Heart in Chinese. Chinese characters: heart

How is the hieroglyph "heart" depicted?

Chinese character for "heart". Illustration: website

The hieroglyph "heart" is a pictogram depicting the human heart. The ancient form of the hieroglyph resembled this internal human organ more than the modern inscription.

The ancient form of the hieroglyph "heart". Illustration: website

The sign "heart" forms the basis of many hieroglyphs that are associated with spiritual qualities and the inner world of a person.

For example, the hieroglyph "thought" consists of two parts "sound" and "heart": that is, "voice in the heart" is the hieroglyph "".

Hieroglyph "thought". Illustration: website

When a knife is poked in the heart, and you remain calm and unperturbed - this is the hieroglyph "".

Hieroglyph "patience". Illustration: website

If you can resist the temptation of fame and fortune, then in China they say that you have - "" (Chinese idiom). Of course, such a person actually has a strong will, a sensitive and kind heart, but puts the interests of his country in the first place.

Chinese idiom "wooden body and stone heart". Illustration: website

And when it seems that someone's claws grabbed at the heart and completely captured it, - this is "ay" - "".

Hieroglyph "love". Illustration: website

Many refer to China's ancient culture as a culture of virtue and nobility. And the hieroglyph for virtue means that ten eyes look at one heart. In other words, many divine eyes are looking at the human heart. When a person's thoughts and actions conform to the norms that Heaven has set for people, this is "

Ser. 9. 2007 Issue 1 Part 2

BULLETIN OF SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY

RUSSIAN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH HEART AND SOUL COMPONENTS ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE

The article will consider phraseological units with the word heart, in which this word can be replaced by the word soul. There are 26 such PUs: the soul/heart turns over; soul! heart is breaking<на части>; soul / heart is not in place; soul / heart hurts; a stone on the soul / heart of someone; stone from the soul! heart fell; tear the soul! heart; tear out of the heart/soul; read in the soul / in the heart; in the depths of the soul / heart; from the fullness of the soul! hearts; look into the soul! into the heart; head! soul! someone's heart burns; with all my soul! with all my heart; with an open soul! heart; soul / heart does not lie with someone, something; creep into the soul! into the anger of someone, someone, to someone; take / grab by the soul / by the heart; pitch hell on (in) the soul / heart; to the depths of the soul / heart; cats scratch at the soul / heart; scratching at the soul / heart; ache with the soul! heart; rest arc oh/heart; don't like it! heart of someone .. someone .. sth.

Most of them (23) phraseological dictionary under. ed. A.I. Molotkova1 considers both options, and the main option is considered to be the one in which the word soul is used. In almost all phraseological units, both components freely replace each other. Why is such a change possible?

Phraseological units with the word heart are based on different meanings of this word - 1) direct ("one of the bodily organs") and 2) figurative ("this organ as the center of feelings, experiences, moods of a person") and 3) its shade ("about the spiritual the world of a person, his experiences, feelings, moods"). For example: from the fullness of the heart; the heart does not lie; break the heart.

In the second group of phraseological units, the soul component is synonymous with the word heart. Wed: read in the heart / in the soul of someone. "guess someone's thoughts, desires, moods"; from the fullness of the soul/heart "from an excess of feelings"; look into the soul / heart "try to understand someone's innermost thoughts, feelings"; with an open soul / with an open heart "sincerely, trustingly, frankly"; creep into the heart / into the soul "imperceptibly, involuntarily arise", etc.

Dictionaries of the Russian language note this meaning of the word soul:

1. A conditionally used term denoting the inner, mental world of a person (BAS, 3, 1184-1185); 1. The inner mental world of a person, his experiences, moods, feelings, etc. (MAC, 1, 456).

But the use of the word soul in that group of phraseological units, which are based on the direct meaning of the word heart, seems especially interesting: the soul / heart is torn (to pieces); heart/soul turns over; heart/soul breaks; heart/soul is out of place; heart/soul hurts; stone on the soul / on the heart; tear out of the heart/soul, etc.

