The path of Pierre Bezukhov's life searches scheme. The quest of Pierre Bezukhov

For the first time we meet Pierre Bezukhov in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer. Appearing at an evening where hypocrisy and unnaturalness reign, clumsy and absent-minded, Pierre is strikingly different from all those present, first of all, by a sincerely good-natured expression on his face, which, like in a mirror, reflects both unwillingness to take part in conversations that are not of interest to him, and joy at the appearance of the prince Andrew, and delight at the sight of the beautiful Helen. Almost everyone in the cabin is condescending, but rather even dismissive of this “bear”, “who cannot live”. Only Prince Andrei is truly glad to meet Pierre, whom he calls the only “live” among this society.
Lawless high society Bezukhov almost becomes a victim of the intrigues of Prince Vasily and his half-sister, who do not want Pierre to be recognized as the legitimate son of the old count and who are trying in every possible way to prevent this. But Pierre wins with his kindness, and the count, dying, leaves an inheritance to his beloved son.
After Pierre becomes the heir to a huge fortune, he cannot but be in the world. Being naive and short-sighted, he cannot resist the intrigues of Prince Vasily, who has directed all his efforts to marry his daughter Helen to the rich Pierre. The indecisive Bezukhov, only subconsciously feeling negative side relationship with Helen, does not notice how more and more entangled in the network of circumstances, one way or another pushing him to marry. As a result, guided by etiquette, he is literally married to Helen, in fact, without his consent. Tolstoy does not describe the lives of the newlyweds, letting us know that this does not deserve attention.
Soon, rumors spread in society about the love affair between Helen and Dolokhov, a former friend of Pierre. At a party arranged in honor of Bagration, Pierre was infuriated by far from ambiguous allusions to Helen's relationship on the side. He is forced to challenge Dolokhov to a duel, although he himself does not want this: “Stupid, stupid: death, lies ...” Tolstoy shows the absurdity of this duel: Bezukhov does not even want to protect himself from a bullet with his hand, and he seriously injures Dolokhov, not even knowing how to shoot .
Not wanting to live like this anymore, Pierre decides to break up with Helen. All these events leave a deep imprint on the worldview of the hero. He feels that “the main screw on which his whole life rested” was curled up in his head. After breaking up with the woman he married without love, who dishonored him, Pierre is in a state of acute spiritual crisis. “What is wrong? What well?" - these are the questions that concern the hero. It was during this period of searching for answers to the questions posed that he met Bazdeev, a member of the brotherhood of free masons, thanks to which he was imbued with the idea of ​​changing his life for the better and truly believed in the possibility of this: “He wanted to believe with all his heart, and believed, and experienced a joyful sense of calm , renewal and return to life”. The result was the entry of Bezukhov into the Freemason lodge. “Rebirth” Pierre began by deciding to carry out transformations in the village, but the clever manager quickly found a way not to use the money of the unlucky Pierre for its intended purpose. Pierre himself, reassured by the appearance of activity, led the same wild life.
Having stopped by his friend Prince Andrei in Bogucharovo, Pierre expresses his thoughts to him, imbued with faith in the need for a person to strive for virtue, and for Andrei this meeting with Bezukhov “was an era from which, although in appearance and the same, but in the inner world his new life.
In 1808, Pierre became the head of St. Petersburg Freemasonry. He gave his money for the construction of temples, supported the house of the poor with his own funds.
In 1809, at a solemn meeting of the lodge of the 2nd degree, Pierre makes a speech that was not received with enthusiasm, he was only made a “remark about his ardor”.
Circumstances, as well as the “first rules of the Mason,” force Pierre to make peace with his wife.
In the end, Pierre realizes that for many Freemasonry is not a desire to serve the great idea of ​​​​virtue, but only a way to win a place in society, and, disappointed, he moves away from Freemasonry.
Arriving in Moscow and seeing Natasha, Bezukhov realized that he loved her. He helped bring Anatole Kuragin to clean water, thereby preventing the spread in the light of rumors about the connection between Anatole and Natasha.
Pierre wanted to come to the place of the upcoming battle in Borodino. After the battle, on the way back, he eats “kavardachok” with the soldiers, which seemed to him the most delicious thing in the world, and thinks that he would like to “throw off all this superfluous, devilish” and be “just a soldier”. This is the moment of true spiritual unity between the hero and the people. He is trying to unravel the mystery of the soldier's character. Why do soldiers calmly go to their deaths without fear of being killed? "He who is not afraid of her, everything belongs to him." With such thoughts, Bezukhov returns to Moscow.
At the time when the French almost reached the quarter in which Pierre lived, he was "in a state close to insanity." Pierre had long been occupied with the thought of the predestination of his fate, of his supreme appointment to kill Napoleon; “a feeling of the need for sacrifice and suffering” lived in him.
Waking up one day, he took a pistol, a dagger and left the house with the intention of finally doing what he was born for, but in fact only to prove to himself that he “does not renounce” his intention.
On the street, Pierre met a woman who begged to save her child. He rushed to look for the girl, but when he found her, scrofulous, the feeling of disgust was already ready to prevail over the spiritual need to be needed. But still, he takes her in his arms and, after long attempts to find her parents, gives the girl to the Armenians. Pierre is captured after standing up for an Armenian woman.
During the execution of the prisoners, Pierre experiences a terrible feeling of the collapse of all life convictions: nothing was significant in the face of death. He did not know how to live on.
But acquaintance with Karataev helped him to revive. love attitude Karataev taught Pierre to appreciate the little that fate gives him. After his release, Pierre was ill for a long time, but was full of the joy of life. He became friends with Princess Mary, where he met Natasha, and the long-lit flame of his love flared up with renewed vigor.
In the epilogue, we meet Pierre, who lives a calm, happy life: he has been Natasha's husband for 7 years and the father of four children.
Arguing with Nicholas, Pierre defends the ideas of the revolutionaries - the need for change. Thus, we see that Tolstoy brings his hero to the beginning of the path of deprivation in the struggle for the people's happiness, the path of Pyotr Lobazov, the Decembrist, who was supposed to be the hero of Tolstoy's novel from the very beginning.

“To be quite good” - Pierre Bezukhov is guided by this principle in life, and he strives for this ideal.

