Presentation on the Greeks and their culture. Culture of Ancient Greece
Class: 10
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Target: contribute to the formation of students' knowledge about the artistic culture of Ancient Greece.
Tasks:
- give an idea of the nature of ancient Greek architecture and sculpture;
- introduce the concept of “order” in architecture; consider their types;
- to identify the role of ancient Greek culture in the development of European culture;
- educate interest in the culture of other countries;
Lesson type: formation of new knowledge
Lesson equipment: G.I. Danilova MHC. From the origins to the XVII century: a textbook for 10 cells. - M.: Bustard, 2013. Presentation, computer, projector, interactive whiteboard.
During the classes
I. Organization of the class.
II. Preparing for the perception of a new topic
III. Learning new material
The land of Ancient Hellas still amazes with majestic architectural structures and sculptural monuments.
Hellas - this is how its inhabitants called their country, and themselves - Hellenes by the name of the legendary king - the ancestor of Hellenes. Later this country was called Ancient Greece.
The blue sea splashed, leaving far beyond the horizon. In the midst of the expanse of water, the islands were green with dense greenery.
The Greeks built cities on the islands. Talented people lived in every city, able to speak the language of lines, colors, and reliefs. SLIDE 2-3
The architectural appearance of ancient Hellas
"We love beauty without whimsicality and wisdom without effeminacy." This is how the ideal of Greek culture was expressed by a public figure of the 5th century. BC. Pericles. Nothing superfluous is the main principle of the art and life of Ancient Greece. SLIDE 5
The development of democratic city-states largely contributed to the development of architecture, which reached special heights in temple architecture. It expressed the main principles, subsequently formulated on the basis of the works of Greek architects by the Roman architect Vitruvius (second half of the 1st century BC): “strength, utility and beauty”.
Order (lat. - order) - a type of architectural structure, when the combination and interaction of bearing (supporting) and carried (overlapping) elements are taken into account. The most widespread are the Doric and Ionic (late 7th century BC) and, to a lesser extent later (late 5th - early 4th century BC) Corinthian order, which are widely used in architecture up to our time. SLIDE 6-7
In a Doric temple, the columns rise straight from the pedestal. They have no decorations, except for stripes-flutes-vertical grooves. Doric columns hold the roof with tension, you can see how hard it is for them. The top of the column is crowned with a capital (head). The trunk of a column is called its body. In Doric temples, the capital is very simple. The Doric order, as the most concise and simple, embodied the idea of masculinity and fortitude of the character of the Greek tribes of the Dorians.
It is characterized by a strict beauty of lines, shapes and proportions. SLIDE 8-9.
The columns of an Ionic temple are taller and thinner. Below it is raised above the pedestal. Flute grooves on its trunk are located more often and flow like folds of thin fabric. And the capital has two curls. SLIDE 9-11
The name comes from the city of Corinth. They are richly decorated with floral motifs, among which images of acanthus leaves predominate.
Sometimes a vertical support in the form of a female figure was used as a column. It was called the caryatid. SLIDE 12-14
The Greek order system was embodied in stone temples, which, as you know, served as dwellings for the gods. The most common type of Greek temple was the peripter. Peripter (Greek - “pteros”, i.e. “feathered”, surrounded by columns around the perimeter). On its long side there were 16 or 18 columns, on the shorter side 6 or 8. The temple was a room that had the shape of an elongated rectangle in plan. SLIDE 15
Athens Acropolis
5th century BC - the heyday of the ancient Greek policies. Athens is turning into the largest political and cultural center of Hellas. In the history of ancient Greece, this time is usually called the “golden age of Athens”. It was then that the construction of many architectural structures that entered the treasury of world art was carried out here. This time - the reign of the leader of the Athenian democracy Pericles. SLIDE 16
The most remarkable buildings are located on the Athenian Acropolis. Here were the most beautiful temples of Ancient Greece. The Acropolis not only adorned the great city, but above all it was a shrine. When a man first came to Athens, he first of all saw
Acropolis. SLIDE 17
Acropolis means "upper city" in Greek. Settled on a hill. Temples were built here in honor of the Gods. All work on the Acropolis was led by the great Greek architect Phidias. As many as 16 years of his life, Phidias gave the Acropolis. He revived this colossal creation. All temples were built entirely of marble. SLIDE 18
SLIDE 19-38 These slides present a plan of the Acropolis, with a detailed description of the monuments of architecture and sculpture.
