Folk traditions and customs of the Tatars. Traditions, customs and culture of the Tatar people in

The Tatar people have their own unique culture and many interesting traditions that often amaze with authenticity, uniqueness and do not overlap with the rituals of other peoples. Some holidays are shared with other Muslim nations.

To get acquainted with the original traditions of the Tatars, millions of tourists come to Tatarstan every year. Having once seen the way of life of local people, the principles of their upbringing, respect for the elders in the family, people from other countries forever carry with them the charm and respect for the culture of this people, which many times influenced the history and life of entire continents.

Family way

As in many peoples and countries, traditions are more strongly preserved in the villages and small towns of Tatarstan, city dwellers are moving away from them more and more every decade. Although in Lately there has been a tendency to return to their origins, so more and more often traditions are renewed even among the most “advanced” youth.

Tatar houses were not much different from the usual Russian ones. But there was one feature that is not found among the Orthodox - the division of the house into two parts. One of them is considered male, and the other is female. To delimit these territories, they used a special curtain - "charshau", and in rare cases - a wooden partition.

In every house one could see bright chests of red or green color. They were necessary in order to collect a dowry for the future bride. The more girls grew up in the family, the more such chests were made, which served as a source of pride. In a conspicuous place, there was a "shamail" - a talisman with wishes of happiness and good luck. It was a piece of text from the holy book of the Koran, which is the object of reverence for the Tatars.

Needlework

In Tatar traditions important place take on bright colors. They are used to decorate the house and yard. Most often you can find colorful embroidery. Islam does not allow to make images of people and animals, therefore, the ability to embroider geometric patterns, which can be found on towels, bedspreads, blankets, paths, etc., has fully developed to unprecedented heights.

The abundance of embroidered products is easily explained: for many centuries in a row, the women of this people led a rather reclusive lifestyle, so they invested all their potential in needlework.

For this reason, the Tatars were world-famous embroiderers, and their products were highly valued.

Head of family

Tatar traditions are based on patriarchy. The unconditional head of the family is the father. He takes the most important decisions, he has the last word in any situation. The mother is also a very important member of the family, she is treated with great respect. The upbringing of Tatars is focused on being grateful towards the elders, helping the younger ones and those who need help or support.

The hospitality of the Tatars is known to tourists all over the world. They consider it their duty to invite a guest to the house, feed and drink him, if necessary, leave him for the night. Offending a guest in Tatar traditions is equated almost to a sin. The head of the family must be present at the table with the guests, otherwise it is regarded as disrespectful.

In the Tatar language, there is a separate term for religious holidays - “gaet”. Like any Muslims, the Tatars are very scrupulous about their religion, so the traditions associated with Islam are strictly observed by them. Instilling them from childhood, these people keep them in their souls throughout their lives, as the core of their people and culture.

In the morning during religious holidays, prayer is obligatory for the Tatars, which the entire male population must conduct at the graves of deceased relatives. Such a prayer is aimed at remembering one's origins and granting to the ancestors, who are very revered in Islam, a good afterlife.

This holiday in the Turkic language is called "Uraza". It falls on the ninth month in accordance with the Muslim calendar. It was in this month that an angel appeared to the prophet Muhammad, who gave him the revelation of God. This revelation became part of the Korn - a holy book for the Turks.

During this period, fasting falls, which true Muslims must endure. This causes a strengthening of their spirit and the mercy of Allah. The tradition of fasting of this people differs sharply from the Orthodox world. It is impossible to eat food, drink drinks and indulge in pleasures during daylight hours, from sunrise to sunset. At this time, it is necessary to sincerely pray, continuing to work, and think about self-discipline. In modern Tatarstan, many at this time prefer to do charity work.

Eid al-Adha

This day is dedicated to the festive sacrifice on the occasion of the end of the Hajj - the pilgrimage to Mecca. The holiday is timed to the tenth day of the twelfth lunar month.

The holy scripture says that in a dream the prophet Ibrahim was given the command of Allah to sacrifice the life of his beloved firstborn. Despite the strong love for the offspring, Ibrahim behaved like a real Muslim, and began preparations for the sacrifice. However, in last minute Allah stopped the Tatar. Such a task was a test of the strength of faith for Ibrahim, and he passed this test with honor, so the sacrifice was allowed to be replaced with a lamb. Eid al-Adha serves as a reminder for believers of the mercy of Allah, his great mercy and importance unbreakable faith.

The tradition of this day is the sacrificial slaughter of a ram. Previously, bulls or camels often became sacrificial animals, but over the past century this custom has been abandoned.

