Participial phrase after i. Isolation of participles: when commas are needed for participles
1. Participial phrases, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of their location in relation to the predicate verb.
For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, schools of horses(Ser.); Without putting on a cap, went out onto the porch(Shol.); Having gotten drunk overnight, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping wet pine branches(Sparrow); Leaning back on a comfortable, soft chair back in a trolleybus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich, quickly raised her hand(Adv.); After[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving behind swirls of snow (Paust.).
Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases have the additional meaning of predicativity, characteristic of the gerund as a verbal form. Therefore, gerunds and participial phrases are often perceived as additional predicates.
For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting the book down and trying to ask something, didn’t ask and started looking out the window(Spread) (compare: The old woman put the book down and tried to ask something, but she never did..).
However, gerunds and participial phrases are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They denote different signs of action and can be replaced by separate participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.
For example: Doctor, not knowing how to talk to crying women, sighed and walked quietly around the living room. “Doctor,” couldn't talk to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).
It is the presence of an adverbial connotation of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.
Many adverbial participles and adverbial phrases that have adverbial meaning can be compared with the subordinate parts of complex sentences.
For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his gloomy face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)
2. The participial phrase located after the coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction or allied word is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of emphatic intonation(intonationally, the conjunction is included in the turnover).
For example: And Korney turned slightly on the beam and, watching with a thoughtful gaze the flashing horseshoes of the harness, starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he, too, would work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M.G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches, Sergei felt shag crumbs and, gently shaking its contents into your hand, rolled up a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow).
Depending on the context, the conjunction a can either be included in the participial construction or connect members of the main sentence.
For example: We must understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join in the active struggle for it. – We must understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, we must not be content with just verbal calls for it.
3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example: He went, staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M.G.).
If adjacent participial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunctions and are not included in their composition, then they stand out as independent constructions.
For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of tea cups, And, looking around aimlessly, drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M.G.) ( he stood and drummed).
Participial phrases located in different parts of the sentence are formed independently.
For example: Sergey, after standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, carefully laying out the overcoat on the floor, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergei headed... and sat down); Pushing the door with your chest, Sergei jumped from the house and, not paying attention to the dry bushes tearing the body and the pine branches whipping in the face, ran, panting, forward into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);Cars, tapping on the rail joints, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanking their buffers, became silent again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and became silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, crimson illuminated from below, the south-eastern express rushed in the distance, crossing the highway(Boon.) ( The South-Eastern Express was rushing along).
4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing before adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.
For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for her.
The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin the adverbial construction. For example: Along the dark stairs... two walked, then three... hesitating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).
5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining their verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for participial phrases.
For example: The waves played, and Shakro, sitting on the stern, disappeared from my eyes, sinking along with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M.G.); It's charming to lie face up, watching the stars light up(M.G.); Whispering, as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M.G.); At first, even in the car, we moved at walking speed, every now and then we scraped the differential and, backing away, went around stones(Hall.); The doors creaked and closed. Darkness filled the carriage. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Having gotten used to it, my eyes made out a pile of bodies on the cement floor(Sparrow).
6. Single gerunds and participial phrases are not isolated:
1) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning.
For example: Horses run slowly among green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergei lay motionless for a long time(Sparrow);
2) if d her participle is included in stable circulation: work tirelessly; run with your tongue out; run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.
For example: In difficult days, he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);
3) if the participle or participial phrase appears among the homogeneous members of the sentence along with other parts of speech.
For example: He said in a whisper and without looking at anyone; Klim Samgin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M.G.);
4) if the adverbial construction acts as an adverbial modifier of action and is closely adjacent to the predicate verb(its function is similar to that of an adverb).
For example: This exercise do while sitting on a chair; This exercise is done standing. Compare, however, with increased verbosity: The engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).
7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated, taking into account the context.
For example, when acquiring the meaning of clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise, never stopping(compare: the children made noise incessantly).
The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on the meaning of the predicate verb (a non-isolated gerund can be replaced by an adverb).
