of art, literature, with the help of the word, creates a real living being and what is called "artistic reality."

Types of literary works:

1. Epos - novels, novellas, short stories, essays.

2. Lyrics - poetic genres, elegy, sonnet, ode.

3. Drama - comedy, tragedy.

The history of world literature goes back to ancient times, folklore. The most ancient literary monuments are the "Bible", "The Tale of Bygone Years", "Ramayana". They became the foundation of world culture.

Music is an art form that uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings.

What is striking in music is its ability to talk about a lot without saying a word, to express a lot without using visual images.

Music genres: opera, symphony, chamber music, instrumental, vocal-instrumental, etc.

Music is able to influence the most unprepared people, influence music on the growth of plants, heal diseases, change mood in the right direction. Works of world classics are recommended to listen to reduce irritability, anxiety, and headaches. Music is both national and international, it knows no boundaries