Like Prince Andrei, Pierre is not satisfied with everyday activities, does not want to go through life on the beaten path leading to ranks and titles. “Smart and at the same time timid, observant and natural look” distinguished him “from everyone else” in the drawing room of Anna Pavlovna Scherer. In Pierre's life, the leading role is played not by a clear mind and strong will, but by feeling.

Pierre is not rich. The illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, from the age of ten he was sent abroad with a tutor, where he stayed until the age of 20. According to the will of Count Bezukhov, Pierre becomes the sole heir to the state of his father's entire fortune. The new position, wealth and honors did not change his character. He remained sympathetic, good-natured and trusting.

Unlike Prince Andrei, he is devoid of insight, cannot immediately correctly assess people, often makes mistakes in them, his sincerity, gullibility, weak will cause many of his mistakes. This is participation in the revelry of Kuragin and Dolokhov, this is the marriage to the depraved Helen, this is the duel with Dolokhov.

After breaking up with his wife in a state of deep moral crisis, Pierre met the freemason Bazdeev on his way from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The Masons did not let go of the rich man. Pierre joined a religious-philosophical society. What attracted him to the Freemasons? The Freemasons spoke of their goal as correcting the members of their society, "correcting their hearts", "purifying and enlightening their minds", "correcting the whole human race"," to resist the evil that reigns in the world. It seemed to Pierre that such activity would bring him moral satisfaction. He wanted to believe in the possibility of achieving brotherly love between people. Having joined the Masonic lodge, he seeks to improve the situation of the peasants on his estates, opens schools and hospitals for them. Even going to release them. However, there were almost no results from his activities. Clever estate managers deceived the young count. His plan to transform the Masonic order also failed. Standing at the head of St. Petersburg Freemasonry, he soon realized that most members of the Masonic order were very far from correcting themselves and the entire human race - “from under the Masonic aprons and signs, he saw on them uniforms and crosses, which they achieved in life” . Pierre realized that the "moral peace and harmony with oneself", which were necessary for his happiness, were unattainable in Freemasonry.

Suffering from internal discord, from the inability to resolve issues that were intertwined into a "tangled terrible knot", he met the terrible events of 1812. The fate of Russia, the position of the army excited Pierre. He gathered a militia from his peasants. During the Battle of Borodino, he ended up on the Raevsky battery and witnessed fierce battles. Here, on the Borodino field, another world opened up to him, where people do not think about personal glory and danger. Pierre was shocked by the huge moral strength and heroism ordinary people standing to the death. Surrounded by soldiers, he is freed from the fear of death, he wants to become just like them.

After the Battle of Borodino, Pierre felt that he had to stay in Moscow, meet Napoleon and kill him in order to either die or stop the misfortune of all of Europe, which, as Pierre is now sure, came from Napoleon alone.

Having survived all the horrors of captivity, a military trial, the execution of Russian people, in a state of terrible moral shock and despair, mentally and physically exhausted, Pierre met with soldier Platon Karataev in the barracks for prisoners of war. Gentle, sociable Karataev found an affectionate word for everyone, helped people endure the hardest sufferings in captivity, love life even in these conditions and hope for the best. Under the influence of Karataev, Pierre's new worldview developed: "As long as there is life, there is happiness." But Karataev's passivity, non-resistance to evil, his religiosity and faith in fate did not become guiding principles in Pierre's later life.

Having married Natasha Rostova, Pierre feels happy husband and father. However, he is still interested in social life. In the epilogue of the novel, we see him as a member of the secret Decembrist society, which sharply criticizes the reactionary direction of the policy of Alexander I.

The lesson is designed to create didactic conditions for the positive emotional nature of the learning process: attracting vivid factual material, encouraging evaluation and expression own opinion in relation to the studied events, facts; stimulation to develop their worldview, creating a situation of success.

At the beginning of the study of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", the students were oriented to the final lesson-generalization "The Moral Quests of Pierre Bezukhov". In the course of the work, the stages of the hero's life path were singled out, it was proposed to pick up quotes from the novel, use the material of literary critical studies. In progress research activities along with analysis key scenes a basic diagram of the stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov is compiled. The attitude to drawing up a reference scheme is ambiguous: is this or that episode of life rising or falling? Participation in the entertainment of secular youth, passion for the ideas of Napoleon, Freemasonry - this is a fall or the logic of character development on the way to improvement, understanding and affirming one's meaning in life. Thus, the broken line of the stages of life is not ups and downs - this is another step towards finding the main and only true thing in life.

During the classes

Everyone - a diamond that can purify and not purify itself. To the extent that it is purified, shines through it eternal light. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.

L. N. Tolstoy

At the stage of assimilation of the material, the student’s message “Skill psychological analysis L.N. Tolstoy".

Lecture of the teacher “The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy"

The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy

“All Tolstoy’s works are a “story of the soul” over a certain period of time,” writes researcher A.P. Skaftymov. What happens in this interval? The character goes through a series of states. Moreover, these states are not mutually indifferent. They are given not only in alternation, but also in mutually evaluative comparison. They are shown as due or not, false or natural, false or true. Each state has different artistic ways expressed value judgment, and through mutual contrast or parallelism, they all lead a system of substantiation and disclosure of the final author's beliefs and appeals.

Tolstoy does not retell the results of the internal movement human personality but penetrates into the very process of her thinking, her feeling. Not satisfied with the depiction of the external movements of feeling, he turns to the disclosure of the very process of mental life, the continuous flow of the emergence and change of the contradictory state of various thoughts, feelings, sensations, conscious aspirations and subconscious impulses. The task of the writer is to show “the fluidity of a person; that he is one and the same, now a villain, now an angel, now a sage, now an idiot, now a strong man, now a powerless being.

S.G. wrote interestingly and correctly about the nature of psychological analysis. Bocharov: “... it is the process, and not the result, that Tolstoy pays the main attention to. In one of the letters late period Tolstoy expressed his view on the tasks of psychological analysis: "The main thing is inner, spiritual work, and that not the final work is shown, but the actual process of work."

Tolstoy deeply believes in the spiritual potential of the individual: some of Tolstoy's characters manage to overcome the instinct of self-will, the individualistic assertion of oneself as opposed to others. In many ways, they are saved by the task of the selflessserving others, dissolving oneself in others. The "dialectic of the soul" is revealed as the universal form of inner life. Tolstoy discovers the "general" in people, the positive spiritual basis of their inner being, being interested in those moments of freedom when the possibility of choice, decision, determination of one's actions, one's behavior opens up. But most often the dialectical processes of mental life are depicted by Tolstoy when he refers to the image goodies consciously striving for the knowledge of the meaning of life.

