Musical genres briefly. Musical genres: a list of what modern works are

Musical genre

Musical genre- a multi-valued concept that characterizes various types and types of musical creativity in connection with their origin, as well as the method and conditions of their performance and perception. The concept of a musical genre reflects the main problem of musicology and musical aesthetics - the relationship between extra-musical factors of creativity and its purely musical characteristics. The musical genre is one of the most important means of artistic identification.

The concept of a musical genre can be considered in a broader and narrower aspect. In a broader sense, they speak of the operatic, symphonic, chamber genre, etc. In a narrower one, the genres of lyrical and comic opera are distinguished; symphonies and symphoniettas; arias, ariosos, cavatinas, etc.

A number of researchers (in particular, V. Zukerman) distinguish between primary and secondary musical genres. Primary directly related to the conditions of their existence, and secondary genres were formed in the conditions of concert performance.

E. Nazaikinskiy singles out three historical forms of genre functioning - syncretic, aesthetic and virtual. IN syncretic form, which is characterized by the synchronism of creativity and perception, the musical genre acts primarily as a canon, which ensures the reproduction of the situation corresponding to a certain tradition. IN aesthetic form that appeared with the spread of musical notation, music becomes an aesthetic phenomenon and semantic functions come to the fore. IN virtual form, which, thanks to the spread of sound recording, is characterized by the ability to perceive music in various conditions, the structure-forming functions of the genre come to the fore, which often leads to confusion of the terms of the musical genre and style, especially in popular music.

Literature

T. Cherednichenko. Musical genre // article in the Musical Encyclopedic Dictionary, "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1990
E. V. Nazaikinsky- Style and genre in music - M., 2003
M. K. Mikhailov - Style in music - M., 1981

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musical genres.

Music(Greek μουσική, adjective from Greek Μούσα - muse) - art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time.

Musical genre- a kind of music, musical works, distinguished by special stylistic features peculiar only to it. The concept of a genre in music stands on the border between the categories of content and form and makes it possible to judge the objective content of a work based on the complex of expressive means used. Characterizes, as a rule, the historically established genera and types of musical works. In musicology, various systems for classifying a musical genre have developed, which depend on which of the genre-causing factors is considered as the main one. Often the same work can be characterized from different points of view, or the same genre can be attributed to several genre groups. It is also possible to single out “genres within genres”, for example, various genres of vocal and instrumental music included in the opera. Opera, on the other hand, is essentially a synthetic genre that combines various art forms. Therefore, when classifying, it is necessary to keep in mind which factor or combination of several factors is decisive. Genre features can be intertwined: for example, song and dance genres. The composition of the performers and the method of performance determine the most common classification of genres. This is, first of all, the division into vocal and instrumental genres. Some genres have a complex history that makes them difficult to classify. Thus, a cantata can be both a chamber solo work and a large composition for a mixed composition (xop, soloists, orchestra).

Genre- a kind of model with which specific music is correlated. It has certain conditions of execution, purpose, form and nature of the content. So, the goal of a lullaby is to calm the baby, so “swaying” intonations and a characteristic rhythm are typical for it; in the march - all the expressive means of music are adapted to a clear step.

The simplest classification of genres is by way of execution. These are two large groups:

instrumental(march, waltz, etude, sonata, fugue, symphony);

vocal genres(aria, song, romance, cantata, opera, musical).

Another typology of genres is related with performance environment. It belongs to A. Sohor, a scientist who claims that the genres of music are:

1. Ritual And iconic(psalms, mass, requiem) - they are characterized by generalized images, the dominance of the choral principle and the same mood among the majority of listeners.

Psalm(Greek "praise") - hymns of Jewish and Christian religious poetry and prayers from the Old Testament.

Mass- the main liturgical service in the Latin rite of the Catholic Church. Consists of opening rites, Liturgy of the Word, Eucharistic Liturgy and closing rites

Requiem(lat. “dead”) - a funeral service (mass) in the Catholic and Lutheran churches, corresponds to the funeral liturgy in the Orthodox Church.

2. Mass-household genres(varieties of song, march and dance: polka, waltz, ragtime, ballad, anthem) - they are distinguished by a simple form and familiar intonations;

3. Concert genres(oratorio, sonata, quartet, symphony) - characteristic performance in a concert hall, lyrical tone as the author's self-expression;

Oratorio- a large piece of music for choir, soloists and orchestra. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.

Sonata(ital. sound) - a genre of instrumental music, as well as a musical form called sonata form. Composed for chamber composition of instruments and piano. Usually solo or duet.

Quartet- a musical ensemble of 4 musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Symphony(Greek "consonance", "euphony") - a piece of music for the orchestra. As a rule, symphonies are written for a large mixed orchestra (symphony), but there are also symphonies for string, chamber, wind and other orchestras; a choir and solo vocal voices can be introduced into the symphony.

Folk music, musical folklore, or folk music (English folk music) - the musical and poetic creativity of the people, an integral part of folk art (folklore), which exists, as a rule, in oral (non-written) form, passed down from generation to generation.

Spiritual music- musical works related to texts of a religious nature, intended for performance during a church service or at home.

Classical music(from lat. сlassicus - exemplary) - exemplary musical works of outstanding composers of past years, which have stood the test of time. Musical works written according to certain rules and canons in compliance with the necessary proportions and intended for performance by a symphony orchestra, ensemble or soloists.

Latin American music(Spanish música latinoamericana) is a generalized name for the musical styles and genres of Latin American countries, as well as the music of people from these countries who compactly live on the territory of other states and form large Latin American communities (for example, in the USA).

Blues- This is a musical style that was created by black musicians living in the United States of America. The blues was first played at the end of the nineteenth century in the southern states, in the vicinity of the Mississippi River Delta. The music of this style is very diverse, many musicians have created their own style of performance.

Jazz(English jazz) - a form of musical art that arose in the late XIX - early XX century in the United States as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures and subsequently became widespread. Characteristic features of the musical language of jazz initially became improvisation, polyrhythm based on syncopated rhythms, and a unique set of techniques for performing rhythmic texture - swing. Further development of jazz occurred due to the development of new rhythmic and harmonic models by jazz musicians and composers.

Country(English country music from country music - rural music) - the most common variety of North American folk music, in popularity in the United States is not inferior to pop music.

Romance in music- a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mostly love.

Electonic music(German Elektronische Musik, English Electronic music, colloquially also “electronics”) is a broad musical genre that refers to music created using electronic musical instruments and technologies (most often with the help of special computer programs).

Rock music(Eng. Rock music) - a generalized name for a number of areas of popular music. The word "rock" - (translated from English "rock, rock, swing") - in this case indicates the rhythmic sensations characteristic of these directions associated with a certain form of movement, by analogy with "roll", "twist", "swing ”, “shake” and so on. Some distinctive features of rock music, such as the use of electric musical instruments or creative self-sufficiency (it is typical for rock musicians to perform compositions of their own composition), are secondary and often misleading.

reggae(English reggae; another spelling is "reggae") - Jamaican popular music that appeared in the 1960s and became popular since the 1970s.

Pop music(English pop-music from popular music) - the direction of modern music, a type of modern mass culture. It is a separate genre of popular music, namely, an easy-to-remember song.

The purpose of this article is to acquaint readers with various modern musical genres and the musical means that composers use when creating works within a certain style. The ability to navigate musical genres and subgenres is one of the first signs of professionalism, so this article will be of interest to all those who have already embarked on the path of improvement in the musical field.

Most critics divide modern music genres into three main areas: pop, rock and rap, which in turn are rooted in earlier styles and have spawned a large number of offshoots of their own.

Pop is contemporary popular music. It is a very broad term covering many genres such as disco, trance, house, techno, funk, new wave and others. Let's stop and look at the features of each of them.

Disco. Not so long ago, it was the most popular genre of dance-pop music. It has an abundance of effects, the leading role of the rhythm section of drums and bass, as well as the secondary, background sound of strings and wind instruments.
Trance. It belongs to one of the genres of electronic music and is notable for its high emotional impact on the listener. This effect is achieved through the use of sad, "cosmic" melodies.
House. This is the name of dance, completely electronic music. The main and only instrument is a synthesizer. A distinctive feature of this genre is the presence of looped musical phrases and solo melodies. Effects are widely used.
techno. In one phrase, you can say this: futuristic music of the big city. Techno features include fantastic melodies, a gloomy metal sound, "cold", devoid of emotional vocals.
Funk. One of the dance genres, which is characterized by clearly defined percussionists dominating all other instruments, low melody, "sloppy" rhythm.
New wave. A genre of popular music that has evolved from punk rock and uses the same musical medium.

Rock as an independent genre is rooted in the "black" American blues, which appeared in the 20-30s. Traditional blues consists of 12 measures, that is, sections of a composition consisting of several notes, the first of which has an accent or accent. To the main toolkit blues includes a double bass or bass that sets the rhythm, a solo guitar, drums, often keyboards and brass. To be quite precise, rock emerged from a branch of this genre - the guitar blues, which already has much less keyboards and brass instruments.

Appearance rock And rock and roll, concepts that are often equated with musicians such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles. The former can be called the popularizer of this genre, while the Beatles were the ones who turned rock into art.

Musically, rock has remained almost the same blues, but their semantic content is different: rock is the music of protest against society, power, or something else.

Rock has collected many subgenres, the main ones being soft rock, hard rock, pop rock, folk rock, punk rock, psychedelic rock, heavy metal and thrash.

Hard rock. Literally, it translates as "heavy, hard." This style has such a name for a reason, because its sound corresponds to what it is called. Heaviness in hard rock is achieved through the dominant sound of a loud and powerful rhythm section over the rest of the instruments. In most cases, the drummers, bass or rhythm guitar are "weighted". Hard rock often uses Overdrive and Distortion effects.
pop rock. Popular rock. This style is well balanced, using all sorts of effects and popular arrangements. Pop rock can be attributed to any rock music that is designed for a wide audience of listeners.
folk rock. This is rock music with elements of folk music.
Punk rock. This genre includes rough, often unprofessional, but expressive music, which is characterized by simple, unpretentious, but shocking melodies.
Psychedelic rock. Complex, unconventional music, overflowing with various effects. This music has a high level of emotional impact on the listener.
heavy metal called sharp metal music, which is often not harmonic. It is far from the usual standards.
Thrash. This is a very hard genre, which is characterized by the complexity and continuity of melodies, as well as improvisation.

Rap how the genre evolved from dance music. Characteristic features: uneven rhythm, complex experiments with drummers, the presence of looped musical fragments. One of the main features of rap is the absence of vocals, which are replaced by recitative. Rap is read like poetry, not sung. The main instruments are drums and a complex bass, which often leads. Often rap musicians use the scratch effect - the squeak of vinyl records.

Most likely rap originated from reggae- a dance style that originated in Jamaica. These two styles have a lot in common: the same uneven, ragged rhythm, the presence of looped musical fragments, a complex drummer.

Genre(fr. genre) is a general concept that surrounds the most essential properties and connections of the phenomena of the world of art, a set of formal and meaningful features of a work. All existing works reflect certain conditions, while participating in the creation of the definition of the concept of genre.

Arioso- a small aria with a melodious declamatory or song character.

Aria- a completed episode in an opera, operetta, oratorio or cantata, performed by a soloist accompanied by an orchestra.

Ballad- solo vocal compositions using the texts of poetic works and preserving their main features; instrumental compositions.

Ballet- a type of stage art, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images.

Blues- a jazz song of sad, lyrical content.

Bylina- Russian folk epic song-tale.

Vaudeville- a cheerful theatrical play with musical numbers. 1) a type of sitcom with couplet songs, romances, dances; 2) the final couplet song in the vaudeville play.

Hymn- solemn song

Jazz- a kind of improvisational, dance music.

Disco- a musical style with a simplified melody and a hard rhythm.

Invention- a small piece of music, in which any original find in the field of melodic development, shaping is essential.

Sideshow- a piece of music played between parts of a piece.

Intermezzo- a small free-form play, as well as an independent episode in an opera or other piece of music.

Cantata- a large vocal and instrumental work of a solemn nature, usually for soloists, choir and orchestra.

Cantilena- melodious, smooth melody.

chamber music - (literally "room music"). chamber works are either pieces for solo instruments: songs without words, variations, sonatas, suites, preludes, impromptu, musical moments, nocturnes, or various instrumental ensembles: trio, quartet, quintet, etc., where three, four, respectively, participate five instruments and all parts are equally important, require careful finishing from the performers and the composer.

capriccio- a virtuoso instrumental piece of an improvisational warehouse with an unexpected change of images, moods.

Concert- a work for one or (rarely) several solo instruments and an orchestra, as well as a public performance of musical works.

Madrigal- a small musical and poetic work of love and lyrical content in the 14th-16th centuries.

March- a piece of music with a measured tempo, a clear rhythm, usually accompanying a collective procession.

Musical- a piece of music that combines elements of opera, operetta; ballet, pop music.

Nocturne- in the XVIII - early XIX century. a multi-part instrumental piece, mostly for wind instruments, usually performed outdoors in the evening or at night, from the 19th century. a small lyrical instrumental piece.

Oh yeah- a solemn piece of music dedicated to some significant event or person.

Opera- a musical and dramatic work based on the synthesis of words, stage action and music.

Operetta- a musical stage comedy work, including vocal and dance scenes, orchestral accompaniment and conversational episodes.

Oratorio- a work for soloists, choir and orchestra, intended for concert performance.

House is a style and movement in electronic music. house is a descendant of the dance styles of the early post-disco era (electro, high energy, soul, funk, etc.) the main difference between house music is a repeated rhythm beat, usually in 4/4 time, and sampling - work with sound inserts, which are repeated from time to time in music, partially coinciding with its rhythm. one of the most important contemporary sub-styles of house is progressive house.

choir - a work for a large singing group. choral compositions are divided into two large groups - with or without instrumental (or orchestral) accompaniment (a cappella).

Song- a piece of poetry meant to be sung. its musical form is usually couplet or strophic.

potpourri- a play composed of excerpts from several popular melodies.

Play- a finished musical work of small size.

Rhapsody- a musical (instrumental) work on the themes of folk songs and epic tales, as if reproducing the performance of a rhapsod.

Requiem- mourning choral work (funeral mass).

Romance- a lyrical work for voice with musical accompaniment.

R&B (Rhythm-N-Blues, English Rhythm & Blues)- This is a musical style of song and dance genre. originally, a generalized name for mass music based on the blues and jazz trends of the 1930s and 1940s. currently, the abbreviated abbreviation of rhythm and blues (English r&b) is used to refer to modern rhythm and blues.

Rondo- a piece of music in which the main part is repeated several times.

Serenade- a lyrical song to the accompaniment of a lute, mandolin or guitar, performed in honor of the beloved.

Symphony- a piece of music for the orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form, the highest form of instrumental music.

Symphonic Music- unlike the chamber one, it is performed in large rooms and is intended for a symphony orchestra. symphonic works are characterized by depth and versatility of content, often grandiosity of scale and, at the same time, accessibility of the musical language.

Consonance- a combination in the simultaneous sounding of several sounds of different heights.

Sonata- a musical work of three or four parts of different tempo and character.

Sonatina- little sonata

Suite- a work for one or two instruments from several heterogeneous pieces connected by a common idea.

Symphonic Poem- a genre of symphonic music expressing the romantic idea of the synthesis of arts. a symphonic poem is a one-part orchestral work that allows for various program sources (literature and painting, less often philosophy or history; pictures of nature).

Toccata- a virtuoso piece of music for a keyboard instrument in fast movement and a clear tempo.

Tone- a sound of a certain pitch.

tush- a short musical greeting.

Overture is an orchestral piece designed to serve as an introduction to opera, ballet, drama. in their imagery and form, many classical overtures are close to the first movements of symphonies.

Fantasy is a free-form piece of music.

Elegy- a piece of music of a sad nature.

Etude- a piece of music based on virtuoso passages.

Today's post is dedicated to the topic - the main musical genres. To begin with, let's define what we will consider a musical genre. After that, the actual genres will be named, and at the end you will learn not to confuse "genre" with other phenomena in music.

So the word "genre" is of French origin and is usually translated from that language as a "species" or genus. Hence, musical genre- this is a type or, if you like, a type of musical works. No more and no less.

How do musical genres differ from each other?

How is one genre different from another? Of course, not only the name. Remember the four main parameters that help to identify a particular genre and not confuse it with some other, similar type of composition. This:

type of artistic and musical content;
style features of this genre;
the vital purpose of works of this genre and the role they play in society;
conditions under which it is possible to perform and listen (view) a musical work of a particular genre.

What does all of this mean? Well, for example, let's take as an example such a genre as "waltz". Waltz is a dance, and that already says a lot. Since this is a dance, it means that waltz music is not played every time, but precisely when it is necessary to dance (this is a matter of performance conditions). Why do they dance the waltz? Sometimes for fun, sometimes just to enjoy the beauty of plasticity, sometimes because waltz dancing is a holiday tradition (this is the thesis about life's purpose). Waltz as a dance is characterized by whirling, lightness, and therefore in its music there is the same melodic whirling and graceful rhythmic three-part, in which the first beat is strong as a push, and the two are weak, flying (this is related to stylistic and substantive moments ).

Main musical genres

Everything with a high degree of conditionality can be divided into four categories: theatrical, concert, mass-domestic and cult-ritual genres. Consider each of these categories separately and list the main musical genres that are included there.

Theatrical genres (the main ones here are opera and ballet, in addition, operettas, musicals, musical dramas, vaudeville and musical comedies, melodramas, etc.)
Concert genres (these are symphonies, sonatas, oratorios, cantatas, trios, quartets and quintets, suites, concertos, etc.)
Mass genres (here we are mainly talking about songs, dances and marches in all their diversity)
Cult and ritual genres (those genres that are associated with religious or festive rites - for example: carnival songs, wedding and funeral laments, spells, bells, etc.)

We have named almost all the main musical genres (opera, ballet, oratorio, cantata, symphony, concerto, sonata - these are the largest). They are indeed the main ones and therefore there is nothing surprising in the fact that each of these genres has several varieties.

And one more thing... We should not forget that the division of genres between these four classes is very conditional. It happens that genres wander from one category to another. For example, this happens when the real one is recreated by the composer on the opera stage (as in Rimsky-Korsakov's opera The Snow Maiden), or in some concert genre - for example, in the finale of Tchaikovsky's 4th symphony, a very famous folk song is quoted . See for yourself! If you know what this song is, write its name in the comments!

P.I. Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4 - final