What is hyperbole, examples from literature and everyday life. What is hyperbole? This is a special artistic device in literature: example sentences

Word hyperbola- mathematical and linguistic. It so happened that one word denotes two concepts from completely different, one might even say opposite in essence, sciences.

Hyperbole in mathematics- a curve related to the number of conic sections.

Hyperbole in literature- a figure of exaggeration.

Mathematical hyperbola

In mathematics, the hyperbola is much less common than its brothers: the parabola and the ellipse. More precise definition a mathematical hyperbola will be like this:

Hyperbola- these are points on the plane, the difference of which is up to two selected points (or, as they are also called, hyperbole tricks) is a constant value.

Just as in the case of an ellipse, a similar quantity is denoted by 2a, and the distance between the foci is through 2s.

A hyperbole consists of two completely identical parts. It is her characteristic. It also has straight lines to which the hyperbola rushes when it goes to infinity. These lines are called asymptotes.

Just like ellipse, hyperbola has an optical property. This means that a ray that came out of one focus, after reflection, moves as if it came out of another focus.

In mathematics the term "hyperbola" appeared before our era. It was introduced by the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga, who lived from 262 to 190 BC.

There are several types of hyperboles.

Equilateral is called a hyperbole for which a=b. Such a hyperbola is described in a rectangular coordinate system by the equation xy = a²/2, and its foci are at points (a;a) And (-a;-a).

There are also hyperbolas directly related to triangles. So, Jenzabek's hyperbole represents a curve that is isogonally conjugate to the Euler straight line, and Kiepert hyperbola is a curve that is isogonally conjugate to a line passing through the center of the circumscribed circle and the Lemoine point of the corresponding triangle.

Literary hyperbole

Hyperbole in literature- This stylistic figure, which is a figurative expression that exaggerates any phenomenon, object, or action. In works of art, hyperbole is used to enhance the artistic impression.

Since hyperbole is a figurative expression, such an expression should not be taken literally.

Hyperbole is used especially often in Russian folk poetry. Yes, the song "Dunya the Subtle Weaver" is entirely built on the use of hyperbole. This song tells how Dunya spun three threads in three hours, which turned out to be "thinner log, thicker than knee". Then she these threads "I stuck it in the garden with a stake".

Hyperbole is also found in Russian ditties:

The lazy man sits at the gate,

He opened his mouth wide,

And no one will understand

Where is the gate and where is the mouth.

Hyperbole is also widely used by ancient Russian authors, whose names have not reached us. For example, in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" we read:

“He rang the morning bells in Polotsk, early the bells rang at St. Sophia, and he heard the ringing in Kiev.”

Russian writers also used hyperbole. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov used close to folk techniques:

It will pass - as if it will illuminate the sun!

If he looks, he’ll give you a ruble!
I saw how she squints:

With a wave, the mop is ready.

Nikolai Gogol also became famous for his hyperboles. Everyone knows such expressions from his works as “A million Cossack hats poured into the square”, “A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper”, trousers among the Cossacks "as wide as the Black Sea".

In the works of Vladimir Mayakovsky, hyperbole is one of the characteristic techniques. In his poem “6 Nuns” we read:

Let the quota be filled with years of life,

one has only to remember this miracle,

yawning

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

By the way, hyperbole also has the exact opposite stylistic figure - litotes, denoting understatement. But more on that next time.

Hyperbola

HYPERBOLE (Greek - υπερβολη) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, aimed at enhancing expressiveness, for example. "I've said this a thousand times." Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them an appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors, etc. (“the waves rose like mountains”). The character or situation portrayed may also be hyperbolic. G. is also characteristic of the rhetorical, oratorical style, as a means of pathetic elation, as well as romantic style, where pathos meets irony. Of the Russian authors, Gogol is especially inclined to G., from newest poets- Mayakovsky (see Stylistics).

Literary encyclopedia. - At 11 t.; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Fritsche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .

Hyperbola

(Greek hyperbole - exaggeration), trope, an expressive figurative means, a deliberate exaggeration of the attribute of an object or person: “Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if you inflate them, then they could fit the entire yard with barns and buildings"(N.V. Gogol, “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich”).