Through the struggle of opposing motives, Tolstoy's man rises in certain life situations to a higher stage of consciousness, when the unconditional moral values, not without loss, not without a return to the former state of health in the future.

Tolstoy is not limited to depicting the interweaving of good and evil in the human soul, he leads him to the separation of opposite principles, to a moral judgment on himself.

Moments of moral elevation are then replaced by new quests, disappointments and falls. The interweaving of good and evil remains the law of human existence. But at the same time, once experienced insight already makes the hero spiritually sighted, spiritually mobile.

Drawing up a reference scheme “The moral quest of Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (conversation with elements of analysis).

What are the stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov

First meeting with Pierre . Salon Sherer

- Which characters look like strangers in Scherer's salon? Why? (portrait and demeanor)

Pierre's violation of the etiquette instituted by Anna Pavlovna, his clumsiness once again confirms that he is a foreign body in the high society living room.

“Shortly after the little princess, a massive, fat young man with a cropped head, glasses, light trousers in the fashion of the time, with a high frill and in a brown tailcoat entered. This young man was the illegitimate son of Catherine's grandee, Count Bezukhov ... Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, which belongs to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon. ... this fear (of Anna Pavlovna) could relate to that intelligent and at the same time timid, observant and natural look that distinguishes him from everyone in this living room.

Fascination with revolutionary ideas, Napoleon.

“The people gave him (Napoleon) power only so that he would deliver him from the Bourbons, and because the people saw him as a great man. The revolution was a great thing, Monsieur Pierre continued, expressing his great youth and desire to express everything as soon as possible with this desperate and defiant introductory sentence.

Tolstoy captures throughout the novel the naturally changing and deepening sides of his character and intellect.

At the beginning of the novel, Pierre expresses exorbitant absent-mindedness, gullibility, shyness, "inability to enter the salon"; his "good nature, simplicity and modesty" are still quite naive: he is morbidly sensitive, cannot bear "the sight of tears" and is easily ready to cry himself; but he is still a little thoughtful, often "spreads his mouth into a carefree, cheerful smile" and without reasoning succumbs (in the words of Prince Andrei) to "revels" and "hussars".

Entertainment secular youth

- What are the entertainments of the society of Kuragin and Dolokhov? What role do these scenes play in the novel?

These scenes reveal new aspects of the life of the aristocracy, introduce new heroes (Dolokhov, A. Kuragin). Pierre's preaching of freedom-loving views and participation in revels representis a psychological link in the development storyline Pierre.

- Wasting life in carousing.

One of the important tasks of Tolstoy the psychologist was to depict and reveal the involuntary insincerity that is characteristic of people, their subconscious desire to see themselves better, and therefore, intuitively seek self-justification.

“... It would be nice to go to Kuragin,” he thought, but immediately remembered his word of honor given to Prince Andrei not to visit Kuragin. But immediately, as happens with people who are called spineless, he so passionately wanted to once again experience this dissolute life so familiar to him that he decided to go.

The dominant of the internal state is clearly indicated here: Pierre really wants to experience this pleasure again, despite the given word, despite the fact that he knows that he is doing wrong. This desire dominates, and the rest of the psychological world is forged under it - this is how Pierre's naive casuistry is perceived: Anatole has a word to be with him; finally, he thought that all these words of honor were such conditional things that had no definite meaning, especially if one thought that perhaps tomorrow he would die, or that something so unusual would happen to him that there would be no more honest or dishonest."

Pierre - Count Bezukhov, the richest and most noble person

- Euphoria from feeling like "the center of some important social movement"

“Pierre, having unexpectedly become a rich man and Count Bezukhov, after recent loneliness and carelessness, felt himself surrounded and busy to such an extent that he only managed to remain alone in bed with himself. He had to sign papers, deal with government offices, the meaning of which he did not have a clear idea, ask the chief manager about something, go to an estate near Moscow ... ". “It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him ... that he could not help but believe in the sincerity of the people around him.”

Entering gradually into society, he becomes aware of his role in it and even begins to feel himself "the center of some important general movement", forcing him to be "in a state of meek and cheerful intoxication"; he already thinks about his “career” and experiences “a feeling of haziness, haste and some good that is coming, but not happening”, and if earlier his own speeches seemed “stupid” to him, “now everything that he didn’t say, everything came outCharmant(charming).

- Marriage to Helen

Tolstoy strives to ensure that every element of the inner life is indicated by the word as accurately as possible. In the above passage, Pierre's feeling for Helen is characterized by the words "nasty", "forbidden", again "nasty", "unnatural" and, finally, "dishonest".

“He realized that this woman could belong to him.

“But she is stupid, I myself said she was stupid,” he thought. “There is something nasty in the feeling that she aroused in me, something forbidden ...” he thought; ... and realized that at the same time he thought about her insignificance and dreamed of how she would be his wife ... ”And again he told himself that something nasty, unnatural, as it seemed to him, dishonest was in this marriage ... and horror came over him, whether he had already bound himself with something in the performance of such a thing, which is obviously not good and which he should not do. But at the same time, as he expressed this decision to himself, from the other side of the soul her image surfaced with all its feminine beauty.

The scenes are of great importance for understanding the character of Pierre, his inexperience, naivety, inexperience, sincerity and spontaneity, and at the same time, she also reveals the subservience inherent in the representatives of the aristocracy (the attitude of others towards Pierre the heir). On the one hand, the marriage was arranged by Prince Vasily, becausePierre was a very advantageous suitor; on the other hand, this marriage was natural for Pierre: not only because he had to be deceived, but also because he had to be deceived.

- A lot of duties that cannot be avoided - and empty ones.