On the southern slope of the Acropolis was the theater of Dionysus, which accommodated 17 thousand people. Tragic and comedic scenes from the life of gods and people were played out in it. The Athenian public reacted vividly and temperamentally to everything that happened before their eyes. SLIDE 39-40
Fine art of ancient Greece. Sculpture and vase painting.
Ancient Greece entered the history of world artistic culture thanks to the wonderful works of sculpture and vase painting. Sculptures adorned the squares of ancient Greek cities and the facades of architectural structures in abundance. According to Plutarch (c. 45-c. 127), there were more statues in Athens than living people. SLIDE 41-42
The earliest works that have come down to our time are kouros and kora, created in the archaic era.
Kouros is a type of statue of a young athlete, usually naked. Reached considerable sizes (up to 3 m). Kuros were placed in sanctuaries and on tombs; they were predominantly of memorial significance, but could also be cult images. Kuros are surprisingly similar to each other, even their postures are always the same: upright static figures with a leg extended forward, arms with palms clenched into a fist extended along the body. The features of their faces are devoid of individuality: the correct oval of the face, the straight line of the nose, the oblong section of the eyes; full, bulging lips, large and round chin. The hair behind the back forms a continuous cascade of curls. SLIDE 43-45
The figures of kor (girls) are the embodiment of sophistication and sophistication. Their postures are also monotonous and static. Tightly curled curls, intercepted by diadems, are parted and descend to the shoulders in long symmetrical strands. All faces have an enigmatic smile. SLIDE 46
The ancient Hellenes were the first to think about what a beautiful person should be, and sang the beauty of his body, the courage of his will and the strength of his mind. Sculpture was especially developed in Ancient Greece, reaching new heights in the transfer of portrait features and the emotional state of a person. The main theme of the sculptors' work was man - the most perfect creation of nature.
The images of people by the artists and sculptors of Greece begin to come to life, move, they learn to walk and slightly put their foot back, freezing in half a step. SLIDE 47-49
Ancient Greek sculptors really liked to sculpt statues of athletes, as they called people of great physical strength, athletes. The most famous sculptors of that time are: Miron, Poliklet, Phidias. SLIDE 50
Myron is the most beloved and popular among Greek portrait sculptors. The greatest glory was brought to Miron by his statues of victorious athletes. SLIDE 51
Statue "Discobolus". Before us is a beautiful young man, ready to throw a discus. It seems that in a moment the athlete will straighten up and the disk thrown with great force will fly into the distance.
Miron, one of the sculptors who sought to convey a sense of movement in his work. 25th century statue. Only copies have survived to this day, which are stored in various museums around the world. SLIDE 52
Polykleitos is an ancient Greek sculptor and art theorist who worked in Argos in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. Poliklet wrote the treatise "Canon", where he first spoke about what forms an exemplary sculpture can and should have. Developed a kind of “mathematics of beauty”. He carefully peered into the beauties of his time and deduced the proportions, observing which you can build a correct, beautiful figure. The most famous work of Polykleitos is “Dorifor” (Spear-bearer) (450-440 BC). It was believed that the sculpture was created on the basis of the provisions of the treatise. SLIDE 53-54
Statue "Dorifor".
