What is true friendship fathers and sons. The theme of friendship in the novel
The friendship of Arkady and Bazarov is a real mystery for readers, since they are very different from each other, and it would seem that friendly relations there cannot be between them. Arkady and Bazrov belong to the same era, but their life principles characters are markedly different from each other. They originally belong to different circles of society. Arkady Kirsanov - the son of a nobleman, with early childhood he learned to appreciate nature and art; Evgeny Bazarov denies all the foundations of life, traditions and principles of the Kirsanov family.
Father and uncle Kirsanov - the then intelligentsia, connoisseurs of beauty, art, nature; they are people of feeling. Bazarov considers Arkady to be a kind-hearted, weak-willed "barich", a weakling. Yevgeny does not want and cannot admit that the liberality of the Kirsanovs is a consequence educational activities, high spirituality of natures, subtle vision of the surrounding world. Bazarov denies such traits in a person, as he considers them unnecessary and useless for society. Bazarov is a materialist, he is cruel and rude. Turgenev invested in this character collective image youth of the late nineteenth century.
The family theme played one of important roles in Russian literature, so the description of the conflict of generations turned out to be very relevant at that time.
Harmony, the moral principle of society was evaluated by the unity, cohesion of the family. These were not just the problems of one family, these were the problems of the whole society.
Bazarov attracted Arkady with his sharpness, courage, to some extent even rudeness. He had never met a person like Bazarov, and therefore he was "new" to him. Arkady is the embodiment of youth, which burns with the desire to experience new sensations and feelings, is easily carried away by new ideas and also easily abandons them, quickly falls in love and quickly cools down. Arkady Kirsanov is looking for his own life's road, making mistakes, but each time rising and continuing his way. His attitude to the traditions of the family cannot be called serious, since Arkady treats them rather dismissively. He is young, so Arkady lacks wisdom, understanding and attention to other people. The conflict between Arkady and Nikolai Petrovich is not a political beginning, it is free from social motives and problems. Its essence is the eternal conflict between generations, called in the English manner "generation gap". However, old age is a guarantor of safety moral values, history and traditions in society. Youth is the perpetual engine of progress.
Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov is a different person. He comes from a simple family, a commoner. Bazarov is harsh, sometimes cruel and rude, categorical in his judgments, critical in assessing things. He really believes that a good chemist is worth more than twenty poets. Bazarov denies the role of culture in society, he does not recognize the spiritual side of humanity. Eugene proposes to destroy everything in order to start writing history with clean slate. Such judgments of Bazarov sometimes lead Pavel Petrovich into a stupor. Turgenev shows the correctness and maximalism of both sides. However, none of the opponents are willing to admit that each other is right. This is what their main mistake. Pavel Petrovich is also right, repeating about the need and importance of preserving historical memory And cultural heritage, rights and Bazarov, convincing society of the need for change.
The friendship of Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov begins to “split at the seams” when Bazarov falls in love with Odintsova, and Arkady with Katya. It is at this moment that their difference from each other is sharply manifested. Love for a woman is hard for Bazarov, he cannot recognize this feeling and renounce the principles of nihilism. Arkady and Katya make love simply and easily. Friends move away from each other, as Bazarov understands that Arkady is right.
Turgenev introduced the image of Arkady in order to oppose such a character as Bazarov, and also to show different sides and one and the same social problem. This makes the image of Bazarov more tragic, "superfluous" in society. Society does not accept Bazarov, as he denies public life that has developed over the centuries. Consequently, the friendship of Bazarov and Arkady is impossible, because Arkady belongs to an aristocratic, liberal society, and Bazarov belongs to a new, future generation of revolutionaries.
Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -
After the publication in 1862, Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" caused a flurry of critical articles. None of the public camps accepted Turgenev's new creation. Liberal criticism could not forgive the writer for the fact that representatives of the aristocracy, hereditary nobles depicted ironically that the "plebeian" Bazarov mocks them all the time and is morally superior to them. Democrats perceived the protagonist of the novel as an evil parody.
But all these facts, it seems to me, just speak in favor of I.S. Turgenev. How real artist, the creator, he managed to guess the dictates of the era, the emergence of a new type, the type of democrat-raznochinets, who replaced the advanced nobility.
The main problem posed by the writer in the novel already sounds in its title: “Fathers and Sons”. This name has double meaning. On the one hand, this is a generational problem - eternal problem classical literature, on the other - the conflict of two socio-political forces that operated in Russia in the 60s of the XIX century: liberals and democrats.
The protagonists of the novel are grouped depending on which of the socio-political groups we can attribute them to.
The fact is that main character Bazarov turns out to be the only representative of the “children” camp, the camp of raznochintsev democrats, and all the other heroes are in a hostile camp.
The central place in the novel is occupied by the figure of a new person - Evgeny Bazarov. He is presented as one of those young figures who "want to fight." Others are people of the older generation who do not share Bazarov's revolutionary democratic convictions. They are depicted as small, weak-willed people, with narrow, limited interests. The novel presents the nobles and commoners of two generations - "fathers" and "children". Turgenev shows how a raznochinets democrat operates in an environment alien to him.
In Maryina, Bazarov is a guest who differs from the landowners in his "new" appearance. They are considered friends with Arkady, although their relationship cannot be called friendship, because friendship is impossible without mutual understanding, friendship cannot be based on the subordination of one to the other. Throughout the novel, the subordination of a weak nature to a stronger one is observed: Arkady - Bazarov. Over time, Arkady ceases to blindly repeat the judgments and opinions of the nihilist after Bazarov. The difference between the heroes is visible in their behavior in the "empire" of Kirsanov. Bazarov is engaged in work, studying nature, Arkady sybaritizes, does nothing. The fact that Bazarov is a man of action is immediately evident from his red bare hand. Yes, indeed, in any situation, in any home, he tries to do business. His main business is the natural sciences, the study of nature and the verification of theoretical discoveries in practice.
Passion for science is typical feature cultural life Russia in the 60s, which means that Bazarov keeps up with the times, works, practices medicine, conducts experiments. Arkady is the complete opposite. He does nothing, none of the serious cases really captivates him. For him, the main thing is comfort and peace.
They have completely different attitudes towards art. Bazarov denies Pushkin, and unreasonably. Arkady tries to prove to him the greatness of the poet. Arkady is always neat, tidy, well dressed, he has aristocratic manners. Bazarov does not consider it necessary to follow the rules good manners, so important in the life of the nobility. This is reflected in all his actions, habits, manners, speeches, appearance.
A disagreement arose between the "friends" in a conversation about the role of nature in human life. Arkady's resistance to Bazarov's views is already visible here, gradually the "student" is getting out of the power of the "teacher". Bazarov hates many, but Arkady has no enemies. "You tender soul, weakling, ”says Bazarov, realizing that Arkady can no longer be his associate. The "disciple" cannot live without principles. Arkady is a man belonging to the old generation, the generation of "fathers". But Bazarov appears before us as a person belonging to a new generation that has replaced the "fathers" who are unable to solve the main problems of the era.
Pisarev very accurately assesses the reasons for the disagreements between the “student” and the “teacher”, between Arkady and Bazarov: “Bazarov’s attitude towards his comrade casts a bright streak of light on his character; Bazarov has no friend, because he has not yet met a person who would not give in to him. Bazarov's personality closes in on itself, because outside of it and around it there are almost no elements related to it at all.
Arkady wants to be the son of his age, trying to use the ideas of Bazarov, but this is impossible, since he belongs to the category of people who are always guarded and never notice guardianship over themselves. Bazarov treats him patronizingly and almost always mockingly, he understands that their paths will diverge.
As soon as the novel by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" was published, a flurry of criticism rained down on its author. The fact is that the writer supported at that time a very interesting wave in the development of Russian literature, begun by A.S. Pushkin, and created his own "hero of time". And, like most of these characters, whose representatives are Eugene Onegin, and Grigory Pechorin, and Oblomov, and even the unnamed protagonist modern novel Sergei Minaev "Duhless: a story about fake person”, he remained a misunderstood reader and, of course, criticism.
A little later, literary critics will call this literary phenomenon the term "extra person" - this is a hero who has no place in the surrounding realities.
So, the reader and critics sharply opposed the novel, along with its main character, a student of the medical faculty Yevgeny Bazarov. I.S. Turgenev from Paris wrote to his friend, F.M. Dostoevsky, in a letter dated May 4, 1862, that he was extremely disappointed that “Fathers and Sons” turned out to be not understood by anyone, with the exception of the aforementioned Dostoevsky and Botkin: “no one seems to suspect that I tried to present a tragic face in it - and everyone is interpreting: "why is he so bad?" or “why is he so good?”.
Turgenev was accused of not understanding Russian culture and life, referring to the fact that the writer lived in Russia for extremely short periods, and more in Europe. However, this was precisely the main achievement of Ivan Sergeevich! Thanks to his peculiar “remoteness” from the life of his homeland, he was able to so subtly capture all the changes taking place in it, to look from the outside at what the “blurred” Russian eye and tired Russian mind no longer saw, did not notice. A few years after the release of the novel, such Bazarovs will turn out to be a ubiquitous phenomenon.
Turgenev turned out to be much more perspicacious than the advanced people of the state. He predicted a colossal social phenomenon and explained that it was absolutely imperfect.
The main problem put forward in the title is interpreted in an interesting way: fathers and children. It seems that we should be talking about the confrontation between two generations - and at first it seems that this is really the case. On the side of the "children" are Evgeny Bazarov and his close friend, Arkady Kirsanov. Later it may seem that both Katya and Anna Sergeevna belong to the same generation.
However, if you look into it, it turns out that the conflict is much deeper - it is a conflict of social trends, worldviews, views, and even to some extent a conflict of social inequality. At some point, it turns out that the "children" in the novel are represented only by Bazarov - he is alone against the whole world. One of the brightest storylines, allowing you to understand as deeply as possible the author's idea of \u200b\u200bFathers and Sons, is the line of friendship between Arkady and Eugene - and the question is whether this relationship can be called friendship.
Almost from the first pages of the novel, immediately after the appearance of two student friends, it becomes clear that Arkady perceives his friend as ... a mentor, as an idol, an idol. He literally "looks into the mouth" of Bazarov, subdued by his courage, non-triviality of views.
Eugene looks like an advanced person of his time, which is very attractive to the homely and gentle Arkady, who first encountered such an “unusual” person.
Bazarov, on the other hand, treats his comrade patronizingly; he really tries to teach him everything that interests him, thereby paradoxically violating the nihilistic principle of not taking any authority for granted, no matter how respected he is. Arkady trusts Bazarov, frankly with him, catches his every word. It is no coincidence that Turgenev, speaking about their relationship, points out a small detail: in disputes with Bazarov, Arkady always came out the loser, although he spoke much more than his mentor. One involuntarily recalls a tiny note from Pechorin’s journal, in which he writes about Dr. Werner in this way: “We soon understood each other and became friends, because I am incapable of friendship: of two friends, one is always the slave of the other ...”. Unfortunately, in this tandem, the second roles were given to Kirsanov Jr.
Through trial and error, this young and innocent flower, reaching for everything new, as if to the sun, nevertheless finds exactly its own life path. At home, in the atmosphere familiar to him, he sees and notices all the inferiority of Bazarov's worldview. Arkady is incapable of despising people, especially relatives, he is sensitive and gentle, amorous and sincere. Bazarov, locking his own ardent heart in a cage of all-denial, is weak; he is most afraid of admitting that his anti-humanistic theory, like that of Raskolnikov, is defeated, it turns out to be meaningless, unviable.
It is worth noting an interesting detail: Odintsova's house, where Bazarov's feeling for the hostess of the house is born, is painted in yellow. The walls of psychiatric hospitals were painted the same way. This subtle parallel, almost unnoticed by the reader, is very interesting symbol: having fallen in love with Odintsova, Eugene begins to feel a painful break with his own ideology, which results in a nervous breakdown.
Arkady, as if in opposition to a former friend, on the contrary, is happy in his love for Katya. His story ends in the best possible way - he creates a family with his beloved woman. It is in this episode that the final break between him and Bazarov takes place. Perhaps, like Pechorin, Bazarov was not capable of true friendship, and therefore his relationship with Arkady cannot be considered anything other than friendship and, to some extent, cooperation. Eugene was too tough, complex, multifaceted personality. He did not have the strength to treat as an equal anyone who, in his convictions, was in any way weaker in spirit than himself. There is no one so strong in the novel, with the exception of ... Pavel Petrovich! But Bazarov cannot get along with him either, because he locks his desperate heart, not allowing feelings to break free.
As planned by Turgenev, Bazarov, like all loners, is severely punished by fate: he dies, realizing that "Russia does not need him." Indeed, this advanced man, maximalistic in his convictions, was too far ahead of reality and was thrown overboard by life. Pavel Petrovich, another loner, is punished no less: he is forced to leave his native estate. Only those who do not pull the strap of life alone turn out to be happy: Odintsova with her new husband, Katya with Arkady, Kirsanov Sr. and Fenechka.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev surprisingly accurately and harshly demonstrates the futility and futility of nihilism as a social phenomenon. No wonder the writer ends his novel with these words: “No matter how passionate, sinful, rebellious the heart is hidden in the grave, the flowers growing on it serenely look at us with their innocent eyes: they tell us not only about eternal peace, about that great peace” indifferent" nature; they also speak of eternal reconciliation and endless life…”
Bazarov and Arkady. The theme of friendship. Friendship is the spiritual closeness of people, mutual understanding, readiness to understand another person, to help him in a difficult situation. If there is no mutual understanding between friends, then there can be no true friendship. I. S. Turgenev writes about this in the novel "Fathers and Sons".
Its main character is Evgeny Bazarov. He is a modern man, a nihilist. Bazarov is fond of the natural sciences, is preparing to become a doctor, dreams of transformations in Russia, of improving the life of the peasantry. Arkady Kirsanov is drawn to Bazarov precisely because he is not like the others, he is passionate about new ideas. Kirsanov tries to imitate his friend. But for Bazarov, Arkady is a young boy, a romantic, to whom he treats with indulgence.
Arkady and Eugene were brought up in different conditions. Kirsanov grew up in the rich landowner's house of his father, from childhood he was surrounded by parental care and affection. Life in the village flowed sleepily and leisurely. Nikolai Petrovich, his father, lived like other landowners, "occasionally went hunting and took care of the household."
Eugene's parents live much more modestly, in a small village house covered with a thatched roof. His family is closer to the common people: his father is a former military man, his mother is "a real Russian noblewoman of the past." They live the old fashioned way, accustomed to work. And Evgeny, in a dispute with Pavel Petrovich, proudly declares: "My grandfather plowed the land." Yevgeny was accustomed to work from childhood, and even on vacation at the Kirsanovs' estate, "Arkady sybaritized, Bazarov worked." He conducts experiments on frogs, heals ordinary people. Arkady strives to help a friend, but I think that the natural sciences are not his passion. He is closer to nature, music, poetry. And yet Kirsanov is drawn to Bazarov as a person, it is not without reason that he pronounces the word "nihilist" with such pathos. In the house of the Kirsanov Bazars, a stranger, the old people do not share his convictions, they have their own principles.
It is strange to them that Bazarov denies art, poetry, religion, love. And it is hard for Arkady to understand the beliefs of a friend, although he supports him. Kirsanov Jr. finds his happiness in love for Katya Odintsova, because these heroes have a lot in common.
Family happiness is important for Arkady. Bazarov falls in love with Katya's sister, Anna Odintsova. However, Anna rejects his feelings. Gradually, Bazarov and Arkady are increasingly moving away from each other, because they do not have common interests. Moreover, Eugene himself repels his friend: “You are a tender soul, a weakling, where can you hate! .. You are a nice fellow, but you are still a soft, liberal barich ...”.
In my opinion, Bazarov himself is to blame for his loneliness. None of the people around him understand or accept nihilism. Eugene himself repels the dear ones, good parents, and Arcadia. Kirsanov is sorry to say goodbye to a friend, because his soul cannot hate someone, push him away. If you want to have real friends, then you must accept them, perhaps reconcile with some shortcomings, and not impose your opinion. The strong, of course, can subjugate the weak, but this is not friendship, but only admiration. True friendship is built on mutual understanding, common interests and the ability to yield.
Arkady and Bazarov are very different people, and the friendship that has arisen between them is all the more surprising. Despite belonging to the same era, young people are very different. It must be taken into account that they initially belong to different circles of society. Arkady is the son of a nobleman, from early childhood he absorbed what Bazarov despises and denies in his nihilism. Kirsanov's father and uncle are intelligent people who value aesthetics, beauty and poetry. From the point of view of Bazarov, Arkady is a soft-hearted "barich", a weakling. Bazarov does not want to admit that the liberality of the Kirsanovs is the result of a deep education, artistic talent and high spirituality of nature. Bazarov denies such qualities as completely unnecessary. However, in this case we are talking not only about intelligence, but also about the deep continuity of the experience of previous generations, about the preservation of traditions and the entire cultural heritage.
Family theme played big role in Russian literature, so the demonstration of intra-family conflict turned out to be revolutionary. The integrity and harmony of society were measured by the unity of the family. Consequently, such problems turned out to be not just problems of the family, but also problems of the whole society.
Bazarov attracted Arkady with his sharpness, originality and courage. For a young "baric" such personalities were a curiosity. Arkady has become a kind of embodiment of youth, which is drawn to everything new and unusual, easily carried away by new ideas, has a keen interest in life in all its manifestations. Arkady is looking for his own life path by trial and error. His attitude to traditions, authorities and other things important to his father is rather frivolous. He lacks the wisdom of years, tolerance and attention to other people that his father has. The conflict between Arkady and Nikolai Petrovich does not carry any political beginning, it is cleared of social motives. Its essence is the eternal misunderstanding between youth and old age. However, this position is not at all contrary to the nature of things. On the contrary, old age is a guarantor of safety moral values, cultural heritage and traditions in society. Youth, in turn, provides the movement of progress with its craving for everything new and unknown.
Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov is a completely different matter. He came from a simple family, he is even somewhat ashamed of his parents. He is harsh, at times rude, resolute, categorical in his judgments and peremptory in his conclusions. He quite sincerely believes that a good chemist is worth twenty poets. He does not understand the role of culture in society. He offers to destroy everything in order to start writing history anew from a clean slate. By this, he sometimes drives Pavel Petrovich, with whom he argues, into despair. We see the maximalism of both sides, taken to the extreme. Neither one nor the other is willing to give in to each other and recognize the correctness of the opponent. This is their main mistake. All parties are right up to a certain point. Pavel Petrovich is also right, speaking about the need to preserve the heritage of his ancestors, rights, and Bazarov, speaking about the need for change. Both sides are sides of the same coin. Both are sincerely concerned about fate home country but their methods are different.
The friendship of Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov begins to crack when Bazarov falls in love with Odintsova, and Arkady with Katya. This is where their difference comes into play. If the feeling is hard for Bazarov, he cannot surrender to love, then Arkady and Katya learn to be themselves. Bazarov moves away from his friend, as if feeling his rightness, and not his own.
The image of Arkady was drawn in order to set off the image of Bazarov and show the versatility of human nature and the same social problem. This makes the image of Bazarov even more lonely and tragic. Bazarov is considered, like Rudin, Pechorin, Onegin and Oblomov, " an extra person". He has no place in this life, although such rebels always arise in troubled times.