Marriage with Helen and relationship with Dolokhov taught Pierre a lot. He became quite "adult". Tolstoy devotes strong pages to how Pierre, having married, "processed his grief alone in himself." The writer reveals new aspects of the hero's character: the rapid development of moral exactingness, deep indignation at the unworthy behavior of people and temper (“I'll kill you!” He shouts to Helen). Pierre is getting husband. His ingenuous carelessness disappears. More and more he is occupied with the disturbing questions of life, its meaning and goals, - “as if in his headcurled up

Pierre moves away from the "secular" circle of people, he sees all the vanity of nobility and wealth ("and why is this money needed?" - he thinks); he feels all the inevitable “susceptibility” of a person to “evil and death” and painfully overestimates his past concepts and aspirations (“everything in himself and around him seemed to him confused, meaningless and disgusting. But in this very disgust for everything around Pierre found a kind irritating pleasure.”) By 1812, his demands to find some lofty meaning in life become more and more powerful; he approaches the ideas of Freemasonry, in which he is tempted by the illusory "pleasure to believe in the possibility of achieving perfection and the possibility of brotherly ... love between people."

- Duel with Dolokhov

After the duel, Pierre is in a difficult moral and psychological state: “What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power governs everything?” he asked himself. And there was no answer to any of these questions ... "

Describing the moral and psychological state of Pierre at the time of the ideological crisis, the author says: "Everything in him and around him seemed to him confusing and disgusting." It is no coincidence that Osip Alekseevich Bazleev condemns Pierre's way of thinking as "the monotonous fruit of pride, laziness and ignorance", "a sad delusion". Pierre's life, passing in "violent orgies and debauchery", gives rise to a psychology of doubt in everything and disbelief in the ideal. Tolstoy convinces the reader that the social practice of a person is of great importance for his inner spiritual world.

Reflections after the duel: “What happened? he asked himself.I killed a lover, yes, he killed his wife's lover. Yes, it was. From what? How did I get to this?

Firstly, Pierre did not kill Dolokhov, but in his mind the situation is exactly like this: he killed, or almost killed, or could have killed - for Pierre, by and large morally, it doesn’t matter. Secondly, it is noteworthy that almost immediately, having fully realized the fact of the duel, Pierre asks himself the key question: “How did I get to this? "He is seized with moral confusion: the feeling of irreparableness, the falsity of his life, which has vaguely wandered in him since the declaration of love, becomes definite and painfully sharp, causing an urgent need to understand the causes of evil.

Note that Pierre focuses on himself: not “what brought me to a duel”, but how did I, Pierre Bezukhov, get to the point that I could kill a person? Pierre is looking for evil in himself - this is very evidence for moral orientation best heroes Tolstoy.

“But what is my fault? he asked. “The fact that you got married without loving her, that you deceived both yourself and her ...” Then he remembered the rudeness, clarity of her thoughts and the vulgarity of expressions ... “She is to blame for everything, she alone is to blame. .. But what of it? Why did I associate myself with her? ... It's my fault... "

BRUTAL CRISIS

- Complete internal devastation

He suffers after marriage, realizing that he was not only deceived, but also deceived others. Alater, the fact that he almost killed Dolokhov because he himself was to blame, having married, not loving, plunges Pierre into the deepest crisis. These reflections on the meaning of life are characteristic of Tolstoy's positive heroes.

Pierre was inevitably moving towards complete internal devastation, turning into a good-natured retired chamberlain, "whose type he so deeply despised seven years ago." True, Pierre had the ability "to see the evil and lies of life too clearly in order to be able to take a serious part in it." In Moscow living rooms, Pierre comes to a feeling of his loneliness, the "ghostliness" of all the life around him, and therefore cannot enter into an internal meaningful interaction with it. He escaped life with wine, women, entertainment. He bitterly mourned himself and his hopes for a reasonable and fruitful activity: “Didn’t he see the opportunity and passionately desire to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to the highest degree of perfection?” He fought, suffered, searched for a new path in life, he believed in the triumph of the highest truth on earth, but “by the force of circumstances” he was brought to this soulless existence, dramatically experiencing the gap between religious and moral views and the practice of his life. Pierre could not come to terms with this break, could not "unravel that tangled, terrible knot of life that terrified him ...".

Whatever he began to think about, he returned to the same questions that he could not resolve and could not stop asking himself. As if in his headcurled up the main screw on which his whole life rested.

- Entry into Freemasonry, violent activity.

Freemasonry from the position of "dialectics of the soul"

The moral and psychological state of Pierre at the moment of rapprochement with the Masons and initiation into the "brotherhood of free masons" is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, he dreams of an "active and virtuous life", of loving brotherly harmony on earth, he feels the need to promote this harmony. But imperceptibly for himself, Pierre gives himself up to the proud dream of "Fixing the whole human race."

According to Tolstoy, the initiative activity of the individual is a manifestation of that pride and ambition that are associated with the "separation" of human existence, selfish competition with others.

Thus, the “dialectic of the soul” manifests itself as an image of two inextricably linked psychological processes in the inner world of the hero-character: the sharpening of moral forces merges with the dream of the role of a preacher and comforter.

To give up “arbitrariness” means to get rid of an exaggerated sense of personality, of the impossibility of acting in accordance with the dictates moral law owing to his "unreason", to voluntarily submit "his will to this and that. who knew the undeniable truth."

- Why does Pierre, being an atheist and considering religion "unjust", join the Masonic society?

Because he was attracted by the formulation of the goals of this society: by purifying and correcting the heart and mind of individual members of society, thereby correcting the human race and "opposing the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre perceives in Freemasonry not the religious, but its moral side.

Pierre's activity in the Masonic society convinces that many Freemasons entered the society for the sake of acquiring connections with strong and wealthy people. Seeing the social injustice of the world, he does not accept the thought of the social transformation of society.

So Tolstoy leads Pierre to the idea of ​​non-resistance to evil by violence, offering an abstract sermon of "good and truth."

The metaphysical teaching of the Freemasons was of little interest to Pierre: this "some kind of sacrament" did not seem to him essential. He did not join the number of brothers "employed exclusively

the mysteries of the science of the Order... or about the three principles of things...”. "His heart did not lie to the mystical side of Freemasonry." The tasks of moral perfection also did not interest Pierre, because already at the first moment of "conversion" he "felt with pleasure already completely corrected from his former vices and ready for only one good." The content of his future activities, he put the "correction of the human race."

- Disappointment, Freemasonry Crisis

Soon after joining the order, Pierre's divergence with the Masons became apparent: he could not confine himself to the tasks of contemplative immersion in himself and demanded active assistance to others. He sought to "oppose the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre goes to his Kyiv estates.