The meaning of Eid al-Adha is not to slaughter an animal, cook and eat in your family. Traditionally, the carcass should be divided into three equal parts. You can keep one for yourself and your family, give the second to those who live more poorly, and distribute the third to those who ask for alms. This fills the soul of believers with grace and goodness.

Folk holidays

For the Tatars, the holidays are invariably associated with spring joy and spiritual awakening, therefore in the Turkic languages ​​there is an interesting capacious word for them - “beyrem”, which translates as “spring beauty” or “spring admiration”.

Traditionally, Tatar settlements were located along the banks of rivers, since people were tied to sources of water for food and irrigation. Therefore, the natural processes that took place on the rivers received a response in the interesting traditions and rituals of this people.

The very first spring festival was timed to coincide with the melting of ice that bound the water surface during the winter. "Boz carau" in translation means "to look at the ice." At the moment when the ice began to drift on the river, the entire local population stopped doing business and went ashore to see with their own eyes how spring conquers winter.

In order to help spring finally come into its own, the guys and girls had to have time to lay straw on the ice floes passing by and set it on fire. Everything was accompanied by playing the accordion, songs and dances. People came to this action in elegant costumes, decorated themselves with beads, girls wove braids. The fun continued until sunset.

Kyzyl yomorka

This action is very similar to the rituals of other countries and religions. The women painted the day before chicken eggs. For this, they used husks from onions or birch leaves. Specially baked muffins: pretzels and rolls.

In the morning, the children went around all the neighboring streets and scattered wood chips in the houses so that the dwelling would not be empty, but filled with a good harvest and wealth. It was believed that in the house where the owners would give the children a lot of eggs and pastries, there would be an excellent harvest, so no one was stingy with gifts.

Sabantuy

We have been preparing for this day for a long time and carefully. It still remains the favorite holiday of the Tatars. mass celebrations, Interesting games, fun - all this accompanied Sabantuy. The joy of the people was due to the fact that people started sowing work. Over time, Sabantuy shifted to the end of these works, so now the fun is connected with the end of a busy period, on which not only the harvest, but also well-being for the whole next year depends. Tatars celebrate it in June.

Men and women wore fancy dresses on this day. The tradition ordered to decorate not only yourself and your children, but also horses. Bright ribbons were woven into their manes, an arc into which the animal was harnessed, bells were threaded. People gathered in an open area (most often in a meadow), and general entertainment began, the main of which was the national struggle. Tatars call these competitions “kuresh”.

This is an interesting and exciting male entertainment, during which the most dexterous and strong were revealed. The participants were young men who tied themselves with sashes. The winner must be lift the opponent on the belt in the air, and then put the prostrate on the ground. The strongest wrestler was rewarded with a live ram. Now, in most cases, this winning is replaced by cash.

In addition, there were many more interesting competitions and competitions. Those who won them became enviable suitors. Competitions were also held for girls, in which they could prove themselves as good housewives or needlewomen.

An important element of the Sabantuy were dishes that were prepared in the same clearing. And now many tourists are striving to get to Tatarstan on Sabantuy to taste a variety of national pickles and dishes that the Tatar people traditionally prepared.

Family celebrations and rituals

The traditions of the Tatars put forward family rituals to a special place. These people were sensitive to significant events in the life of every person, such as a wedding and the birth of a child.

Wedding

The wedding traditions of the Tatars were very interesting and beautiful. The wedding was carefully prepared for, so it was a great event not only for the bride and groom, but for all relatives. The wedding was preceded by "collusion" - that was the name of the matchmaking. On it, they discussed the size of the kalym, dowry, the time of the wedding and all other nuances.

All the main events took place in the house of the girl's parents, and the bride herself and her friends in the morning were engaged in fortune-telling and dressing up. The ceremony over the newlyweds was performed by a mullah. After he read a special prayer, the family was considered complete.

An interesting custom concerns the bed of the newlyweds, on which they must spend their wedding night. Guests from the side of the bride touched the bed and left money on a saucer next to the bed. The groom was allowed to the family box only after he paid the ransom.

Birth of a child

This exciting event Tatar people was no less significant and important than the wedding. To help a woman in labor, an “ebise” - a midwife - was invited to the house. Usually it was an experienced woman of the age who took the child, cut his umbilical cord, if necessary, assisted the mother and child.

To establish a connection between the child and the father, the newborn was wrapped in his father's shirt. Be sure to perform the ritual "avyzlandyru". It consisted in the fact that a small piece of bread was dissolved in oil and honey, a cloth was soaked with this solution, which was folded into a cone and allowed to suck on the baby.

