The main types of fine arts. History of art: origins, types and genres, the most important stages of development

Fine art is spatial, not stretched in time. It requires two- or three-dimensional space. Although in our time, thanks to technical capabilities, an art form has appeared that includes temporary space (video art). Fine art reflects reality with the help of visual images:

• - the diversity of the surrounding world;
• - human thoughts and feelings.

It is a way of knowing the environment and yourself.

Types of fine arts:

• 1. Architecture is the art of building buildings and structures for the life and activities of people. The word "architecture" comes from the Greek "Archus" - the main, the highest; "Tectonic" - construction. Requires 3D space. It also has interior space.
• 2. Painting is a type of fine art, the works of which are created using paints (tempera, oil paints, acrylic, gouache, ...).
• 3. Graphics is a form of visual art that includes drawing and printed images. "Grafo" - I write, draw, draw. The drawings are done in pencil, ink, sepia, sanguine…

Printed images - engravings, lithography, woodcuts, monotype. Graphics is divided into easel, book and applied. On the verge of painting and graphics are watercolor, gouache and pastel. The first works of graphics - rock paintings primitive art. IN Ancient Greece graphic art was at the highest level - vase painting.

4. Sculpture.

The term comes from the Latin "sculpere" - cut, carve. Unlike painting and graphics, there is volume in sculpture. Sculpture is a three-dimensional image. Materials: bone, stone, wood, clay, metal, wax… Sculpture is one of the most ancient forms of art. First sculptural works were idols, amulets, portrayed the ancient gods. Distinguish round sculpture (viewed from different parties) and relief (high, medium, low, counter-relief). Sculpture is divided into types: easel and monumental (monuments, monuments) and monumental-decorative (architectural decoration).

In every house, various objects live and serve us. And if they were touched by the hand of an artist, jeweler or craftsman, then they become a decorative work - applied arts. The term appeared in the 18th century. from the French word "decor" - decoration everywhere. Applied means that to which skill, art is applied.

• 6. Theatrical and decorative art
• 7. Design
• 8. Architecture

The concept of "style" is an originality that allows you to immediately determine in what historical era work created. An artistic (high) style is a direction that involves all types of art. For example, baroque is a high style, and rococo is a direction.

The great or high styles include the classics of antiquity, the Romanesque style and Gothic in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance style, which marked the transition period from the Middle Ages to the New Age, baroque and classicism in the New Age. Last big style on turn of XIX- XX centuries. became Art Nouveau, in which an attempt was made to revive the unity of architecture, decorative and fine arts.

The combination of several types of art in one work is called the synthesis of arts.

In other words, art style reaches its highest level when it involves all kinds of art.

Having developed in a certain historical era, high styles were continuously transformed and revived at the next stage in a new quality. Eg, Classicism XVII V. in France, he took the basis from the ancient classics, while he is very different from the neoclassicism of the second half of the 18th century. and, of course, from neoclassicism as one of the eclectic trends of the second half of XIX- the beginning of the twentieth century.

An artistic image is a form of reflection (reproduction) of objective reality in art

Genre (from French Genre - view) - a set of works combined:

• - the general range of topics or subjects of the image; or
• - author's attitude to an object, person or phenomenon: caricature, caricature; or
• - a way of understanding and interpretation: allegory, fantasy.

Genre is a few special features inherent in works of art, by which we distinguish one of them from others.

An artist-painter paints, and there are a lot of techniques, ways of working with them, they are complex and diverse, this is a whole science. But depending on what is shown in the picture, you can determine its genre.

The first independent genres appeared in the Netherlands in the 16th century.

• 1. Historical
• 2. Marina is a work of art that depicts the sea.

An artist who paints the sea is called a marine painter.

3. Interior. Image interior decoration architectural structure.

SELF-PORTRAIT - a portrait painted from oneself.

ALLEGORY - the image of abstract concepts through associative close specific images, creatures and objects, usually endowed with attributes explaining their content.

ANIMALISTIC - associated with the depiction of animals in painting, sculpture and graphics; combines natural science and artistic principles.

BATTLE - dedicated to depicting war and military life. In the works of the battle genre, the main place is occupied by scenes of battles and military campaigns of the present or the past.

HOUSEHOLD - associated with the image of everyday private and public life person.

HISTORICAL - one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.

CARICATURE - a genre of fine art that uses the means of satire and humor, grotesque, caricature, artistic hyperbole; the image in which comic effect created by exaggeration and sharpening of characteristic features.