Not being a synonym for the word heart, the word soul here also acts as a designation for the right organ, which usually occupies a certain place and position in the body and can lose or change it (out of place, turns over); in my heart

© Wu Shu-Hua, 2006

there may be a stone (or fall off the soul); she, like the heart, like any other part of the body, can hurt; something can be taken out of it, etc. This completely contradicts the idealistic and religious ideas about the soul as an intangible substance, an intangible beginning of life. Apparently, in those images that underlie these phraseological units, a contradiction between the philosophical and religious Christian and ordinary consciousness manifested itself. It is characteristic that not a single explanatory dictionary notes this in the semantics of the word soul.

In all dictionaries, except for BAS, phraseology is given a special place in the dictionary entry - after all free meanings. BAS tries to "bind" phraseological units to meanings, if the semantic connection with them is still felt. At the end of the dictionary entry, only those phraseological units are given, the meanings of which in the modern language no longer correlate with any of the free meanings.

Returning to the word soul, it should be noted that those phraseological units in which the components of the soul and heart replace each other are placed in the Big Academic Dictionary at the end of the dictionary entry (soul hurts, hurts with the soul, tear apart the soul, cats scratch at the soul, the soul has gone to the heels , the soul is not in place), i.e., the authors admit that here the soul is not the same as “the immaterial principle in a person, which constitutes the essence of his life and distinguishes him from animals.” Phraseologisms show that in the view of an ordinary person who naively cognizes the world around him, the soul is one of the material substances. And if so, then it must be placed somewhere in the body. The facts of the Russian language indicate that for the Slavs, the heart is such a place.

In Chinese, the concept of "soul" (as well as the concept of "heart") is more complex and can be indicated in writing in various ways - both as a single character, and as complexes of two or four characters - words. For example: “heart + soul (^Ж)”, “heart + intestines (“[> Ш)”, “heart + spirit (М^)”, etc. Their semantics is always connected in one way or another with the concepts of “inner world person”, “emotions, feelings”, “psychological state”, “hobbies”, etc.2

When comparing Russian and Chinese phraseological units with the heart component, the following is revealed. In both Russian and Chinese, phraseological units with the word heart are included in a semantic group that reflects an emotional state (anger, joy, confusion, shame, embarrassment, etc.). Emotions have a bright external manifestation in facial expressions, gestures, behavior. They are accompanied by certain psychophysiological sensations. These feelings are conveyed by phraseology:

Russian phraseological units: the heart is torn apart, heart! the soul went to the heels, the heart! the soul is not in place, a knife in the heart, rest the soul! Heart.

Chinese phraseological units: "heart and liver are torn apart5; "heart

pounding, hamstrings shaking" (about the feeling of fear); Sht & Shh "the soul went to the heels". No!"#§ "the soul is anxious." "heart and soul are out of place" (of a feeling of anxiety,

anxiety). JSHSH "to" ten thousand arrows pierce the heart. "" the heart is like a knife

cut" (about the state of anger, longing). "the heart is open, the soul is cheerful"

(about the manifestation of joy, fun:).

It can be seen that in both Russian and Chinese phraseological units often reflect negative rather than positive emotions.

There is a certain similarity of the images on which the phraseological unit is built: the heart / soul is on fire - "the heart is in a hurry, as if on fire": the heart is breaking - ^

SHSHSH "heart and liver are torn to pieces": heart / soul went to the heels - "soul went to the heels": the heart is not in place - "S ^ YA! "heart is not here"; ^ ^ u TZSHU "heart

like they cut with a knife." However, the lexical expression of this image may not exactly coincide: Russian cats scratch at the heart - Chinese. "Thousands of arrows pierce the heart." The same feeling of sharp, stabbing pain in the heart is expressed in different ways.

There are very few cases when both the component composition and the value of the phraseological units coincide; this can be considered rather an exception. There is only one case in this article: Russian phraseological unit - someone's heart is out of place. "someone is disturbed, feels very restless" and Chinese - literal, "the heart is not here, the heart is not here."

In other cases, Russian and Chinese phraseological units differ either semantically or in composition. So, the Russian phraseological unit with all your heart / soul "limitless / unlimited / sincerely / ardently believe, love" corresponds to Chinese - (lit. - "with all your heart, with all thoughts"). Completely coinciding in the composition of the PU, the soul went to the heels in Russian conveys a feeling of strong fear, and in Chinese it conveys anxiety.