But reality turns out to be stronger than philanthropic orders and private interventions. In addition, Pierre is deprived of a sober practical consciousness, a keen interest in the processes of economic life, and "practical tenacity."

Reunion with Helen

Tolstoy introduces the reader to inner world searching, reflecting hero. “He was so used to obeying this tone of careless self-confidence of Prince Vasily that even now he felt that he could not resist her; but he felt that his whole future fate would depend on what he said now ... "

Feeling his inner freedom, Pierre overcomes kindness, a tendency not to deceive the interlocutor's expectations, not to offend him with a refusal. He struggles with his fundamental peculiarity, so as not to repeat the mistake, not to return to the previous conditions of existence.

The final link in this story is reconciliation with Helen. This reconciliation was also both an act of good will and a causal act. Pierre then found himself in a state of complete disillusionment with Russian Freemasonry, returning to his wife became possible in conditions of melancholy and moral impasse. At the same time, Pierre is still aware of his will only as free. He explains his decision this way: “I should not refuse the one who asks and I should give a helping hand to everyone, especially the person who is so connected with me, and I should carry my cross.”

Way out of moral impasse. Patriotic War of 1812

Pierre on the eve of the Patriotic War

The approaching catastrophe pleased Pierre, as it could change her whole life, lead him out of the "enchanted, insignificant world of Moscow habits" and turn him to "great feat and great happiness."

The catastrophe became morally necessary for Pierre: only she could turn him to a new life content. No wonder he experienced “a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything is. what constitutes the happiness of people, the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to put aside in comparison with something ... ".

The internal moral break that Pierre is experiencing is not accidentally connected with the national-historical events of the Patriotic War of 1812.

The task of expelling the invaders unites Pierre, like other best people from the nobility, with the people. It took a heroic state of the world for Pierre to get closer to the people who are performing the feat of expelling the invaders. He finds himself spiritually, because folk content life. He gains ground for overcoming egoistic isolated existence, fruitless self-centeredness. The need for higher truth and goodness that lives in him finds complete satisfaction, and he only wants to "be a soldier, just a soldier."

- Borodino Pierre, on the Raevsky battery

In terms of moral responsiveness, Pierre could not remain outside the historical conflict, not be among those who defended the cause of the motherland and therefore became participants in the national liberation war. Once among the soldiers and militia, Pierre experiences joyful excitement and renewal: “The deeper he plunged into this sea of ​​\u200b\u200btroops, the more he was seized by the anxiety of anxiety and a new joyful feeling he had not experienced. It was... the feeling of having to do something and sacrifice something." A cursory meeting with a soldier who declared the people's readiness to defend Moscow enters Pierre's inner world. In this accidental episode, for the first time, the direction of the hero’s evolution is indicated: that open cordial communication between Pierre’s secular environment free from prejudice and people from the people, which in the future will lead him to a qualitatively new experience and understanding of life, is clearly manifested. Rich in human potentialities, Pierre's soul is gradually filled with Russian folk content.

How do you understand Pierre's thoughts about the hidden warmth of patriotism? Why are the heroes of the novel so eager for the people? Why does Pierre want to be a "soldier, just a soldier"?

"They in Pierre's concept there were soldiers - those who were on the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon.They - these strange, hitherto unknown to him people, -They clearly and sharply separated in his thoughts from other people. "To be a soldier, just a soldier!" thought Pierre.

The people are the bearer of the best human qualities. “... They were firm, calm all the time to the end ... They don’t speak, but they do,” thinks Pierre.

Hidden warmth of patriotism

Shocked by the bloody tragedy, Pierre leaves the battlefield. Hungry, exhausted, he sits down by the soldier's fire. In a moment of national disaster, the master unites with the soldiers, while Pierre felt "the need to belittle his social position as much as possible in order to be closer and more understandable to the soldiers." Pierre Bezukhov with such clarity correlates his life as a representative of the noble class with the life of people from the social lower classes and with all sincerity gives preference to the latter. “They amaze him with their moral courage in the war, in a moment of danger: “But they were firm, calm all the time to the end.” He condemns himself for weakness: “Oh, how terrible fear is and how shamefully I gave myself to it!”.

Pierre feels in the soldiers a wise and direct knowledge of the meaning of life, which explains their calmness, their readiness to submit to necessity.

Only in the circumstances of war and captivity does the relationship between Pierre and people from the people change: He finds the highest satisfaction in an undivided merger with millions of "drops" of the human peasant sea.

In occupied Moscow: saving a child, intercession for the Armenians, the decision to kill Napoleon

“Running out behind the house onto a sandy path, the Frenchman pulled Pierre's hand and pointed him to the circle. Under the bench lay a three-year-old girl in a pink dress. Pierre ... grabbed her with a feeling of pity and disgust, clutching the suffering sobbing and wet girl as gently as possible, ran ... Pierre at that moment felt even more strongly that feeling of youth, revival and determination that seized him when he ran save the child." “While Pierre ran those few steps that separated him from the French, a long marauder in a hood was already tearing a necklace from the Armenian woman’s neck ...

Leave this woman, - Pierre croaked in a frantic voice, grabbing a long, round-shouldered soldier by the shoulders and throwing him away. But his comrade, throwing down his boots, took out a cleaver and menacingly advanced on Pierre. Pierre was in that ecstasy of fury in which he did not remember anything and in which his strength increased tenfold. He rushed at the barefoot Frenchman, and before he couldtake out his cleaver, already knocked him down and pounded on him with his fists.

“He had to, hiding his name, stay in Moscow, meet Napoleon and kill him in order to either die or stop the misfortune of all of Europe, which, according to Pierre, came from Napoleon alone.” “Two equally strong feelings irresistibly attracted Pierre to his intention. The first was the feeling of the need for sacrifice and suffering in the realization of a common misfortune ... the other was that indefinite, exclusively Russian feeling of contempt for everything conventional, artificial, human, which is considered by most people to be the highest good of the world.

Captivity, execution of Russian prisoners by the French. Condition after the shooting

“He remembered that he was beating someone, he was being beaten, and that in the end he felt that his hands were tied, that a crowd of French soldiers were standing around him and searching his dress.”