MYTHOLOGICAL - dedicated to the events and heroes that myths tell about.

STILL LIFE - a genre of fine art showing inanimate objects placed in a real household environment and organized into a specific group; a picture depicting household items, flowers, fruits, broken game, caught fish.

Nude - a genre of fine art dedicated to the naked body, its artistic interpretation.

PASTORAL - an image of an idyllic peaceful life shepherds and shepherdesses in the bosom of nature.

LANDSCAPE - an image of any area, pictures of nature: rivers, mountains, fields, forests, rural or urban landscape; according to the subject of the image, they distinguish architectural and urban, industrial landscape, veduta, marina (depicts the sea), historical, fantastic (futurological), lyrical, epic landscape.

PORTRAIT - a genre of fine art dedicated to the image of a person or group of people; varieties - self-portrait, group portrait, ceremonial, chamber, costume portrait, portrait miniature, parsuna.

CARTOON - a kind of caricature, humorous or satirical image, in which are changed and underlined character traits person.

Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, play and dance - all these are works of various kinds art.

Art is classified according to different criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-graphic arts express the inner world. Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres according to the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk about with you today.

Kinds of art

fine arts

Painting

Perhaps this is one of the most common types of art. The very first works of painting belong to ancient times, they were found on the walls of the caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).

St Nicholas. Fresco by Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
easel painting- these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.

Genres of painting

IN modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. the main task portrait genre - the transfer of external resemblance and disclosure inner peace, the essence of a person's character.

I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Sophia Ivanovna Kramskoy"
historical genre(image of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are very often intertwined, because. when depicting, for example, some historical event, the artist has to turn to the portrait genre, etc.
mythological genre- illustration of myths and legends different peoples.

S. Botticelli "The Birth of Venus"
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - household, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

V. Vasnetsov "After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians"
household genre - the image of scenes of everyday, personal life of a person.

A. Venetsianov "On arable land"
Scenery- picture of nature environment, species countryside, cities, historical monuments etc.

And Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived"
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - "dead nature") - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real household environment.
Animal genre- image of animals.

Graphic arts

The name of this type of fine art comes from the Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics include, first of all, drawing and engraving, in which the drawing is created mainly with the help of a line on a sheet of paper or with a cutter on a hard material, from which the image is imprinted onto a paper sheet.

Types of graphics

Engraving- a pattern is applied to a flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and imprinted on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main engraving materials are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The processing of the engraving board is carried out by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
print- an impression from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is an easel work of artistic graphics. The engraving is printed from a board engraved by the artist himself, often he also makes prints. Such works are usually signed, author's copies, considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
book graphics- the design of the book, its decorative design, illustrations.
Industrial graphics - the creation of product labels, brand names, publishing marks, packaging, advertising publications, letterheads and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising, is included in the design system.
ex libris- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The ex-libris is attached to inside book binding or cover. Bookmarks are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.

Bookplate of Greta Garbo

Poster- an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography- type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and an impression from it.
Woodcut- woodcut.

Katsushika Hokusai A big wave in Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching- type of engraving on metal, engraving method and print obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer, displayed in dynamics or in statics. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages, and to carry out unlimited adjustments.

Sculpture

This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, rendering them quite accurately. appearance. Many female figurines have been preserved, which embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them "Venuses".

Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane.
As in painting, there are easel and monumental forms in sculpture. monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created on for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. easel sculpture- these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.

Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod

Arts and Crafts

The creators of works of arts and crafts set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but at the same time this thing must have certain artistic qualities. Items of everyday life should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, please the eye with the perfection of forms and colors.
Of course, now many works of arts and crafts are mainly aesthetic value, But it was not always so.

The main types of arts and crafts

Batik– hand-painted on fabric

Work in the technique of hot batik (using wax)
beading
Embroidery
Knitting

Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
quilling- the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature

Palekh lacquer miniature
Art painting on wood
Art painting on metal

Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic leather processing

Art painting on ceramics

Artistic metal processing
pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Glass work

Upper half window of Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami

Photo art

The art of artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.

Graffiti

Pictures on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to exquisite drawings.

Graffiti

Comic

Drawn stories, stories in pictures. The comic combines the features of such art forms as literature and fine arts.

Artist Winsor McKay "Little Sammy Sneezes"

Non-Visual Arts

Architecture

Architecture- the art of designing and building buildings. Architectural structures can exist in the form of separate buildings or in the form of ensembles. But sometimes ensembles are formed historically: a single whole is formed from buildings built at different times. An example is Red Square in Moscow.
Architecture makes it possible to judge technical achievements and artistic styles various eras. Until our time, preserved Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, the temples of Ancient Greece and Rome. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.

