All the heroes are dead. H

The image and characterization of Chichikov in the poem “Dead Souls” will allow you to understand yourself and find the traits that you need to get rid of so as not to become his likeness.

Hero's appearance

“...decent middle years...”

• full figure;
• roundness of shapes;
• pleasant appearance.

Hero's personality

“...without tribe and clan...”

Such an achievement proves that the hero is very persistent and purposeful. From childhood, a boy cultivates the ability to deny himself pleasure if it interferes with big things. To obtain a high rank, Pavel received an education, and he studied diligently and taught himself to get what he wanted by all means: by cunning, sycophancy, and patience. Pavel is strong in mathematical sciences, which means he has logical thinking and practicality. Chichikov is a cautious person. He can talk about various phenomena in life, noticing what will help achieve the desired result. The hero travels a lot and is not afraid of meeting new people. But the restraint of his personality does not allow him to conduct long stories about the past. The hero is an excellent expert in psychology. He easily finds his way and common topics conversation with different people. Moreover, Chichikov’s behavior changes. He, like a chameleon, easily changes his appearance, demeanor, and style of speech. The author emphasizes how unusual the twists of his mind are. He knows his own worth and penetrates into the depths of the subconscious of his interlocutors.

Positive character traits of Pavel Ivanovich

• protects his health, he does not smoke and monitors the amount of wine he drinks.
• doesn't play gambling: cards.
• a believer before starting important conversation a man crosses himself in Russian.
• takes pity on the poor and gives alms (but this quality cannot be called compassion; it does not manifest itself to everyone and not always).
• slyness allows the hero to hide his true face.
• neat and thrifty: things and objects that help to remember important events, stored in a box.

Negative traits of a hero

• never dances, although he attends balls with zeal.
• loves to eat, especially at someone else's expense.
• hypocritical: he can cry, lie, pretend to be upset.
• deceiver and bribe-taker: in speech there are statements of honesty, but in reality everything says the opposite.
• composure: politely, but without feelings, Pavel Ivanovich conducts business that makes his interlocutors shrink inside with fear.

It is impossible to accurately describe the character of Pavel Ivanovich, to say that this positive character or a negative hero. A real person taken from life is both good and bad at the same time. One character combines different personalities, but one can only envy his desire to achieve his goal. The classic helps young people to stop the traits of Chichikov in themselves, a man for whom life becomes a matter of profit, the value of existence, the mystery of the afterlife are lost.

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We often say that happiness cannot be found in money, but at the same time we always note that a person with money is in a more advantageous position and can afford more than a poor person. A bunch of works of art on the topic of a wedding with an unloved, but rich person, or the injustice that has arisen associated with bribery, brings to mind another well-known phrase: money rules the world. This is probably why a person with small capital often strives to improve his financial situation. These methods and methods are not always legal; they often contradict the principles of morality. N. Gogol talks about one of these actions in the poem “Dead Souls”.

Who is Chichikov and why does he come to town N

The main character of the story is a retired official Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. He “is not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; I can’t say that I’m old, but I can’t say that I’m too young.” He considers himself a person of pleasant appearance, he especially liked his face “which he loved sincerely and in which, it seems, he found the chin most attractive, for he very often boasted of it to one of his friends.”

This man travels through the villages of Russia, but his goal is by no means as noble as one might think at first glance. Pavel Ivanovich buys “dead souls”, that is, documents for the ownership of people who have died but have not yet been included in the lists of the dead. The census of peasants was carried out every few years, so these same “dead souls” hovered and were considered alive in documents. They represented a lot of trouble and waste, since it was necessary to make payments for them before the next census (revision tales).

Chichikov's proposal to sell these people to the landowners sounds more than tempting. Many find the item to be purchased very strange, it sounds suspicious, but the desire to quickly get rid of the “dead souls” takes its toll - one by one the landowners agree to the sale (the only exception was Nozdryov). But why does Chichikov need “dead souls”? He himself talks about it this way: “Yes, if I bought all these people who died out before they submitted new revision tales, buy them, let’s say, a thousand, yes, let’s say, the guardianship council will give two hundred rubles per head: that’s two hundred thousand for the capital " In other words, Pavel Ivanovich plans to resell his “dead souls”, passing them off as living people. Of course, it is impossible to sell serfs without land, but he finds a way out here too - buying land in a remote place, “for pennies.” Naturally, such a plan was not dictated good conditions life and financial situation, but, whatever one may say, this dishonest act.