For example: Shel do not stop (walked non-stop); I asked do not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - asked, but did not stop to do so).
The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund is also influenced by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. - Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.
8. Isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. Thus, participles ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action and therefore are not isolated.
For example: She came in smiling(compare: Smiling, she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).
Participles ending in -в, -вшы, convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reason, time, concession), which contribute to isolation.
For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.
9. Turns of phrases despite, in spite of, despite, based on, starting from, thanks to, after, performing the function of derived prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.
Phrases with the words despite, in spite of, are isolated.
For example: Despite the bad weather, we set off; At the meeting they criticized regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a magnificently sleeping son, scattered despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite the doctors' ban, I wrote the story “Colchis” in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.
The phrase with the words despite is not isolated only in the case of a close semantic connection with the verb, and in postposition.
For example: He is did it despite doctors' ban (compare: Despite the doctors' ban, he did it).
Phrases with words starting from, depending on, after, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.
For example: Let's act depending on the circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed dramatically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday); After some time Vesovshchikov came(M.G.).
If these phrases have the meaning of clarification or accession, then they are separated.
For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on the circumstances; Last week, starting from Tuesday, the weather changed dramatically.
A turn of phrase with words based on can have two meanings: with increased verbality, when the action denoted by it correlates with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.
For example: It turns out that not only we, who suddenly discovered the need for a new science - bionics, strive to learn, understand and make the most advantageous use of the properties of living nature; our ancestors did this long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He developed a house project. – The project has been developed based on planned cost.
The phrase with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.
For example: Thanks to the rains the ground was saturated with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.
Circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs
1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.
For example: And Natasha, with painful surprise, looked at the dressed-up people(Boon.); I walked and walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for food, going behind one of the stalls, I saw behind him a figure crumpled on the ground in a pathetic dress(M.G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair(M.G.); The small city, immersed in greenery, when looking at it from above, made a strange impression...(M.G.); The rafts sailed on among darkness and silence (M.G.); When evening came, I out of anger at your failures and at the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing...(M.G.); At night, against the stronger wind, the detachment was heading to the port to land(Plat.); In eleven years, during daily driving I've probably had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.).
Such circumstances usually carry additional semantic load and are synonymous with verbal constructions (compare examples: ...because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...as I drove every day).
2. Most often, explanatory adverbial members of a sentence contain derived prepositions and prepositional combinations (in spite of, in view of, in order to avoid, as a result of, on occasion, for the reason of, in the presence of, in accordance with, in contrast to, in contrast to, due to, due to absence, regardless of, etc.), manifesting their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.
For example: A rotten, gray-blue balcony from which, due to the lack of steps, it was necessary to jump, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and unnecessary because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, due to the desert, imprinted in the darkness and there is silence again(Ser.); Metelitsa silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and with his whole appearance showing that, no matter, what questions they will ask him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy those asking(Fad.); But, contrary to possibility, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, turned red(Sol.).
Given the low prevalence of such sentence members, variations in their punctuation are possible, dictated by different word orders.
Phrases with derived prepositions and prepositional combinations are necessarily separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : breaking their direct connection and contributes to the release of revolutions. The same thing happens when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such phrases do not complicate the sentence with special emphatic intonations and may not be isolated (without a special task for this).
For example: To avoid gas leakage The faucet is turned off. – Disabled, to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, by force of habit, did it; According to the order the group was disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case was dismissed. - Case, for lack of corpus delicti, discontinued.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be highlighted with a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.
For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a general notebook with hard “crusts” - for taking notes while lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - at great depths– the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created “Faust”, largely coincide with each other(Paust.); Poor poets - in lightning, in storms and thunder– sang inspired songs about the charm of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).
4. In special cases, for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs may be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their isolation are the same as those for circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases.
For example: He stood in front of me, listened and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and squinting his eyes, rushed at me like a cat(M.G.); Misha put the book aside and, not immediately, quietly answered(M.G.); And so, unexpected for everyone, I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.).
Usually, when isolating circumstances expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, in order to more strongly highlight the circumstances, dashes are possible.