Palace Square in Saint Petersburg

Literature

In the broad sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.

Genres of literature

A literary work can be attributed to a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epic, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville). , interlude, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by birth.
epic genus: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
lyric gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyro-epic genus: ballad, poem.
dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.

Music

Music is art, a means of embodiment artistic images for which are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time. But in general, give one exhaustively precise definition the concept of "music" is impossible. It's a special kind creative activity, including craft, profession.
Great visual and stylistic diversity of music.
Classic (or serious)– professional musical compositions, born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular- predominantly song and dance music genres.
Non-European (non-European)- the music of those peoples (of the East), whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)- folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of the ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (light)- music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz- performing traditions of American blacks rethought by Europeans, based on the synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock- music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)- a direction in professional composer creativity in the 20th century.
Alternative- new musical compositions or performances (sound performances, "performances"), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function that it performs: military, church, religious, theatrical, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.

Each type of music has its own genres. Consider for example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music is music played on instruments without the participation of human voice. Instrumental music is symphonic and chamber.
Chamber music- compositions intended for performance in small rooms, for home, "room" music-making. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle states of mind of a person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude- a piece of music designed to improve the technical skills of playing an instrument.
Nocturne(French "night") - a genre of a small one-part melodic lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(lat. "introduction") - a small instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be a standalone work.

Quartet – musical composition for 4 performers.
Within each of the types of music can arise and develop own styles and trends that are distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serialization, avant-garde, etc.

Choreography

Choreography is the art of dance.

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) art forms

Theater

Spectacular art form, which is a synthesis various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, fine arts and others.

Puppet show
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theater, etc. The art of the theater has long been known: the theater was born from ancient ritual festivals that reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes in allegorical form.

Opera

An art form that combines poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

La Scala Theater (Milan)

Stage

A type of art of small forms, mainly of a popular and entertaining direction. Variety includes directions: singing, dancing, circus on stage, illusionism, conversational genre, clowning.

Circus

View performing arts, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of speeches modern circus is a demonstration of tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, a demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk ( physical strength, acrobatics, tightrope walking,), trained animals.

Cinematography

A type of spectacular art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (decoration), etc.

Ballet

View performing arts; performance, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. A classical ballet performance is based on a certain plot, a dramatic idea. In the XX century. a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which is based on the development inherent in music.

Artists and sculptors, designers and architects - all these people daily bring beauty and harmony into our lives. Thanks to them, we look at statues in museums, admire paintings, marvel at the beauty of ancient buildings. Modern fine art amazes us, classical art makes us think. But in any case, human creations surround us everywhere. Therefore, it is useful to understand this issue.

Fine arts

Fine art is spatial. That is, it has an objective form that does not change over time. And it is precisely by the way this form looks that the types of fine art are distinguished.

They can be divided into several categories. For example, according to the time of appearance. Until the 19th century, only three types were considered the main ones: sculpture, painting and architecture. But the history of fine arts developed, and graphics soon joined them. Later, others stood out: decorative and applied, theatrical and decorative, design and others.

To date, there is no consensus on what types of fine art should be distinguished. But there are a few main ones, the existence of which does not cause any controversy.

Painting

Drawing is a type of fine art in which images are conveyed with the help of dyes. They are applied to a solid surface: canvas, glass, paper, stone and much more.

For painting, different colors are used. They can be oil and watercolor, silicate and ceramic. At the same time, there is a wax painting, enamel and others. It depends on what substances are applied to the surface and how they are fixed there.

There are two directions in painting: easel and monumental. The first combines all those works that are created on various canvases. Its name comes from the word "machine", which refers to an easel. But monumental painting is a fine art that is reproduced on various architectural structures. These are all kinds of temples, castles, churches.

Architecture

Construction is a monumental form of fine art, the purpose of which is to construct buildings. This is practically the only category that has not only aesthetic value, but also performs practical functions. After all, architecture implies the construction of buildings and structures for the life and activities of people.

It does not reproduce reality, but expresses the desires and needs of mankind. Therefore, the history of fine arts is best traced through it. IN different times way of life and ideas about beauty were very different. It is for this reason that architecture makes it possible to trace the flight of human thought.