Last name meaning

It is difficult to judge unambiguously about the etymology of Pavel Ivanovich’s surname. It is not as prosaic as the surnames of other characters in the poem, but the very fact that the surnames of other characters are their characteristics (they draw attention to moral or physical flaws) suggests that there should be a similar situation with Chichikov.

And so, it is likely that this surname came from the word “chichik”. In Western Ukrainian dialects, this is the name given to a small songbird. N. Gogol was associated with Ukraine, so we can assume that he had in mind precisely this meaning of the word - Chichikov, like a bird, sings beautiful songs to everyone. There are no other meanings recorded in dictionaries. The author himself does not explain anywhere why the choice fell on this particular word and what he wanted to say by awarding Pavel Ivanovich such a surname. That's why this information should be perceived at the level of a hypothesis, it should be argued that this absolutely correct explanation is impossible due to the small amount of information on this matter.

Personality and character

Arriving in the city of N, Pavel Ivanovich meets the local landowners and the governor. He makes a good impression on them. This beginning of a trusting relationship contributed to Chichikov’s further purchases - they spoke of him as a man of high morals and excellent upbringing - such a person cannot be a swindler and a deceiver. But, as it turned out, this was just a tactical move that allowed him to cleverly deceive the landowners.

The first thing that surprises you about Chichikov is his attitude to hygiene. For many of his new acquaintances, this became a sign of a person from high society. Pavel Ivanovich “waking up very early in the morning, washed himself, wiped himself from head to toe with a wet sponge, which was done only according to Sundays" He “rubbed both cheeks with soap for an extremely long time,” when he washed himself, “plucked out two hairs that had come out of his nose.” As a result, those around him decided that “the visitor showed such attentiveness to the toilet that has not even been seen everywhere.”

Chichikov is a suck-up. “In conversations with these rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone.” At the same time, he tried not to say anything specific about himself, using general phrases; those present thought that he was doing this out of modesty.

Moreover, the phrases “he doesn’t meaningful worm of this world and is not worthy of being cared for much, that he has experienced a lot in his life, suffered in the service for the truth, had many enemies who even attempted on his life, and that now, wanting to calm down, he is finally looking to choose a place to live.” evoked a certain feeling of pity for Chichikov among those around him.

Soon, all his new acquaintances began to speak flatteringly about him and tried to please “such a pleasant, educated guest.”

Manilov, characterizing Chichikov, asserted that “he is ready to vouch, as for himself, that he would sacrifice all his estate in order to have a hundredth share of Pavel Ivanovich’s qualities.”

“The governor explained about him that he is a well-intentioned person; the prosecutor - that he is a sensible person; the gendarme colonel said that he learned man; the chairman of the chamber - that he is a knowledgeable and respectable person; the police chief - that he is a respectable and kind person; the police chief’s wife - that he is the most kind and courteous person.”

As we see, Pavel Ivanovich managed to gain the trust of the landowners and the governor the best way.

He managed to keep fine line and not to go too far with flattery and praise towards the landowners - his lies and sycophancy were sweet, but not so much that the lies were noticeable. Pavel Ivanovich not only knows how to present himself in society, but also has the talent to convince people. Not all landowners agreed to say goodbye to their “dead souls” without question. Many, like Korobochka, had great doubts about the legality of such a sale. Pavel Ivanovich manages to achieve his goal and convince him that such a sale is nothing unusual.

It should be noted that Chichikov has developed intellectual abilities. This is manifested not only when thinking about a plan to get rich from “dead souls”, but also in the manner of conducting a conversation - he knows how to maintain a conversation at the proper level, without having sufficient knowledge in a particular issue, it is unrealistic to look smart in the eyes of others and no flattery or sycophancy unable to save the situation.

In addition, he is very friendly with arithmetic and knows how to quickly carry out mathematical operations in his mind: “Seventy-eight, seventy-eight, thirty kopecks per head, that will be...” here our hero thought for one second, no more, and suddenly said: it will be twenty-four rubles ninety-six kopecks.”

Pavel Ivanovich knows how to adapt to new conditions: “he felt that the words “virtue” and “rare properties of the soul” could be successfully replaced with the words “economy” and “order”,” although he cannot always quickly figure out what to say: “Already Plyushkin stood for several minutes without saying a word, and Chichikov still could not start a conversation, entertained both by the appearance of the owner himself and by everything that was in his room.”