The whole scene of the execution is given through the perception of a morally shocked Pierre: “On all the faces of Russians, on the faces of French soldiers, officers, all without exception, he read the same fear, horror and struggle that were in his heart.” The French soldiers, together with Pierre, experience the execution of prisoners as senseless cruelty, as an evil to which moral nature can only react with disgust.

The author conveys the moral and psychological state of the hero by means of figurative comparison: “From the minute Pierre saw this terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do this, it was as if in his soul that spring was pulled out, on which everything rested and seemed alive, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. In him, although he did not realize himself, faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human, and in his soul, and in God, was destroyed. ... He felt that it was not in his power to return to faith in life.

The execution of captured Russians by the French is perceived by Pierre as a senseless and cruel murder. As a result of what he saw and experienced, he found himself in a state of complete devastation, internal disintegration and chaos: "The world collapsed in his eyes, and only meaningless ruins remained."

This state of meaninglessness and absurdity of life is removed thanks to a meeting with Platon Karataev.

Meeting with Platon Karataev

In a moment of complete disgrace of everything, confusion, only love for goodness was required. The love of Platon Karataev, like precious moisture, revived Pierre and brought him back to life. “And such an expression of affection and simplicity was in the man’s melodious voice that Pierre wanted to answer, but his jaw trembled and he felt tears.” That same night, Pierre felt “that the previously destroyed world is now new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations, is erected in his soul. Karataev, thus, helped Pierre in a difficult moment of an internal crisis.

“Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in the satisfaction of natural human needs, and that all misfortune comes not from lack, but from excess.”

“The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.” Pierre Bezukhov accepted the mental health of the people, agreement with himself, the ability to spiritually overcome circumstances.

Why did Karataev have such an effect on Pierre? Does he look like other men?

At the key moments of moral turning points, when something extremely important is revealed to the hero from Tolstoy's point of view, the author generally refuses to reproduce the hero's inner voice - all psychological processes are depicted exclusively innarrator's story.

Depiction of the moral shifts that occurred during the captivity: “He received that calmness and self-satisfaction, for which he had vainly sought before. For a long time in his life he searched from different sides for this calm, for concord with himself... he searched for this in philanthropy, in Freemasonry, in the dispersal of secular life, in wine, in the heroic feat of self-sacrifice, in romantic love for Natasha; he sought this by way of thought - and all these searches and attempts deceived him. And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this harmony with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through that. what he understood in Karataev. Those terrible minutes, which he experienced during the execution, as if washed away forever from his imagination and memories of disturbing thoughts and feelings that previously seemed important to him.

Kindness becomes in him forgiveness (and to enemies too), unpretentiousness - the absence of all sorts of requirements for life (everywhere he feels good), faith in the reasonableness of the natural course of events in life - obedience to fate (“rock is looking for a head”), intuitive behavior - an absolute absence reason (“not by his own mind - by God’s judgment”), the main thing in Karataev is forgiveness, adaptability to life, and it is precisely for these qualities that Tolstoy idealizes him, makes him the material of vitality for Pierre, his favorite hero.

Reflection on happiness, understanding "the whole force of vitality"

In dramatic trials of need, extreme hardships in captivity, he acquires the long-desired inner freedom. Then, throughout the rest of his life, “Pierre thought with delight and spoke about this month of captivity, about those irrevocable, strong and joyful feelings and. most importantly, about that complete peace of mind, about perfect inner freedom, which he experienced only at that time. The break experienced in captivity comes down to "a new, untested feeling of joy and strength of life."

Pierre, having experienced "almost the extreme limits of deprivation that a person can endure", with his whole being comes to an understanding of life as highest good and eventual harmony on earth. Life in his perception is love, i.e. God: “Life is everything. Life is God. Everything moves and moves, and this movement is God. And as long as there is life, there is the enjoyment of the self-consciousness of the deity. Love life, love God. It is most difficult and most blessed to love this life in one's suffering, in the innocence of suffering. The writer conveys the dialectic of life itself in this depiction of heavy physical suffering Pierre, which led him, however, to life-affirmation.

“The absence of suffering, the satisfaction of needs and, as a result, the freedom to choose occupations, that is, a way of life, now appeared to Pierre as the undoubted and highest happiness of a person ... Pierre felt a new, untested feeling of joy and strength in life.”

“In captivity, in a booth, Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs, and that everythingunhappiness does not come from lack, but from excess; but now, in these last three weeks of the campaign, he has learned another new comforting truth - he has learned that there is nothing terrible in the world.

"Now only he understood the whole force of human vitality and the saving power of shifting attention, invested in a person." “The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and calming thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.

Moral renewal in captivity

forced into real life obey those above him. Pierre, at the same time, experiences his inner moral freedom with unusual sharpness, which is manifested in his ability to romantically rise above hostile reality, to overcome it spiritually, to a keen sense of his "timelessness". In it at this moment, something is activated and becomes valid."consciousness", which, according to Tolstoy, reveals to a person his absolute spirituality, i.e. "I" is out of time, "out of cause", and itself is the cause of all manifestation of life.

Understanding his inseparability with nature comes to Pierre in a whirlpool of events, in severe trials of war and death. Here he experiences a moral rebirth, manifested in a joyful feeling higher meaning life.

The position of a prisoner only sharpens in him the consciousness of his indestructibility, of his organic connection with universal processes.

The method of "dialectics of the soul" assumes that the inner freedom of the hero-character manifests itself as an instant flash of self-consciousness, an undeniable feeling of belonging to world harmony.

Post-war update. Pre-Decembrist activity

- Release from captivity. Change in worldview.

The year of the Patriotic War awakens in him ardent patriotic feelings and, turning away from Masonic metaphysics, fully connects him with the real needs, tasks and aspirations of the people. He feels "impossible to continue the old life" and wants to "get rid of the complex confusion of the demands of life" that has overcome him for a number of years. In Chapter XIII, Part 4, Volume 4, Tolstoy devotes whole pages to explaining the changes that have become apparent in the character and worldview of his hero, who has survived turbulent external events and personal trials, and now, after the war and the "people's defense," who has already seen "an extraordinarily powerful force of vitality ”, which “supported the life” of the whole “special and united” Russian people.

"A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable, inherent freedom of a person, the consciousness of which he first experienced at the first halt when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery."

“Now he has learned to see the great, eternal and infinite in everything ... Now the question is - why? A simple answer was always ready in his soul: then, that there is a god, that god, without whose will a hair will not fall from a person’s head.