For example: The boy sniffed in embarrassment and disbelief, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, and everything, on the contrary, was turning out terribly fun, he wrinkled his nose so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst out mischievously and thinly(Fad.).
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign of an action or other characteristic. The circumstances are explained by predicates or other members of the sentence. When parsing a sentence, circumstances are emphasized with a dotted line (dash, dot, dash). Circumstances must be separated by commas in three cases. Let's look at each of them in turn.
First case
Circumstances in sentences can be expressed in four parts of speech:
adverb, for example: The janitor gets up early;
participle or participial phrase, for example: The men, seeing the landowner, took off their hats;
infinitive, for example: Everyone went outside (why?) to clear the snow;
In addition, the circumstance can be expressed by an expression that is integral in meaning, for example: It rained for two weeks straight.
It is necessary to remember that It is necessary to highlight with commas the circumstances that are expressed by the participle or participial phrase. Compare: He sat leafing through a magazine and was bored And He was sitting on a bench. In the first sentence the circumstance leafing through a magazine stands out, since it is expressed by an adverbial phrase, and in the second, the circumstance on the bench is not isolated, since it is expressed by a noun with a preposition.
Second and third cases
According to their significance, circumstances are divided into the following main groups:
circumstances of a place that answer the questions WHERE? WHERE? WHERE? For example: We entered (where?) into the city;
circumstances of time that answer the questions WHEN? SINCE WHEN? HOW LONG? HOW LONG? For example: We waited for them for about two hours;
circumstances reasons that answer the questions WHY? FROM WHAT? FOR WHAT REASON? For example: I could not speak from fatigue;
circumstances of the goal that answer the questions WHY? FOR WHAT? FOR WHAT PURPOSE? For example: In the sanatorium everything is prepared for the treatment of vacationers;
circumstances of the manner of action and degree, answering the questions HOW? HOW? IN WHAT DEGREE? For example: I got a little thoughtful or My father did not let me go one step;
circumstances conditions that answer the question UNDER WHAT CONDITION? For example: With effort you can achieve success;
circumstances of the assignment that answer the question DESPITE WHAT? For example: The street, despite the frost, was crowded;
circumstances of comparison that answer the question HOW? For example: Her head is shorn, like a boy's.
In the classification of circumstances by meaning, one of the eight types are circumstances of comparison: they answer the question HOW? and begins with the conjunctions AS, AS WELL or AS IF. For example: She had long hair, soft as flax. In some textbooks and reference guides, circumstances of comparison are also called comparative phrases. It is necessary to remember that circumstances of comparison in sentences are separated by commas.
Another type of circumstances that must be separated by commas are the circumstances of the assignment. Such circumstances answer the question DESPITE WHAT? and begin with the preposition DESPITE (or, less commonly, despite). For example: On the streets, despite the bright sun, lanterns were burning.
So, you should remember three cases when circumstances need to be separated by commas:
if they are expressed by an adverbial phrase,
if they represent comparative turnover,
if they begin with the preposition DESPITE.
Look at the examples again. Sparks swirled quickly in the heights.(Lermontov) She suddenly disappeared, like a bird scared out of a bush.(Lermontov). Despite unforeseen difficulties, the work was completed on time.
This rule has several important notes:
The adverbs STANDING, SITTING, LYING, SILENTLY should be distinguished from gerunds. RELUCTANTLY, JOKINGLY, WITHOUT LOOKING, PLAYING. They were formed due to the transition of words from the category of gerunds to adverbs. The circumstances expressed in such words are not isolated. For example: He stood silently.
Circumstances expressed by phraseological units are also not highlighted, for example: They worked with their sleeves rolled up or I spin around all day like a squirrel in a wheel.
In addition to the circumstances of the assignment, which are always distinguished, circumstances expressed by nouns with derived prepositions THANKS, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, IN VIEW, CONSEQUENCE, can optionally be isolated, for example: Thanks to good weather, we swam in the river all summer. Usually such circumstances are isolated if they are common and come before the predicate.
Exercise
In two weeks_ our employee will return from vacation.
Peter went to the library to prepare for the exam.
