The world's largest terrorist attack in history: list, description and interesting facts. The most notorious terrorist attacks in the world

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Introduction

Terrorism today- a powerful weapon, a tool used not only in the fight against the Authority, but very often - by the Authority itself to achieve its goals.

Terrorism is a constant companion of humanity, which is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, acquiring increasingly diverse forms and threatening proportions. Terrorist acts cause massive human casualties, exert strong psychological pressure on large masses of people, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow hostility between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome in over the life of an entire generation.

Terrorism as a mass and politically significant phenomenon is the result of widespread “de-ideologization,” when certain groups in society begin to question the legality and rights of the state and thereby justify their transition to terror to achieve their own goals. Various criminal groups commit terrorist acts to intimidate and destroy competitors, to influence government authorities in order to achieve the best conditions for their criminal activities. Anyone can become a victim of a terrorist attack, even those who have nothing to do with the conflict that gave rise to the terrorist act.

The level of terrorism and the specific forms of its manifestation are an indicator, on the one hand, of public morality, and on the other, the effectiveness of the efforts of society and the state to solve the most pressing problems, in particular, to prevent and suppress terrorism itself.

Terrorist acts are becoming more and more carefully organized and cruel every year, using the most modern technology, weapons, and communications. In various regions of the world, political and nationalist radicals who have adopted methods of terror to achieve their goals have organized an extensive network of underground, weapons and explosives depots, support structures, and financial institutions. A system of firms, companies, banks and funds functions as a cover for terrorist organizations. It is quite obvious that to counter this extremely dangerous phenomenon, it is necessary to coordinate the efforts of all states at the highest level and create a network of international organizations. To carry out effective actions to combat terrorism, it is also necessary to develop unified international legal concepts and precise legal characteristics of this type of crime.

1 . The concept and types of modern terrorism

It is not easy to define terrorism, since sometimes this concept has different meanings. Modern society is faced with many types of terrorism, and this term has lost its clear meaning. Terrorism includes purely criminal kidnappings for ransom, politically motivated murders, brutal methods of warfare, aircraft hijackings, and blackmail, i.e. acts of violence directed against the property and interests of citizens. There are more than a hundred definitions of terror and terrorism, but none of them are sufficiently specific. The word terror comes from the Latin language: terror - fear, horror. Indeed, any actions of a terrorist (even those not related to murder) always involve violence, coercion, and threat.

The main means of achieving a goal for any terrorist is intimidation, creating an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty, and instilling terror. Taking into account the extreme social danger and cruelty of acts of terror, their antisociality and inhumanity, terrorism can be defined as a social phenomenon consisting in the unlawful use of extreme forms of violence or the threat of violence to intimidate opponents in order to achieve specific goals.

Nowadays, there are many forms of terrorism that can be classified according to the subjects of terrorist activity and the focus on achieving certain results.

Intrastate terrorism is the activity of specially organized terrorist groups or individual terrorists, whose actions are aimed at achieving various political goals within one state. Terror can be called violence deliberately directed towards the state.

Violence comes in two forms:

1) direct violence, which is expressed in the direct use of force (war, armed uprising, political repression, terror),

2) indirect (hidden) violence, which does not involve the direct use of force (various forms of spiritual, psychological pressure, political interference, economic blockade), but means only the threat of the use of force (political pressure, diplomatic ultimatum).

As noted in the legal literature, state terror is more often resorted to by unstable regimes with a low level of legitimacy of power, which cannot maintain the stability of the system using economic and political methods. Russia experienced political terror back in the days of Narodnaya Volya, whose members widely used terrorist methods to fight the hated government (this organization prepared 7 attempts on the life of Alexander II). However, if in past times terrorists chose specific government or public figures as victims, modern political terrorists do not disdain massacres: from being an annoying expense, extraneous victims have become one of the most effective means of modern terrorism. Panic is what terrorists are counting on. They don't demand anything, they don't call for anything. They simply blow up houses, trying to sow animalistic fear and panic. Fear is not an end in itself. Fear is only a means to achieve certain political goals.

Thus, political terrorism is the use of terror for political purposes. That is why the main targets of terrorist actions are large masses of obviously defenseless people. And the more merciless and bloody the terrorist action, the better for the terrorists. This means that the faster the government, political forces or population will do what is required of them. In this regard, hospitals, maternity hospitals, kindergartens, schools, and residential buildings are ideal targets for political terrorists. That is, with political terror, the main object of influence is not the people themselves, but the political situation, which, through terror against civilians, they try to change in the direction desired by the terrorists.

“Ordinary” terrorists, in order to achieve their goals, first threaten violence, and only if they are intransigent do they realize their threats, while political terror initially involves mass casualties. Be that as it may, terrorism is classified as a criminal offense, regardless of its causes, goals and motives. Modern political terrorism has merged with criminal crime; they interact and support each other. Their goals and motives may be different, but their forms and methods are the same. Here are some examples: Colombian terrorist organizations interact with the drug mafia, Corsican ones with the Sicilian mafia. Often, to obtain sufficient financial resources for their activities, political terrorist groups use criminal methods - smuggling, illegal arms trade.

In accordance with the focus, terrorism can also be classified into: social, pursuing the goal of a radical or partial change in the economic or political system of one’s own country; nationalist, practiced by separatist organizations and organizations whose goal is to fight against the dictates of foreign states; religious, associated either with the struggle of adherents of one religion (or sect) within the framework of a common state with adherents of others, or with an attempt to overthrow secular power and establish religious power.

Terrorism, which is a danger on a global scale, in modern conditions has essentially become a threat to the political, economic, social institutions of the state, human rights and fundamental freedoms. We are already threatened by nuclear terrorism, terrorism using toxic substances, and information terrorism.

“Today there are about 500 illegal terrorist organizations in the world. From 1968 to 1980 they committed about 6,700 terrorist attacks, as a result of which 3,668 people were killed and 7,474 were injured. In modern conditions, there is an escalation of terrorist activities by extremist individuals, groups and organizations, its nature is becoming more complex, and the sophistication and inhumanity of terrorist acts are increasing. According to studies by a number of Russian scientists and data from foreign research centers, the total budget in the field of terrorism ranges from 5 to 20 billion dollars annually.”

I would like to note the fact that in addition to numerous terrorist organizations, there are also many government agencies supporting these organizations and even state sponsors of terrorism. These are mainly developed Western and Arab oil-producing countries. It is quite obvious that the phenomenon of terrorism becomes especially dangerous if it is created and supported by state regimes, especially dictatorial, nationalist, separatist types. It is assumed that terrorist training bases exist in at least a dozen countries: Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Libya, Somalia, Cuba, Syria, Sudan. Extremist and terrorist organizations and groups, not excluding Muslim ones, are located on the territory of such developed countries as Germany, Great Britain, and France. The terrorist underground - including groups such as Hamas, Hezbollah, and Islamic Jihad - operate in inaccessible jungles and deserts and hide in the centers of large cities.

Modern terrorism poses not only a threat to the security of individual political or public figures, organizations, and states. Taking into account the global scale and scope of terrorism today, we can say with complete certainty that it poses a mortal danger to all humanity. Well-known facts include attempts to poison tap water, spraying radioactive substances, the use of weapons of mass destruction in the subway, threats to use mustard gas,

Thus, to solve the above problem, it seems necessary to improve national criminal legislation, tighten sanctions against states that support terrorism, coordinate efforts and close cooperation of all international organizations to combat terrorism.

The main reasons that give rise to political terrorism

Political terrorism appears when society is experiencing a deep crisis, primarily a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political, social, national, religious - for which the legitimacy of the existing government becomes questionable. Terrorism tends to grow precisely during transitional periods and stages of the life of society, when a certain emotional atmosphere is created in it, and instability is the main characteristic of basic relationships and social ties. This is fertile ground for the cultivation of violence and aggressiveness in society and leads to the fact that one or another economic, ethnic, social, religious or other group tries to impose its will on society, using violence as a tool for realizing its aspirations.

The problem of terrorism becomes particularly acute during periods of social conflicts, which are a provoking factor in terrorist behavior. In turn, the cause of conflict situations is the transition period, a fundamental change in the socio-political and economic structure of society. Conflicts differ in duration, degree of severity of contradictions, and methods of resolution.

The influence of the media on terrorism

The main conclusion made by scientists long ago is that terrorism arose along with the media and is inextricably linked with them.

Modern terrorism is the brother of television. It would not make sense if television did not convey its results to every home. Today Russian television is an accomplice of terrorists; it thoughtfully and creatively does exactly what terrorists need - it talks about them and shows the results of their activities.

This leads to interesting mass behavior effects. One of the phenomena of the media has long been established - the fame created with their help does not have a plus or minus sign. Therefore, terrorists become the same television heroes as athletes or show business stars, and it is customary to imitate heroes. Hence the epidemics of imitative behavior that sweep society almost immediately after high-profile events widely covered by the media.

Thus, the problem of determining the role and place of the media in the fight against terrorism (and the position of a “third-party observer” for them in crisis situations is hardly appropriate) requires the participation in its resolution of both editors and journalists, and lawyers, and, ultimately, of the whole society, which is now increasingly becoming a collective hostage in the hands of terrorists.

If the media did not cover the so-called “symbolic” acts, then such actions would lose all meaning.

In addition to mass imitation, widespread media coverage of terrorist activities causes other socio-psychological effects. For example, Bin Laden has become one of the world's sex symbols today.

The work of the media in covering the actions of terrorists is fraught with other dangers:

· A kind of “glorification” of criminals and their actions (depending on the place they were given in publications)

· Danger of causing imitators to become active

Possible influence of interviews with criminals on police negotiations

· Interviewing child victims of terrorists

· Ongoing declassification of the deployment, numbers and equipment of police attempting to resolve an incident

· Unnecessary trauma to the victims' loved ones

Potential impact on upcoming litigation

Of course, terrorist organizations existed long before the advent of television and the media in general - then the number of people who read newspapers was generally insignificant. And in those days, terrorists took into account the demonstration effect: they sought to influence not so much the population as a whole, but the state, more precisely its ruling circles, to whom they declared war. This is explained by the fact that the “old” terrorism was of a class or pseudo-class, rather narrow political nature: just remember the Russian Narodnaya Volya and Socialist Revolutionaries.

2. Righthowl aspect of the fight against terrorism

terrorism political struggle power

Regulatory regulation of anti-terrorism activities

Legal support for anti-terrorism activities is the most important prerequisite for successfully combating both domestic and international terrorism.

The main Russian regulatory act in this area is the Federal Law “On the Fight against Terrorism” of July 9, 1998, which defines the legal and organizational framework for the fight against terrorism in the Russian Federation, the subjects of this activity, the basis for their interaction, the role of other state and non-state bodies and citizens in countering terrorism.

The main principles of the fight against terrorism are recognized as: legality, the priority of measures to prevent terrorism, the inevitability of punishment for those responsible, the priority of protecting the rights of persons endangered as a result of a terrorist action, minimal concessions to the terrorist, unity of command in the management of the forces and means involved during counter-terrorism operations, and some others. It seems to me that the legislative consolidation of the principles of the fight against terrorism is very important, since it is this type of crime that can provoke the use of unnecessarily cruel government measures, a deviation from the rule of law that can undermine trust in the state, i.e. cause an effect opposite to the expected one.

An essential condition that could prevent the growth of terrorism and contribute to a more successful fight against it is bringing national legislation into line with international standards, of course, taking into account the Russian characteristics of terrorism.

And since we are talking about normative regulation of the fight against this phenomenon, first of all, appropriate changes and additions must be made to the criminal legislation, which has a number of gaps and shortcomings. On February 13, 2001, Russia ratified the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings of December 15, 1997, which classifies types of weapons according to the degree of their public danger. Therefore, appropriate changes must be made to the Federal Law “On Weapons” of November 13, 1996, since it classifies weapons only by purpose, as well as in the disposition of Art. 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (terrorism), where the use of firearms acts as a qualifying feature. I will discuss this issue in more detail in the next paragraph.

To solve the problem of anti-terrorism activities throughout the world, such international acts as: the Convention on the Establishment of an International Criminal Tribunal for Bringing Terrorists to Justice (adopted by the Council of the League of Nations in 1937), the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism (Organization of American States, 1971) were adopted. g.), Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material IAEA, 1980), Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Their Detection (ICAO, 1990), Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (UN General Assembly, 1994. ).

According to the Federal Law “On the Fight against Terrorism”, the main goals of this activity are: “1) protection of the individual, society and the state from terrorism; 2) prevention, detection, suppression of terrorist activities and minimization of their consequences; 3) identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions conducive to terrorist activities.” As for the last two points, here the legislator duplicates himself, because identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions conducive to terrorist activities (goal 3) is the prevention of terrorism (goal 2).

Let us note another shortcoming of the legislator, which assigns to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation the obligation to carry out “the fight against terrorism through the prevention, detection and suppression of crimes of a terrorist nature that pursue selfish goals.” As one might assume, such activities require appropriate operational, investigative and law enforcement actions. However, the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs does not provide for a special Anti-Terrorism Center that would deal with all issues of organizing and coordinating activities to combat terrorism (as, for example, the Anti-Terrorism Center in the FSB). These issues are dealt with by various departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which perform only those responsibilities that are traditionally determined the tasks they solve without taking into account the complex nature of the problem under consideration as a whole, therefore, when implementing measures to prevent and suppress terrorist manifestations, they often act separately. All this reduces the effectiveness of ongoing activities and makes it difficult to monitor their implementation. A clear delineation of the competencies of counter-terrorism services is also necessary between the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement agencies.

The legislator also made some omissions in Chapter 3 of the Federal Law “On the Fight against Terrorism,” which regulates the conduct of anti-terrorist operations. It identifies issues related to the management of the counter-terrorism operation, the involvement of forces and means for its implementation, the legal regime in the area of the operation, the organization of negotiations with terrorists, the procedure for disseminating information and the end of the counter-terrorism operation. But the Law does not define the maximum time interval for conducting a counter-terrorism operation, and nothing is said about what needs to be done if the operation is delayed and develops into a large-scale one involving various units and equipment of all security forces.

In accordance with paragraph 6 of Art. 6 of the Federal Law “On the Fight against Terrorism”, which provides for the possibility of creating anti-terrorism commissions at the federal and regional levels, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1302 of November 6, 1998 “On the Federal Anti-Terrorism Commission”, the Federal Anti-Terrorism Commission was formed and the Regulations on it were approved. The main tasks of this commission are to determine strategic measures to combat terrorism, identify its causes and conditions and find ways to eliminate them, provide information for such work, and improve legislation related to issues of combating terrorism.

An important regulatory act is Decree No. 1040 of the Government of the Russian Federation “On measures to counter terrorism” dated September 15, 1999, in accordance with which the Interdepartmental Operational Headquarters was established and its composition was approved, which included, in particular, heads of law enforcement agencies. The resolution also indicates the need for federal executive authorities to create temporary operational headquarters to protect the population from terrorism, and obliges law enforcement agencies to carry out a set of operational search and security measures to identify and suppress the activities of various terrorist groups. It is recommended to pay special attention to ethnic criminal groups involved in illegal weapons trafficking.

When covering the issue of combating terrorism, one cannot help but pay attention to such an urgent problem as the financing of terrorist activities by individuals, credit institutions and even states. What kind of struggle (especially successful) can we talk about before the financial flows that feed terrorist activities are limited?

Therefore, an important step forward in this area is the adoption on December 9, 1999 at the next meeting of the UN General Assembly of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. Thus, one of the main measures to eliminate international terrorism is the fight against its financing.

Criminal liability is provided for any person “if he, by any means, directly or indirectly, unlawfully and intentionally, provides funds or collects them with the intention that they should be used or with the knowledge that they will be used in whole or in part for the commission of:

1. any act constituting an offense under the scope of application of one of the treaties listed in the annex and the definition contained therein;

2. any other act intended to cause the death of any civilian or any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, or to cause him grievous bodily harm, when the purpose of such act by virtue of its nature or context is to intimidate a population or force a government or international organization to take or refrain from taking any action.”

The Convention requires that any of the above-mentioned acts constitute an offense, regardless of the fact that the funds were actually used to commit the offenses listed in points a) or b). Thus, within the meaning of the Convention, not only the financing of a specific crime of a terrorist nature is punishable, but also the transfer of funds to support international terrorism in general.

From this point of view, Russian criminal legislation seems somewhat undeveloped. On the one hand, the Federal Law “On the Fight against Terrorism” considers the financing of terrorism as one of the functions of terrorist activities (Article 3). On the other hand, within the meaning of the Criminal Code, a person who finances terrorism as a systematic commission of crimes of a terrorist nature does not fall under any of the types of accomplices (Article 33), since his actions are not aimed at committing a specific crime.

Therefore, in conclusion, I would like to once again draw attention to the need to develop as quickly as possible a unified concept of anti-terrorism activities in modern conditions and to bring national legislation into line with international standards.

Conclusion

Only a clear understanding of what terrorism is, what are the causes that give rise to it, and what are the motives that force people to engage in terrorist activities can become the basis for developing measures to prevent the actions of terrorists and identifying effective methods of combating this most complex and dangerous phenomenon.

Terrorism has quite a few varieties, but in any form it is the most dangerous social and legal problem of the 21st century in terms of its scale, unpredictability and consequences. Not so long ago, terrorism was a local phenomenon, but over the past 10 - For 15 years, it has become global in nature and increasingly threatens the security of many countries, exerts strong psychological pressure on their citizens, entails enormous political, economic, and moral losses, and claims more and more lives of innocent people.

Terrorism is a crime against public security, the subjects of which are the individual, society, and the state. Terrorism does not arise out of nowhere; there are certain reasons and conditions of social life that contribute to this.

Among the political reasons for the emergence of terrorism in Russia, one can note the loss of the national idea as the political core of society, the weakening of the foundations of federalism, the weakening of state foundations and institutions of power, the intensification of political struggle, lawlessness and corruption. Of course, one cannot say that all these circumstances necessarily have a “terrorist outcome,” but in combination with various types of social conflicts and the helplessness of the authorities, they create favorable conditions for the development and growth of terrorism.

In such a situation, it is quite obvious that it is impossible to do without large-scale government intervention. No individual is able to ensure his individual security without the functioning of the state security system, and it is impossible to overcome the economic crisis, eliminate the threat to the safe development of society, and promptly prevent danger from developing into a threat without strict state regulation in all spheres of life. Therefore, priority in ensuring public safety should be given to the state.

Since terrorism, as mentioned earlier, is generated by many social, political, psychological, economic, historical and other reasons, the fight against terrorism is an extremely difficult task. It must be assumed that these reasons should be the object of preventive intervention, but this is very difficult to do in practice.

Unfortunately, we have to state the fact that terrorism is ineradicable, since it is part of the eternal and undying companion of humanity - crime. It is impossible to imagine that the frantic and blind seekers of truth and justice, ready to sacrifice themselves and others for the general happiness or hegemony of their social or national group, will ever disappear from the face of the earth. It is also impossible to imagine that people will no longer be born on earth who, through terror, solve their own selfish goals, and not only material ones, but supposedly for the sake of the triumph of universal equality.

However, a civilized society must strive to prevent this evil from spreading.

Today, the need to identify and analyze the causes, problems, essence and trends of terrorism is completely obvious.

The main areas of terrorism prevention should include:

1. forecasting terrorist activity with identifying its possible subjects;

2. impact on the main phenomena and processes in society that contribute to the growth of terrorism;

3. suppressing ongoing terrorist acts against state and public figures, detaining the perpetrators and bringing them to justice, and it is extremely important to punish not only ordinary perpetrators and accomplices, but also the organizers and instigators of terror, as well as those who finance terrorist activities;

4. prevention and suppression of crimes similar to terrorism (hostage-taking, genocide, sabotage, etc.);

5. cooperation of international organizations in preventing and suppressing terrorist activities.

It is important to unite the efforts of all forces of the state and society in countering terrorism. These include the upper echelons of representative power, legislators, intelligence services, law enforcement agencies, the media, religious and other public associations.

In conclusion, I would like to note once again that the fight against terrorism requires a comprehensive approach, which should include measures of an economic, political, social and legal nature. This is a long-term program, the implementation of which depends on many factors. But it’s no secret that decisive and effective measures are needed today.

Bibliography

Gusher A.I. "The problem of terrorism at the turn of the third millennium of the new era of mankind." 2002

Kireev M.P. “Problems of the struggle of internal affairs bodies against acts of terrorism.” Terrorism: modern aspects. M., 1999

Naumov A.V. "Russian criminal law". M., 1999

Petrishchev V.E. "Legal and socio-political problems of the fight against terrorism." State and law No. 3. 1998

Terrorism: psychological roots and legal assessments. State and law No. 4. 1995.

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FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"BELGOROD STATE NATIONAL

RESEARCH UNIVERSITY"

(National Research University "BelSU")

Medical Institute

Faculty of Dentistry

Department of Geography, Geoecology and Life Safety

Terrorism as the main threat to the modern world

Completed by: students

1st year 03021501 group

Specialty: dentistry

Enina Elena Ivanovna, Kalinina Victoria Valerievna

Checked:

Art. teacher of the department

geography, geoecology and life safety,

Ph.D. Furmanova T.N.

Belgorod, 2016

Table of contents

Introduction
1. the concept of terrorism and its historical roots
1.1. Terrorism concept
1.2. Origins of terrorism
2. about terrorism and the forms of its manifestation in the modern world
2.1. International terrorism
2.2. Terrorism in Russia
2.3. Major terrorist attacks in Russia
3. countering terrorism
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

“Now that we have learned to fly through the air like birds, to swim under water like fish, we lack only one thing: to learn to live on earth like people.”

Bernard Show

Global problems of humanitycover all earthlings, regardless of their nationality, concern each and every one. Modern man has finally realized that the Earth is not as big as he previously thought. The world is fragile, the life of man in it and all creatures living on our planet is fragile. Many things need to be resolved for humanity to continue its existence. The greenhouse effect and the rapid depletion of resources, overpopulation in some regions and the danger of nuclear war are all just a small part of what threatens life on earth. Among all this, terrorism ranks high.

Gradually, terrorism is becoming one of the most global problems of humanity, as it threatens the existing world and domestic order, encroaches on the fundamental values of human civilization - the individual’s right to life, freedom, property. This forces the world community to re-evaluate the nature and priorities of international cooperation, leads to the need to change approaches to issues of national security, stipulates the need to turn to the study of the essence, causes and signs of this phenomenon, and to find ways to neutralize terrorist activities.

Today the word “terrorism” has become a familiar part of our lives. A society that gets used to terror becomes very dangerous, because it is ready to accept any regime, even the bloodiest. This regime will no longer outrage or even greatly surprise modern people. Almost daily news releases report new terrorist attacks in countries. Some time passes, and everything is forgotten until a new terrorist attack reminds of itself with new victims.

In addition, terrorism has become more severe. Its leaders use extremely cruel forms and methods of struggle, and the danger of committing acts of so-called technological terrorism increases, i.e. with the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, radioactive or highly toxic chemical and biological substances, as well as attempts by extremists to seize nuclear and other industrial facilities. Information or electronic terrorism has become a new type.

1. the concept of terrorism and its historical roots

1.1. Terrorism concept

Terrorism is understood in science as a method by which an organized group or party seeks to achieve its proclaimed goals primarily through the systematic use of violence. The very concepts of “terrorism” and “terrorist” appeared at the end of the 18th century. According to one of the French explanatory dictionaries, the Jacobins often used this concept orally and in writing in relation to themselves - and always with a positive connotation. However, already during the French Revolution, the word “terrorist” began to have an offensive meaning, turning into a synonym for “criminal.” Subsequently, the term received a more expanded interpretation and began to mean any system of government based on fear. Then, until very recently, the word “terrorism” was used very widely and meant the whole spectrum of different shades of violence.

Modern terrorism is complex

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Shuya State Pedagogical University

Department of Psychology

by subject

political science

"Modern Terrorism"

Performed :

5th year student

Faculty of Psychology

and pedagogy

Mogilnikova M.A.

Checked:

Ivanovo, 2009

Introduction 3

Terrorism in the modern world 3

Responsibility for terrorism 6

Conclusion 14

Application

Introduction.

One of the forms of deviant behavior is aggression. When one person exhibits an inappropriate aggressive reaction, this, of course, is a problem for others and for him. However, it is much worse when a well-organized group or organization shows deliberate aggression towards people who are not guilty of anything to them. This phenomenon is called terrorism.

Lately, terrorism has become increasingly dangerous. Terrorist acts most often cause massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow hostility between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome within the life of an entire generation. Therefore, terrorism is one of the most dangerous crimes against public safety.

Criminal terrorism has become extremely widespread, i.e. the commission of terrorist acts by organized and other criminal groups to intimidate and destroy competitors, to influence government authorities in order to achieve the best conditions for their criminal activities. Ordinary terrorism can be found in the everyday criminal practice of many countries, when various criminal groups settle scores or intimidate each other.

Terrorism, having long gone beyond national boundaries, has acquired an international character. It has become a very effective weapon of intimidation and destruction in the eternal and irreconcilable dispute between different worlds, radically different from each other in their understanding, awareness and sense of life, their moral standards, their culture.

Terrorism is embedded in violent crime. Its level and specific forms of manifestation are an indicator, on the one hand, of public morality, and on the other, the effectiveness of the efforts of society and the state to solve the most pressing problems, in particular to prevent and suppress terrorism itself. This crime belongs to those types of criminal violence, the victim of which can be anyone, even those who have not the slightest connection to the conflict that gave rise to the terrorist act.

Terrorism in the modern world

With all the diversity of slogans, ideas or specific demands put forward by terrorist organizations and individual terrorists, their social orientation serves as the basis for distinguishing the following types of terrorism: social terrorism, pursuing the goals of radically or partially changing the economic or political system of one’s own country; national-ethnic, including ethno-separatist organizations and organizations that have set as their goal the fight against the economic and political dictates of other states and their representatives; religious terrorism, associated either with the struggle of adherents of one religion within the framework of a common state with adherents of another, or with an attempt to undermine and overthrow secular power and establish religious power, or with both at the same time; criminal (criminal) terrorism.

The types of modern terrorism listed above rarely appear in their pure form in practice. Such examples are provided by individual groups and individuals representing social terrorism. The latter, however, is often colored in nationalistic or religious tones.

As noted in the legal literature, the concept of “terrorism” does not have a precise or widely accepted definition. This is due to the fact that this concept can mean terror, barbarism, intimidation, as well as a whole series of different acts of violence. The absence of such a definition has serious consequences when considering the concept in the context of criminal justice processes.

The word “terror” comes from the Latin language (terror - fear, horror). Analysis of scientific literature, international documents and criminal legislation of a number of countries shows that terrorism as an act is characterized by the following four distinctive features:

1. Terrorism creates a common danger , arising as a result of the commission of generally dangerous actions or the threat of such. The danger must be real and threaten an indefinite number of people.

2. Public nature of the performance. Other crimes are usually committed without any claims to publicity, but with information only to those persons in whose actions the perpetrators have an interest. Terrorism does not exist without wide publicity, without open presentation of demands. Terrorism today is undoubtedly a form of violence designed for mass perception.

3. Deliberately creating an environment of fear, depression, and tension. We can talk about terrorism only when the meaning of the act is to intimidate, to instill terror. This is the main feature of terrorism, its specificity, which makes it possible to separate it from related and very similar crimes. Moreover, the creation of this climate of fear is an objectively formed socio-psychological factor that influences other individuals and forces them to take any actions in the interests of terrorists or accept their conditions. Terrorism differs from other crimes that generate fear in that here fear does not arise on its own, and is created by the perpetrator not for the sake of fear itself, but for the sake of other goals and serves as a kind of objective lever of targeted influence, in which the creation of an environment of fear is not the goal, but as a means to achieve a goal. Thanks to the created climate of fear, terrorists strive to achieve their goals, not through their own actions, but through the actions of other persons who are intended to be intimidated.

4. When committing terrorism, generally dangerous violence is used against some persons or property, and psychological influence in order to induce a certain behavior is exerted on other persons, that is, violence here influences the decision-making of the victim not directly, but indirectly - through the development (although forced ) a volitional decision by the injured person himself as a result of the created climate of fear and the aspirations of terrorists expressed against this background. It is for the sake of achieving the result that terrorists seek to obtain through the actions of these individuals that their activities are aimed at creating a climate of fear by committing or threatening to commit generally dangerous actions that can lead to innocent victims and other grave consequences. At the same time, the impact on persons from whom terrorists want to obtain the expected result can be both direct and indirect.

Thus, Terrorism is publicly committed generally dangerous actions or threats thereof, aimed at intimidating the population or social groups, for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the adoption of any decision or rejection of it in the interests of terrorists.

Terrorism in Russia has its own characteristics and causes. The main reason is the deepening social and political crisis, the weakening of law and order, which gives rise to new contradictions, to resolve which individuals and organizations are increasingly resorting to violence. And the main feature is the obvious dependence of the use of terror as a way to achieve goals through direct violence from all processes occurring in the country, from the conditions of the transition period, when old values have been lost and new ones have not been formed, when the former state system has been destroyed, including the system of protecting public and state security, and in its place there is still some kind of amorphous state formation. Therefore, it is obvious that without radically solving social, economic, national, and managerial problems, it will not be possible to eliminate the social basis of crime in general and terrorism in particular.

In addition, there are several reasons for resorting to terrorist activities in general.

1. Reasons of a psychopathological nature. Researchers have concluded that people with mental disabilities predominate among terrorists.

2. Motives for self-affirmation, giving special significance to one’s activities, overcoming alienation, and standardization.

3. Selfish motives that can displace ideological ones or intertwine with them. In addition, someone is simply hired to carry out terrorist acts.

4. Terrorism is most often the result of an absolute belief in the possession of a higher, final truth, a unique recipe for the “salvation” of one’s people, group or even all of humanity.

It is also necessary to pay attention to such objective causes of terrorism as political, economic, social, religious, and national. It is known that the problem of terrorism becomes especially acute during periods of social conflicts. There are social conflicts that have political, economic, national, and religious roots. The terrorist uses any form of conflict because it creates favorable conditions for him to achieve his goals by committing crimes.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR TERRORISM.

For the first time, liability for terrorism was introduced by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 1, 1994 (Article 213, paragraph 3 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR). This is a multi-objective crime, since it encroaches on the life and health of citizens, property, public safety and the normal functioning of government bodies. The terrifying impact of terrorism is often addressed to a wide and sometimes indefinite circle of people, even to the population of entire cities and administrative districts or microdistricts, as well as to specific officials and authorities empowered to make organizational, managerial, judicial or other decisions. The specified impact can be addressed to religious, political, public figures, and cultural figures; counting on the desired reaction, it can be carried out in relation to representatives of the business community, persons engaged in production and trade, and finally, in relation to members of other criminal organizations. Thus, terrorism is now quite often used in extortion, although it is not always officially recorded in this capacity.

The inclusion of a special crime - terrorism - in the criminal code represents a significant step forward in the more effective use of criminal law in the fight against such a dangerous crime. Until 1994, criminal liability was provided only for the murder of a statesman or public figure or representative of government in connection with his state or public activities, with the aim of undermining or weakening Soviet power, or for causing grievous bodily harm to the same persons, as well as for the murder of a representative of a foreign state with the aim of provoking war or international complications, or for causing grievous bodily harm to the same persons for the same purpose.

1. Terrorism, that is, committing an explosion, arson or other actions that create a danger of death, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences, if these actions were committed to violate public safety, intimidate the population or influence decision-making by government authorities , as well as the threat of committing the specified actions for the same purposes -

shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of five to ten years.

2. The same acts committed:

a) by a group of persons by prior conspiracy;

b) repeatedly;

c) using firearms –

shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of eight to fifteen years.

3. Acts provided for in parts one or two of this article, if they were committed by an organized group or resulted in the death of a person or other grave consequences through negligence, and are also associated with an encroachment on nuclear energy facilities or with the use of nuclear materials, radioactive substances or sources of radioactive radiation –

shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of ten to twenty years.

Note: A person who participated in the preparation of an act of terrorism is exempt from criminal liability if he, by timely warning the authorities or in another way, contributed to the prevention of an act of terrorism and if the actions of this person do not contain another crime.

Part 3 of this article was amended by Federal Law No. 26-FZ dated 02/09/99 “On Amendments and Additions to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation”. The objective side of this crime was supplemented by such actions as encroachment on nuclear energy facilities or the use of nuclear materials, radioactive substances or sources of radioactive radiation.

Terrorism is expressed, according to the law, in the commission of “an explosion, arson or other actions that create a danger of death of people, causing significant property damage or the occurrence of other socially dangerous consequences” or in the threat of “committing these actions.” Thus, we are talking about socially dangerous actions, therefore, “other actions” should be understood as causing landslides, flooding, rockfalls, accidents at life support facilities for the population with water, heat, electricity, etc.; blocking transport communications, causing accidents and crashes in transport; seizure and destruction of buildings, stations, ports, cultural or religious buildings; contamination of water sources and food products, spread of pathogenic microbes that can cause an epidemic or epizootic, other radioactive, chemical, bacteriological contamination of the area. Of course, it is impossible to give an exhaustive list of “other actions”, since human ingenuity in terms of villainy is inexhaustible. Here are the ones that are most common, as well as those that are most likely. In order to prevent the latter, measures are being taken in all countries to ensure the safety of relevant facilities.

An act of terrorism should be considered completed if the above actions have already been committed or a real threat of their implementation has arisen, and this threat is most often expressed by the terrorists themselves and they have already taken the necessary preparatory actions. To complete terrorism, the actual occurrence of the consequences specified in the law is not required. It is sufficient that terrorist actions create a real danger of death, significant property damage, or other socially dangerous consequences.

Art. 205, Part 1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation consists of two parts: the first lists those actions that create “the danger of death, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences”; the second contains an indication of the threat of committing these actions. This is the second form of terrorism. Its reality is determined by whether the threat is capable of causing fear in an individual, group of people or authorities that it will be carried out, and the damage that will be caused by certain actions is significant. And here intimidation must operate, and the threat itself can be expressed orally, in writing, or in another way, in particular using modern technical means of communication. It does not matter whether the threat was made openly or anonymously, to a wide range of people or to one person, for example, to a government employee over the phone.

When assessing the criminal legal significance of a threat for qualifying specific actions as terrorism, it is necessary to see the difference between a threat in terrorism and a threat of murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm (Article 119), a threat in connection with the administration of justice or the conduct of a preliminary investigation (Article 296), threat of violence against a government official (Article 318). Differences can be found both in the nature of the actions themselves, their scale, and especially in the goals of the actions.

The subject of terrorism can be any sane person who has reached the age of fourteen. This provision in relation to the crime in question is especially relevant, since, as practice shows, quite a lot of teenagers take part in national and religious terrorism. In conditions of mass hysteria, due to their age, they can easily fall under the influence of adults and commit criminal acts. Subjects of terrorism can be citizens of the Russian Federation, foreigners and stateless persons.

Terrorism can only be committed with direct intent, since the terrorist is aware of the social danger of his actions, foresees the possibility or inevitability of socially dangerous consequences and desires their occurrence. The direct intent of the terrorist is aimed at committing an explosion or other action that creates a real danger of the occurrence of the specified consequences in order to achieve certain goals.

Part 2 Art. 205 provides for liability for committing the same actions in the presence of qualifying circumstances, which (as a general rule) indicate a greater public danger. These are the following circumstances: a) by a group of persons by prior conspiracy; b) repeatedly; c) using firearms.

To determine the commission of a crime by a group of persons by prior conspiracy, it is necessary to take into account the provisions of Art. 35 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. This article provides for liability for the commission of a crime by a group of persons by prior conspiracy, if it involved persons who had agreed in advance to jointly commit a crime. If a terrorist act has already begun, then the subsequent addition of accomplices (co-perpetrators) does not entail liability under paragraph “a” of Part 2 of Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, if they did not agree in advance on joint participation in the commission of a terrorist act, that is, there was no prior conspiracy. But it is quite possible that such a conspiracy - to come into effect only at a certain stage - could well have taken place earlier, and therefore there is every reason to talk about the joint commission of a crime.

Art. 205 speaks of the commission of a crime, and not of its perpetrators. Participants in the commission are the perpetrators, accomplices, instigators, and organizers. They can commit an act of terrorism without prior agreement, but this is a relatively rare case.

Part 2 Art. 205 contains another qualifying feature - repetition. This means the repeated commission of terrorist crimes, and not any other violent or even “related” crimes. Repeatedness is not the first time, but at least the second time.

The use of firearms in the commission of terrorism is considered by the legislator as another qualifying circumstance. This raises some doubts, since such weapons do not seem more dangerous compared to explosives that can cause explosions, fires and other often massive disasters.

The qualifying feature in question will not exist if the firearm was used to avoid arrest after committing an act of terrorism. Such actions are qualified independently. Terrorism may be committed with the use of a firearm if it was used to cause bodily harm or if it was demonstrated to others that the offender was ready to use it at any time.

Part 3 Art. 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes criminal liability for acts provided for in parts one and two of this article, if they were committed by an organized group or resulted through negligence in the death of a person or other grave consequences, and are also associated with an encroachment on nuclear energy facilities or with the use of nuclear materials, radioactive substances or sources of radioactive radiation.

Art. 35 of the Criminal Code defines an organized group. According to the authors of this article, this is a stable group of people who have united in advance to commit one or more crimes.

The commission of grave or especially grave crimes is not a distinctive feature of criminal communities (criminal organizations), since such crimes can also be committed by groups of other types. The main distinguishing feature of a criminal community (criminal organization) is the scale of actions, duration of operation, organization, well-established control mechanism, camouflage, even deep secrecy, elusiveness, ability to influence major social, political, economic decisions, close connection, sometimes underground, with government, political, public, financial organizations and their figures.

The subjective side of terrorism, which through negligence has resulted in the death of a person or other grave consequences, is characterized by a double form of guilt: direct intent in relation to terrorist actions and carelessness (both frivolity and negligence) in relation to those specified in paragraph 3 of Art. 205 consequences. Naturally, minor damage can also be caused carelessly - in this case, liability should arise under Part 1 or Part 2 of Art. 205.

As noted above, in Part 3 of Art. 205 changes were made justifiably, because facilities using atomic energy, nuclear materials, radioactive substances, sources of radioactive radiation are objects of increased danger and can cause enormous, irreparable harm to an unlimited number of people, property, and the environment.