A beautiful and powerful young man, apparently the winner of the Olympic Games, slowly walks with a short spear on his shoulder. This work embodied the ideas of the ancient Greeks about beauty. Sculpture has long remained the canon (sample) of beauty. Poliklet sought to portray a person at rest. Standing or walking slowly. SLIDE 55
Around 500 B.C. in Athens, a boy was born who was destined to become the most famous sculptor of all Greek culture. He earned the fame of the greatest sculptor. Everything that Phidias did remains the hallmark of Greek art to this day. SLIDE 56-57
The most famous work of Phidias is the statue of Olympian Zeus. The figure of Zeus was made of wood, and parts from other materials were attached to the base with the help of bronze and iron nails and special hooks. The face, hands and other parts of the body were made of ivory - it is quite close in color to human skin. Hair, beard, cloak, sandals were made of gold, eyes were made of precious stones. Zeus's eyes were the size of a grown man's fist. The base of the statue was 6 meters wide and 1 meter high. The height of the entire statue, together with the pedestal, was, according to various sources, from 12 to 17 meters. The impression was created "that if he (Zeus) wanted to get up from the throne, he would blow the roof off." SLIDE 58-59
Sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism.
Classical traditions were replaced in the Hellenistic era by a more complex understanding of the inner world of man. New themes and plots appear, the interpretation of well-known classical motifs changes, approaches to the depiction of human characters and events become completely different. Among the sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism, one should name: “Venus de Milo” by Agesander, sculptural groups for the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus in Pergamon; “Nike of Samothrokiia by an unknown author, “Laocoon with his sons” by the sculptors Agesander, Athenador, Polydorus. SLIDE 60-61
Antique vase painting.
As beautiful as architecture and sculpture was the painting of ancient Greece, the development of which can be judged from the drawings decorating the vases that have come down to us, starting from the 11th-10th centuries. BC e. Ancient Greek craftsmen created a great variety of vessels for various purposes: amphoras - for storing olive oil and wine, craters - for mixing wine with water, lekythos - a narrow vessel for oil and incense. SLIDE 62-64
Vessels were molded from clay, and then painted with a special compound - it was called “black lacquer”. Black-figure painting was called, for which the natural color of baked clay served as a background. Red-figure painting was called, for which the background was black, and the images had the color of baked clay. Legends and myths, scenes of everyday life, school lessons, athletic competitions served as subjects for painting. Time did not spare the antique vases - many of them were broken. But thanks to the painstaking work of archaeologists, some managed to be glued together, but to this day they delight us with perfect shapes and the brilliance of black lacquer. SLIDE 65-68
The culture of Ancient Greece, having reached a high degree of development, later had a huge impact on the culture of the whole world. SLIDE 69
IV. Consolidation of the material covered
V. Homework
Textbook: chapter 7-8. Prepare reports on the work of one of the Greek sculptors: Phidias, Polykleitos, Myron, Skopas, Praxiteles, Lysippus.
VI. Lesson summary
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Pupils of the 10th grade "A" Zenina Daria and Zhuravleva Antonina History presentation on the topic "Culture of Ancient Greece"
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Mythology of Ancient Greece The mythological culture of Ancient Greece is based on material-sensual or animated-rational cosmologism. Cosmos is understood here as an absolute, a deity and as a work of art. The idea of the Greeks about the world is reduced to the idea of it as a theatrical stage, where people are actors, and all together are a product of the Cosmos.
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Myths about the Greek gods The Greeks believed in many gods. According to myths, the gods behaved like people: they fought, quarreled, fell in love. They all lived on Olympus
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Zeus Zeus is the god of the sky, thunder and lightning, in charge of the whole world. The chief of the Olympian gods, the father of gods and people, the third son of the titan Kronos and Rhea Brother of Hades, Hestia, Demeter and Poseidon. Zeus' wife is the goddess Hera. The attributes of Zeus were: a shield and a double-sided ax, sometimes an eagle.
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Hades The kingdom of the dead was ruled by Hades, brother of Zeus. There are few myths about him. The kingdom of the dead was separated from the rest of the world by the deep river Styx, through which the souls of the dead were ferried by CHARON. Cerberus or Cerberus, in Greek mythology, the guard dog of the kingdom of the dead, guarding the entrance to the world of Hades
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Poseidon Poseidon (Roman Neptune) was the Greek god of the seas and oceans. He is depicted in the guise of a domineering bearded man, somewhat similar to Zeus, with a trident in his hand. Poseidon is the wildest of gods, the god of storms and earthquakes, the rushing and relentless tidal waves, the dangers that are exposed when the forces dormant beneath the surface of consciousness are unleashed. His animal symbols are the bull and the horse.
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Demeter Demeter was the great Olympian goddess of agriculture, grain, and the sustenance of mankind. She also presided over the foremost of the region's arcane cults, whose initiators were promised her patronage on their way to a happy afterlife. Demeter was depicted as a mature woman, often wearing a crown and holding a sheaf of wheat and a torch.
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Hestia Hestia is the goddess of the family hearth and sacrificial fire in Ancient Greece. Eldest daughter of Kronos and Rhea. Sister of Zeus, Demeter, Hades and Poseidon. Her image was in the Athenian Prytaneum. She was called “owning the Pythian laurel.” She was sacrificed before the start of any sacred ceremony, no matter whether the latter was of a private or public nature, thanks to which the saying “start with Hestia” was formed, which served as a synonym for a successful and correct approach to business.
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Hera Hera - goddess, patroness of marriage, protecting the mother during childbirth. One of the twelve Olympian deities, supreme goddess, wife of Zeus.
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Sculpture of Ancient Greece Ancient Greek sculpture is one of the highest achievements of the culture of antiquity, which left an indelible mark on world history. The origin of Greek sculpture can be attributed to the era of Homeric Greece (XII-VIII centuries BC). Already in the archaic era, in the 7th-6th centuries, wonderful statues and ensembles were created. The heyday and the highest rise of Greek sculpture fell on the period of early and high classics (5th century BC). And IV century BC. e., the period of the late classics.
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The sculpture of the archaic era is dominated by statues of slender naked youths and draped young girls - kouros and bark. Neither childhood nor old age attracted the attention of artists then, because only in mature youth are the vital forces in their prime and balance. Early Greek sculptors created images of Men and Women in their ideal form. Archaic sculptures were not so uniformly white as we imagine them now. Many have traces of paint. Artists were looking for mathematically adjusted proportions of the human body and the “body” of the architecture “Goddess with a Pomegranate” from Keratea 580-570 years “Disco Thrower” Miron 460-450 BC.
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Ancient Greek temples The main task of architecture among the Greeks was the construction of temples. It gave rise to and developed artistic forms. Throughout the historical life of Ancient Greece, its temples retained the same basic type, subsequently adopted by the Ancient Romans. The Greek temples were not like the temples of Ancient Egypt and the East: they were not colossal, religiously awe-inspiring mysterious temples of formidable, monstrous deities, but friendly abodes of human-like gods, arranged like the dwellings of mere mortals, but more elegant and rich.
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Architecture The main task of architecture among the Greeks was the construction of temples. Throughout the historical life of Ancient Greece, its temples retained the same basic type. the column played an important role in Greek architecture: its forms, proportions and decorative finishes subordinated the forms, proportions and decoration of other parts of the building; she was the module that defined his style. The columns of Ancient Greece are divided into two styles: The Doric style is distinguished by its simplicity, power, even heaviness of its forms, their strict proportionality and full compliance with mechanical laws. Its column represents a circle in its section; In the Ionic style, all forms are lighter, more delicate and graceful than in the Doric. The column stands on a quadrangular, rather wide foot Temple of Apollo Temple of Artemis
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Vase painting The ancient Greeks painted any kind of pottery used for storage, eating, in rituals and holidays. Ceramics, decorated with particular care, were donated to temples or invested in burials. After a strong firing, environmentally resistant ceramic vessels and their fragments have survived in tens of thousands. From the second half of the 7th c. before the beginning of the 5th century BC, human figures began to appear on the images. The most popular motives for images on vases are feasts, battles, mythological scenes telling about the life of Hercules and the Trojan War. At different periods of their lives, the Greeks used different types of vase painting: black-figure, red-figure, vase painting on a white background, gnathia vases, Canosian, Centurip. Red-figure vase painting Black-figure vase painting Gnathia vase Painting on a white background Chenturip vase painting
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Ancient Greek writing The ancient Greeks developed their writing based on Phoenician. The names of some Greek letters are Phoenician words. For example, the name of the letter "alpha" comes from the Phoenician "alef" (bull), "beta" - from "bet" (house). They also came up with some new letters. This is how the alphabet came about. The Greek alphabet already had 24 letters. The Greek alphabet formed the basis of the Latin, and the Latin became the basis of all Western European languages. The Slavic alphabet also originated from Greek. The invention of the alphabet is a huge step forward in the development of culture.
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Literature Of the huge number of works of ancient Greek literature, only a very few have come down to us. The literature of ancient Greece is divided into two periods: Archaic period - the main phenomenon of Homeric poems, representing the completion of a long series of smaller experiments in legendary poetry, as well as religious and everyday songwriting. This also includes the Odyssey and the Iliad. Classical period - this period was dominated by comedy and tragedy, reflecting the real political life of the Greeks. Hellenistic period - in a number of scientific disciplines of that time, philology or literary criticism occupied the first place. The removal of poetry from politics, as it were, was compensated by idyllic pictures of the common people's life.
Culture of Ancient Greece
The culture of Ancient Greece is recognized by historical monuments, as well as archaeological excavations. It is dated from the 27th century BC to the 2nd century. BC. During this period, culture has undergone many changes. The heyday of the culture of Ancient Greece falls on the 5th-4th century. BC.
Ancient Greek culture is often called ancient. As historical studies show, the Greeks called their land Hellas, and therefore their culture was not Greek, but the culture of Hellenism.
During the period of development of the ancient Greek state, culture also changed greatly. At some point in time, she stood still, and at some point she simply broke out into the front lines.
Ancient Greek culture has its own special stages of development. Each period of culture has its own distinctive features. Historians identify 4 stages in the development of culture.
Stage 1 Aegean culture
This culture originated on about. Crete and Mycenae.
A characteristic architectural monument is the so-called Labyrinth - the Palace of Knossos. From it to this day only 1 floor remains. In fact, it was a large building that contained about three hundred rooms. The development of painting can be judged by the remains of images on the walls of the Knossos palace. Colored paints were actively used in painting.
The heyday of the era of the Aegean culture falls on the 15th century BC. and during the reign of Mi-nos. That is why the Aegean culture is also called Minos.
Epoch 2 - Homeric Period
This period dates from the 11th to the 9th century BC. Information about this era is mainly taken from literary works that have survived to contemporaries: the Odyssey and the Iliad.
Many historians question the authenticity of what is described in the poems. However, these are the only sources on which one can rely and study the history and culture of the Homeric period.
This period is characterized by a rollback of ancient Greek culture back. It was then that the emerging writing disappeared again. Greek civilization was born anew. Spiritual culture, at the core of its mythology, was preserved and developed.
Stage 3 - Archaic culture
The period dates back to the 8th-6th c. BC. During this period, ancient Greece was preparing for a huge take-off in the field of culture, economics and political life. The main achievement of the Archaic culture of ancient Greece is the creation of alphabetic writing. In addition, architecture and crafts actively developed.
The Greeks in the period of Archaic culture were literate thanks to the emerging writing. The alphabet was simple, making learning easy enough for every Greek. In the Archaic period, the science of philosophy arises.
Olympic Games
Arising in 776 BC. these games were able to stop all wars and uprisings for 5 days. During the Olympic Games in Olympia, civic spirit and patriotism rose. Games were held once every 4 years.
Stage 4 - classical or Hellenistic.
This stage is a powerful impetus upward for all spheres of life of the ancient Greeks. Then philosophy develops as a science, history and medicine appear. The main distinguishing building of this time is the Acropolis.