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

Hyperbola

HYPERBOLA(Greek ‘υπερβολή - exaggeration) - a stylistic figure (see), consisting of a clearly exaggerated expression of thought. Hyperbole can consist primarily of quantitative exaggeration (for example, “a thousand times”, “ a month of Sundays”, “priceless”, Gogol about the Dnieper: “there is no river equal to it in the world”), but also in figurative expression. In the latter case, although outwardly similar to metaphor, hyperbole differs significantly from it in that it is not directed towards enrichment content of thought through its figurative expression, but in order to strengthen, emphasize certain properties or features of the object of thought. Thus, many enthusiastic, affectionate or abusive expressions of everyday speech are not metaphors, but hyperboles (for example, “my angel”, “divine”, or “a real devil”, “donkey”, “monster”, etc.). In many cases, however, whether a particular expression is classified as a metaphor or hyperbole depends on the point of view on it; in other words, the hyperbole is then determined not by the property of the image itself, but application him in speech. This is why a hyperbole belongs to the category of figures, but from figures figurative hyperbole is closest to tropes (see). IN poetic speech hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, forming hyperbolic metaphors, comparisons, personifications, etc. For example, in Pushkin: “Yes! If all the tears, blood and sweat, Shed for everything that is stored here, All suddenly emerged from the bowels of the earth, Then there would be a flood again - I would choke In my faithful basements" (" Stingy Knight"). Gogol’s style is especially rich in such hyperbolic figures in our literature: “Do you hear how the whole world gathered at your feet and, shaking their spears, merged into one exclamation!” ("Life"); “The rubies of her lips seemed to stick with blood to the very heart” (“Viy”); Gogol constructs entire descriptions and characteristics hyperbolically, for example, the Dnieper, the Ukrainian Night, the Albanian Annunziata, Sobakevich, etc. Everywhere here the image retains its tropical nature, it does not dissolve in hyperbole (as in the given examples of affectionate and abusive words), but hyperbole, that is, only colors it. - Any verbal understatement or belittlement, such as “a week without a year”, “quieter than water, lower than the grass”, “wasp waist”, etc. expressions also refer to the figure of hyperbole and are sometimes defined only by misunderstanding as litotes(see), e.g. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky (Theory of poetry and prose), P. A. Buzuk (Essays on the psychology of language. Odessa. 1918) and other followers of Potebnya.

M. Petrovsky. Literary Encyclopedia: Dictionary literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what “Hyperbole” is in other dictionaries:

- (Greek, hyperbole, from hyperballein to throw further than the target). 1) in geometry: two curved lines obtained when a cone intersects a plane parallel to the axis of the cone. 2) in rhetoric: expressing a thought in a greatly exaggerated form for greater force... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language

Hyperbola- HYPERBOLE (Greek ‘υπερβολη exaggeration) stylistic figure (see), consisting of a clearly exaggerated expression of thought. Hyperbole can consist primarily of quantitative exaggeration (for example, “a thousand times”, “an eternity”, “priceless”, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Cm … Synonym dictionary

1. HYPERBOLE, s; and. [from Greek hyperbolē exaggeration] Stylistic device excessive exaggeration of which words. properties of the depicted object, phenomenon, etc., in order to enhance the impression. / About excessive exaggeration. Tell the story without hyperbole... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

HYPERBOLE, hyperbole, female. (Greek hyperbole). 1. Curve from a number of conic sections (mat.). A hyperbola is obtained by cutting the right gyre of a cone with a plane. 2. Figure of exaggeration (lit.). Gogol's style is replete with hyperbole. || Anything... ... Dictionary Ushakova

- (Greek hyperbole) a flat curve (2nd order) consisting of two infinite branches. A hyperbola is a set of points M, the difference in distances from two given points (F1, F2) of the hyperbola's foci is constant and equal to the length of the real axis A1A2, the other ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (foreign language) exaggeration. Hyperbolic, pertaining to hyperbole. Wed. From every corner, it seems to you, it smells like blood, it smells like death and crime: and this is not hyperbole, this is a fact, repeatedly attested... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