Also, this species is highly dependent on the environment. For example, on the form architectural structures influenced by climatic and geographical conditions, the nature of the landscape and much more.

Sculpture

This is an ancient fine art, samples of which have a three-dimensional appearance. They are made by casting, slotting, hewing.

Basically, stone, bronze, wood or marble are used to make sculptures. But in Lately concrete, plastic and other artificial materials have gained no less popularity.

Sculpture has two main varieties. It is circular or embossed. In this case, the second type is divided into high, low and mortise.

As in painting, there are monumental and easel directions in sculpture. But separately also distinguish decorative. Monumental sculptures in the form of monuments and monuments adorn the streets, they designate important places. Easel used to decorate the premises from the inside. And decorative ones decorate everyday life like small items of small plastic.

Graphic arts

It is a decorative art that consists of drawings and artistic prints. Graphics differs from painting in the materials, techniques and forms used. To create engravings or lithographs, special machines and equipment are used to print images. And the drawings are made with ink, pencil and other similar materials that allow you to reproduce the shapes of objects, their illumination.

Graphics can be easel, book and applied. The first is created thanks to special devices. These are engravings, drawings, sketches. The second decorates the pages of books or their covers. And the third is all kinds of labels, packaging, brands.

The first works of graphics are considered cave drawings. But its highest achievement is vase painting in ancient Greece.

Arts and Crafts

This is a special kind of creative activity, which consists in the creation of various household items. They satisfy our aesthetic needs and often have utilitarian functions. Moreover, earlier they were made precisely for practical reasons.

Not every exhibition of fine arts can boast of the presence of arts and crafts, but they are in every home. These are jewelry and ceramic products, painted glass, embroidered items and much more.

Fine and applied art most of all reflects national character. The fact is that its important component is folk art crafts. And they, in turn, are based on the customs, traditions, beliefs and way of life of the people.

From theatrical and decorative art to design

Throughout history, more and more new types of fine art appear. With the formation of the first temple of Melpomene, theatrical and decorative art arose, which consists in the manufacture of props, costumes, scenery and even makeup.

And design, as one of the art forms, although it appeared in antiquity, has only recently been singled out into a separate category with its own laws, techniques and features.

Fine art genres

Each work that comes out from the pen, hammer or pencil of the master is dedicated to a specific topic. After all, creating it, the creator wanted to convey his thoughts, feelings, or even the plot. It is according to these characteristics that the genres of fine art are distinguished.

For the first time about any systematization huge amount cultural heritage thought in the Netherlands in the 16th century. At that time, only two categories were distinguished: high and low genres. The first included everything that contributed to the spiritual enrichment of a person. These were works devoted to myths, religion, historical events. And to the second - things related to everyday life. These are people, objects, nature.

Genres are forms of displaying life in the visual arts. And they change with it, develop and evolve. Entire epochs of fine art pass, while some genres acquire new meaning, others die, others are born. But there are several main ones that have passed through the centuries and still exist successfully.

History and mythology

TO high genres in the Renaissance were historical and mythological. It was believed that they were not intended for common man, and for a person with high level culture.

The historical genre is one of the main ones in the visual arts. It is dedicated to recreating those events of the past and present that have great importance for a people, country or individual locality. Its foundations were laid back in ancient Egypt. But it was fully formed already in Italy, during the Renaissance, in the works of Uccelo.

TO mythological genre include those works of fine art that reflect legendary plots. Already in antique art the first examples of it appeared, when epics became ordinary instructive stories. But the most famous are the works of the Renaissance. For example, frescoes by Raphael or paintings by Botticelli.

The plots of works of art of the religious genre are various episodes from the Gospel, the Bible and other similar books. In painting, his famous masters were Raphael and Michelangelo. But the genre also found its reflection in engravings, sculpture and even architecture, given the construction of temples and churches.

War and life

Display war in art began in antiquity. But this theme was actively developed in the 16th century. All kinds of campaigns, battles and victories found expression in sculptures, paintings, engravings and tapestries of that time. Name works of art on this theme battle genre. The word itself has French roots and translates as "war". Artists who paint such pictures are called battle painters.

In contrast, there is an everyday genre in the visual arts. It is a work that reflects everyday life. It is difficult to trace the history of this direction, because as soon as a person learned to use tools, he began to capture his harsh everyday life. The everyday genre in the visual arts allows you to get acquainted with the events that took place thousands of years ago.

People and nature

A portrait is a depiction of a person in art. This is one of the most ancient genres. It is interesting that initially it had a cult significance. Portraits were identified with the soul of a deceased person. But the culture of fine arts developed, and today this genre allows us to see the images of people from past eras. Which gives an idea of ​​the clothes, fashion and tastes of that time.

Landscape is a genre of fine art in which the main object is nature. It originated in Holland. But on my own landscape painting very varied. It can display both real and fantastic nature. Depending on the type of image, rural and urban landscapes are distinguished. The latter includes such subspecies as industrial and veduta. In addition, they talk about the existence of panoramic and chamber landscapes.

Animation genre is also distinguished. These are works of art depicting animals.

Marine theme

Seascapes represent primarily the early Dutch painting. The fine arts of this country gave rise to the marina genre itself. It is characterized by reflections of the sea in all forms. Marine artists paint the seething elements and serene water surface, noisy battles and lonely sailing ships. The first painting of this genre dates from the sixteenth century. On it, Cornelis Antonis depicted the Portuguese fleet.

Although the marina is more of a genre of painting, you can find water motifs not only in paintings. For example, decorative and visual arts often use elements seascapes. It can be tapestries, jewelry, engravings.

Items

Still life - mainly also a genre of painting. Its name is translated from French as "dead nature". In fact, the heroes of still lifes are various inanimate objects. Usually these are everyday things, as well as vegetables, fruits and flowers.

The main characteristic of a still life can be considered its apparent plotlessness. However, this philosophical genre, which at all times reflected the connection between man and the outside world.

The prototypes of still lifes can be found in monumental painting Pompeii. Later this genre became part of other paintings. For example, religious paintings. But the name behind it was established only in the 16th century.

Fine art is a way of knowing reality and the place of man in it. It allows you to recreate reality with the help of various visual images. Works of this art find their place not only in museums or at exhibitions, but also on city streets, in houses and libraries, books and even envelopes. They are all around us. And the least we can do is learn to appreciate, understand and preserve the amazing heritage that we have inherited from the great masters of past eras.

Painting - the oldest type of fine art, the works of which are created using paints applied to any surface. Traditionally to easel painting include works made in oil on canvas, board and other similar materials.

Graphic arts (from the Greek grapho - I write, I draw, I draw) - a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes, spots and dots as the main visual means. Color in graphics, unlike painting, plays an auxiliary role. Traditionally, easel graphics include: watercolor, pastel, gouache, tempera, ink, charcoal, pencil, sauce, sanguine, sepia, etc. Although these boundaries are very arbitrary: watercolor, gouache, pastel, tempera can be used to create both graphic and pictorial works in character and style.

print (from French estampe) - a work of graphic art, which is an engraving or other print on paper from a printing plate. Depending on the method of processing the printed form, the print is divided into types: lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype, linocut, woodcut, etching, drypoint, aquatint, mezzotint, reserve, dotted line, cutter, lavis, engraving on cardboard.

Sculpture (from lat. sculpo - carve, cut out) - a type of fine art that gives a three-dimensional image of objects. Sculpture is round: monumental, easel, small forms and relief: bas-relief - when less than half of the volume protrudes from the plane, high relief - more than half.

Batik - this is the general name for a variety of methods and techniques of artistic painting on fabric. The art of making batik is based on the principle of reservation - applying a certain composition to the fabric in order to preserve and highlight the colors of the pattern or background. There are several types of batik: hot, cold, free painting, they differ only in the way the fabric is reserved.

Tapestry (from French gobelin) - a type of arts and crafts, a hand-woven lint-free carpet-picture with a plot or ornamental composition. There is another less common name for a tapestry - tapestry.

hot enamel - a kind of arts and crafts, when on a specially treated metal surface enamel paints a pattern is applied, which is then fired, resulting in a colored vitreous layer.

Mosaic (from the French mosaique literally - dedicated to the muses) - one of the types of monumental and decorative art - an image or pattern made of particles of the same or different material: stone, smalt, glass, ceramic tiles, wood, etc.

stained glass (from the French vitrage - glass) - the oldest type of monumental painting, the basis of which is ornamental or plot decorative composition glass or other material that transmits light. There are several types of stained glass depending on the manufacturing technique: classic stained glass (Tiffany technology), stained glass, painted stained glass, film stained glass and combined stained glass.

wall painting - one of ancient species monumental and decorative art. Works can be done in various materials and techniques: in the fresco technique (painting with tempera paints on wet plaster), sgraffito (scratching the upper thin layer of plaster until the lower layer is exposed), acrylic paints on plaster or drywall, etc.