The next day, the first bathing of the baby took place, after which he was given a name in the presence of the mullah and guests. After that, the tradition ordered the Tatars to treat everyone who was present at this interesting ritual. Among the Tatar people, the chosen name was given great importance. It was believed that if the name is chosen correctly, then this will give the newborn health and a happy life.

The first week after the birth was allotted so that all the mother's friends could come to visit her, visit the baby and bring him gifts. Most often, these were hand-embroidered outfits, decorated with drawings and patterns, which acted as amulets for a small person.

Tatars - ancient people with an interesting long history. He managed to preserve his roots and culture thanks to the strict adherence to all the canons and rituals. This reflects a subtle feature of the Tatar people - respect for their ancestors, customs and national shrines.

Tatars - Turkic people living in the central part of European Russia, as well as in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, on Far East, on the territory of the Crimea, as well as in Kazakhstan, in the states Central Asia and in the Chinese Autonomous Republic of XUAR. About 5.3 million people live in Russia Tatar nationality, which makes up 4% of the total population of the country, in terms of numbers they rank second after the Russians, 37% of all Tatars in Russia live in the Republic of Tatarstan in the capital of the Volga Federal District with the capital in the city of Kazan and make up the majority (53%) of the population of the republic. The national language is Tatar (a group of Altaic languages, a Turkic group, a Kypchak subgroup), which has several dialects. Most of the Tatars are Sunni Muslims, there are also Orthodox, and those who do not identify themselves with specific religious movements.

Cultural heritage and family values

Tatar traditions of housekeeping and family way of life in more preserved in villages and towns. Kazan Tatars, for example, lived in wooden huts, which differed from Russians only in that they did not have a vestibule and the common room was divided into women's and male half, separated by a curtain (charshaw) or a wooden partition. In any Tatar hut, the presence of green and red chests was obligatory, which were later used as a bride's dowry. In almost every house, a framed piece of text from the Koran, the so-called “shamail”, hung on the wall, it hung over the threshold as a talisman, and a wish of happiness and prosperity was written on it. Many bright juicy colors and shades were used to decorate the house and the adjacent territory, the interior was richly decorated with embroidery, since Islam forbids depicting humans and animals, mostly embroidered towels, bedspreads and other things were decorated with geometric ornaments.

The head of the family is the father, his requests and instructions must be carried out unquestioningly, the mother on a special place of honor. Tatar children are taught from an early age to respect their elders, not to hurt the younger ones and always help the disadvantaged. The Tatars are very hospitable, even if a person is an enemy of the family, but he came to the house as a guest, they will not refuse him anything, they will feed him, give him drink and offer him an overnight stay. Tatar girls they are brought up as modest and decent future housewives, they are taught in advance to manage the household and prepare for marriage.

Tatar customs and traditions

Rites are calendar and family sense. The first ones are related to labor activity (sowing, harvesting, etc.) and are held every year at about the same time. family rituals are held as needed in accordance with the changes that have taken place in the family: the birth of children, the conclusion of marriage alliances and other rituals.

The traditional Tatar wedding is characterized by the obligatory observance of the Muslim ritual nikah, which takes place at home or in a mosque in the presence of a mullah, festive table are exclusively Tatar national dishes: chak-chak, kort, katyk, kosh-tele, peremyachi, kaymak, etc., guests do not eat pork and do not drink alcohol. The male groom puts on a skullcap, the female bride puts on a long dress with closed sleeves, a headscarf is obligatory on her head.

Tatar wedding ceremonies are characterized by a preliminary agreement between the parents of the bride and groom to conclude a marriage union, often even without their consent. The groom's parents must pay a dowry, the amount of which is discussed in advance. If the size of the kalym does not suit the groom, and he wants to "save", there is nothing shameful in stealing the bride before the wedding.

When a child is born, a mullah is invited to him, he performs a special ceremony, whispering prayers in the child's ear that drive away evil spirits and his name. Guests come with gifts, a festive table is set for them.

Islam has a huge impact on public life Tatars and therefore the Tatar people divide all holidays into religious ones, they are called "gaeta" - for example, Uraza Gaeta - a holiday in honor of the end of the fast, or Korban Gaeta - a feast of sacrifice, and secular or folk "bayram", meaning "spring beauty or triumph".

On the holiday of Uraza, believing Muslim Tatars spend the whole day in prayers and conversations with Allah, asking him for protection and removal of sins, you can drink and eat only after sunset.

During the celebrations of Eid al-Adha, the feast of sacrifice and the end of the Hajj, also called the holiday of goodness, every self-respecting Muslim, after performing the morning prayer in the mosque, must slaughter a sacrificial ram, sheep, goat or cow and distribute the meat to those in need.

One of the most significant pre-Islamic holidays is considered the holiday of the plow Sabantuy, which is held in the spring and symbolizes the end of sowing. The culmination of the celebration is the holding of various competitions and competitions in running, wrestling or horse racing. Also, a treat for all those present is obligatory - porridge or botkasy in Tatar, which used to be prepared from common products in a huge cauldron on one of the hills or hillocks. Also at the festival, it was obligatory to have a large number of colored eggs in order for children to collect them. Main holiday Republic of Tatarstan Sabantuy is recognized at the official level and is held every year in the Birch Grove of the village of Mirny near Kazan.

Students: Polina Bolshakova, Olga Zhuk, Elena Manyshkina

The work was done for participation in the KTD. It contains material about the resettlement of Tatars in the Samara region, about the life and traditions of the people.

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Tatars of the Volga region.

The second largest people in the region are Tatars (127,931 people (3.949% of the population). Tatar rural settlements are located in a wide strip in the north, northeast and east of the region, on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Orenburg regions in Kamyshlinsky, Pokhvistnevsky, Elkhovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Shentalinsky, Koshkinsky, Chelnovershinsky district and in the city of Samara.The first Tatar settlements in the Samara Trans-Volga region appeared in the 16th century.Tatars are divided into four ethnoterritorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian, Astrakhan and Crimean.Each ethnoterritorial group of Tatars has its own language and cultural and everyday features.Tatars belong to ethnic groups professing Islam (the exception is the Kryashens - baptized Tatars).On the territory of the Samara region there are many mosques located in Tatar settlements.

Traditional economic activity Samara Tatars wasarable farming combined with animal husbandry. Along with agriculture crafts developed:jewelry, leather, felt.

dwelling earlier it was mainly built of wood, today brick is often used in construction. Inside the dwelling there were built-in benches, shelves, chairs. Wide bunks at the front wall were in the past universal furniture - they were used as beds and seats. Bedding was stored in cupboards or chests.

And today interior decoration Tatar house has retained many ethnic features. The bright coloring of the cladding, the openwork carving of window trims, colored fabrics of different tones - all this creates a unique look of the Tatar dwelling. The walls are often decorated with embroidered tablecloths, prayer rugs, homespun towels, and a colorfully designed saying from the Koran is hung under glass on the front wall.

Traditional costume complex(male and female) consisted of a shirt, trousers with a wide step, fitted velvet camisole, bishmet. The women's shirt was decorated with frills, the chest part was arcuate appliqué or a special bib - izu. Over the camisole, men put on a spacious robe with a shawl collar, and in winter fur coats and sheepskin coats. The men's headdress is an embroidered skullcap with a flat top, over which they wore a fur or quilted hat in cold weather. Women's headdresses were distinguished by their originality different groups Tatars. A small cap kalfak, embroidered with pearls and gold-embroidered smoothness, became widespread among many groups of Tatars; there were also towel-shaped tastars, among the Kazan Tatars - erpek bedspreads embroidered with tambura. The girl's headdress takya was a cap with a semi-rigid band and a soft flat top. It was sewn from blue, green, burgundy velvet and decorated with embroidery, beads, and coins.

Since the economy of the Tatars combined both agricultural and livestock traditions,National cuisineIt is represented by various dishes made from flour, milk and meat. Bread and cakes were baked from flour, pies and pies were made from yeast, unleavened and rich dough (belash, echpochmak) stuffed with potatoes, meat, carrots, beets, etc. Lamb, beef and poultry were used to prepare soups, broths and second courses; horsemeat was salted and processed into sausage. Tatars' favorite drink is tea, which is drunk hot, seasoned with milk or sour cream. Favorite sweet baked dishes -chak - chak , chelpaek, etc.

To the greatest extent, the Tatar culture is represented by the plow festival in honor of the end of the sowing of spring crops - Sabantuy , which did not have an exact calendar date, but was celebrated depending on the readiness of the land for sowing. Now Sabantuy is usually celebrated in June in Samara, Tolyatti and in some other settlements areas. During the holiday are arranged sports: keresh - sash wrestling, short distance running, etc. Both pop and amateur Tatar groups perform, national music sounds and traditional and modern dances. Participants of the events wear traditionally stylized clothes, and thanks to the fair, spectators have the opportunity to taste dishes national cuisine.

Among the Tatar settlements, we note Old Ermakovo in the Kamyshlinsky district and Alkino in the Pokhvistnevsky district - decorative folk art, features of the spiritual culture and life of the Tatar population of the region are clearly represented in these settlements.

Hospitality customs of the Tatars

The custom of meeting and receiving guests is characteristic of people of any nationality. There are legends about the hospitality of the Tatar people.

The Tatar family sees a good omen in the very arrival of a guest in the house, he is an honorary, respected, dear person. Tatars have long been very attentive, caring and polite towards guests. They try to set the table with taste, plentifully treat with various dishes.

“If there is no treat, caress the guest with a word” and “If they treat you, drink even water,” Tatar folk proverbs teach.

Hospitality of the Tatars According to the ancient Tatar custom, a festive tablecloth was laid out in honor of the guest and the best sweet treats were put on the table. chak-chak, sherbet, linden honey, and, of course, fragrant tea.

“An inhospitable person is inferior” was considered by Muslims.

It was customary not only to treat guests, but also to give gifts. As usual, the guest responded in kind.

Ancient Tatar dishes
Tatars have long lived in different regions with different natural conditions. Therefore, the food of the Siberian, Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimean and other Tatars has its own characteristics. For example, one traveler almost 400 years ago wrote that the Astrakhan Tatars eat vobla "instead of bread", they cook pilaf from sturgeon fish, eat a lot of vegetables, love watermelons. For Siberian Tatars hunting for taiga animals was of great importance. Volga Tatars got a lot of honey wild bees and made a lot of products from cow's milk - they even have a proverb: "He who has a cow has a treat."
And yet, all Tatars have common national dishes, common culinary traditions. Therefore, looking at the festive table, you can immediately say: this is a Tatar table!
Since ancient times and until now, the Tatars consider bread as a sacred food. In the old days, they most often ate rye bread - ikmyok (only the rich ate wheat, and even then not always). There was even a custom of taking an oath with bread - ipider. Children from an early age were taught to pick up every crumb. During the meal, the eldest member of the family cut the bread.
Especially famous Tatar dishes with meat:
Bishbarmak - boiled meat, cut into small flat pieces, which are lightly stewed in oil with onions, carrots and peppers. Coarsely chopped noodles serve as a side dish for meat. Previously, bishbarmak was eaten with hands, which is why it got its second name - kullama from kul - hand.
Dried horse meat and goose meat, horse meat sausage - kazylyk.
Pelmeni-it pilmene from young lamb or foal; they are eaten with broth.
Peremyachi-pyoryomoch - very juicy round pies baked in the oven with finely chopped meat; ochpochmak-їchpochmak - triangles stuffed with fatty lamb, onion and potato pieces.
Byalish-balesh - a tall pie with a large bottom and small top crust.
Ubadiya-gubadiya - a round pie with a "multi-story" filling: chopped meat, rice, chopped hard-boiled eggs, raisins. Such a pie is one of the obligatory treats at the celebrations.

Chakchak (chekchek): a meal that you can create yourself
Of course, it is better if adults help you. However, it all depends on whether you have experience in cooking.
So, we take five eggs, a quarter glass of milk, a little sugar, salt, soda, flour. We make soft dough, and from it small and necessarily identical balls - like pine nuts. Here, please show patience and diligence! And then pour a little into the pan vegetable oil and fry the nuts.
Now add sugar to honey (in proportion to one kilogram of honey 200 grams of sugar) and boil it. You will get a very sticky mass. Mix it with nuts. Finally from this building material"We are constructing a truncated pyramid. That's it! The miracle is ready. Of course, you yourself will not be able to stand it and lick your fingers, because they are sticky and sweet-sweet. But everyone who you treat with cut pieces of chakchak will also lick their fingers - such a delicious meal turned out!

What do Tatars drink
The most popular Tatar drink is tea: Indian and Ceylon tea - merchants from ancient times brought it from the East. In addition to sugar, milk or melted cream or butter are added to hot and strong tea. And the Astrakhan Tatars love brick loose-leaf tea. It is poured into the water boiled in the boiler, milk is poured in and boiled for 5-10 minutes. Drink it hot, adding salt, oil and sometimes ground black pepper. Often such tea is drunk with peremyachami.
In addition to ayran (katyk diluted with cold water), the Tatars ancient custom drink sherbet - water sweetened with honey. Previously, on holidays they drank buza - a sweetish intoxicating drink. Slightly intoxicating sour koumiss - it is made from mare's milk, yoche ball and kerchemyo - honey drinks. Drunkenness was despised by the Tatars for centuries.

What is impossible
In addition to alcohol, the Tatar folk tradition forbade eating burbot, because this fish was considered similar to a snake. It was impossible to eat crayfish, the meat of predatory animals. Swans and doves were considered sacred and were not eaten either. They did not pick or eat mushrooms. Muslims should not eat pork: the Koran forbids.

How rich...
Like all peoples in the world, the Tatars lived and live differently: some are rich, others are poor. They also ate and eat differently: one is a “supermarket”, and the other is what they have grown in their garden.
Here is one family's menu:
In the morning - tea with Perm.
For lunch - dumplings with katyk.
For the second dinner - bialish with tea.
For an afternoon snack - tea with apricots or chakchak.
For dinner - fried kaz (goose) or boiled meat and tea.
And in another family, the food is like this:
In the morning - talkan (porridge made from flour on water) and it's good if katyk or tea.
For lunch - salma (soup with pieces of dough), and in summer - buckwheat porridge and katyk.
In the evening - again a mash of flour and tea.
But both poor and rich Tatars are always hospitable. Is it true, Tatar proverb says: "When a guest comes - the meat is fried, there is no meat - he throws himself into the heat." And yet, a guest never leaves a Tatar house without a treat - at least a cup of tea with homemade marshmallow.

Ancient Instructions
O my son, if you want to be honored, be hospitable, friendly, generous. Your goodness will not decrease from this, and perhaps it will become more.

Tatar tea drinking is more than a tradition

“The tea table is the soul of the family,” say the Tatars, thus emphasizing not only their love for tea as a drink, but also its importance in the drinking ritual. This salient feature Tatar cuisine. The tea-drinking ritual - “whose echa” - has entered Tatar life so much that it is impossible to imagine a single holiday without it: weddings, matchmaking, Sabantuy, the birth of a child ... Tea is drunk strong, hot, often diluted with milk or cream. At dinner parties, dried apricots, dried apricots, raisins, slices of fresh apples are added to tea at the request of guests. In essence, not a single feast can do without tea, and any - with invited or uninvited guests.

For some groups of Tatars, the ritual of treating guests begins with tea with numerous baked goods, and only then the first and second courses are served. For others, on the contrary, the tea table completes the treat. And this order is sustainable ethnic tradition, although the set of dishes is largely the same.

They like to drink tea from small cups-bowls so that they do not cool down. And if, during an interesting conversation, the guest started talking to the owner of the house, the hostess always gave him a new bowl with freshly brewed tea.

Mandatory items for serving the tea table, in addition to cups, are individual plates, sugar bowls, milk jugs, teaspoons. A polished samovar with a teapot on the burner to a shine should set the tone for a pleasant conversation, create a mood, decorate the table on holidays and on weekdays.

Back in the days of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde, the culture of the feast, the preparation of drinks from various herbs was typical of the area. In the course were bowls, bowls, jugs made of a special composition "kashin", covered with glaze with painting. The new drink - tea - organically fit into the life of the local population.

In the 19th century, tea drinking entered every home in multinational Kazan. K. Fuchs, the first researcher of the life of the Kazan Tatars, wrote: "... a set table with porcelain cups and a samovar by the stove were typical in the house of a Tatar tradesman of those years."

Brewing Tatar tea

Pour and boil 3 liters of water into a small saucepan. After boiling water, add the tea leaves, boil for five minutes and then enrich the tea with oxygen (we scoop it up with a ladle and pour the tea leaves back into the pan in a small stream - and as Minem Apa advised, 100 times). Then add about 1 liter of milk. Can add butter. We insist about 5-7 minutes. Pour tea into bowls. A bowl is a mandatory attribute of every tea party.

Bagels and dishes of the Tatar national cuisine are well suited for tea: kystyby, pәrәmәch, өchpochmak.

Hospitality

We love home
Where they love us.
Let it be cheese, let it be stuffy.
But if only a warm welcome
Blossomed in the window of the master's eyes.

And on any tricky map
We will find this strange house -
Where is the long tea
Where is the timid apron
Where is it - in December and in March -
Meet
Sunny face!

Joseph Utkin

The customs of hospitality are passed down from generation to generation. They have become so firmly entrenched in our lives that in the minds different peoples taken for granted, as an integral part of culture. Times are difficult now, and anyway - go to visit each other, be open, friendly, friendly. After all, the main thing at a party is not a feast, but the joy of communicating with dear people on which, as you know, the world rests.

Every nation has its National holidays. Many of these holidays were born in antiquity - several centuries or even a thousand years ago. Everything around: villages and cities, things, clothes, professions, nature are changing, and folk holidays continue and continue to live. For the holidays are the holidays of the heart, the soul of the people.
Tatar folk holidays delight people with a sense of gratitude and respect for nature, for the customs of their ancestors, for each other.
Russian word"holiday" comes from the Old Russian porozden, that is, empty. It turns out that a holiday is an empty, unoccupied time, that is, free from labor and other ordinary activities. Of course, the way it is - it is not in vain that they say: there are holidays and there are weekdays, ordinary, ordinary days.
The Tatars also have two words meaning a holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called by the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaet - the holiday of fasting and Korban gaet - the holiday of the sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays in Tatar are called beyrem. Scientists believe that this word means "spring beauty", "spring celebration".

Religious holidays are called by the word gaet or bayram (Uraza-bayram (Ramadan) - the feast of fasting and Korban-bairam - the feast of sacrifice). Muslim holidays among the Tatars - Muslims include a collective morning prayer, in which all men and boys participate. Then it is supposed to go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of their loved ones. And the women and the girls helping them at this time prepare treats at home. On holidays (and every religious holiday used to last for several days) with congratulations they went around the houses of relatives and neighbors. It was especially important to visit the parental home. On the days of Korban Bayram - the holiday of the victim, they tried to treat them with meat as much as possible more people, the tables remained covered for two or three days in a row, and everyone entering the house, whoever he was, had the right to help himself ...

Folk holidays
Spring is a time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectations. Good spring - be good harvest, which means prosperous life.
Boz carau
According to the old, old tradition, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first bayram - "spring celebration" for the Tatars is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz carau, boz bagu - "to watch the ice", boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift.
All residents, from old people to children, came out to watch the ice drift on the river bank. The youth walked dressed up, with harmonists. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. In the blue spring twilight, these floating torches could be seen far away, and songs rushed after them.
Younger Yau
Once in early spring, the children went home to collect cereals, butter, eggs. With their calls, they expressed good wishes to the owners and ... demanded refreshments!
With the help of one or two elderly women, children cooked porridge in a huge cauldron from the food collected on the street or indoors. Everyone brought a plate and a spoon with them. And after such a feast, the children played, doused themselves with water.
Kyzyl yomorka
After a while, the day of collecting colored eggs came. The villagers were warned about such a day in advance and the housewives dyed eggs in the evening - most often in broth onion peel. The eggs turned out to be multi-colored - from golden yellow to dark brown, and in a decoction of birch leaves - various shades of green. In addition, special dough balls were baked in each house - small buns, pretzels, and they also bought sweets.
Children especially looked forward to this day. Mothers sewed bags for them from towels to collect eggs. Some guys went to bed dressed and shod, so as not to waste time getting ready in the morning, they put a log under the pillow so as not to oversleep. Early in the morning, boys and girls began to walk around the houses. The one who came in first brought the chips and scattered them on the floor - so that "the yard was not empty", that is, so that there were a lot of living creatures on it.

Khasyanova Raffia

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Creative work on the module

"Fundamentals of Islamic Culture"

Traditions

Tatar people

Traditions of the Tatar people.

Why did I choose this research topic? I am Tatar by nationality.

Each nation has its own distinctive features - traditions. The traditions of each nation are certain customs, rituals, social habits and much more inherent in each nation. They came from the depths of our ancestors and were passed down from generation to generation. It is traditions that distinguish one nation from another! I am a Tatar, and I am not indifferent to the history and culture of my people. Therefore, I decided to study the customs, traditions and life of the Tatars using the example of my family. In his research work I will describe the wedding ceremony, naming (“Isem Kushu”) holidays Uraza Bayram, Sabantuy. I will tell you about the national costume and traditional Tatar dishes.

I'll start with birth, but not mine, but my family, since my parents got married. Characteristically, the wedding ("nikah") was held in the bride's house. The wedding began with a religious ceremony, a mullah was invited, he read a prayer. The wedding was attended by all close relatives, the older generation, both from the side of the groom and from the side of the bride. At the table, mom and dad were first offered to taste a crust of bread, anointed with butter and honey, so that life would be soft and sweet, like honey.

After the feast, the groom's side gave gifts, paid kalym for the bride. After the legal registration of the marriage, the rite “kilen tosheru” was performed (they let the bride go). The groom's mother (my grandmother) laid a pillow in front of her daughter-in-law (my mother), the young wife should stand on it and enter the house.

When I was born, according to tradition, a celebration was held. The ceremony of naming (“isem kushu”) was held. It was held with the invitation of the mullah and honorary elders. I was presented on a pillow to the mullah, and while reading excerpts from the Koran, he loudly pronounced my name several times. The naming ceremony ends with the ash treat.

Religious holidayscalled the word Gaet.Uraza Gaete - the holiday of fasting Kurban Gaete - the holiday of sacrifice) And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Bairam in Tatar.

Uraza - fasting was always kept by my great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers, now my grandparents are fasting, my parents usually fast for a week. Fasting is a complete abstinence during daylight hours from eating, drinking, inhaling tobacco smoke, drinking alcohol for one month. Fasting teaches benevolence, sympathy, understanding.

70 days after Uraz gaete, Kurban gaete (sacrifices) or a ceremony of gifting in front of dead ancestors is carried out. A sheep or a cow is sacrificed. Choose so that the legs and horns are not injured.

We always gather with the whole family on these holidays at the table, prepare treats, invite guests.

And now I will tell you about the most fun and favorite Tatar holiday -

This is Sabantuy. Literally, "Sabantuy" means "Feast of the Plow" (saban - plow and tuy - holiday) Now Sabantuy is held in June, after sowing. Sabantuy starts in the morning. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan, a large meadow. This is a very beautiful and kind holiday. There are a lot of entertainments on Sabantuy. Every year I visit this festival and I can list some of the traditional competitions that are held there: 1. National wrestling kuresh. The fight follows certain rules: opponents wrap wide belts around each other, the task is to hang the opponent on his sash in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner of kuresh, an absolute batyr, receives a live ram as a reward and with it on his shoulders makes a circle of honor. True, recently a ram has often been replaced with some other valuable prize - a TV, a refrigerator, washing machine and even by car. 2. Horse racing. interesting moment: not only the winner is awarded, but also the one who came last. 3. Running with a spoon in his mouth. But the spoon is not empty, it contains a raw egg, with which you must run first to the finish line. 4. Another competition in which my friends participated was “break the pot”: the participants are blindfolded. They give a long stick in their hands and tell them to break the pot with it .. 5. Climbing a very high smooth pillar, naturally at the top, a prize awaits

All participants are awarded with souvenirs, and the winners with prizes. The very organization of Sabantuy contains the principle: “Do not offend, do not offend, do not humiliate a single person. No one should leave with a heavy heart, with resentment.

And at this holiday, concerts are organized in which Tatar national and modern songs are heard. They are performed by professional and amateur artists.

And what's a party without food! There you can taste national dishes (bishbarmak, chak-chak, byalish) and many other delicious things.

Traditional Tatar costumein all its beauty, grandeur and femininity is the most valuable monument folk art. It reflects the art of tailoring, a variety of embroidery, jewelry and leather mosaics.
Like many peoples, the basis of the Tatar costume is a plain, spacious shirt of a tunic cut. Often the dresses were sewn with gathered hem and decorated with wide waves, frills or fringes. As a rule, shirts were not worn separately. Over the dress, swinging clothes were always worn in the form of camisoles, sewn from heavy silk or velvet fabrics and decorated with ribbon trim.
Due to removable decorations, the costume took on a festive and more noble look. An elegant bib was popular, covering the neckline of the dress from above. A decorative braid was sewn along the rounded side of the breastplate, on which coins and brooches were attached. A baldric, also decorated with various brooches and plaques, gave a rich look to the Tatar costume.

As shoes, the Tatars were widely wearingichig (chitek) . Galoshes were everyday shoes. Shoes were considered to be shoes. Women's shoes were patterned, often with heels. Shoes with a sharp, slightly raised toe were considered traditional. In winter, boots were worn, short and high.

Among men's hats, a special place was occupied byskullcap

The main headdress for women was kalfak . Muslim women braided their hair in two braids that went down their backs. Bedspreads are more typical for older women. They were different in shape: triangular, square, towel-shaped. Top hats were worn over the covers, firmly holding them on the head. These were different bandages, scarves and hats.Among the Muslim clergy, the Tatars also woreturbans .

Tatar cuisine

The culinary traditions of the Tatars have evolved over more than one century. The composition of the products was primarily influenced by natural conditions and, last but not least, by lifestyle. To this day, in Tatar cuisine there is a great variety in the recipe for baking from unleavened, yeast, rich, sour, sweet dough. Such Tatar dishes as kystyby (chebureks), belish, vak belish, echpochmak(kurnik), peremyach (belyashi), gubadia (pie), baursak, chak-chak extremely tasty and known not only to the Tatars. Chak-chak is the pride of the Tatar national cuisine. It is served as a special treat at weddings, ceremonial receptions..

Conclusion

In the course of research and study of the traditions of the Tatar people, I learned a lot. I became more closely acquainted with the culture and customs of my people. I learned about various holidays and rituals. Participated in the district fair "Our Origins" in the nomination "Costume. Style origins "and learned how to cook traditional dishes. And all this is thanks to my family, their stories, observance of traditions, the desire to preserve and pass on from generation to generation precious experience and knowledge about the Tatar culture.

Undoubtedly, our hypothesis was proved. Now, knowing the traditions and customs of my people, I have a different look at the people living next to me, at people of other nationalities. I realized that each culture is unique and it is necessary to respect all the peoples living next to us.

In the future, I would like to continue studying the multifaceted culture of my people, touching on other aspects of its existence.