- (hyperbola) A function that can be expressed as the ratio of two linear functions. A hyperbola in a rectangular coordinate system has the form y=(α+βx)/(γ+δx). This function is continuous, except for the case where x =–γ/δ; when she acts like... Economic dictionary

hyperbola- y, w. hyperbole f. , lat. hiperbole 1. lit. A technique of exaggeration to enhance impression. Sl. 18. A feeling that, without any hyperbole, can be called admiration. 1791. Karamzin PRP 5 31. The soul admired, but the feelings in him were silent, one language... ... Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language

- (from the Greek hyperbole exaggeration), poetic device: a type of trope based on exaggeration (rivers of blood). Compare Litotus... Modern encyclopedia

Hyperbola?

IN modern literature, as in art in general, there is great amount techniques and methods of expressive language that are used by authors to varying degrees. Everyone understands such concepts as comparison and personification, but not everyone knows what hyperbole is. So, hyperbole is a popular language in literature. It is used in cases where the author needs to create an exaggerated idea of a situation or some subject. Hyperbole is also used when the author needs to pay special attention to any phenomenon and its properties in the work. Hyperbole is usually contained in some kind of statement. It in itself is not hyporbelic and in fact can convey the real state of affairs. This is all hyperbole. Examples of this trope are quite typical and well-known, some are even used every day. Here is one of them: “There is not a crumb of bread.” This statement as a whole does not have an exaggerated color, but nevertheless it is used here this remedy expressiveness.

It is important!

The position of the speaker and his assessment of the facts are very important when using hyperbole. Exaggeration is the absence or presence of some properties, objects, phenomena. Scientists have repeatedly pointed out that hyperbole is one of the most common means of expression in our everyday conversation. There are two main factors to this wonderful trope. The first is the correlation of the expression with the situation, the second is its assessment. Hyperbole does not create contrast, it describes or states real events, but in an enlarged size, creating some imbalance between reality and hyperbolic expression!

The basis of a hyperbole

It helps to expand on the question of what a hyperbole is by considering its content and structure. At the base of a hyperbole there is always some kind of comparison, or rather an image. But everyday exaggeration differs from artistic expression. In everyday speech, we often use ready-made models, for example, “elephant in china shop". There are very, very many similar examples, because language lives and develops. In literature, writers and poets pay special close attention to hyperbolic statements. With the help of this trope, they try to emphasize the peculiarity and uniqueness of a particular character or event. Hyperbole was especially often used by such poets like Mayakovsky, Lermontov.Their language is characterized by scale.

Polysemy of the word

But this is an incomplete answer to the question of what hyperbole is. The word itself has two meanings. The second, by the way, is far from literature and art; it is used in mathematics. Although this is also related to him interesting expressions, such as the locus in the Euclidean plane, the canonical equation of a hyperbola and many others. In general, only one thing can be said: hyperbole is an important concept, the meaning of which is necessary to know not only for a professional writer, but also for every literate person.

A stylistic device, the name of which is borrowed from the ancient Greek language and is translated as “exaggeration,” is present in classical and modern works along with metaphor, epithet, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. What is hyperbole in literature? This is a deliberate exaggeration of the properties of phenomena and objects. Language device used in Russian colloquial speech for emotional enhancement, when there is not just the transfer of dry information, a personal assessment of what is happening is emphasized.

The figure of speech was the authors' favorite means of expression folk tales, epic. Stylistic device widely used by writers whose works have become classics of literature. Visual enhancements contain humorous and satirical stories, poetic creativity. Exaggeration is used wherever it is necessary to highlight one or another fact of reality.

Why is exaggeration used in literature?

Hyperbole catches attention, has a stimulating effect on the imagination, makes you look at the facts of reality in a new way, feel their significance and special role. Exaggeration exceeds the limits set by verisimilitude, imbuing a person, thing, or a natural phenomenon supernatural characteristics. expressive means emphasizes the conventionality of the world created by the writer. What is hyperbole in literature? The technique indicates the author’s attitude towards the depicted - sublime, idealistic or, conversely, mocking.

How it is implemented artistic exaggeration To clearly understand what hyperboles are in literature, you need to know the methods of implementing amplification inherent in the text work of art. Expressiveness is achieved by the writer through the use of lexical hyperboles, including the words “completely”, “at all”, “all”. The metaphorical device is based on a figurative comparison. Phraseological hyperboles in literature are set expressions. Quantitative amplification includes a number designation.

Lexical hyperboles

Expressiveness is created in literature by using certain words: completely bad, completely incomprehensible handwriting, no good, known to all people.

Metaphorical hyperboles

The following phrases contain figurative transfer: the whole world is a theater, a forest of hands, a boundless ocean of love, promise mountains of gold.

Phraseological hyperboles

The following exaggerations are common expressions: the goat understands, I’ll beat you like a baby, the contract is cheaper than the paper on which it is written.

Quantitative hyperbolas

Numerical exaggerations contain the following expressions: a thousand tasks for the evening, warned a million times, a mountain of folders with papers.

In linguistics in words "hyperbola" called excessive exaggeration of any qualities or properties, phenomena, processes in order to create a bright and impressive image, for example:

rivers of blood;
you are always late;
mountains of corpses;
haven't seen each other for a hundred years;
scare to death;
I said it a hundred times;
a million apologies;
a sea of ripened wheat;
I've been waiting forever;
stood there all day;
at least get wet;
a house a thousand kilometers away;
is constantly late.

Hyperbole is often found in oral folk art, for example, in epics: Ilya Muromets picks up “an iron shalyga that weighed exactly one hundred pounds”,
No matter where you wave, the street will fall,
And he’ll wave it back - the side streets...

IN fiction writers use hyperbole to enhance expressiveness, create figurative characteristics of the hero, and a vivid and individual idea of him. Using a hyperbole reveals author's attitude to the character, the overall impression of the statement is created.

Writing gains special power influencing human minds through certain linguistic means. The use of stylistic devices makes artistic text especially expressive, emotional, leaves the reader with an indelible impression of reading literature.

What is hyperbole in Russian?

A stylistic device, the name of which is borrowed from the ancient Greek language and is translated as “exaggeration,” is present in classical and modern works along with metaphor, epithet, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. What is hyperbole in literature? This is a deliberate exaggeration of the properties of phenomena and objects. The linguistic device is used in Russian colloquial speech for emotional enhancement, when there is not just a transfer of dry information, but a personal assessment of what is happening is emphasized.

The figure of speech was the favorite means of expression of the authors of folk tales and epics. The stylistic device was widely used by writers whose works became classics of literature. Humorous and satirical stories and poetic creativity provide visual reinforcement. Exaggeration is used wherever it is necessary to highlight one or another fact of reality.

Why is exaggeration used in literature?

Hyperbole catches attention, has a stimulating effect on the imagination, makes you look at the facts of reality in a new way, feel their significance and special role. Exaggeration overcomes the limits set by verisimilitude and endows a person, object or natural phenomenon with supernatural characteristics. The expressive means emphasizes the conventionality of the world created by the writer. What is hyperbole in literature? The technique indicates the author’s attitude towards the depicted - sublime, idealistic or, conversely, mocking.

How is artistic exaggeration realized?

To clearly understand what hyperboles are in literature, you need to know the methods of implementing amplification inherent in the text of a work of art. Expressiveness is achieved by the writer through the use of lexical hyperboles, including the words “completely”, “at all”, “all”. The metaphorical device is based on a figurative comparison. Phraseological hyperboles in literature are set expressions. Quantitative amplification includes a number designation.

Lexical hyperboles

Expressiveness is created in literature through the use of certain words:

completely bad, completely incomprehensible handwriting, no good, everyone knows.

Metaphorical hyperboles

The following phrases contain figurative transfer: the whole world is a theater, a forest of hands, a boundless ocean of love, promise mountains of gold.