Running out to the podium, he quickly spoke.
Overtaking a truck, the car drove into the oncoming lane.
Despite the danger, the captain ordered to continue moving.
For the sake of victory_ they are ready to do anything.
The wet steps turned out to be slippery like ice.
The port will be closed_ in case of strong wind.
It was dark, only two stars, like two rescue beacons, sparkled on the dark blue vault (Lermontov).
- Flies_ headlong! Almost knocked me off my feet! - muttered the old woman.
A precious stone stuck out like an eye on the side of the jacket (M. Bulgakov).
The old woman, despite her advanced age, sees and hears perfectly (A. Chekhov).
Having gone through difficult trials, he managed to preserve his human dignity (M. Sholokhov).
The stove was humming like a fire (M. Bulgakov).
He answered the investigator's questions reluctantly.
The boat dived like a duck and then, flapping its oars, as if with wings, jumped out on the surface (M. Lermontov).
Having grabbed the German major and a briefcase with documents, Sokolov gets to his people (M. Sholokhov).
Having experienced a strong shock, he fell asleep like the dead.
Everywhere and in everything he tried to emphasize his superiority, considering himself well-mannered and humane (A. Fadeev).
And then hundreds of small incendiary bombs were sprinkled on the fires like grains on freshly plowed ground (K. Vonnegut).
There are quite a few people in this world who are lonely by nature, who, like a hermit crab or a snail, try to retreat into their shell (A. Chekhov).
Some kind of bastard, Siberian-looking stray cat emerged from behind a drainpipe and, despite the blizzard, smelled the Krakow one (M. Bulgakov).
For a long time he struggled with his guess, taking it for a dream of an imagination inflamed by food supplies, but the more often the meetings were repeated, the more painful the doubts became (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
As many people know, the participial phrase has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated and separated by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the participial phrase does not need to be isolated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.
1. Participial phrase(most often this is a turn with the meaning of an adverbial manner of action) does not denote an additional action, but on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.
He stood with his neck slightly craned, sad and thoughtful(the main thing is that he didn’t just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched).
She usually read with her head bowed and the tip of her tongue sticking out.(the point is how she read, not what she read at all).
This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the point is exactly how this exercise is performed).
2. The participial phrase is a phraseological unit.
The boy hurried headlong to call the rescuers for help.
The printer worked tirelessly.
After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.
Here are some of these phraseological units: carelessly, barely taking a breath, scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue hanging out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, listen with your ears hanging open, etc.
Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.
To be honest, the exercise could have been done much better.
Apparently, you can already hit the road.
3. When there is an intensifying particle I before the participial phrase.
It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.
A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.
You can go home without waiting for the exam result.
4. If the participial phrase is broken by the word included in a subordinate clause or in a simple sentence. This usually applies to subordinate clauses with a conjunctive word which. Also, similar cases can be found in some poetic texts.
There was a door to the left, through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.
Jim Jarmusch's new film was released yesterday, and after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.
Raven, perched on the spruce tree, was just about ready to have breakfast, but became thoughtful... (I. A. Krylov).
But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A.K. Tolstoy).
5. A gerund may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.
The post office is located not far from Vosstaniya Square.
Universities have been accepting applicants under new rules since the end of last year
You can start the task starting tomorrow(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).
However, if the turn with the word beginning is not associated with the concept of time or serves to clarify, clarify, then it is isolated.
Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation
The captain, starting from the Crimean War, participated in all military operations except Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).
Revolutions based And depending on in most cases they are not included in the participial construction and are not isolated.
The task is compiled based on your wishes.
We will act according to the circumstances.
6. The participial phrase appears together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the participial phrase is not separated by commas.
We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.
The boy ran quickly and without looking back.
The second lieutenant answered in
without embarrassment.
However, in this case, isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a related explanation.
A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.
In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow droplets of stars appeared (M. Gorky).
As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in adverbial phrases, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something remains not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!
Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!
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A gerund may have dependent words. Together with 5P, it forms an adverbial phrase. For example, in the sentence The ships did not go to sea, settling in the harbor(A. Novikov-Priboy) with gerunds defending there is a dependent word in harbor: defending(Where?) in the harbor. Laying in the harbor- participial turnover.
The participial phrase in a sentence is one member of the sentence - a circumstance.
Predicate and participial phrase:
184. Write down the verbs with their corresponding participial phrases.
1. Grandma never got lost in the forest, accurately determining the road to the house. 2. Above me the coniferous forest rings, shaking off drops of dew from its green paws. 3. Thunder struck somewhere nearby, frightening everyone. 4. Sitting by the window, the grandmother was twisting threads for lace. 5. The girl is capricious and doesn’t want to go to bed without saying goodbye to me. 6. “Goodbye, see you tomorrow,” the girl said, holding out her hand to me. 7. Having read Pushkin’s fairy tales several times, I already knew them by heart.
(M. Gorky)
185. Read the text, replacing the verbs in brackets with gerunds. Determine the type of speech and style of text. Analyze the structure of the text, highlighting the introduction, main part and conclusion. Make a question plan. Write down the verbs with their corresponding participial phrases.
The result of a force depends not only on the magnitude of this force, but also on the surface area perpendicular to which it acts.
Let's look at examples. A person walks on loose snow with great difficulty, falling deeply at every step. But, (put on) skis, he can walk on the snow, almost without (falling) into it. Why? With or without skis, a person acts with the same force equal to his weight. But the action of this force is different in both cases, because the surface area on which a person with skis and without skis presses is different. The surface area of the ski is twenty times larger than the area of the sole. Therefore, (standing) on skis, a person acts on each square centimeter of snow surface area with a force twenty times less than (standing) on snow without skis.
This means that the result of the force depends on what force acts on each unit of surface area.
When applying this rule, think like this: Turning the switch, the boy turned on the light - turned on(When?) turning the switch. Turning the switch- this is an adverbial phrase, it is at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a comma.
186. Write it down, highlighting the adverbial phrases with commas. Underline the gerunds and adverbial phrases as parts of the sentence.
1. The wolf at night, thinking of getting into the sheepfold, ended up in the kennel. 2. Sensing the gray so close to the bully, the dogs flooded the stables. 3. The Crow, perched on the spruce tree, was just about ready to have breakfast. 4. The frog in the meadow saw Ox and decided to match his stature. 5. Loving solitude The timid siskin chirped to himself at dawn.
(I. Krylov)
187. Copy using missing punctuation marks. Indicate graphically the adverbial phrases (see example in the box). Underline the spelling letters in the roots of the words in the first sentence.
1. The old man sat sullenly on the bench, turning away from me, and was silent, only occasionally quacking. (A. Pushkin) 2. I quickly climbed to the other side and walked to the left along the aspen tree. (I. Turgenev) 3. The Tarantas drove into the yard, rustling its wheels through the nettles and stopped in front of the porch. (I. Turgenev) 4. After half a minute, the nightingale started a high, small shot and, having thus tested its voice, began to sing. (A. Chekhov) 5. Hawks stood motionless in the sky, spreading their wings and fixing their eyes on the grass. (M. Gorky)
188. Replace the phrases with the indefinite form of the verb placed in brackets first with a participial phrase and then with a participial phrase. Write down the resulting sentences, highlighting the adverbial and participial phrases with commas and designating them as members of the sentence.
1. An athlete (who recently completed the master’s standard) joined the national team. 2. The marathon runner (to win first place) also received a special prize for the will to win. 3 The junior (run the fastest 100 meters) helped his team take the lead. 4. High and long jumpers (not to have a single defeat this season) hope to become winners in the upcoming international competition. 5. My friend (train hard every day) eventually became a famous gymnast.
189. Look at the pictures and read the sentences. Add an adverbial phrase to each sentence to more accurately describe the main action. Indicate the adverbial phrases.
1. Seryozha is standing, _ _ _.
2. Seryozha sat down, _ _ _.
3. Seryozha bent over, _ _ _.
4. Seryozha lay down, _ _ _.
190. Make sentences based on these diagrams.
191. Read fragments from N. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”. What role do adverbial constructions play? They characterize only the movement of the heroes or convey their state of mind at decisive moments in life: Taras during the execution of Ostap, when meeting with the traitor Andriy; Andria in battle on the side of the enemy? Copy, filling in the missing punctuation marks and emphasizing the participles and adverbial phrases as parts of the sentence.
1. Taras stood in the crowd with his head down and at the same time, raising his eyes and approvingly, he just said Good, good son!
2. Well, what are we going to do now? - Taras said looking straight into his eyes. But (no, not) anything (not) Andriy could say about that and stood with his eyes fixed on the ground.
3. What is my father, comrades, homeland to me? - Andriy said, shaking his head quickly and straightening his entire figure, like a riverine sedge. - So if that’s the case, then this is it: I don’t have (not, not) anyone! (not, not) anyone! (not, not) anyone!
4. Having struck his horse with sharp spurs at full speed, he followed the Cossacks (not) looking back (not) seeing that only twenty people behind him managed to keep up with him.
The participle and the words related to it (depending on it) represent an adverbial turnover. As in the case with, the placement of commas in adverbial phrases has its own subtleties.
Our starting point will be the general rule: “Adverbial phrases on both sides are separated by commas.” But what should you consider besides this?
* If in a sentence two homogeneous (that is, related to the same verb) participial phrases are connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as other coordinating or disjunctive phrases - “or”, “either”, etc.), then by analogy with other homogeneous members of the sentence do not use commas around “and”, “or” and other similar conjunctions. The same applies to single gerunds and participial phrases. “He approached the house, dreaming of rest and thinking about the future dinner.” However, remember, this rule applies only to those cases where the adverbial phrases / gerunds refer to the same verb. If we are talking about different verbs, commas will be placed: “He approached the house, dreaming of rest, and, thinking about the future dinner, opened the door.”
* “Only” and “only” that come before the participial phrase are, as a rule, included in it, that is, a comma is placed before these words.
* A participial phrase is not isolated if it is included in a subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent (the same is true for a single participle). “Each of us has our own fears, without repelling which we will not be able to free ourselves.”
* If the participial phrase is adjacent to the conjunctions “a”, “and” and other similar ones, then in order to understand whether to put a comma before or after the conjunction, determine whether it is included in the phrase or not. So, if the conjunction belongs to the participial phrase, then, as a rule, when mentally removing the latter from the sentence, the remaining conjunction violates the structure of the phrase. This is especially true for the conjunction “a”. If, when the turnover is removed, the role of the conjunction in the sentence does not change, then it is not included in the turnover.
Compare:
“For a long time she couldn’t choose shoes to match the dress, but when she chose stiletto sandals, she was very happy.” -> The phrase “She couldn’t find the shoes to match the dress for a long time, but she was very happy” doesn’t look entirely logical.
“For a long time she couldn’t choose shoes to match the dress and, taking stiletto sandals, she realized that they fit perfectly with the outfit.” -> The phrase “She couldn’t find shoes to match the dress for a long time and realized that they [the sandals] fit perfectly with the outfit” is quite consistent.
* Phraseologisms with gerunds (such as “without closing your eyes”, “rolling up your sleeves”) are not separated by commas.
* If there is an intensifying particle “and” between the verb and the phrase immediately following it, the phrase is not separated by commas. “I can solve my financial problems without taking out loans.”
* Commas are also not needed if the participle expresses not an additional action, but a shade of the main one, which we discussed in detail in the article about the isolation of single participles. Similar structures can represent a whole revolution.
Let us remind you that “despite” and “despite” are prepositions, and they are written with “not” together (while the participial phrases “despite” / “despite” are written separately). Prepositions are also words such as “thanks to”, “after”, “starting”, etc. At the same time, of course, we should not forget that there are “similar” participles. Compare: “Thanks to his tips, I passed the exam” (preposition), “Thanks to his tips, I handed him a bottle of cognac” (gerund). Some of the phrases with similar prepositions are also isolated, but according to their own rules, and not according to the rules for the isolation of participial phrases.