Meeting with Natasha, love, marriage

The big child is called Pierre and Nikolai and Andrey. Bolkonsky will entrust the secret of love to Natasha to him, Pierre. He will entrust Natasha - the bride. He advises her to contact Hard time. "Heart of gold", a nice fellow, a true friend will be Pierre in the novel. It is with him that Natasha's aunt, Akhrosimova, will consult regarding her beloved niece. But it is he, Pierre, who will introduce Andrei and Natasha.

At first in her adulthood At the ball, he will notice the confusion of Natasha's feelings, whom no one will invite to dance, and will ask his friend, Andrei, to engage her. Pierre was horrified when he learned about Natasha's attempt to escape with Anatole, but then he would be shocked by the depth of her repentance, suffering, and an attempt to poison herself. He admired her ability, even in such terrible moments of her life, to think more about others than about herself.

The structure of the souls of Natasha and Pierre is in many ways similar. Love will revive their souls. There will be no room for doubt, everything will be filled with love.

Finding the meaning of life in the family, social activities.

“And out of old habit, he asked himself the question: well, then what? What will i do? And immediately he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Oh, how nice!

In the epilogue to the novel, Pierre already lives in a "big house"; he is engaged in progressive social activity, he thinks in new concepts, characteristic of the pre-Decembrist period, and this "most absent-minded, forgetful person, now, according to the list compiled by his wife," like a sedate husband and father, buys everything for the house, not forgetting any "gifts ", nor"toys".

So, considering the complex life path your hero. Tolstoy realistically judges the stages of the long development of his personality.

L.N. Tolstoy shows two main paths that people choose: for some, the main thing is external well-being, wealth, career; for others - spiritual values, i.e. life is not only for themselves. In the epilogue, the heroes found true happiness along the way. Pierre, after a long and difficult search, found happiness in the confluence of social activities and a happy family life. The main wisdom to which he came: “... if vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people need to do only the same. After all, it's so simple."

After the war, in peaceful conditions, Pierre was in a new round of ideological and creative development. "IN spiritual development Pierre's Decembrism marks both a step forward and backward. Forward in the sense that it means leaving the sphere of moral speculation in the field of practical activity and civic selflessness. Back because it means the rejection of the moral truth revealed to him by Karataev.

On the one hand, Pierre retains the deep moral content acquired in the war and defends the service of “good”: “But I say: take hand in hand, those who love good. And let there be one banner: active virtue.

But on the other hand, once outside the people, he returns in Decembrism, it would seem, to the overcome sense of personality. Pierre develops self-confidence, which is manifested in his story about his political activities in St. Petersburg. Thought about it. that the fate of not only the “society” he leads, but also the fate of Russia, depends on him, Pierre, is connected with the belief in the possibility and fruitfulness of the revolutionary, voluntaristic according to Tolstoy. Civic activity leads the hero to an exaggerated idea of ​​the possibilities of conscious, arbitrary influence on the course of the historical process.

4. In conclusion, written works on the studied material can be offered:

a) Why can Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky be called the best people their time?

b) “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And peace is a spiritual meanness?

How do you understand the words of L. Tolstoy?

To what extent does Pierre's life path reflect this motto of the writer himself?

APPLICATION

Esin A.B. Psychologism of Russian classical literature / A.B. Esin.- M: Enlightenment, 1988.

Kurlyandskaya G.B. The moral ideal of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky / G.B. Courland. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988.

Bocharov S.P. The novel by L. Tolstoy "War and Peace" / S.P. Bocharov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1976.

Russian literature. Grade 10. Reader of historical and literary materials; reference scheme to the image of the hero; illustrations for the novel.

Favorite hero

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy describes in detail the path of Pierre Bezukhov's searches in the novel "War and Peace". Pierre Bezukhov is one of the main characters of the work. He belongs to the favorite characters of the author and is therefore described in more detail. The reader is given the opportunity to trace how a wise man is formed from a young naive youth. life experience man. We are witnessing the mistakes and delusions of the hero, his painful search for the meaning of life, the gradual change in his worldview. Tolstoy does not idealize Pierre. He honestly displays it positive features and weaknesses of character. Thanks to this, the young man seems closer and more understandable. He seems to come alive on the pages of the work.

Pierre's spiritual quest in the novel is devoted to many pages. Pierre Bezukhov - illegitimate son wealthy St. Petersburg nobleman, one of the main contenders for a millionth inheritance. Having recently arrived from abroad, where he received his education, Pierre cannot decide on the choice of a further life path. An unexpected inheritance and a high county title greatly complicates the position of the young man and gives him a lot of trouble.

strange appearance

The remarkable appearance of the hero causes a smile and bewilderment. Before us is “a massive, fat young man with a cropped head, glasses, light trousers in the fashion of the time ...”. He does not know how to communicate with ladies, behave correctly in a secular society, be polite and tactful. His awkward appearance and lack of good manners a kind smile and a naive guilty look compensate: "smart and at the same time timid, observant and natural." Behind the massive figure, a pure, honest and noble soul breaks down.

Pierre's delusions

Fun secular youth

Arriving in the capital main character falls into the company of frivolous golden youth, who thoughtlessly indulge in empty entertainment and amusements. Noisy revels, hooligan antics, drunkenness, debauchery occupy everything free time Pierre, but do not bring satisfaction. Only in communication with his only friend Andrei Bolkonsky does he become sincere and open his soul. The older friend is trying to save the gullible young man from fatal mistakes, but Pierre stubbornly follows his own path.

fatal love

One of the main misconceptions in the life of the hero is the passion for the empty and depraved beauty Helen. The gullible Pierre is easy prey for the members of the greedy family of Prince Kuragin. He is unarmed against the seductive tricks of a secular beauty and the pressure of an unceremonious prince. Tormented by doubts, Pierre is forced to make an offer and become the spouse of the first beauty of St. Petersburg. Pretty soon, he realizes that for his wife and her father, he is only a money bag. Disappointed in love, Pierre breaks off relations with his wife.