Art. 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contains a note according to which a person who took part in the preparation of an act of terrorism is exempt from criminal liability if he, by timely warning the authorities or in another way, contributed to the prevention of an act of terrorism and if the actions of this person do not contain another crime. This norm to a certain extent duplicates the norm on voluntary renunciation of a crime (Article 31), but at the same time it diverges from it. If a person’s actions fall under voluntary refusal, then Art. 31 as a norm of the general part of the Criminal Code, according to which a person is not subject to criminal liability (and, in accordance with the note to Article 205, is released).

In the note to Art. 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation indicates direct active positive actions of a person who prepared a terrorist act or participated in its preparation, but then decided to prevent it by timely warning the authorities or in another way. Such actions can be voluntary even if he acted in fear of exposure, due to religious motives, direct instructions from the priest during confession, etc. But they may not be final in the sense that even after committing them, a person can, independently or in a group, continue to prepare for a terrorist act. In this case, the individual does not have the right to count on exemption from criminal liability, because a positive answer can only be given with a final decision not to complete the plan, alone or in a group, and, of course, before the onset of socially dangerous consequences.

It is important to note that the note to Art. 205 can only apply if the person promptly warned the authorities or otherwise contributed to the prevention of an act of terrorism.

Covering the criminal legal aspect of the fight against terrorism, one cannot help but pay attention to such an issue as liability for a knowingly false report about an act of terrorism (Article 207 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Terrorism leads to destabilization in society, creates an atmosphere of fear, and disrupts the activities of enterprises, organizations and institutions. This phenomenon has also given rise to “jokers” - people who make false reports about the preparation of an act of terrorism. Such actions are not isolated. They are constantly reported in the media.

A false report of an act of terrorism traumatizes people just as much as a true one. Such messages often necessitate the evacuation of people from premises, suspend work processes, lead to the cessation of transport, studies in schools and universities, and generate material and labor costs. In this regard, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes criminal liability for knowingly false reporting of an act of terrorism (Article 207).

The act in question consists of knowingly falsely reporting an impending explosion, arson, or other actions that create a danger of death, causing significant property damage, or causing other socially dangerous consequences. “Other actions” include, for example, the destruction of a dam, bridge, contamination of water bodies, residential areas, and passenger transport with radioactive isotopes.

For the presence of a crime under Art. 207 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, it is required that the message about an act of terrorism be deliberately false, i.e. one that does not correspond to the actual circumstances. It can be transmitted by telephone, letter, or through an intermediary. Messages are sent to different addresses: directly to an institution, organization, enterprise, home, law enforcement agencies and authorities. Most often they call the police from a pay phone. But there are no particular obstacles to solving crimes committed in this way: there is equipment that records everything. Anti-terrorist groups usually very quickly arrive at the place where the call came from, detain all the suspects and conduct a check there using the recorded voice.

This crime is committed with direct intent. The person is aware that he is reporting demonstrably false information about an act of terrorism and is willing to do so. At the same time, the culprit knows in advance that he is reporting false information.

An important feature of a crime is the motive. They often have hooligan impulses. In judicial practice, hooligan motives are usually considered to be an internal need, not caused by external circumstances, to cause harm, to make people experience fear, anxiety, indignation, to establish oneself in one’s self-esteem and in the eyes of others as an “extraordinary person” by committing actions directed against the whole society. Hooligan acts are usually committed without any external reason. At the same time, the presence of a hooligan motive in actions also occurs when they are committed for an insignificant reason. For example, reluctance to participate in the educational process, work, due to the desire to cause trouble to management in the service.

The subject of the crime is a person who has reached fourteen years of age. The crime is punishable by a fine in the amount of two hundred to five hundred times the minimum wage, or correctional labor from one to two years, or imprisonment for a term of up to three years.

A deliberately false report about an act of terrorism is closely related to hooliganism (Article 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The latter also encroaches on public order and has the same motive as a false report about an act of terrorism. They differ in the nature of their actions. Hooliganism consists of actions involving the use of violence against citizens or the threat of its use, as well as the destruction or damage of other people's property. In hooliganism, violence usually manifests itself in striking, beating, causing minor harm to health, and tying up. A threat of violence is expressed as a promise to cause physical harm to the victim. Destruction of someone else's property is rendering it completely unusable, for example, burning. Damage to property involves bringing it into a condition in which its intended use without repair is impossible.

Hooliganism, therefore, is characterized by physical impact on a person and objects of the material world, causing harm to them. A deliberately false report about an act of terrorism contains only a threat of harm, and even then a false one.

Criminal liability for hooliganism (under Part 1 of Article 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) begins at the age of 16, and for knowingly false reporting of an act of terrorism, as noted, at the age of 14.

A knowingly false report about an act of terrorism also includes a threat of murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm (Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). In the latter case, the threat is real, although most often the perpetrator does not intend to carry it out.

A false report of an act of terrorism completely excludes the threat from being carried out. If behind the expression of a threat to kill, etc. some actions to implement it follow, for example, the culprit rushes for a weapon, picks up a knife, stick, stone, rope, then there is already another crime - preparation for murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm, and in some cases - an attempt to commit crimes.

These crimes differ in that a false report of an act of terrorism is committed anonymously, and a threat to kill is an open crime. The first is aimed at intimidating large masses of people, the second - a specific person. The motives are also different: for a deliberately false report about an act of terrorism, the motive is hooligan motives; when threatened with murder - personal: revenge, jealousy, envy, etc.

There is one more crime, closely intertwined with terrorism, to which I would like to draw attention. This is an attack on the life of a state or public figure (terrorist act).

This is one of the most dangerous crimes, since it can destabilize the political situation in the country and exacerbate social, political, state and economic contradictions. It is no coincidence that such terrorist acts have been used both in the past and in the present.

The Criminal Code contains a direct indication of the goals of such a terrorist act: the termination of state or other political activities of a state or public figure or revenge for such activities. For comparison, it can be noted that in Art. 66 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (1960) the purpose of a terrorist act was called a slightly different, but very similar goal - to undermine or weaken Soviet power, and in Art. 67 (“Terrorist act against a representative of a foreign state”) – provocation of war or international relations. The current criminal code speaks of revenge only for relevant state or public activities. In addition to the goals, it is extremely important to pay attention to the motive (or motives) of a terrorist act against a state or public figure.

Art. 66 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR provided for criminal liability for murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm not only on a state or public figure, but also on a government representative. This was quite justified, since not only government officials of the rank of statesman can be subject to terror, but also other employees of government agencies. In other words, the technical secretary of a regional administration or an employee of the letters department of a central ministry can be deprived of life simply because they personify a hated institution. Now an attack on the life of such persons (subject to establishing an appropriate motive) can be qualified as terrorism.

A terrorist act is considered completed at the moment the attack begins, and not at the moment of causing death to the victim. Causing grievous bodily harm cannot be qualified under Art. 277, which refers to an attempt on life. The only way to encroach on life is through murder. Even serious harm to health, dangerous to life, is not an attack on life itself. This is precisely harm to health, albeit very serious, and not the destruction of life.

Article 66 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR separately provided for liability for murder and for grievous bodily harm inflicted on a state or public figure or government representative. It seems that this was correct, since the difference between murder and grievous bodily harm is enormous, even though sometimes causing such harm completely excludes any work of a statesman or public figure. Taking into account this difference, it was reflected in the sanctions for the relevant acts. Causing serious harm to the health of a statesman or public figure, especially one that completely deprives him of his ability to work, the ability to solve usual state or public tasks, also poses a great danger to society. Therefore, it seems appropriate to establish criminal liability for causing grievous harm to the health of a state or public figure in order to stop his state or other political activities or revenge for such activities.

In the disposition of Art. 277 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation indicates the goals of such a crime - the termination of state or other political activities of the victim or revenge for such activities. This attribute is mandatory. Consequently, if an attack on the life of a prominent public figure occurs not for his political activities or not out of revenge, this attack cannot be qualified as a terrorist act. An indication in the law of “other political activity” each time requires a precise determination of whether it was political or not.

This crime can only be committed with direct intent - the person realizes that his act is aimed at taking the life of a statesman or public figure, foresees the occurrence of such consequences and desires them.

CONCLUSION

Preventing terrorism is an extremely complex task, since this phenomenon is generated by many social, political, psychological, economic, historical and other reasons. Consequently, such reasons should be the object of preventive intervention, but this is not at all easy to do, since a significant part of these reasons is associated with the possession of state power and its seizure, distribution of property, the triumph of “one’s” ideology, changes in the national or social structure of society, etc. d. With all this, terrorism, as noted above, is ineradicable, since it is a type of the eternal and undying companion of humanity - murder. It is impossible to imagine that the frantic and blind seekers of truth and justice, ready to sacrifice themselves and others for the general happiness or hegemony of their social or national group, will ever disappear from the face of the earth; It is impossible to imagine that people will no longer be born on earth who, through terror, solve their own selfish goals, and not only material ones, but supposedly for the sake of the triumph of universal equality.

Actually, the question is not at all about the complete destruction of terrorism in the world, especially if we bear in mind its most diverse manifestations. A civilized society must strive to prevent it from spreading and identify the terrorist threat in a timely manner.

The prevention of terrorism must be carried out simultaneously in several directions: 1) influencing the main, even global, phenomena and processes in society that have a terrorist effect. This direction can be called strategic, and it would be natural if it were preceded by long-term and even ultra-long-term forecasting of the most significant terrorist activities with the identification of their possible subjects; 2) identification and prevention of terrorist acts that could be committed in the near future or even in the near future. This involves identifying the subjects and objects of terrorism, its causes, methods and other circumstances; 3) suppression of ongoing terrorism and terrorist acts against state and public figures, detaining the perpetrators and bringing them to justice. It is extremely important to punish not only ordinary perpetrators and accomplices, but also the organizers and instigators of terror, which, as we know, is very difficult; 4) prevention, prevention and suppression of crimes similar to terrorism, such as hostage-taking, genocide, sabotage, encroachment on the life of a person carrying out justice or preliminary investigation, etc. A special place in the activities of state and public organizations in the fight against terrorism belongs to international organizations, as well as to the coordination of efforts of different countries in preventing and suppressing this evil.

In addition to the above-mentioned areas of combating such a phenomenon as terrorism, it is necessary to fight this evil as effectively as possible at the legislative level, to improve and deepen the legislation regulating the fight against terrorism, establishing responsibility for it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Antonyan Yu.M. Terrorism. Criminological and criminal legal research. M., 1998.

2. Kachmazov O. Criminal liability for terrorism, 1998.

Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 12, 1993. Official publication. M., 1993.

Terrorism: psychological roots and legal assessments, 1995.

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996.

Application.

Complete list of terrorist organizations in the World.

Abu Nidal Organization (AAN)
Abu Nidal Organization (AAN), also known as Black September, Fatah Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), also known as Al Harakat al Islamiyya
Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
also known as "Groupman Islamik Arm", AIG, "Al-Jama, and al-Islamiya al-Musalla"

Aum Shinrikyo
"Aum Shinrikyo", also known as "The Supreme Truth of Aum".

Basque Organization for Homeland and Freedom (ETA)
"Fatherland and Freedom of the Basques" (ETA), also known as "Euskadi ta askatasuna"
Gama a el-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IS)
"Gama a al-Islamiyya" ("Islamic Group", IS), also known as "Al-Gama at",
Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)
Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), also known as Harakat al-Muhawama al-Islamiya, Ayyash Students, Engineering Students, Yahya Ayyash Units, Izz Al-Din Al-Hassim Brigades, Forces Izz al-Din al-Hassim, Izz al-Din al-Hassim battalions, Izz al-Din al Hassam brigades, Izz al-Din al Hassam forces, Izz al-Din al Hassam battalions
Harakat el-Mujahedin (HEM)
"Harakat ul-Mujahidin" (HUM), also known as "Harakat ul-ansar", HUA, "Al-hadid", "Al-hadit", "Al-faran"
Hezbollah (Party of the Almighty)
Hezbollah (Party of God). Other names: "Islamic Jihad", "Organization of Islamic Jihad", Organization of Revolutionary Justice, "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", "Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine", "Organization of Faithful Against Infidels", "Ansar Allah", "Followers of the Prophet Muhammad"
Japanese Red Army (JRA)
"Japanese Red Army" (YKA). Other names: Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIB), Nippon Sekigun, Nihon Sekigun, Holy Military Brigade, Anti-War Democratic Front
el-Jihad
"Al-Jihad". Other names: "Egyptian al-Jihad", "New Jihad", "Egyptian Islamic Jihad", "Jihad Group"
Kah
"Kah." Other titles: "Suppression of Traitors", "Wild Bogdim", "
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Other name: "Karkeran Kurdistan Party"
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE)
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Other names: "Tamil Tigers", "Ellalan Group". It operates under the guise of such organizations as the World Tamil Association (WTA), the World Tamil Movement (WTM), the Federation of Canadian Tamil Associations (FACT), and the Sangillan Group.
Mujahideen-e Khalq Organization (OME, OMH, NSSI and many others)
"Other names: Mujahideen-e Khalq, National Liberation Army of Iran (PLA, militant wing of MEK), People's Mujahideen Organization of Iran (PMOI), National Resistance Council (NRC), Organization of People's Sacred Warriors of Iran" ,
National Liberation Army (NLA)
"National Liberation Army" (ELN). Other name: "Ejercito Liberación Nacional"
Shakaki Group of Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
"Palestinian Islamic Jihad" - "Shakaki" group. Other names: "PJD" - the "Shakaki" group, "Palestinian Islamic Jihad" (PIJ), "Islamic Jihad of Palestine", "Islamic Jihad in Palestine", "Abu Ghunaima Detachment" as part of the Hezbollah Bayt al-Maqdis organization "
Group "Palestine Liberation Front - Abu Abbas"
Group "Palestine Liberation Front - Abu Abbas". Other names: "Palestine Liberation Front" (PLF), "PLF-Abu Abbas"
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), also known as the Red Eagles, Red Eagles Group, Red Eagles Group, Khalhoul Group, Khalhoul Team
General Command of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (GC-PFLP)
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP - GC)
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), also known as Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionarias de Colombia
Revolutionary Organization 17 November (November 17)
Revolutionary Organization of 17 November (17 November), also known as Epanastatiki Organosi 17 November
Revolutionary People's Liberation Army/Front (RNLA/F)
Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front, also known as Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left), Devrimci Hulk Kurtulus Partisi-Sefesi (DHKP/S), Dev Sol Silahli Birlikleri, Dev Sol SDB, Dev Sol armed revolutionary groups
Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA)
People's Revolutionary Struggle (ELA), also known as Epanastatikos Laikos Agonas, Revolutionary People's Struggle, June 1978, Revolutionary International Solidarity Organization, Revolutionary Core, Revolutionary Cells, Liberation Struggle
Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso, SP)
Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), also known as Partido Comunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de José Carlos Mariátegui (Communist Party of Peru on the Shining Path of José Carlos Mariátegui), Partido Comunista del Peru (Communist Party of Peru), PCP, Socorro Popular del Peru (People's Relief of Peru), PPP, Ejercito Guerrillero Popular (People's Rebel Army), EGP, Ejercito Popular de Liberación (People's Liberation Army), EPL
Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru (RMTA)
Revolutionary Movement of Tupac Amaru (MRTA), also known as Movimiento Revolucinario Tupac Amaru

al-Qaeda,

also known as Qaeda, "The Base", Islamic Army, World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Sites, Osama Bin Laden System, Osama Bin Laden Organization, Islamic Salvation Foundation, Group for the Defense of the Holy Sites.

Founded

Osama bin Laden around 1990 to unite the Arabs who were fighting in Afghanistan against the Soviet invasion. Provided financial assistance, recruited and trained Sunni Muslim extremists for the Afghan resistance. Currently pursuing the goal of “restoring a Muslim state” throughout the world. Collaborates with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it deems “un-Islamist” and remove Westerners from Muslim countries. In February 1998, she issued a statement under the heading “World Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders,” which asserted that all Muslims are obliged to kill American citizens everywhere, both non-military and military, and their allies.

.Activity

On August 7, it carried out bombings at the American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing at least 301 people and wounding more than 5,000 others. Claims to have shot down U.S. helicopters and killed U.S. military personnel in Somalia in 1993, and carried out three bombings targeting U.S. military presence in Aden, Yemen, in December 1992.

The organization is associated with plans to attempt terrorist operations, including the assassination of the Pope during his visit to Manila in late 1994 and simultaneous bombings of the American and Israeli embassies in Manila and other Asian capitals in late 1994.

the mid-air bombings of a dozen US flights over the Pacific Ocean in 1995 and the plot to assassinate President Clinton during his visit to the Philippines in early 1995.

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Abstract >> Political Science

Problems terrorism and fighting it: Face modern terrorism Terrorism in any forms of its manifestation has turned... into their activities. Distinctive Features modern terrorism are the formation of international and regional leadership...

These disgusting examples of senseless cruelty continue to horrify even years later. Terrorist acts cause damage, first of all, to the psychological state of people. While the country's economy recovers from the attack within months, the sense of insecurity among the civilian population continues for years.

Our top ten today contains the most notorious terrorist attacks of the 21st century according to RBC.Rating.

The city of Qakhtanya, inhabited by Yazidi Kurds, a religious minority, was targeted by terrorists who blew up four fuel tankers loaded with explosives. At least 500 people were injured in the explosions.

9. Bombings in London (07/07/2005 and 07/21/2005, UK)

The first four explosions in the London Underground killed 52 people and injured about 700 more. The second series of terrorist attacks, fortunately, resulted in no casualties. All surviving terrorists were brought to justice.

8. Terrorist attack in Beslan (09/01/2004 - 09/03/2004, Russia)

One of the most brutal terrorist attacks in history. For more than two days, the terrorists held about 1,100 people hostage, mostly children. As a result of the terrorist attack, 334 people died, of which 186 were children. The only surviving terrorist was sentenced to life imprisonment.

7. A series of explosions in Iraq (06/24/2004, Iraq)

A series of explosions and attacks on police stations affected five cities in the country. More than 70 people were killed and dozens were seriously injured.

6. Terrorist attacks in Madrid (03/11/2004, Spain)

Took place 3 days before the parliamentary elections. As a result of four explosions in electric train cars, 191 people were killed and 2,050 passengers were injured. It is noteworthy that the explosions took place exactly 911 days after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States.

5. Explosions in the Moscow metro (02/06/2004 and 03/29/2010, Russia)

In 2004, a suicide bomber killed 41 people and injured 250. In 2010, two explosions also killed 41 people and injured 88 people. Doku Umarov took responsibility for the latest terrorist attack.

4. Terrorist attacks in Istanbul (11/15/2003 and 11/20/2003, Türkiye)

As a result of the first terrorist attack, suicide car bombs killed 25 people and injured more than 300. Five days later, a series of explosions killed another 28 people and injured 450. Al-Qaeda, as well as the Islamist group of radicals “Front of Islamic Conquerors of the Great East,” claimed responsibility for the attacks.

3. Terrorist attack on Dubrovka (“Nord-Ost”) (10/23/2002 - 10/26/2002, Russia)

A group of armed terrorists held 916 people for several days in the building of the Moscow Bearing House of Culture. As a result of the operation of the security forces, all militants were eliminated. According to official statistics, 130 hostages died. Shamil Basayev took responsibility for the terrorist attack.

2. Terrorist attacks in Bali (10/12/2002, Indonesia)

The worst terrorist attack in Indonesian history killed 202 people, 164 of whom were foreigners. The radical organization Jemaah Islamiyah was found responsible for the three explosions. Three organizers were sentenced to death.

1. The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 (09/11/2001, USA)

Responsibility for world's largest terrorist attack Al-Qaeda took over. Nineteen terrorists, having hijacked four passenger airliners, carried out a suicide attack unprecedented in its scale of cruelty. As a result of plane crashes, the destruction of the World Trade Center towers and damage to the Pentagon, 2,974 people died.

Recently, the problem of international terrorism has become one of the most pressing global problems of our time related to the sphere of international relations. This transformation is due to the following reasons:

Firstly, international terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming increasingly widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and even the most developed and prosperous states (in particular the USA and Western Europe) are not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.Western Europe).

Secondly, international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and the sad count of their victims amounts to thousands of killed and maimed people;

Thirdly, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to combat international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as an escalating global problem requirescollective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, the entire world community.

Fourthly, the connection between the modern phenomenon of international terrorism and other pressing global problems of our time is becoming increasingly clear and visible. At present, the problem of international terrorism should be considered as an important element of the entire complex of universal, global problems.

The problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal problems, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of humanity increases; need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has specific, characteristic features.

The problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics,national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

International terrorism is now an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of English scientists “Global Transformations” it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite lasting a lotcenturies-old conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with drug trafficking (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread spread of organized crime. Addressing these issues has become a major challenge for governments and police forces around the world.”

With one more specificityA critical feature of the global problem of international terrorism is that it is difficult to predict. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unstable people and overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other methods. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values and the logic of world development.

Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real planetary threat to the world community.

Ways to counter terrorism

One of the most common ways to counter terrorism is to carry out economic and political reforms in order to raise the living standards of the population and provide the opposition with the opportunity to act in the legal political space

A more effective means can be an ideological campaign, a total information war. A country that has successfully confronted terrorism and organized crime with the help of the right ideological campaign is Italy.

A fairly common measure in the fight against terrorismm is the tightening of internal policy, the introduction of total control over the activities of citizens, the use of especially harsh methods of influence against terrorists.

One cannot help but focus on such a radical measure as the physical destruction of terrorist leaders and punitive measures carried out by military units. The effectiveness of this method of combating terrorism remains controversial.

Countries around the world are increasingly coming to the realization that the fight against terrorismin modern conditions must be carried out jointly. Cooperation between intelligence services and law enforcement agencies of different countries is constantly growing. International regulations concerning this problem are being developed and adopted. In this regard, voices are increasingly heard that the key to a successful fight against international terrorism is effective and mutually beneficial international cooperation.

In October 2001 . At the direction of the Secretary-General, a “Working Group on Policy Development on the Role of the United Nations in Relation to Terrorism” was established. The group included the largest functionaries of the organization, as well as external experts. The fruit of their labor was a 40-page report released on August 6 2002 . The developers of the new UN policy acted entirelyma rationally, deciding to turn away from a comprehensive approach

A tripartite strategy was proposed as the core of the new UN policy, the meaning of which is that the organization’s main efforts should be:

1) deterring dissatisfied groups from terrorist activities;

2) depriving such groups of the opportunity to commit terrorist acts;

3) maintaining international cooperation in the fight against terrorism.

International terrorism in itself causes very significant damage, claiming tens, hundreds and thousands of human lives and leading to considerable economic losses. However, as can be seen, international terrorism occupies an important place in the complex of global problems. It is closely related to such problems as the threat of a new world war, the threat of a nuclear disaster, and the problem of overcoming the consequences of scientific and technological revolution.Humanity must consolidate all its activities in the fight against international terrorism, try to find in this fight something that unites and does not divide us all, regardless of skin color, religion, or political beliefs. Only in thisIn this case, humanity can withstand terrorism as a mortal threat XXI.