In Chinese, the concepts of "heart" and "soul" are also interrelated, some of their meanings are synonymous. But they cannot replace each other in one phraseological unit, as happens in the Russian language. The reasons for this are different, they are rooted in the history of the formation of Chinese phraseology, are associated with the peculiarities of Chinese writing, and, finally, with the peculiarities of national thinking, worldview, worldview.

The first feature of Chinese phraseological units is that all of them (or most) necessarily have a literary source. It is these phraseological units that are described in the scientific literature. In other words, they come from four sources: 1) from fables; 2) from myths or legends; 3) from historical events; 4) from famous phrases in literary works. For example: (M4 * - "old man Yugon", - "moved the mountain") - "stay until the end, and everything will be successful"; 0 ""colossus of Kuafu"; ill B - "catching up with the sun") - "unreal".

In Russian, such combinations are called winged words; these are figurative, well-aimed expressions, sayings that have an author and are in common use. Wed, for example: they wanted the best, but it turned out as always; his example to others is science. Naturally, here the replacement of one component with another is impossible.

The second feature of Chinese phraseological units concerns their structure. Structurally, Chinese phraseological units are always four-word formations, called in Chinese ESH^^. In semantic terms, this is a combination of words that have free meanings and are included in the same semantic group. As part of phraseological units of this type, the integration of individual meanings occurs, the combination of components into one semantic whole. ZHSHSHM (F "east", W "south", W "west", "Jit "north") - "countries of the world"; (# "spring", F "summer", "F "autumn", "winter") - "times

year". In functional terms, they correspond to the word, since the concept is denoted by the phraseological unit as a whole, and not by its individual components. Ш - "heart / soul"; Ш - "willingly do".

The third difference between Chinese phraseological units and Russian ones is explained by the typological difference in the grammatical structure of these languages. For example, in Russian, the verb changes by person, tense, and aspect to indicate the process of movement. For example: the head is swollen - the head is swollen; head is spinning - head is spinning. In Chinese, phraseological units strictly preserve the four-element composition, but since there are no perfect or imperfect verbs, in order to convey the corresponding meaning, the speaker must insert words now or in the past (T) into the sentence, which actually perform the functions of suffixes. But these words do not become an additional (fifth) element of phraseological units. Thus, the Chinese phraseological unit, like the Russian one, has the structure of a verb combination,

but unlike Russian phraseological units, species-temporal relations are expressed analytically, outside of phraseological units. Let's give an example: J () T1 "fasten", A "man", "heart", ®

"string") - "to take by the heart". Chinese verbs define time or process meanings through an "empty" word or circumstance. For example: lillft Y SHCHYZHLEY - This song

now truly takes by the heart; DtnY - This song truly took over

heart (here the "empty" word / shows the past tense).

Finally, when comparing the phraseological units of the two languages, one must take into account that, to a large extent, their national identity (and, as a result, their difficulty in translating), even with the similarity of the component composition, is explained by the fact that each nation puts its own concepts into words. Regardless of the generality of the laws of human thinking, the same words reflect unequal ideas.

In Chinese culture, the heart is primarily a thinking, not a feeling organ - the heart-mind, the smart heart. Therefore, in translations of many Chinese proverbs containing the hieroglyph "heart", it is better to use the Russian word mind. For example: Devils generates (own) mind (in the original - heart)2. The meaning "thought, mind" is noted in the Chinese dictionaries for the word heart immediately after the direct meaning "one of the bodily organs." It seems very significant that the word heart in Orthodox culture, if we analyze the texts, has 8 meanings, one of which is the following: "an organ of mental activity; consciousness; mind; reason", for example: The people were waiting, and everyone thought in their hearts about John, is he not the Christ (Gospel of Luke, 3:15); "Why did you put this in your heart?" (i.e. conceived, planned) (Acts of the Holy Apostles, 5:4)3. In modern speech practice, starting at least from the middle of the 19th century, the concepts of “mind” and “heart” are opposed (su:, the mind is not in harmony with the heart, neither the mind nor the heart, etc.). By the way, these expressions are difficult for the perception and understanding of the carrier of the Chinese linguistic consciousness.

More complex than in the Russian mind, the Chinese have the concept of SOUL, but this deserves a separate consideration in another article. Here we can only say that this word is more preferable in translations of some Chinese proverbs than the word heart in them. For example: AiY^4^^" - "the person is old, but the soul (literally, the heart) is not old (= young)".

Thus, both in Russian and in Chinese there is a rich phraseology. When comparing phraseological units with the HEART and SOUL components in Russian and Chinese, both similarities and differences are observed. The similarity consists not only in the categorical properties of phraseological units (stability, reproducibility, integrity of meaning), but also in the commonality of many ideas, images on which phraseological units are built, in the “mechanisms” of phraseology (metaphor, metonymy), in anthropocentricity. The differences are explained by various reasons - external (sources of phraseology, structure and grammatical properties of phraseological units) and internal (national features of the worldview, the difference in the language picture of the world).

Accepted abbreviations

BAS ~ Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language: In 17 t. M .; L., 1948-1965.

MAC - Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Under. ed. A.P. Evgenieva. M., 1981-1984.

1 Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. A.I. Molotkov. M., 1968.

2 See: Kornilov O.L. Pearls of Chinese Phraseology. M., 2005. S. 74-75; Torchinov E.A. Taoism: An Experience of Historical and Religious Description. SPb., 1998.

3 For more details, see: Sklyarevskaya G.I. Heart in Scripture. SPb., 2005.

The Chinese are a very hardworking and materialistic people who “plow” daily to meet their needs and requirements. The inhabitants of the Celestial Empire do not believe in God, they very rarely help each other on the street in emergency situations, they are constantly busy with work and the troubles associated with it, but nevertheless, their pride and hospitable mood can always be backed up with a couple of simple but so pleasant phrases in Chinese , which will arrange your interlocutor to communicate, and make communication more open and simple.

1. 谢谢, 老板 (xie xie lao ban) ~ Thank you boss!)))

How many emotions does this elementary phrase evoke on the face of a barely familiar Chinese, whether it be a shop assistant, a subway worker, or just a passer-by. Say this phrase - show that you know Chinese.

The “cult of Laobang” in China has been developing since the time of Ancient Civilization, but when a foreigner pronounces the word “boss” in relation to a Chinese, it is three times more pleasant.

2. 你英语说得那么厉害！(ni ying yu shuo de na me li hai) — Your English level is amazing!

If a Chinese person tries to speak to you in English, even if it is far from ideal, praise him. Say this phrase - and your Chinese is 100%)

3. 我们交朋友吧 (wo men jiao peng you ba) - Let's be friends!

Here the Chinese finally dispel all doubts that you will not “converge cultures” - now there is no reason not to trust you. The Chinese is yours again!)

4. 我对中国文化很感兴趣 (wo dui zhong guo wen hua hen gan xing qu) — I have an incredible interest in Chinese culture!

The Chinese love their Motherland, they are very proud of its history and modern achievements. Therefore, if you utter this phrase, they will immediately take you for one of their own, they will understand that you really take China very seriously. You came here not to “hang out in clubs”, but to develop. Start learning Chinese with this simple phrase)

5. 因为中国是一个世界上最强的国家 - (yin wei zhong guo shi yi ge shi jie shang zui qiang de guo jia) - Because China is the most powerful state in the world!

Consider the meaning of the hieroglyph "U": 悟 - "comprehension". Since this compound hieroglyph is fraught with some more symbols, for example, “self”, “heart”, we will also get acquainted with these signs of Chinese writing along the way.

Chinese character for "comprehension"

Hieroglyph "comprehension", pronunciation: wù/у (4th tone). Illustration by Maria Kononenko.

When a character is part of another character, it is called a grapheme. So, in the hieroglyph "comprehension" you can find 4 graphemes, each of which can also be used as full-fledged independent hieroglyphs in various Chinese texts.

Here are the graphemes of the hieroglyph "comprehension": 口 - "mouth, hole", 五 - "five"; 吾 - "self", 心 - "heart".

Chinese character for "heart"

Schematically accurately reproduces this vital human organ ancient.

However, during the evolution of Chinese writing, the character for "heart" has changed significantly, and is currently written like this:

忄 is also the grapheme "heart", but in this form the sign is used exclusively as an element in the composition of another hieroglyph, for example, as in our case with the concept of "comprehension".

Chinese, broadly also "hole"

Chinese character for "five"

The hieroglyph “five” illustrated above symbolizes the “5 elements” (Chinese Wu-xing), according to the interpretation of the dictionary Showen Jiezi*.

According to the ideas of the ancient Chinese, the "five elements" (Water, Fire, Wood, Metal, Earth) are the primary elements of the entire Universe. “5 elements” originated from two opposite principles “yin” and “yang”, which symbolize day and night, Heaven and Earth, male and female principles, etc.

The upper and lower lines in the ancient hieroglyph just symbolize Heaven and Earth (“yang” and “yin”), which, in the process of interaction and struggle, give rise to “five primary elements” or “five elements”.

The modern character "5" has changed significantly and is now written like this:

Etymology of the Chinese character "self"

By combining the two graphemes described above “hole” and “five”, the ancient Chinese gave the designation to the concept of “self”.

How are these two signs related?

The answer is found in the traditional culture of China.

According to the same concept of the “five elements”, a person has five organs (symbolically “holes” - author) for perceiving the world - these are eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin (touch, tactile sensations). Also, a person has five senses that spontaneously react to the world around them in different ways - this is joy, longing, thoughtfulness, grief, anger. They shape the personality in many ways.

The “5 virtues” of a person: humanity or humanity, the rules of decency or a sense of tact, trust and faith, decency or a sense of duty, wisdom are the main features of a person, which distinguishes people from animals in their manifestations to the outside world. It also forms the "self".

Etymology of the hieroglyph "comprehension" (one's own self)

The hieroglyph “comprehension” 悟 is extensive and also carries the content of the concepts “wake up”, “wake up”; "enlightenment", "comprehension"; "awareness" (of one's own self).

In Chinese culture, the character "Wu" (pinyin: wù) plays a special role. Let's take one example of this. One of the protagonists of the very famous classic Chinese novel Journey to the West, the mystical immortal monkey Sun Wu-kun, has the character "Wu" (Wu-kun, in Chinese for "perceived the void") in his name.

To designate such an abstract concept as “comprehension”, the ancient sages combined two graphemes “heart” and “self”. And a new hieroglyph arose.

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Hello to all blog readers! In this article, we will clarify one important secret of Chinese characters, which will help you in quickly memorizing new words. When we just started to prescribe and memorize hieroglyphs, it seemed to us a very interesting and entertaining activity, and did not cause any particular difficulties. But more than a month has passed and something happened that upset us very much ...

Have you encountered such a problem? You learn hieroglyphs - you learn a day, two, a week, a month. Every day new interesting, funny hieroglyphs. But now, some time passes, and you completely forget them? You do not remember how they are read, how they look and what they mean. For us, this was a great difficulty on the way to improving the language.

Some time passed before a secret was revealed to us. This is even more of a fact about Chinese characters that not everyone knows. Many understand this themselves, after a considerable time of studying the Chinese language, I independently analyze the studied hieroglyphs. But, in order to save the time of those who are only at the beginning of the journey, we will reveal this secret now to facilitate your study.

Secret by name: hieroglyph of the phonetic category

Such a name and such a translation are offered by dictionaries for hieroglyphs: 形声字 。 Why are hieroglyphs of this particular type so important to us? It's simple: 90% of Chinese characters are these same characters of the phonetic category. And if you know the features of these hieroglyphs, then you will know the features of most of the hieroglyphs.

And now let's get down to business.

Features of hieroglyphs of the phonetic category

Let's see what is the hieroglyph of the phonetic category?

These are hieroglyphs consisting of two parts: (for example, right and left parts, lower and upper parts, outer and inner parts), one of which is responsible for the meaning, and the second for pronunciation.

想 - to think，to want. The upper part is responsible for the pronunciation of “相“ [ xiāng ], the lower character is one of the variations of the character “heart” i.e. our emotions and feelings that come from our heart. It is this part of the hieroglyph that carries its meaning.

Most of the elements responsible for the meaning of the hieroglyph are keys or, in other words, radicals, which you can read more about.

Here are some examples of semantic parts and their meaning:

key "speech"讠 [ yan]: 话 words, expressions， 说 - to speak， 请 - to ask

Key "hand"手 [ shǒu]： 打 - to beat, hit， 找 to seek， 提 - to raise

Key "food"饣 [ shi]： 饭 food， 锇 [è] - hungry， 铰子 - dumplings

Key "tree"木 [ mu]： 树 - tree， 床 - bed， 桌子 - table

Key "heart"心 [ xin]： 想 - to want， 感到 - to feel，焦急 - to be nervous

The right part of the hieroglyph is the phonetic part, by which you can find out the pronunciation of the hieroglyph. Here are more examples involving the right side:

晴 - sunny

清 - clear, light, transparent

请 - to ask, to make a request

All these hieroglyphs have the same right part and it is responsible for pronunciation. They are all pronounced as qing only with different tones. But the right parts of these hieroglyphs carry the meaning: 晴 - left part: sun, 清 - left part: water, 请 - left part: speech

Rules for the distribution of semantic and phonetic parts

Now, perhaps the most important thing: how to distinguish the semantic part from the phonetic one? ... There are certain rules that most of the hieroglyphs of this type obey.

The semantic part in most cases is located: in the left, upper, or outer part of the hieroglyph.

The phonetic part usually occupies the following positions: right, lower or inner part.

Of course, not all hieroglyphs obey this rule. Sometimes the opposite happens, but these cases are of course less common.

Let's look at specific examples to make it clear to you

情 - feeling, emotion, mood.

The left part, which carries the meaning, is one of the variations of the “heart” key, the right part is responsible for pronunciation.

Here are some more examples:

Do not forget that Chinese characters have a fairly long history. They have changed over the centuries and even thousands of years. And it often happened that a hieroglyph, which used to have a certain meaning, was replaced by another in modern times. And now it is quite difficult to understand why some hieroglyphs are read and have exactly such a pronunciation and meaning. For example:

猜 - to guess, guess; guess, guess.

If we take into account modern interpretations, then its left part is usually used in hieroglyphs associated with animals, and the right part is read as. In this case, this hieroglyph has a completely different pronunciation and certainly has nothing to do with any animal.

Method for memorizing new characters

So, now when you suddenly wake up to learn a new character, there is a high probability that it belongs to this category. Therefore, do not translate it immediately, but try to guess its approximate meaning based on the context and the part that is responsible for the meaning. After all, what we think of ourselves, and not what is presented to us on a silver platter, is remembered by the brain for a longer time. As the saying goes, what is hard-won is more appreciated.

And when you memorize this hieroglyph, be sure to pay attention to the key used and the part that is responsible for pronunciation. Try to remember other hieroglyphs that have the same hieroglyphs as in this one.

Here's how we do it. For example, we want to remember a new character 盯. Looking at the table of radicals, you can see that the radical 目 is used here, which translates as eye. What earlier did we learn hieroglyphs that use this radical?

眼 - eyes, 看 - look, 泪 - tear

From this one can guess that this hieroglyph is somehow connected with eyes, sight, sight.

But the radical 丁 is not found in the table. Therefore, it can be assumed that he is responsible for pronunciation. Recall the hieroglyphs in which 丁 is used:

顶 - peak or count for headgear, 订 - armor, 钉 - nail

After analyzing these hieroglyphs, it is easy to understand that they all have a similar pronunciation.

So in this case, we can assume that this hieroglyph 盯 will most likely be pronounced as ding with some of the tones and be related to sight, vision or eyes.

We look at the dictionary and see that the translation of this word is: stare, stare, and it is read as dīng. Which once again confirms that the left part of 目 is responsible for the meaning, and the right part 丁 for pronunciation.

That's the whole secret. It is quite simple, but can significantly increase the efficiency in memorizing hieroglyphs. After all, a hieroglyph memorized in this way is kept in the head much longer than the one that you wrote down several dozen times. But it’s better to use these two methods together - i.e. this method plus mechanical memory - so that your hand also remembers how to write this hieroglyph, then the effect will be even better!

That's basically it. It remains only to add that not all hieroglyphs clearly coincide with the above example. Sometimes the pronunciation and meaning can differ (pronunciation often differs in tones and consonants), and the meaning may not seem quite the same to you, because the language does not stand still, and at the time of the appearance of this hieroglyph, it may have had a different meaning, but now it has changed. So guys, be patient! Patience, ingenuity and diligence are your helpers!

Well, now you know this little secret, which, I hope, will bring you a lot of help in learning Chinese!

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