Fascination with Freemasonry

The ideological search of Pierre Bezukhov continues in the spiritual sphere. He is fond of the ideas of the Masonic brotherhood. The desire to do good, to work for the good of society, to improve themselves makes the hero go the wrong way. He is trying to alleviate the fate of his serfs, begins to build free schools and hospitals. But disappointment awaits him again. Money is stolen, brothers Masons pursue their own selfish goals. Pierre finds himself at an impasse in life. No family, no love, no worthwhile occupation, no purpose in life.

Heroic impulse

The state of gloomy apathy is replaced by a noble patriotic impulse. The Patriotic War of 1812 pushed into the background all the personal problems of the hero. His honest and noble nature is concerned about the fate of the Fatherland. Unable to join the ranks of the defenders of his country, he invests in the formation and uniforms of the regiment. During the battle of Borodino, he is in the thick of things, trying to provide all possible assistance to the military. Hatred for the invaders pushes Pierre to crime. He decides to kill the main culprit of what is happening, Emperor Napoleon. The heroic impulse of the young man ended with a sudden arrest and long months of captivity.

Life experience

One of the most milestones Pierre Bezukhov's life becomes the time spent in captivity. Deprived of the usual comfort, a well-fed life, freedom of movement, Pierre does not feel unhappy. He enjoys the satisfaction of natural human needs, "finds that calmness and self-satisfaction, which he vainly sought before." Once in the power of the enemy, he does not solve the complex philosophical issues of being, does not think about his wife's betrayal, does not understand the intrigues of others. Pierre lives a simple and understandable life, which Platon Karataev taught him. The worldview of this man turned out to be close and understandable to our hero. Communication with Platon Karataev made Pierre wiser and more experienced, suggested the right path in later life. He learned “not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself.”

Real life

Freed from captivity, Pierre Bezukhov feels like a different person. He is not tormented by doubts, is well versed in people and now knows what he needs to happy life. An insecure confused person becomes strong and wise. Pierre is rebuilding the house and proposes to Natasha Rostova. He clearly understands that it was her that he truly loved all his life and it is with her that he will be happy and calm.

happy outcome

At the end of the novel, we see the beloved hero of Leo Tolstoy as an exemplary family man, a passionate person who has found himself. He is engaged in social activities, meets with interesting people. His mind, decency, honesty and kindness are now in demand and useful to society. Beloved and devoted wife, healthy children, close friends, interesting job- the components of a happy and meaningful life of Pierre Bezukhov. In an essay on the topic "The path of quest of Pierre Bezukhov" given detailed analysis moral and spiritual search for an honest and noble person who, through trial and error, finds his meaning of existence. The hero finally achieved "calmness, agreement with himself."

Artwork test

In the novel "War and Peace" we see a description of the life and work of a large number of people, but only a few of them follow the path of their moral growth, spiritual evolution. These heroes include Tolstoy's favorite character, Pierre Bezukhov, whose life path was complex and difficult, full of disappointments, losses, but at the same time discoveries, gaining true human values.

Growing up abroad, the illegitimate son of a prominent Catherine's nobleman, he brought to Russia the freedom-loving ideas of the French enlighteners that he had assimilated, which have nothing in common with Russian reality. That is why, in relation to him, secular society shows distrust and alertness, which only intensify with every misconduct of the naive, direct Pierre. Every person has their own mistakes and misconceptions in life. The young Count Bezukhov, not seeing a goal in life, indulges in revelry and atrocities in the circles of Kuragin and Dolokhov, follows carnal desires and does not resist the marriage to the beautiful Helen, cleverly arranged by Prince Vasily. This marriage of convenience was the cause of Pierre's deepest disappointments, increasing his dismay. The count is aware of the meaninglessness of his existence, devoid of ideals, faith, hope. And a painful search begins for what could become the meaning of life, give new strength. "What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live, and what am I? , Pierre asks himself and does not find answers to these questions. In this state of mental confusion, he joined one of the Masonic lodges. In the religious and mystical revelations of the Freemasons, Bezukhov was interested in their commandment about the need to "with all their might to resist the evil that reigns in the world." Being a person who is fond of, Pierre is actively involved in a new activity for him. He creates a project for the transformation of the order of Freemasons, where he calls for activities for the good of man, makes proposals for practical help to his neighbor. Having met with protest from the members of the Masonic lodge, Bezukhov understands that the true views of the Masons on life diverge from those that they express in sermons. And here, as in the secular society from which he fled, the same goals of profit, careerism and personal gain are pursued in everything.

Like almost any person of his time, Pierre Bezukhov was interested in the image of Napoleon - a strong man, an invincible commander, going ahead. But the Patriotic War of 1812 becomes the stage of rethinking the count's views and beliefs. He sees that his idol is a selfish despot who sheds the blood of millions of people in order to assert his world domination.

Of decisive importance in shaping Pierre's views was his rapprochement with the people, with Russian soldiers. He admires their courage, reckless courage, true patriotism living in their souls. Being impressed by the heroism of the Russian people he saw, Bezukhov decides to participate in the battle of Borodino.

The description of the landscape of the Borodino field before the start of the battle is very revealing - “the strengthening freshness of the morning frost”, “magic-crystal brilliance”, and even unsightly paintings in this atmosphere seemed “something soothingly beautiful”. As usual, Tolstoy reveals the mood of the hero through his perception of the beauty and majesty of nature. It is the picture of the landscape that helps Pierre to realize the greatness and significance of what is happening.

The turning point in the fate of Pierre Bezukhov is his meeting with Platon Karataev, who seemed to Pierre to be the personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth, which for Bezukhov, at that moment especially desiring wholeness and harmony in his life, was a revelation. “I lived for myself and ruined my life. And only now, when I live ... for others, only now I understand the happiness of my life. According to Natasha Rostova, who saw Pierre after a long separation, “he became somehow clean, ..., fresh; as if from a bath ... morally from a bath.

Pierre did not become an adherent of Karataev's non-resistance philosophy, but communication with him served as an impetus for the further moral development of the hero. He finds his own path of moral renewal both for himself and for society, which is mired in vice and evil. Exit from spiritual crisis a person, a country, according to Pierre, will be helped by united efforts honest people: "If vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people need to do only the same."

Even a happy family life with Natasha Rostova does not stop Pierre's activities for the benefit of society. He believes in the revival of Russia, believes in the strength of the people. And he sees the meaning of life only in selfless service to the motherland, to his people.

This is about him and about people like him, Tolstoy said: “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again and quit again, and always fight and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness.