The severity of labor and its categories. Classification and criteria used in the ITU: the physical severity of labor, diseases, etc.

The severity and tension of the labor process.

HEAVY OF LABOR

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting mainly the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity (R 2.2.2006-05).

The severity of the labor process is assessed by a number of indicators expressed in ergometric values ​​that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person participating in this process.

The main indicators characterizing the severity of the labor process are:

physical dynamic load (expressed in units of external mechanical work per shift - kg / m);

According to the magnitude of external mechanical work per shift, depending on the type of load (regional or general) and the distance of movement of the load, determine which class of working conditions this work belongs to.

weight of the lifted and moved cargo manually (kg);

It is weighed on a commodity scale.

The weight of the cargo can also be determined from the documents.

the number of stereotyped working movements (the number per shift, in total for two hands);

Stereotypical work movements are divided into:

local - performed with the participation of the muscles of the hands and fingers at a fast pace (60-250 movements per minute);

regional - performed with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle at a slower pace.

Working hours are determined by chronometric observations or by photographs of the working day.

the value of the static load (the value of the static load per shift when holding the load, applying efforts, kgf s);

The static load associated with holding a load (working tool or workpiece) or applying force (handles, handwheels, handwheels) is calculated by multiplying the two parameters:

the magnitude of the retained force (load weight) and

its retention time.

working posture;

The nature of the working posture is determined visually. The working posture is:

free - comfortable sitting postures, which make it possible to change the working position of the body or its parts: lean back in a chair, change the position of the legs, arms;

uncomfortable - postures with a large inclination or rotation of the body, with arms raised above shoulder level, with uncomfortable placement of the lower limbs;

fixed - the impossibility of changing the relative position of various parts of the body relative to each other, for example, when performing work using optical magnifying devices: magnifiers and microscopes;

forced - poses lying, kneeling, squatting, etc.

body slopes (number per shift);

The number of slopes per shift is determined: by directly counting them per unit of time (several times per shift), then the number of slopes is calculated for the entire duration of the work, or by determining their number in one operation and multiplying by the number of operations per shift.

movement in space (transitions due to the technical process, during a shift horizontally or vertically - along stairs, ramps, etc., km).

The easiest way to determine this value is with a pedometer to determine steps per shift. The number of steps per shift should be multiplied by the step length and the resulting value expressed in km.

INTENSITY OF WORK

Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the employee (R 2.2.2006-05. App. 16).

All indicators (factors) have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads:

Intelligent:

2. "Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation" - the information received during work is compared with the normal values ​​necessary for the course of the labor process.

3. "Distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task" - any labor activity is characterized by the distribution of functions between employees. Accordingly, the more functional duties assigned to the employee, the higher the intensity of labor.

4. "The nature of the work performed" - in the case when the work is performed according to an individual plan, then the level of tension is low. If the work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with its possible correction as necessary, then the tension increases. If a great intensity of labor is characteristic, when work is performed in conditions of time pressure. The greatest tension is characterized by work in conditions of lack of time and information.

Touch:

5. "Duration of focused observation (% of shift time)" - the greater the percentage of time spent on focused observation during a shift, the higher the tension. The total time of the working shift is taken as 100%;

6. "The density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of work" - the number of perceived and transmitted signals (messages of orders) allows you to evaluate the employment, the specifics of the employee's activities. The greater the number of signals, the higher the information load, leading to an increase in tension;

7. "Number of production objects of simultaneous observation" - indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, the intensity of labor increases. This characteristic of labor makes demands on the amount of attention (from 4 to 8 unrelated objects) and its distribution as the ability to simultaneously focus attention on several objects or actions;

8. “The size of the object of distinction with the duration of focused attention (% of the shift time)” - the smaller the size of the object (product, part, digital or alphabetic information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the class of labor intensity increases;

9. "Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) during the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)". On the basis of chronometric observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with an optical device is determined. The duration of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of a fixed gaze using a microscope, a magnifying glass is converted into a percentage. The greater the percentage of time, the greater the load, leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

10. "Monitoring the screen of the video terminal (hours per shift)". The time (h, min) of direct work of the VDM user with the display screen throughout the working day is fixed, the longer the time of fixing the gaze on the VDT screen, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the labor intensity.

11. "Load on the auditory analyzer." The indicator "load on the auditory analyzer" should characterize such work in which the performer, in conditions of increased noise levels, must hear speech information or other auditory signals that guide him in the process of work.

12. "Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week)". The degree of tension of the vocal apparatus depends on the duration of speech loads. Overstrain of the voice is observed with prolonged, without rest, voice activity.

Emotional:

13. "The degree of responsibility for the result of one's own activity, the significance of the error" - indicates to what extent an employee can influence the result of his own work at various levels of complexity of the activity being carried out. With increasing complexity, the degree of responsibility increases, which accordingly leads to an increase in emotional stress. This indicator assesses the responsibility of the employee for the quality of the elements of tasks of auxiliary work, the main work or the final product.

14. "The degree of risk to one's own life." A measure of risk is the probability of an undesirable event occurring. At the workplace, they analyze the presence of traumatic factors that may pose a danger to the life of workers, and determine the possible zone of their influence. This indicator characterizes those workplaces where there is a direct danger (explosion, impact, spontaneous combustion).

15. "Responsibility for the safety of others." When assessing tension, it is necessary to take into account only direct, and not indirect, responsibility (the latter is distributed to all managers), that is, one that is imputed by the job description.

16. "The number of conflict production situations per shift." The presence of conflict situations in the production activities of a number of professions (employees of all levels of the prosecutor's office, the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, teachers, etc.) significantly increase the emotional burden and are subject to quantitative assessment. The number of conflict situations is taken into account on the basis of timing observations.

17. "The number of elements (techniques) necessary to implement a simple task or repetitive operations" and

18. "Duration (s) of performing simple production tasks or repetitive operations" - the smaller the number of steps performed and the shorter the time, the higher the monotony of the loads, respectively. These indicators are most pronounced during assembly line work. A necessary condition for classifying operations and actions as monotonous is not only their frequent repetition and a small number of techniques, but also their uniformity and low information content.

19. "Time of active actions (in% of the duration of the shift)". Observation of the progress of the technological process does not refer to "active actions". The shorter the time for performing active actions and the longer the time for monitoring the progress of the production process, the correspondingly monotonous loads.

20. “Monotonicity of the production environment (time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, in % of the shift time” - the longer the time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, the more monotonous the work is.

Regime:

21. “The actual length of the working day” is singled out as an independent heading, since regardless of the number of shifts and the rhythm of work, the actual length of the working day ranges from 6-8 hours (telephonists, telegraph operators, etc.) to 12 hours or more (heads of industrial enterprises). A number of professions have shifts of 12 hours or more (doctors, nurses, etc.). The longer the work in time, the greater the total load per shift, and, accordingly, the higher the intensity of labor;

22. "Shift work" is determined on the basis of in-house documents regulating the daily routine at a given enterprise, organization;

23. "Availability of regulated breaks and their duration (excluding lunch break)". Regulated breaks should include only those breaks that are included in the working time regulations on the basis of official production documents. Insufficient duration or absence of regulated breaks exacerbates the intensity of work, since there is no element of short-term protection from the impact of factors of the labor process and the production environment.

Continuation of the first lecture Beginning of the second lecture

Plan

1. The severity and intensity of labor. Working conditions. Analysis of working conditions

2. Working capacity.

3. Psychophysiological activity of a person

1. The severity and intensity of labor. Working conditions

The severity and intensity of labor is characterized by the degree of functional stress, physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the form of the working dose, the degree of inclination of the body, and movements in space.

The burden of labor a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory) that ensure its activity.

Labor intensity- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the worker.

The factors characterizing the intensity of work include: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, the mode of work.

working conditions - a set of factors of the labor process and the production environment in which human activity is carried out.

Based on hygienic criteria, working conditions are divided into 4 classes: optimal, permissible, harmful and dangerous.

Optimal working conditions (grade 1)- such conditions under which the health of workers is preserved and prerequisites are created for maintaining the level of working capacity. Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process. For other factors, conventionally, such working conditions are taken as optimal, under which there are no adverse factors or do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

Permissible working conditions (grade 2) - are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect on the state in the near and long term health of workers and their offspring. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

Harmful working conditions (Grade 3) are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body and / or its offspring.

Igrade 3 grade (3.1)- working conditions are characterized by such deviations of levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes, which are restored, as a rule, with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;

IIgrade 3 grade (3.2)- levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading in most cases to an increase in work-related diseases (which is manifested by an increase in the incidence rate with temporary disability and, first of all, those diseases that reflect the state of the most vulnerable organs and systems for these harmful factors ), the appearance of initial signs of mild (without occupational disability) forms of occupational diseases that occur after prolonged exposure (often after 15 years or more);

IIIgrade 3 grade (3.3)- working conditions characterized by such levels of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with loss of professional ability to work) during the period of employment, the growth of chronic (industrial - caused) pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability ;

IVgrade 3 grade (3.4)- working conditions, under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur (with loss of general ability to work), there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

Hazardous (extreme) working conditions (class 4) are characterized by levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including severe forms, the threat of an accident that can lead to work injury.

Namely, industrial accident- a case with a worker associated with exposure to a hazardous production factor.

work injury- an injury received by a worker at work and caused by non-compliance with labor safety requirements

Occupational Illness- a disease caused by exposure of the worker to harmful working conditions.

Accidents are mild, severe, group severe, or fatal.

In the event of an accident, the employer must:

Provide immediate first aid to the victim

Ensure that before the start of the investigation, the situation at the workplace is the same as it was at the time of the incident (if this does not threaten the life and health of workers and does not lead to an accident)

Organize the creation of a commission to investigate the accident - report within 24 hours to the relevant authorities about the accident (state labor inspectorate, prosecutor's office, state supervision bodies, trade union body.

Procedure for investigating accidents at work:

Investigation, registration and registration of accidents is carried out in accordance with the "Regulations on the investigation and registration of accidents at work", approved by the government of the Russian Federation

Investigation is subject to all accidents that occurred on the territory of the enterprise, while working outside the enterprise on the instructions of the employer, on the way to and from work, as well as with workers and employees delivered to work by transport provided by the enterprise

Acute poisoning, heat stroke, frostbite at the enterprise are investigated and recorded as accidents.

An accident investigation is carried out by a commission formed from representatives of the employer, trade union body or other authorized body. The composition of the commission is approved by the order of the head of the enterprise.

The head directly responsible for safety at work is not involved in the investigation. The investigation is carried out within 3 days from the moment of the incident.

Each accident that caused the need to transfer an employee to another job for one working day or more, disability for less than one day or more, or resulted in the death of an employee, is drawn up in an act of the form H-1 in two copies.

In case of a group accident, an act is drawn up for each victim, after the investigation is completed. The act must be signed by the members of the commission, approved by the employer and sealed.

One copy of the act is issued to the victim or relatives (in the event of the death of the victim) at their request no later than 3 days. The second copy is stored at the enterprise for 45 years.

Classification of the causes of accidents and occupational diseases at work:

1. Organizational reasons - lack of briefing and training, lack of instructions on labor protection, insufficient control of labor protection, unsatisfactory organization and maintenance of workplaces

2. T technical reasons- non-compliance with safety standards of the structures of technological equipment and handling devices, technological equipment, malfunction of technological equipment and hand tools.

3. Sanitary and hygienic - adverse meteorological conditions, high concentration of harmful substances, poor lighting, high noise and vibration levels, the presence of harmful radiation.

4. Psychophysiological - committing erroneous actions due to the high severity and intensity of labor, increased fatigue, decreased attention. The monotony of working conditions, insufficient professional preparedness, the inconsistency of the psychophysiological data of the worker with the work performed or his morbid condition.

To reduce accidents at work, there are methods for analyzing industrial injuries:

The task of this analysis is to establish patterns that cause accidents and develop effective preventive enterprises on this basis.

There are 4 methods:

Statistical- based on the study of the causes of injuries according to documents registering accidents (act H-1, disability certificates) for a certain period of time.

This method allows you to compare the dynamics of injuries in individual enterprises, workshops, areas and identify patterns of growth and decrease in injuries. It has stages of research: 1 observation, 2 accumulation of statistical material and its processing. .3analysis of the obtained data followed by 4 conclusions and recommendations.

Topographic- consists in studying the causes of accidents at the place of their occurrence. All accidents are applied with conventional signs on the plans of the workshops, as a result of which workplaces with increased injury risk are clearly visible.

Monographic- includes a detailed study of the entire complex of working conditions under which the accident occurred. As a result of this method, not only the causes of NS are identified, but also the causes that can lead to N.

Economic - consists in determining the losses caused by industrial injuries, as well as in assessing the socio-economic efficiency of measures to prevent accidents.

The nomenclature of labor protection measures introduced on July 1, 1980 (approved by the Decree of the Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of March 31, 1980) provides for a list of measures, as well as planning and financing of labor protection measures.

Measures are included in the collective agreement, taking into account the data of a comprehensive plan for improving working conditions and its protection, sanitary and hygienic measures, passports of sanitary and hygienic working conditions in workshops, the results of the causes of the analysis of industrial injuries, proposals from state supervision bodies, state labor inspectorates

Measures for labor protection must be provided with design, estimate, design and other technical documentation, financial resources and material resources.

Funding for OT activities is carried out at the expense of:

operating costs

Cost estimates of a budgetary organization

Amortization fund intended for major repairs

bank loan

State investment

Funds and material resources earmarked for specific OSH activities are spent exclusively on improving the health of employees and improving their working conditions.

Physical work

Physical labor is characterized primarily by an increased load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity. Physical labor, while developing the muscular system and stimulating metabolic processes, at the same time has a number of negative consequences. This is the social inefficiency of physical labor associated with its low productivity, the need for high physical exertion and the need for a long - up to 50% of working time - rest.

In modern labor activity, purely physical labor does not play a significant role. In accordance with the existing physiological classification of labor activity, there are: forms of labor that require significant muscle activity; mechanized forms of labor; related to semi-automatic and automatic production; group forms of labor (conveyor lines); forms of labor associated with remote control, and forms of intellectual (mental) labor.

The physical severity of labor (energy costs)

The level of energy consumption can serve as a criterion for the severity and intensity of the work performed, which is important for optimizing working conditions and its rational organization. The level of energy consumption is determined by the method of complete gas analysis (the volume of oxygen consumption and emitted carbon dioxide is taken into account). With an increase in the severity of labor, oxygen consumption and the amount of energy consumed increase significantly.

The severity and intensity of labor are characterized by the degree of functional stress of the body. It can be energetic, depending on the power of work - during physical labor, and emotional - during mental labor, when there is information overload.

The physical severity of labor is a load on the body during labor, requiring mainly muscle effort and appropriate energy supply. The classification of labor according to severity is made according to the level of energy consumption, taking into account the type of load (static or dynamic) and the muscles being loaded.

Static work is associated with the fixation of tools and objects of labor in a stationary state, as well as with giving a person a working posture. Thus, work that requires a worker to be in a static position for 10 ... 25% of the working time is characterized as moderate work (energy consumption 172 ... 293 J / s); 50% or more - hard work (energy consumption over 293 J / s).

Dynamic work is the process of muscle contraction, leading to the movement of the load, as well as the human body itself or its parts in space. In this case, energy is spent both on maintaining a certain tension in the muscles and on the mechanical effect. If the maximum mass of manually lifted loads does not exceed 5 kg for women and 15 kg for men, the work is characterized as easy (energy consumption up to 172 J/s); 5 ... 10 kg for women and 15 ... 30 kg for men - moderate; over 10 kg for women or 30 kg for men - heavy.

The intensity of labor is characterized by the emotional burden on the body during labor, which requires predominantly intensive work of the brain to receive and process information. In addition, when assessing the degree of tension, ergonomic indicators are taken into account: shift work, posture, number of movements, etc. So, if the density of perceived signals does not exceed 75 per hour, then the work is characterized as easy; 75 ... 175 - moderate; over 176 is hard work.

In accordance with the hygienic classification of labor (R.2.2.013-94), working conditions are divided into four classes: 1-optimal; 2-admissible; 3-harmful; 4-dangerous (extreme).

1. Optimal working conditions ensure maximum productivity and minimum stress on the human body. Optimal standards have been established for microclimate parameters and labor process factors. For other factors, such working conditions are conditionally used, under which the levels of adverse factors do not exceed those accepted as safe for the population (within the background).

2. Permissible working conditions are characterized by such levels of environmental and labor process factors that do not exceed the levels established by hygienic standards for workplaces. The functional state of the body should be restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift, changes in the levels of environmental factors and the labor process should not have an adverse effect in the near and long term on the health of the worker and his offspring. The optimal and permissible classes of working conditions must comply with safe working conditions.

3. Harmful working conditions are characterized by levels of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

4. Extreme working conditions are characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

Harmful working conditions (3rd class) are divided into four degrees of harmfulness. The first degree is characterized by such deviations from hygienic standards, which, as a rule, cause reversible functional changes and determine the risk of developing the disease. The second degree is determined by such levels of production factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, leading in most cases to an increase in morbidity, temporary disability, an increase in the frequency of diseases, and the appearance of initial signs of occupational pathology.

In the third degree, the impact of levels of harmful factors leads, as a rule, to the development of occupational pathology in mild forms, the growth of chronic general somatic pathology, including an increase in the level of morbidity with temporary disability. In working conditions of the fourth degree, pronounced forms of occupational diseases may occur; there is a significant increase in chronic pathology and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

The degree of harmfulness of the 3rd class according to the hygienic classification is set in points. The number of points for each factor x f i is put down in the working conditions map, taking into account the duration of its action during the shift: x f i \u003d x st i T i , where x st i is the degree of harmfulness of the factor or the severity of work according to the hygienic classification of labor; T i =τ f i /τ rs - the ratio of the duration of the factors τ f to the duration of the work shift τ rs, if τ f i > τ rs, then T i =1.0.

To determine the specific amounts of additional payments, working conditions are evaluated by the sum of the values ​​of the actual degrees of harmfulness, severity and intensity of labor X fak =X f1 + X f2 + ... + X f n = ∑ x f i .

Brainwork

Mental work combines work related to the reception and processing of information, which requires the primary tension of the sensory apparatus, attention, memory, as well as the activation of thought processes, the emotional sphere. This type of labor is characterized by hypokinesia, i.e. a significant decrease in human motor activity, leading to a deterioration in the reactivity of the body and an increase in emotional stress. Hypokinesia is one of the conditions for the formation of cardiovascular pathology in mental workers. Prolonged mental stress has a depressing effect on mental activity: the functions of attention (volume, concentration, switching), memory (short-term and long-term), and perception worsen (a large number of errors appear).

Forms of intellectual labor are divided into operator, managerial, creative, labor of medical workers, labor of teachers, students, students. These types differ in the organization of the labor process, the uniformity of the load, the degree of emotional stress.

The work of the operator is characterized by greater responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. For example, the work of an air traffic controller is characterized by the processing of a large amount of information in a short time and increased neuro-emotional tension. The work of the heads of institutions and enterprises (managerial work) is determined by an excessive amount of information, an increase in the lack of time for its processing, increased personal responsibility for decisions made, and the periodic occurrence of conflict situations.

The work of teachers and medical workers is characterized by constant contacts with people, increased responsibility, often lack of time and information to make the right decision, which determines the degree of neuro-emotional stress. The work of pupils and students is characterized by the tension of basic mental functions, such as memory, attention, perception; the presence of stressful situations (exams, tests).

The most complex form of labor activity, which requires a significant amount of memory, stress, attention, is creative work. The work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists, architects leads to a significant increase in neuro-emotional stress. With such tension associated with mental activity, one can observe tachycardia, an increase in blood pressure, an ECG change, an increase in pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption, an increase in human body temperature and other changes in autonomic functions.

The energy costs of a person depend on the intensity of muscular work, the information saturation of labor, the degree of emotional stress and other conditions (temperature, humidity, air velocity, etc.). Daily energy costs for mental workers (engineers, doctors, teachers, etc.) are 10.5 ... 11.7 MJ; for workers performing medium-heavy work (machine operators, miners, surgeons, foundry workers, agricultural workers, etc.) - 12.5 ... 15.5 MJ; for workers performing hard physical work (miners, metallurgists, lumberjacks, loaders), -16.3 ... 18 MJ.

Energy costs vary depending on the working posture. With a working posture sitting, energy costs exceed the level of basal metabolism by 5-10%; with a standing working position - by 10 ... 25%, with a forced uncomfortable position - by 40-50%. With intensive intellectual work, the brain's need for energy is 15 ... 20% of the total metabolism in the body (the brain mass is 2% of the body mass). The increase in total energy costs during mental work is determined by the degree of neuro-emotional tension. So, when reading aloud while sitting, energy consumption increases by 48%, when delivering a public lecture - by 94%, for computer operators - by 60 ... 100%.

Labor efficiency. (Efficiency, improvement of skills and abilities, location and completeness of the workplace, placement of controls, alternation of work and rest, unloading, relaxation)

The efficiency of a person's labor activity largely depends on the subject and tools of labor, the working capacity of the body, the organization of the workplace, and the hygienic factors of the working environment.

1. Efficiency - the value of the functional capabilities of the human body, characterized by the quantity and quality of work performed in a certain time. During labor activity, the performance of the body changes over time. There are three main phases of successive states of a person in the process of labor activity:

phase of development, or increasing efficiency; during this period, the level of performance gradually increases compared to the original; depending on the nature of the work and the individual characteristics of a person, this period lasts from several minutes to 1.5 hours, and with mental creative work - up to 2 ... 2.5 hours;

phase of high stability; it is characterized by a combination of high labor indicators with relative stability or even some decrease in the intensity of physiological functions; the duration of this phase can be 2 ... 2.5 hours or more, depending on the severity and intensity of labor;

The phase of decreased performance, characterized by a decrease in the functionality of the main working organs of a person and accompanied by a feeling of fatigue.

2. One of the most important elements of increasing the efficiency of human labor activity is the improvement of skills and abilities as a result of labor training.

From a psychophysiological point of view, industrial training is a process of adaptation and a corresponding change in the physiological functions of the human body for the most effective performance of a particular job. As a result of training (learning), muscle strength and endurance increase, the accuracy and speed of working movements increase, and physiological functions recover faster after work is completed.

3. The correct location and layout of the workplace, ensuring a comfortable posture and freedom of labor movements, the use of equipment that meets the requirements of ergonomics and engineering psychology, provide the most efficient work process, reduce fatigue and prevent the risk of occupational diseases.

The optimal posture of a person in the process of labor activity ensures high working capacity and labor productivity. Incorrect body position in the workplace leads to a rapid onset of static fatigue, a decrease. The quality and speed of the work performed, as well as reducing the reaction to hazards. A normal working posture should be considered a posture in which the worker does not need to lean forward more than 10 ... 15˚; tilting back and to the sides is undesirable; the main requirement for a working posture is a straight posture.

4. The correct choice of the type and location of the organs and control panels for machines and mechanisms has a significant impact on the operator's performance. When arranging posts and control panels, you need to know that in the horizontal plane the viewing area without turning the head is 120˚, with turning - 225˚; the optimal horizontal viewing angle without turning the head is 30-40˚ (permissible 60˚), with a turn of -130˚. The permissible viewing angle along the horizontal axis of view is 130˚, the optimal is -30˚ up and 40˚ down vertically.

Instrument panels should be located so that the planes of the front parts of the indicators are perpendicular to the lines of sight of the operator, and the necessary controls are within reach. The most important controls should be located in front and to the right of the operator. The maximum dimensions of the reach zone of the right hand are 70…110 cm. The depth of the operating panel should not exceed 80 cm. The height of the remote control, designed for sitting and standing, should be 75-85 cm. The remote control panel can be tilted to the horizontal plane by 10…20 ˚, backrest tilt when sitting 0…10˚.

To better distinguish the controls, they should be different in shape and size, painted in different colors or have markings or appropriate inscriptions. When grouping several levers in one place, it is necessary that their handles have a different shape. This allows the operator to distinguish them by touch and switch levers without taking his eyes off the job.

5. High performance and vital activity of the body is supported by a rational alternation of periods of work, rest and sleep of a person. During the day, the body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress. In accordance with the daily cycle of the body, the highest performance is noted in the morning (from 8 to 12 o'clock) and daytime (from 14 to 17 o'clock). In the daytime, the lowest working capacity, as a rule, is observed between 12 and 14 hours, and at night - from 3 to 4 hours. Taking into account these patterns, the shift work of enterprises, the beginning and end of work in shifts, breaks for rest and sleep are determined. .

The alternation of periods of work and rest during the week should be regulated taking into account the dynamics of working capacity. The highest efficiency falls on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th day of work, on the following days of the week it decreases, falling to a minimum on the last day of work. On Monday, working capacity is relatively lowered due to workability.

The elements of a rational regime of work and rest are industrial gymnastics and a set of measures for psychophysiological unloading, including functional music.

6. To relieve neuro-psychological stress, fight fatigue, restore working capacity, relaxation rooms or rooms for psychological unloading have been successfully used recently. They are specially equipped rooms in which, at the time allotted for this, during the shift, sessions are held to relieve fatigue and neuropsychological stress.

The effect of psycho-emotional unloading is achieved by aesthetic interior design, using comfortable furniture that allows you to be in a comfortable relaxed position, broadcasting specially selected musical works, saturating the air with beneficial negative ions, taking tonic drinks, simulating the natural environment in the room and reproducing the sounds of the forest, sea surf, etc. One of the elements of psychological relief is autogenic training, based on a complex of interrelated methods of mental self-regulation and simple physical exercises with verbal self-hypnosis. This method allows you to normalize mental activity, emotional sphere and vegetative functions. As experience shows, the stay of workers in the rooms of psychological unloading helps to reduce fatigue, the appearance of vivacity, good mood and improve well-being.

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Chapter 1. The severity of the labor process

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body ( cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) to ensure its operation.

The purpose of the work is to get acquainted with the methodology and gain skills in assessing the severity and intensity of the labor process, as well as learn how to select adequate methods to reduce the impact of negative factors in the labor process.

As part of the certification of workplaces, we are interested in what kind of dynamic, static work the employee performed, how much he lifted, moved, twisted, walked, how many times he bent over.

Impact on the human body

Physical labor is characterized by a heavy load on the body, requiring mainly muscle effort and appropriate energy supply, and also affects functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.), stimulates metabolic processes. Its main indicator is severity. Energy consumption during physical labor, depending on the severity of the work, is 4000 - 6000 kcal per day, and with a mechanized form of labor, energy costs are 3000 - 4000 kcal.

With very hard work, oxygen consumption continuously increases, and oxygen debt can occur when non-oxidized metabolic products accumulate in the body. The growth of metabolism and energy consumption leads to an increase in heat generation, body temperature by 1 - 1.5 ° C. Muscular work affects the cardiovascular system, increasing blood flow from 3 - 5 l / min to 20 - 40 l / min to ensure gas exchange. This increases the number of contractions of the heart to 140 - 180 per minute. and blood pressure up to 180 - 200 mm Hg.

Under the influence of muscular work, the morphological composition of the blood, its physicochemical properties change: the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content increase, the process of erythrocyte regeneration intensifies, and the number of leukocytes increases. These changes indicate an increase in the function of the hematopoietic organs. Certain changes during physical work occur in endocrine functions (increase in blood levels of adrenaline, etc.), which contributes to the mobilization of energy resources of the body.

Normalized indicators

The assessment of the severity of labor is carried out according to 7 main indicators:

the mass of the lifted and moved cargo manually;

stereotyped labor movements;

working posture;

body slopes;

movement in space.

The severity of labor must be assessed at each workplace. When assessing the severity of labor, all of the above indicators are evaluated. Based on the characteristics of the labor process, it is concluded that it is necessary to fulfill each of the indicators of the severity of labor in connection with the technological process. If it is characteristic, its quantitative or qualitative assessment is carried out to establish the class of working conditions. If the indicator is not used in the course of the labor process, when drawing up a protocol for unused indicators, a dash is put in the column for the actual value, and 1 in the assessment class.

Evaluation of the severity of labor is carried out based on the work shift (8 hours). Evaluation is carried out not for individual operations that the employee performs in accordance with his job description, but throughout the entire shift. When performing work associated with uneven physical activity in different shifts, the assessment of the severity of the labor process (with the exception of the mass of the lifted and moved load and the inclination of the body) should be carried out according to averaged indicators for 2-3 days in terms of one work shift.

Classes of working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process

Physical dynamic load (expressed in units of external mechanical work per shift - kg * m). It is estimated as the product of the mass of the load (parts, products, tools, etc.) by the distance of its movement. To do this, the workplace records the number of repetitions, the mass of parts and the distance that the worker moved the parts. That is, it is nothing more than the sum of the products of the weight of the parts and the distance they were moved. Moreover, the average distance over which the worker moves the load is calculated by adding the distance of all movements and dividing them by the number of movements.

The standards for this indicator are very high. It is very difficult to fulfill the norm set even for an acceptable class of working conditions. Let's look at a few examples.

Example 1. With a regional load (with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle) when moving the load at a distance of up to 1 m, the allowable load for men is 5000 kg. m. (Grade 2).

For example, let's make a calculation for moving a load of 30 kg per 1 meter 2 times per hour.

Accordingly, for an 8-hour shift, the employee moves the load 16 times:

16 times x 30 kg x 1 m = 480 kg*m

5000 kg*m / 30 kg / 1 m = 166 times

Thus, for an 8-hour shift, the worker moves the load every 3 minutes.

480 min / 166 times = 2.9 min = 3 min

Example 2. When moving a load over a distance of 5 m, the norm for acceptable class 2 for men is 25,000 kg * m (clause 1.2.1). Let's calculate for an 8-hour shift:

30 kg x 2 times per hour. 5 m. = 300 kg. m x 8 h = 2400 kg. m.

If we calculate from the reverse, we get:

25000 kg. m. / 30 kg / 5 m = 166 times.

Thus, for an 8-hour shift, the worker moves the load by 5 m every 3 minutes.

1.2 Weight of lifted and moved load manually (kg)

It is estimated by the maximum weight of the load lifted and moved by the employee for a single action and by the total weight of the goods moved during each hour of the shift. There are two indicators that estimate the maximum mass of a load lifted or moved by an employee at a time:

lifting and moving (one-time) gravity when alternating with other work (up to 2 times per hour);

lifting and moving (one-time) gravity constantly during the work shift.

The mass of the load lifted and moved manually should be estimated at the maximum values.

The total mass of goods moved during each hour of the shift is estimated as:

total mass of cargo moved from the working surface per shift hour or as

the total mass of cargo moved from the floor per shift hour.

The working surface is a surface that is 0.5 meters above the floor level on which the worker stands. Everything else is floor. It is calculated as the total weight of the load moved by the worker during the shift, divided by the shift time (in hours). For example, if a loader carries 400 kg per shift, then in an hour it will be 400 / 8 = 50 kg.

The choice of evaluation criterion is carried out according to the predominant movement (from the floor or work surface). If the employee during the shift moves the load both from the floor and from the working surface, then the indicators are summarized. If a larger load was moved from the working surface than from the floor, then we compare the obtained value with the indicator when moving from the working surface, if vice versa, then with the indicator when moving from the floor. If an equal load is moved from the working surface and from the floor, then the total mass of the load is evaluated with the indicator of movement from the floor.

The total mass of goods moved during each hour of the shift from the working surface for men is up to 870 kg (clause 2.3.1).

Thus, to achieve this norm, a worker will move a load of 30 kg 29 times per hour, every 2 minutes.

870 kg / 30 kg = 29 times (every 2 minutes)

If we make a calculation for a load of 15 kg, we get:

870 kg / 15 kg = 58 times (every min)

Is it possible to work at this pace every day? The standards are also very high.

1.3 Stereotypical work movements (number per shift)

Stereotypical working movements are elementary, repetitive movements in which the same muscle groups are involved. According to the amplitude of movements, stereotyped movements are divided into local and regional. If the amplitude is small (it usually happens when only the muscles of the fingers and hands are involved), then these are local stereotyped movements.

If the amplitude of movements is greater, and the muscles of the forearm, shoulder, etc. are involved, then these are already regional stereotypical movements.

The calculation is simple. Since the movement is repeated many times, then we count the movements for 5-10 minutes for one operation, and then multiply by the time of this operation or by the entire shift. If there are several operations, then we count the number of movements for each operation, and then summarize.

Let us give examples showing how much the standards are overestimated.

1. With a local load (with the participation of the muscles of the hands and fingers), the norm for an acceptable class of working conditions is up to 40,000 movements per shift (clause 3.1). Every second, the worker will make 1.4 movements.

40,000 movements / 3600 sec / 8h = 1.4 movements per second

2. In the same way, you can evaluate the regional load (when working with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle) (paragraph 3.2). The norm for an acceptable class of working conditions is up to 20,000 movements per shift. Let's do the calculation in a similar way.

20,000 movements / 3600 sec / 8 hours = 0.7 movements per second.

Static load - the value of the static load per shift when holding the load, applying efforts (kgf * s).

Rated as:

the value of the static load per shift when holding the load with one hand;

the value of the static load per shift when holding the load with both hands;

the value of the static load per shift when holding the load with the participation of the muscles of the body and legs.

The static load associated with a person holding a load or applying force without moving the body is calculated by multiplying two parameters: the magnitude of the force held and the time it is held.

Under production conditions, static forces occur in two forms: holding the workpiece (tool) and pressing the workpiece (workpiece) to the workpiece (tool). In the first case, the value of the static force is determined by the weight of the product (tool) being held. The weight of the product is determined by weighing on the scales, i.e. The weight of a load is its mass. In the second case, the value of the pressing force can be determined using sensors that must be fixed on the tool or product. The static force time is determined on the basis of chronometric measurements.

Consider an example.

When holding the load with one hand, the norm for the permissible class of working conditions for men is up to 36,000 kgf.s (clause 4.1). Let's make a calculation to hold a load of 10 kg.

36,000 kgf * s / 10 kg \u003d 3600 s \u003d 1 hour

That is, the employee in total for an 8-hour work shift holds the load with one hand for 1 hour or 7.5 min / hour.

When holding the load with two hands, the norm for the permissible class of working conditions for men is up to 70,000 kgf * s (clause 4.2). Let's make a calculation to hold a load of 20 kg.

70,000 kgf.s / 20kg = 3500 s = 1 hour When holding a load with one hand, the norm for an acceptable class of working conditions for women is up to 22,000 kgf.s (clause 4.1). Let's make a calculation to hold a load of 7 kg.

22,000 kgf * s / 7 kg \u003d 3142 s \u003d 50 min.

1.5 Working posture

The nature of the working posture (free, uncomfortable, fixed, forced) is determined visually. The time spent in a forced position, a position with a tilt of the body or another working position is determined on the basis of timing data for the shift, or by monitoring the progress of the labor process and interviewing employees.

Particular attention in assessing the severity of labor should be paid to the assessment of the working posture. For example, machine operators of various specialties, locksmiths, electricians, conveyor line workers, security guards, etc. work for a long time in a standing position. Uncomfortable posture, in which the worker must make efforts to hold certain parts of the body (in an inclined position of the body up to 300, with a turn of the torso, with arms raised above shoulder level, with an uncomfortable position of the limbs), is typical for car repairmen when they are in inspection ditches , electricians of the contact network, etc. A fixed posture is characteristic of professions performing work using optical instruments, during welding, seamstresses, computer operators when typing, cashiers, crane operators, drivers, many work on the conveyor, etc. Free postures include comfortable “sitting” or “sitting-standing” postures, when the employee can, at his own discretion, at any time change the position of the body or its individual parts ( lean back in a chair, change the position of the arms and legs ), get up. Free poses include administrative and management personnel, office workers, dispatchers, etc._

The choice of posture for evaluation should be made depending on the time spent in it. It is necessary to take as a basis the position in which the employee spends most of the time during the shift, i.e. the most typical.

1.6 Hull tilts

Hull slopes (number per shift). The number of slopes per shift is determined by directly counting them or by determining their number in one operation and multiplying by the number of operations per shift. An inclination of more than 30 degrees means that the person leans to a surface that is no more than 50 cm from the floor.

The norm for an acceptable class of working conditions is 51 - 100 slopes per shift.

Let's calculate: 480 min / 100 slopes = 4.8 min.

In order to achieve this norm of 100 slopes, the employee will need to perform slopes every 5 minutes during an 8-hour work shift.

1.7 Moving in space

Movement in space (transitions due to the technological process during a shift horizontally or vertically - along stairs, ramps, etc., km).

The easiest way to determine this value is to use a pedometer, which can be placed in a worker's pocket or fastened to his belt, to determine the number of steps per shift (during regulated breaks and lunch breaks, remove the pedometer). Multiply the number of steps per shift by the length of the step (male step in a production environment on average = 0.6 m, and female = 0.5 m), and express the resulting value in km. Vertical movement can be considered movement on stairs or inclined surfaces, the angle of inclination of which is more than 30 ° from the horizontal.

Horizontally: On average, a person moves 4 km per hour. The norm for an acceptable class of working conditions is 8 km (clause 7.1). Accordingly, an employee will walk at least 2 hours per shift per day.

Vertically: If we consider a typical building with 9 floors (330 / 9 = 37), then to fulfill the standard corresponding to class 1, you need to climb 9 floors 37 times per shift.

General assessment of the severity of the labor process

The assessment of the severity of physical labor is carried out on the basis of taking into account all those given in Table. 17 indicators. At the same time, a class is first set for each measured indicator, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is set for the most sensitive indicator that received the highest degree of severity. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, working conditions are rated one degree higher in terms of the severity of the labor process (classes 3.2 and 3.3, respectively). According to this criterion, the highest severity is class 3.3.

Methodology for assessing the severity of the labor process

The methodology for assessing labor intensity is carried out in accordance with the “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions» R 2.2.2006-05 Appendix 15. Each of the listed indicators can be quantitatively measured and evaluated in accordance with Guidelines R 2.2.2006-05. Expert evaluation is carried out by observing and fixing the most characteristic operations. Then quantitative measurements are carried out. The main thing is to calculate correctly.

Measuring instruments

The main means for measuring the severity of the labor process are a stopwatch, a dynamometer, a pedometer, a laser ruler.

Events

Reduction of physical stress among workers, increase in safety and labor efficiency can be implemented by implementing the following measures (see below).

Mechanization of work. When implementing this measure, it is necessary to pay attention to the main indicators of complex mechanization and patterns that characterize the effectiveness of mechanization means, the methodology and procedure for choosing machines for leading and non-leading operations; determine the schemes for organizing technological processes, guided by organizational and technological documentation: technological maps and calculations, maps of labor processes, schemes for operational quality control of work, normative sets for work, calculation of labor costs.

Acquisition and timely repair of small-scale mechanization. Means of small-scale mechanization include fixtures, working tools, equipment, machines and mechanisms for the mechanization of auxiliary and low-volume construction and installation works.

Implementation of the most expedient mode of work and rest in production activities(a rational system of alternating periods of work and breaks between them).

In addition to regulated breaks, micropauses are used - breaks lasting from a few seconds to 1 minute. Micropauses are obligatory in any labor process, for example, in the form of pauses for organs or muscles (short-term pauses for restructuring the processes of excitation and inhibition of individual functional systems or organs without a general interruption of the labor process).

Industrial gymnastics. It is a preventive measure for the normalization of muscle fatigue, as well as the functions of blood circulation and respiration. Industrial gymnastics is based on the phenomenon of active rest - tired muscles quickly restore their working capacity not at complete rest, but at the work of other muscle groups. As a result of industrial gymnastics, the vital capacity of the lungs increases, the activity of the cardiovascular system improves, the functionality of the analyzer systems increases, muscle strength and endurance increase.

Chapter 2. Methodology for assessing the intensity of the labor process

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."

The assessment of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime loads.

2.1 Intellectual loads

1.1. "The content of the work" indicates the degree of complexity of the task: from solving simple problems to creative (heuristic) activities with solving complex tasks in the absence of an algorithm. The differences between classes 2 and 3.1 practically come down to two points: “solving simple” (class 2) or “complex problems with a choice according to known algorithms” (class 3.1) and “solving problems according to instructions” (class 2) or “working from a series of instructions” (class 3.1).

In the case of applying the evaluation criterion "simplicity - complexity of the tasks to be solved", you can use the table, which shows some of the characteristic features of simple and complex tasks.

Some signs of the complexity of the tasks being solved

For example, the task of a chemical analysis laboratory assistant includes subtasks (operations): sampling (as a rule), preparation of reagents, sample processing (using chemical solutions, incineration) and quantitative assessment of the content of analytes in the sample. Each subtask has clear instructions, clearly formulated goals and a predetermined end result with a known sequence of actions, i.e., according to the above signs, it solves simple tasks (class 2). The job of a chemical engineer, for example, is quite different. First, he must determine the qualitative composition of the sample, using sometimes complex methods of qualitative analysis (task planning, selection of a sequence of actions and analysis of the results of a subtask), then develop a work model for laboratory assistants using the information obtained in solving the previous subtask. Then, based on all the information received, the engineer makes a final assessment of the results, i.e. the problem can only be solved using the algorithm as a logical set of rules (class 3.1).

When applying the evaluation criterion "work according to instructions - work according to a series of instructions", one should pay attention to the fact that sometimes the number of instructions characterizing the content of the work is not a sufficiently reliable characteristic of intellectual loads.

For example, a chemical analysis laboratory assistant may work according to several instructions, while the head of a chemical laboratory works according to one job description. Therefore, here one should pay attention to those cases where the general instruction, being formally the only one, contains many separate instructions, and in this case, evaluate the activity as work on a series of instructions.

The differences between classes 3.1 and 3.2 in terms of "work content" (intellectual load) are only in one characteristic - whether problem solving is used according to known algorithms (class 3.1) or heuristic techniques (class 3.2). They differ from each other in the presence or absence of a guarantee of obtaining the correct result. An algorithm is a logical set of rules that, if followed, always leads to the correct solution of a problem. Heuristics are some rules of thumb (procedures or descriptions), the use of which does not guarantee the successful completion of a task. Therefore, class 3.2 should evaluate such work in which the methods of solving the problem are not known in advance.

An additional feature of class 3.2 is "one-man leadership in difficult situations." Here it is necessary to consider only those situations that can arise suddenly (as a rule, these are pre-accident or emergency situations) and are of an emergency nature (for example, the possibility of stopping the process, breakdown of complex and expensive equipment, danger to life), and also if the management the actions of other persons in such situations is due to the job description in force at the certified workplace.

Thus, by class 3.1 it is necessary to evaluate such work where decisions are made on the basis of necessary and sufficient information according to a known algorithm (as a rule, these are diagnostic or choice problems), and by class 3.2 it is necessary to evaluate work when decisions must be made in conditions of incomplete or insufficient information. (as a rule, these are solutions under uncertainty), and there is no solution algorithm. The constancy of solving such problems is also important.

For example, a power system dispatcher usually solves tasks assessed by class 3.1, and in the event of emergency situations, tasks of class 3.1, if the task is typical and encountered earlier, and class 3.2, if such a situation occurs for the first time. Since tasks of class 3.2 are much less common, the work of the dispatcher should be evaluated according to the criterion "content of work" with class 3.1.

Examples. The simplest tasks are solved by laboratory assistants 1 (class 1 of working conditions **), and activities that require solving simple problems, but with a choice (according to instructions) are typical for nurses, telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc. (grade 2). Complex tasks solved according to a well-known algorithm (work according to a series of instructions) take place in the work of managers, foremen of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers, etc. (class 3.1). The most complex work in terms of content, requiring heuristic (creative) activity to one degree or another, was found among scientists, designers, doctors of various profiles, etc. (class 3.2).

1.2. "Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation". Criteria in terms of differences between the classes of intensity of the labor process is the setting goal (or reference norm), which is adopted to compare the information received during work with the nominal values ​​\u200b\u200bnecessary for the successful course of the work process.

Class 2 includes work in which the perception of signals involves the subsequent correction of actions or operations. At the same time, an action should be understood as an element of activity, in the process of which a specific, not decomposable into simpler, conscious goal is achieved, and an operation is a completed action (or the sum of actions), as a result of which an elementary technological goal is achieved.

For example, for a turner, the processing of a simple part is performed through a series of operations (fixing the part, processing the outer and inner surfaces, cutting ledges, etc.), each of which includes a number of elementary actions, sometimes called techniques. Correction of actions and operations here consists in comparison with certain uncomplicated and unrelated "standards", operations are separate and complete elementary components of the technological process, and the perceived information and the corresponding correction are of the nature of "right-wrong" according to the type of identification process, for which is characterized by operating with integral standards. Typical examples include the work of an inspector, a machine operator, an electric and gas welder, and most representatives of mass working professions, the basis of which is substantive activity.

"Standard" for works characterized by this indicator of tension class 3.1. is a set of information characterizing the current state of the object of labor during work, the basis of which is intellectual activity. Correction (comparison with the standard) is carried out here according to the type of identification process, including the processes of decoding, information retrieval and information preparation of a solution based on thinking with the obligatory use of intelligence, i.e., the mental abilities of the performer. Such works include most of the professions of the operator and dispatcher type, the work of scientists. The perception of signals with the subsequent comparison of the actual values ​​of the parameters (information) with their nominal required levels is noted in the work of nurses, masters, telephone and telegraph operators, etc. (class 3.1).

Class 3.2 evaluates the work associated with the perception of signals, followed by a comprehensive assessment of all production activities. In this case, when labor activity requires the perception of signals, followed by a comprehensive assessment of all production parameters (information), accordingly, such labor in terms of intensity belongs to class 3.2 (heads of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers, designers, doctors, scientists, etc.). d.).

1.3. "The distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task." Any labor activity is characterized by the distribution of functions between employees. Accordingly, the more functional duties assigned to the employee, the higher the intensity of his work.

According to this indicator, class 2 (permissible) and class 3 (hard work) differ in two characteristics - the presence or absence of a control function and work on the distribution of tasks to other persons. Class 3.1 is characterized by work, a mandatory element of which is the control of the task. This refers to the control of the execution of the task by other persons, since the control of the implementation of their tasks should be assessed by class 2 (processing, execution of the task and its verification, which, in fact, is control). An example of work that includes monitoring the implementation of tasks can be the work of an occupational safety engineer, an engineer in the production and technical department, etc.

Class 3.2 evaluates for this indicator such work, which includes not only control, but also preliminary work on the distribution of tasks to other persons.

So, labor activity, containing simple functions aimed at processing and performing a specific task, does not lead to significant labor intensity. An example of such an activity is the work of a laboratory assistant (class 1). Tension increases when processing, execution and subsequent verification of the task (class 2) is carried out, which is typical for professions such as nurses, telephone operators, etc.

Processing, verification and, in addition, control over the execution of the task indicates a greater degree of complexity of the functions performed by the employee, and, accordingly, the intensity of labor is manifested to a greater extent (foremen of industrial enterprises, telegraph operators, designers, vehicle drivers - class 3.1).

The most difficult function is preliminary preparatory work with the subsequent distribution of tasks to other persons (class 3.2), which is typical for such professions as industrial managers, air traffic controllers, scientists, doctors, etc.

1.4. "The nature of the work performed"- in the case when the work is carried out according to an individual plan, then the level of labor intensity is low (grade 1 - laboratory assistants). If the work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with its possible correction as necessary, then the tension rises (grade 2 - nurses, telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc.). Even greater labor intensity is characteristic when work is performed under time pressure (class 3.1 - foremen of industrial enterprises, scientists, designers). The greatest tension (class 3.2) is characterized by work in conditions of lack of time and information. At the same time, there is a high responsibility for the final result of the work (doctors, heads of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers).

Thus, the criteria for attributing work according to this indicator to class 3.1 (hard work of the 1st degree) is work under time pressure. In the practice of work, time deficit is usually understood as a heavy workload, on the basis of which almost any work is evaluated according to this indicator with a class of 3.1. Here it is necessary to be guided by the requirement of this manual, according to which the assessment of working conditions must be carried out when carrying out technological processes in accordance with the technological regulations. Therefore, class 3.1 in terms of the “nature of the work performed” should only evaluate such work in which the lack of time is its constant and integral characteristic, and at the same time, the successful completion of the task is possible only with the right actions in the conditions of such a shortage.

Hard work of the 2nd degree (class 3.2) characterizes such work that takes place in conditions of lack of time and information with increased responsibility for the final result. With regard to the shortage of time, one should be guided by the considerations outlined above, and as for increased responsibility for the final result, such responsibility should not only be subjectively realized, since at any workplace the performer is aware of and bears such responsibility, but also by the job description assigned to the performer. The degree of responsibility should be high - this is the responsibility for the normal course of the technological process (for example, the dispatcher, the driver of boilers, turbines and blocks at the power plant), for the safety of unique, complex and expensive equipment and for the lives of other people (foremen, foremen).

Let's take the work of doctors as an example of the degree of responsibility. The work of far from all doctors is characterized by the same level of tension by the nature of the work: for example, the work of emergency doctors, surgeons (operators), traumatologists, anesthesiologists, resuscitators, no doubt, can be assessed according to the considered indicator class 3.2 (lack of time, information and increased responsibility for the final result), while the work of, for example, polyclinic doctors - therapists, oculists and others - does not meet such criteria, as well as the work of, for example, hygienists.

2.2 Sensory loads

"Duration of focused observation (in % of shift time)"- the greater the percentage of time devoted to concentrated observation during the shift, the higher the tension. The total time of the working shift is taken as 100%.

Example. The greatest duration of concentrated observation of the course of the technological process is observed in operator professions: telephonists, telegraph operators, air traffic controllers, vehicle drivers (more than 75% of the shift - class 3.2). A slightly lower value of this parameter (51--75%) was found in doctors (class 3.1). From 26 to 50% of the value of this indicator fluctuated among nurses, masters of industrial enterprises (grade 2). The lowest level of this indicator is observed among the managers of the enterprise, scientists, designers (grade 1 - up to 25% of the total shift time).

This process, which characterizes the intensity of labor, is based on concentration, or concentration of attention on some real (driver) or ideal (translator) object, therefore this indicator should be interpreted more broadly as “duration of concentration”, which manifests itself in deepening into activity . The defining characteristic here is precisely the concentration of attention, in contrast to the passive nature of monitoring the course of the technological process, when the performer periodically, from time to time, controls the state of an object.

The differences here are defined as follows. Long-term concentrated observation is necessary in those professions where the state of the observed object changes all the time, and the activity of the performer consists in periodically solving a number of tasks that continuously follow each other, based on the received and constantly changing information (surgeons during the operation, proofreaders, translators , air traffic controllers, drivers, radar operators, etc.).

There are two most common errors in this criterion. The first is that this indicator evaluates such works when the observation is not concentrated, but is carried out in a discrete mode, as, for example, for dispatchers at the control panels of technological processes, when they from time to time note the readings of instruments during the normal course of the process. The second mistake is that high indicators for the duration of concentrated observation are assigned a priori, only because this characteristic is pronounced in professional activity, as, for example, among drivers.

So, for drivers of vehicles, the duration of concentrated observation in the process of driving a vehicle, on average, is more than 75% of the shift time; on this basis, the work of all drivers is evaluated according to this indicator by class 3.2. However, this is not true for all drivers.

For example, this indicator is significantly lower among drivers of shift and fire trucks, as well as vehicles on which special equipment is mounted (drilling, steam installations, cranes, etc.). Therefore, this indicator must be evaluated in each specific case according to its actual value, obtained either with the help of timing or in another way.

For example, for welders, the duration of concentrated observation can be determined quite accurately by measuring the combustion time of one electrode and counting the number of electrodes used per work shift. For car drivers, it is easy to determine it by the indicator of shift mileage (in km) divided by the average speed of the car (km per hour) in this section, information about which can be obtained from the relevant department of the Russian Transport Inspectorate. In practice, quite often such calculations show that the total driving time and, accordingly, the duration of concentrated observation do not exceed 2-4 hours per shift. Good results are also obtained by the use of technological documentation, for example, process flow charts, workplace passports, etc.

"The density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of work"- the number of perceived and transmitted signals (messages, orders) allows you to evaluate the employment, the specifics of the employee's activities. The greater the number of incoming and transmitted signals or messages, the higher the information load, leading to an increase in tension. According to the form (or method) of presenting information, signals can be given from special devices (light, sound signal devices, instrument scales, tables, graphs and diagrams, symbols, text, formulas, etc.) and with a voice message (by telephone and radio background , with direct direct contact of workers).

Example. The largest number of communications and signals with ground services and with aircraft crews is observed with air traffic controllers - more than 300 (class 3.2) work of telegraph operators. In the range from 75 to 175 signals are received by telephone operators within an hour (the number of serviced subscriptions per hour is from 25 to 150). For nurses and doctors of intensive care units (urgent call to the patient, alarm from monitors about the patient's condition) - 2nd class. The smallest number of signals and messages is typical for such professions as laboratory assistants, managers, craftsmen, scientists, designers - class 1.

Significant errors can be avoided if high values ​​of this indicator are not assigned in all cases and only because the perception of signals and messages is a characteristic feature of the work. For example, a city transport driver perceives about 200 signals per hour. However, this indicator can be significantly lower for drivers, such as intercity buses, long-haul drivers, shift car drivers, or in cases where traffic density is low, which is typical for rural areas. In the same way, telegraph operators and telephone operators of a large city communication center will differ significantly in this indicator from colleagues working in a small communication center.

"Number of production facilities for simultaneous monitoring"- indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, the intensity of labor increases. This characteristic of labor makes demands on the amount of attention (from 4 to 8 unrelated objects) and its distribution as the ability to simultaneously focus attention on several objects or actions.

A necessary condition for the work to be evaluated by this indicator is the time spent from obtaining information from objects of simultaneous observation to actions: if this time is significantly short and actions must be performed immediately after receiving information from all necessary objects simultaneously (otherwise, the normal course of technological process or a significant error occurs), then the work must be characterized by the number of production objects of simultaneous observation (pilots, drivers, drivers of other vehicles, operators controlling robots and manipulators, etc.). If information can be obtained by successively switching attention from object to object and there is enough time before making a decision and / or performing actions, and a person usually moves from distribution to switching attention, then such work should not be assessed by the indicator “number of objects of simultaneous observation ”(on-duty electrician for instrumentation and automation, inspector-crawler, order picker).

Example. For the operator type of activity, various indicators, displays, controls, keyboards, etc. serve as objects of simultaneous observation. The largest number of objects of simultaneous observation was found for air traffic controllers - 13, which corresponds to class 3.1, this number is somewhat lower for telegraph operators - 8--9 teletypes , drivers of motor vehicles (grade 2). Up to 5 objects of simultaneous observation are noted among telephone operators, foremen, managers, nurses, doctors, designers and others (grade 1).

"The size of the object of distinction with the duration of focused attention (% of the shift time)". The smaller the size of the object under consideration (product, detail, digital or alphabetic information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the class of labor intensity increases.

The categories of visual works from SNiP 23-05--95 "Natural and artificial lighting" were taken as the basis for the size of the object of distinction. In this case, it is necessary to consider only such an object that carries the semantic information necessary to perform this work. So, for controllers, this is the minimum size of the defect that needs to be identified, for PC operators - the size of a letter or number, for the operator - the size of the instrument scale, etc. (Often only this characteristic is taken into account and another, to the same extent, is not taken into account necessary - the duration of focusing attention on a given object, which is equivalent and mandatory.)

In a number of cases, when the dimensions of the object are small, they resort to the help of optical instruments that increase these dimensions. If optical instruments are resorted to, from time to time, to clarify information, the object of distinction is the direct carrier of information. For example, when viewing fluorographic images, radiologists must differentiate shadows up to 1 mm in diameter (class 3.1), and from time to time they use a magnifying glass to clarify information, which increases the size of the object and transfers it to class 2, however, the main work on viewing images is carried out without optical instruments, so such work should be assessed according to this criterion class 3.1.

If the size of the object is so small that it is indistinguishable without the use of optical instruments, and they are used constantly (for example, when counting blood cells, the dimensions of which are in the range of 0.006--0.015 mm, the laboratory assistant always uses a microscope), should register the size of the enlarged object.

"Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) during the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)". On the basis of chronometric observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with an optical device is determined. The duration of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of a fixed gaze using a microscope, a magnifying glass is converted into percentages - the greater the percentage of time, the greater the load leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

Optical instruments include those devices that are used to increase the size of the object under consideration - magnifiers, microscopes, flaw detectors, or used to increase the resolution of the device or improve visibility (binoculars), which is also associated with an increase in the size of the object. Optical devices do not include various devices for displaying information (displays) in which optics are not used - various indicators and scales covered with a glass or transparent plastic cover.

"Monitoring the screen of the video terminal (hours per shift)". According to this indicator, the time (h, min) of the direct work of the VDT user with the display screen during the entire working day is recorded when entering data, editing text or programs, reading alphabetic, digital, graphic information from the screen. The longer the time of fixing the gaze on the screen of the user of the VDT, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the intensity of labor.

The criterion "monitoring the screens of video terminals" should be used to characterize the intensity of the labor process at all workplaces that are equipped with means of displaying information both on cathode-ray and discrete (matrix) screens (displays, video modules, video monitors, video terminals).

The degree of tension of the auditory analyzer is determined by the dependence of the intelligibility of words as a percentage of the ratio between the level of speech intensity and "white" noise. When there is no interference, word intelligibility is 100% - 1 class. The 2nd class includes cases when the speech level exceeds the noise by 10–15 dBA and corresponds to the intelligibility of words equal to 90–70% or at a distance of up to 3.5 m, etc.

The most common mistake in assessing the intensity of the labor process is when this indicator characterizes any work carried out in conditions of high noise levels. The indicator "load on the auditory analyzer" should characterize such work in which the performer, in conditions of high noise levels, must hear speech information or other sound signals that guide him in the process of work. An example of work related to the load on the auditory analyzer is the work of a telephone operator for industrial communications, a sound engineer for TV, radio, and music studios.

"Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week)". The degree of tension of the vocal apparatus depends on the duration of speech loads. Overstrain of the voice is observed with prolonged, without rest, voice activity.

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Classification of the severity of labor

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity.

1a - at which energy consumption is up to 139 W - these are works carried out while sitting and accompanied by little physical effort.

1b - energy consumption is 140-173 W - work performed while sitting, standing or walking and accompanied by some physical effort.

2a - energy consumption 175-232 W - work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) and accompanied by moderate physical effort.

2b - energy consumption 233-290 W - work associated with walking, moving and carrying heavy loads (up to 10 kg) and accompanied by moderate physical effort.

Energy consumption of more than 290 W - work associated with constant movement, movement (more than 10 kg) of weights, requiring great physical effort.

Brainwork

Mental labor combines work related to the reception and processing of information, requiring the primary tension of the sensory apparatus of attention, memory, and the emotional sphere.

Managerial work - the work of the heads of institutions, enterprises is characterized by an excessive increase in the volume of information, a lack of time for its processing, increased responsibility, and the emergence of conflict situations.

Creative work - (scientists, writers, designers, etc.) requires a significant amount of memory, attention strain, which increases the degree of neuro-emotional stress.

The work of teachers and medical workers is characterized by constant contacts with people, increased responsibility, and often lack of time.

The work of pupils and students is characterized by the tension of the main mental functions: memory, attention, perception, the presence of stressful situations.

With intensive intellectual activity, the brain's need for energy increases, amounting to 15-20% of the total volume in the body. Any mental work is accompanied by a certain neuro-emotional stress, which in turn leads to an increase in cardiovascular activity, respiration, and energy metabolism. With certain types of mental activity, the increase in energy consumption is different: when reading aloud while sitting, energy consumption increases by 48%, while giving a public lecture - by 94%. During mental work, the brain is prone to inertia - the continuation of mental activity in a given direction, which leads to longer fatigue and exhaustion of the central nervous system. Vvedensky N.E. said: “They get tired and exhausted not so much from the fact that they work hard, but from the fact that they do not work well.” He formulated the conditions for productive mental work:

1. Work should be “entered” gradually. There is a sequential inclusion of physiological mechanisms.

2. It is necessary to observe a certain rhythm of work, which contributes to the development of skills and slows down the development of fatigue.

3. Proper alternation of mental work with rest.

4. High performance is maintained with systematic activities that provide exercise and training.

When assessing the intensity of mental labor, indicators of attention, the intensity of visual work and hearing, and the monotony of labor are used.

Fatigue

Fatigue is a condition accompanied by a feeling of fatigue, a decrease in working capacity, expressed in a deterioration in the quantitative and qualitative indicators of work and ending after rest.

With heavy muscular work, fatigue leads to a sharp increase in breathing and heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, and an increase in energy costs. With mental activity, there is usually a slowdown in reflex reactions, a decrease in the accuracy of movement, a weakening of attention and memory. Subjectively, a person perceives this state in the form of a feeling of fatigue, a feeling of unwillingness, the impossibility of further continuation of work.

The first stage of fatigue is characterized by a weak feeling of fatigue, while labor productivity does not fall. The second stage - the decrease in productivity becomes noticeable (the decrease refers only to the quality and not the quantity of output). The third stage is characterized by an acute experience of fatigue, which takes the form of overwork.

The main ways to combat fatigue are: the correct location and layout of the workplace, comfortable posture, freedom of labor movements in the use of equipment, periodic alternation of work and rest.

Types of occupational hazard

Occupational hazards arise due to:

I. With the wrong organization of the labor process:

a) a forced position of the body, for example, standing for workers at the machine, for molders in foundries, for agricultural workers, for builders, etc .; sedentary - at tailors, shoemakers, etc. As a result of a long position, especially in combination with a muscular load, foot deformity may occur - flat feet, when, due to overstrain of the ligamentous-muscular apparatus, the arch of the foot decreases or disappears. Standing position - for locksmiths, turners, weavers, laundresses, etc. With a long walk - spinners, waiters, policemen. With lifting and carrying weights - loaders, letter carriers, messengers, etc.

In severe cases, flat feet cause fatigue, pain in the foot, cramps in the calf muscles, etc.

Change in posture, most often in the form of kyphosis or scoliosis. Curvature of the spine is all the more possible, the more the need for a forced position of the body arose at a younger age. Predisposing factors are rickets and general muscle weakness. Of great importance in the professional pathology of the streets of standing professions is varicose veins in the legs, which occurs due to insufficient outflow of blood from the venous network of the lower extremities, insufficiency of venous valves, malnutrition of the walls of blood vessels;

b) the tension of individual organs and systems.

For example, inflammation of the tendon sheaths with accumulation of inflammatory fluid and deposition of fibrin along the tendon - tendo-vaginitis, which occurs in a number of professions associated with significant tonic tension in the muscles of the forearm and frequently repeated movements of the fingers and hand (carpenters, blacksmiths, brick molders, hosiers, violinists and etc.). The main signs of the disease are pain, crunching during movements, swelling along the affected tendons.

Coordinating neuroses, of which the most common is writing neurosis or "writer's spasm" (in accountants, clerical workers, stenographers, etc.). First, they complain of fatigue and awkwardness of the hands when writing, then there is muscle tension, sometimes trembling and pain, involuntary flexion and extension of the fingers while writing.

Lumbago - pain in the lumbar and lumbosacral region - occurs in professions whose work is characterized by strong physical stress, especially with prolonged forced body position, most often with a forward bend. This disease occurs in blacksmiths, hammerers, loaders, tunnellers, miners, etc. The occurrence of the disease, in addition to physical stress, is also facilitated by unfavorable microclimatic factors: low temperature, high humidity, sharp temperature fluctuations, etc.

Prolonged work with the tension of accommodation, increased convergence can contribute to the development of myopia in workers. The latter is found in assemblers of small parts, watchmakers, engravers, jewelers, proofreaders, draftsmen, compositors, etc. It is characteristic that in representatives of the same profession, the frequency of myopia is the higher, the more difficult the working conditions are for vision. So, if among ordinary typesetters the percentage of myopia was 51.0, then among typesetters in oriental languages ​​it is 64.1%;

c) irrational work regime (lengthening of the working day,
reduction or absence of breaks).

II. With adverse environmental conditions:

a) high and low room air temperature.
In practice, production facilities are divided into cold, normal temperature and hot workshops. Workshops with insignificant heat release include those in which the heat release of equipment, materials, people does not exceed 20 kcal per 1 m 3
rooms per hour. If the heat release exceeds the specified value, then the shops are classified as hot.

In a number of industries, work is carried out at low air temperatures. In breweries in the basement at a temperature of 4.4-7 ° C, in refrigerators at a temperature of 0 to -20 ° C. Many works are carried out in unheated premises (warehouses, elevators) or in the open air (construction, logging, timber rafting, quarries, open-pit mining of coal and ore, etc.);

b) high or low humidity, which occurs in
laundries, dye shops of textile factories, chemical plants, etc. Particularly unfavorable conditions are created if
evaporating liquids heat up and boil.

In these cases, the absolute humidity of the room air can reach its maximum humidity already at the temperature of the skin surface, i.e. the physiological deficiency of saturation will be equal to zero and the evaporation of sweat will become impossible. However, this in no way delays the process of sweating (not effective) and the resulting dehydration of the body. So, in air saturated with moisture, at a temperature of 35 ° C, the release of sweat can reach 3.5 l / hour;

c) high or low atmospheric pressure. The first, most often, is associated with the work of divers and carrying out caisson works.
In the second case, this is the work of aviators, high-rise and mining operations;

d) excessive noise and vibration.

Noise is one of the most common environmental factors that has an adverse effect not only on the organ of hearing, but also on the nervous system of the worker.

The impact of vibration is observed primarily due to the widespread use of pneumatic tools: jackhammers and perforators, pneumatic chisels, vibrocompactors, etc.;

e) air dust content - industrial dust.

Under production conditions, the release of dust in the vast majority of cases is associated with the processes of mechanical grinding: drilling, crushing, grinding, abrasion. The most common occupational diseases that develop with prolonged inhalation of various types of dust are pneumoconiosis, including the most dangerous of them - silicosis - as well as a number of chronic non-specific diseases of the respiratory system, eyes and skin;

e) industrial poisons. Chemical methods are increasingly being introduced into various industries - metallurgical, machine-building, mining, etc. The chemical industry is booming
industry. Increasing use of insectofungicides in
agriculture. All this creates the possibility of
occupational acute and chronic poisoning;

g) bacterial contamination of the environment, which causes occupational infections that occur among workers in contact with one or another infectious agent. In some cases, the disease occurs as a result of human contact with sick animals.
(livestock specialists, veterinarians, etc.), others - with infectious material: skin, animal hair, rags, bacterial cultures
(tannery workers, salvage workers, workers
microbiological laboratories, etc.), in the third - sick people (medical personnel caring for infectious patients);

h) radioactive contamination of the environment, premises,
tools, materials.

III. The third large group of occupational hazards arises as a result of non-compliance with general sanitary conditions at work places.

These include:

a) insufficient area and cubic capacity of the premises;

b) unsatisfactory heating and ventilation, which explains the cold and heat, uneven temperatures, etc. For example, on a steam locomotive, the temperature difference at the level of the head and legs reaches 40 ° C.

c) irrationally arranged and insufficient natural and
artificial lighting.

Physiological changes in the body during work

The production activity of a person is associated with the transition of the body to a new, working level of the functional state of systems and organs, which ensures the possibility of performing labor. At the same time, the main physiological changes are observed in the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. There are changes in the composition of the blood and water-salt metabolism. As a rule, the degree of intensity of shifts is different when performing physical and mental labor and depends on their severity.

The state of the nervous system. The participation of the nervous system and, above all, its central departments in the production activity of a person is the leading one. The formation and consolidation of labor skills occurs on the basis of conditioned reflex reactions. In the process of industrial training, a dynamic production stereotype is formed - a system of conditioned reflexes that provide a certain sequence of motor reactions and the level of physiological processes that are a necessary condition for the performance of a labor operation. As a person masters his profession, a dynamic production stereotype is formed, consisting of the so-called basic elements and micropauses. The lengthening of the execution time of the main operation in the course of work reflects a decrease in the level of efficiency.

The working state of the body is associated with an increase in metabolic processes, an increase in the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which is carried out through the autonomic nervous system, which is under the control of the cortical parts of the brain and in close interaction with them.

In the process of work, the level of excitatory processes in the nerve cells of the centers that ensure the implementation of this type of production activity increases. This is indicated by a change in biopotentials recorded on an electroencephalogram (EEG), biocurrents in working muscles, as evidenced by electromyograms (EMG). The functional state of the analyzers, primarily visual and auditory, changes. In some cases, shifts are found in temperature, tactile and muscle analyzers.

When performing light work, favorable shifts are observed in the course of the main nervous processes, conditioned reflex activity improves, and the latent time of complex auditory-motor and visual-motor reactions is reduced. During heavy work, a short-term period of improvement in the indicators of the functional state of the nervous system is absent or is replaced by a period of their deterioration, while not only a weakening of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, but also phase changes (equalizing paradoxical phases) can be observed.

Breath change. During work, there is a change in both external and tissue respiration. The increased delivery of oxygen and the removal of the main end product of metabolism - carbon dioxide - is provided by an increase and deepening of breathing, while the amount of oxygen consumed in the process of work is directly dependent on the severity of labor.

At rest, the number of breaths ranges from 7 to 22 per minute, during work it can reach 50 or more per minute. It increases with light and short-term work, and with heavy work it can even decrease, especially with an uncomfortable posture. Nevertheless, the volume of respiratory air increases by 2-2.5 times due to a decrease in reserve and additional air.

The increase and deepening of breathing by several times lead to an increase in pulmonary ventilation - the product of the number of breaths and the volume of one act of breathing. At rest, it ranges from 4 to 10 l / min, and during operation it can reach 50-100 l / min or more. The amount of oxygen consumed by the body during dynamic work is directly dependent on the severity of labor. Normally, a person consumes an average of 0.25 l 0 2 per minute, with light work

0.5-1.0 l, with moderate work - 1.0-1.5 l, with heavy and very hard work it reaches 2.0-2.5 l.

The direct relationship that exists between shifts in the respiratory organs and the severity of labor can be used to determine the category of labor severity. For example, during physical work classified as light - (category 1 - energy consumption less than 150 kcal / h), pulmonary ventilation does not exceed 12 l / min; during moderate work - (energy consumption less than 250 kcal / h) it does not exceed 20 l / min, and during heavy work (250-450 kcal / h) - reaches 20-86 l / min.

There is a limit to the maximum amount of oxygen that a person can consume - the so-called oxygen ceiling. In most people, it does not exceed 3-4 l / min.

During mental work, gas exchange either does not change, or increases to a very small extent. With a brain mass of 1500 g, the amount of 0 2 consumed by it per minute is about 50 ml both in sleep and during wakefulness. This value does not change significantly during mental work. The observed increase in gas exchange during certain types of mental activity, such as reading, is explained by an increase in muscle activity.

The value of the respiratory coefficient (RC) is associated with the gas exchange of the body during work. This is the ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide released to the amount of oxygen absorbed:

The DC value is determined by the results of the analysis of the composition of the inhaled and exhaled air. The composition of exhaled air during work changes depending on which products are oxidized in the body. Accordingly, the value of the DC during the combustion of carbohydrates is 1, while the combustion of fats is 0.7. The DC value during work and after it changes not only depending on what products are oxidized in the body, but also on changes in the physicochemical composition of the blood (in particular, the pH value), on ventilation of the lungs, the degree of training (in trained DC below).

The definition of DC is necessary when calculating the energy consumption of the body during work according to the results of a study of gas exchange (usually it is considered 0.82-0.85).

Changes in the cardiovascular system. An increased level of metabolic processes in the body during work is ensured by increased oxygen delivery to the working organs with the simultaneous removal of metabolic products from them.

During work, the number of heartbeats increases and the systolic volume of blood increases, i.e. the volume of blood ejected with each contraction. The pulse rate from 70-75 per minute at rest can increase during work up to 100-120 and more, and the systolic volume - from 50-60 to 100-150 ml. As a result, the minute volume of blood (the product of the pulse rate and the systolic volume) increases, which at rest ranges from 3.6 to 6.8 liters, and during work it can increase by 5-6 times.

There is an almost linear relationship between work intensity and heart rate. During light work (energy consumption less than 150 kcal / h), the pulse rate does not exceed 90 per minute, and during heavy work, the pulse can reach 120-140 per minute. Therefore, the severity of work can be classified by heart rate, which is much more accessible than the definition of energy expenditure.

In untrained people, an increase in the minute volume of blood during work is to a greater extent ensured by an increase in the number of heart contractions, in trained people, by an increase in systolic volume.

Immediately after the cessation of work, the pulse rate decreases rapidly. Currently, there are telemetric methods for remotely determining the heart rate during work; if it is judged by the palpation method, then it must be determined either directly during work, or in the first 15 seconds after its completion.

With muscular work, blood pressure increases, and the maximum is higher. This causes an increase in pulse pressure - the difference between the maximum and minimum blood pressure. The maximum blood pressure during work can reach 160-180 mm Hg. (21.3-24 kPa) and above. Recovery of blood pressure after work is faster than the pulse, and usually ends within 5-10 minutes. During physical work, the blood supply to the muscles increases, and the number of open capillaries increases sharply - up to 20-30 times compared to the level at rest.

The regulation of the cardiovascular system during work is carried out with the participation of the center of cardiac activity in the medulla oblongata, the reflex activity of vascular receptors in arteries and veins, internal organs and muscles. The activity of the heart and vascular tone are influenced by respiratory movements, blood temperature, which increases during work. It is influenced by the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, hormones - adrenaline, insulin, acetylcholine, vasopressin. The amount of blood flow also depends on the metabolic products formed during muscle work - carbon dioxide, lactic and pyruvic acids, etc.

During mental work, there are no significant changes in blood circulation, in particular in the blood supply to the brain. On the contrary, due to the fixed posture and lack of movement, there is insufficient mobilization of the circulation.

An exception is emotionally intense work: troubles, excitement, impatience affect the state of the cardiovascular system and lead to increased heart rate, ECG changes, and increased blood pressure. There are clinical observations and statistical data showing that the incidence of hypertension, coronary insufficiency, and atherosclerosis in mental workers is higher than in people engaged in physical labor.

Organization and procedure for conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations.

Organization and procedure for conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations.

The fundamental document regulating the conduct of professional medical examinations is the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. "On the procedure for conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations of workers and medical regulations for admission to the profession."

Preliminary and periodic medical examinations of employees are carried out by medical institutions (organizations) with any form of ownership that have an appropriate license and certificate.
An examination by a psychiatrist is carried out in a psycho-neurological dispensary (department, office) at the place of permanent residence of the subject.
Employees directly involved in the management of various types of vehicles (automobile, urban, electric, air, river, sea, railway) undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations according to the lists of professions approved by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation.
The procedure for conducting medical examinations.
The contingents subject to preliminary and periodic medical examinations are determined by the center of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision together with the employer and the trade union organization of the enterprise, institution, organization (by workshops, professions, hazardous hazardous substances and production factors) no later than December 1 of the previous year. The timing of inspections should correspond to the established frequency.

Acute occupational diseases (poisoning) include forms that developed suddenly, after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful and dangerous production factors, the intensity of which significantly exceeds the MPC and MPD.
Chronic occupational diseases (poisoning) include such forms of diseases that have arisen as a result of prolonged exposure to harmful, hazardous substances and production factors. Chronic should include such immediate and long-term consequences of occupational diseases (for example, persistent organic changes in the central nervous system after carbon monoxide intoxication). Occupational diseases may include such diseases in the development of which an occupational disease is a background or risk factor (for example, lung cancer that has developed against the background of asbestosis, silicosis or dusty bronchitis).

Psychological reasons for making mistakes

An erroneous action should be understood as an action that deviates from the normal, i.e. foreseen, expected, leading to serious consequences. The causes of errors are divided into immediate, main and contributing. The immediate causes depend on the place in the psychological structure of the employee's action (decision making, response, etc.) and the type of this action, i.e. from psychological patterns that determine optimal activity:

Inconsistencies with the mental capabilities of information processing (volume and speed of information receipt, attitude to the difference threshold, etc.);

Lack of skill (standard actions in a non-standard situation) and attention structure.

The main reasons are related to the workplace, labor organization, the state of the body, psychological attitude, mental state. Contributing causes depend on the characteristics of the individual, the state of health, external conditions that replace the functional state of the organism, selection, and training. The causes of errors can be classified as follows:

Errors in orientation (failure to receive information);

Decision errors, i.e. making the wrong decision;

Action execution errors, i.e. wrong actions.

The main causes of errors leading to injury are as follows:

Fatigue, fatigue;

Use of alcohol, drugs and certain medications;

weather change; disease;

Lack of education and professional skills;

Insufficient clarity and completeness of labor safety instructions;

Poor working conditions;

Non-compliance of individual mental qualities with the requirements of labor activity, etc.