Having acquired serfs, Pavel Ivanovich feels awkward and anxious, but these are not pangs of conscience - he wants to get the job done quickly and is afraid that something might go wrong “still the thought came to me: that souls are not entirely real and that in similar cases Such a burden always needs to be lifted off one’s shoulders as quickly as possible.”

However, his deception was revealed - Chichikov in an instant turns from an object of worship and a desired guest into an object of ridicule and rumors; he is not allowed into the governor’s house. “It’s just that you alone are not ordered to be allowed in, but all others are allowed,” the doorman tells him.

The others are also not happy to see him - they mumble something incomprehensible. This confuses Chichikov - he cannot understand what happened. Rumors about his scam reach Chichikov himself. As a result, he leaves home. IN last chapter, we learn that Pavel Ivanovich is of humble origin, his parents tried to provide him better life, so sending it to independent life, gave him such advice that, as his parents thought, would allow him to occupy a good place in life: “Pavlusha, study... please your teachers and bosses most of all. Don’t hang out with your comrades, they won’t teach you any good; and if it comes to that, then hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion they can be useful to you. Don’t treat or treat anyone, but behave better so that you will be treated, and most of all, take care and save a penny... You will do everything and lose everything in the world with a penny.”

Thus, Pavel Ivanovich, guided by the advice of his parents, lived in such a way as not to spend money anywhere and save money, but to earn significant capital in an honest way turned out to be unrealistic, even with strict savings and acquaintance with the rich. The plan to buy “dead souls” was supposed to provide Chichikov with fortune and money, but in practice this turned out not to be the case. The stigma of a swindler and a dishonest person firmly stuck to him. Whether the hero himself learned a lesson from their current situation is a rhetorical question; it is likely that the second volume should have revealed the secret, but, unfortunately, Nikolai Vasilyevich destroyed him, so the reader can only guess what happened next and whether Chichikov should be blamed for such an act or it is necessary to mitigate his guilt by referring to the principles to which society is subject.

Chichikov in the story by N.V. Gogol’s “Dead Souls”: analysis of the hero, image and characteristics

• Landowner Portrait Characteristics Estate Attitude to housekeeping Lifestyle Result Manilov Handsome blond with blue eyes. At the same time, his appearance “seemed to have too much sugar in it.” Too ingratiating look and behavior Too enthusiastic and refined dreamer who does not feel any curiosity about his farm or anything earthly (he doesn’t even know whether his peasants died after the last revision). At the same time, his dreaminess is absolutely [...]
• Compositionally, the poem “Dead Souls” consists of three externally closed, but internally interconnected circles. landowners, a city, a biography of Chichikov, united by the image of a road, plot-related by the main character’s scam. But the middle link - the life of the city - itself consists, as it were, of narrowing circles gravitating towards the center; This graphic image provincial hierarchy. It is interesting that in this hierarchical pyramid the governor, embroidering on tulle, looks like a puppet figure. True life is in full swing in civil [...]
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• The work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol fell on the dark era of Nicholas I. It was the 30s. XIX century, when reaction reigned in Russia after the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, all dissenters were persecuted, the best people were persecuted. Describing the reality of his time, N.V. Gogol creates the poem “Dead Souls”, which is brilliant in its depth of reflection of life. The basis of “Dead Souls” is that the book is a reflection not of individual features of reality and characters, but of the reality of Russia as a whole. Myself […]
• In Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" the way of life and morals of the feudal landowners is very correctly noted and described. Drawing images of landowners: Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin, the author recreated a generalized picture of the life of serf Russia, where arbitrariness reigned, the economy was in decline, and the individual underwent moral degradation. After writing and publishing the poem, Gogol said: ““Dead Souls” made a lot of noise, a lot of murmur, touched many people to the quick with ridicule, truth, and caricature, touched […]
• Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol noted that the main theme of “Dead Souls” was contemporary Russia. The author believed that “there is no other way to direct society or even an entire generation towards the beautiful until you show the full depth of its real abomination.” That is why the poem presents a satire on landed nobility, bureaucracy and others social groups. The composition of the work is subordinated to this task of the author. The image of Chichikov traveling around the country in search of the necessary connections and wealth allows N.V. Gogol […]
• Chichikov, having met landowners in the city, received an invitation from each of them to visit the estate. The gallery of owners of “dead souls” is opened by Manilov. The author at the very beginning of the chapter gives a description of this character. His appearance initially made a very pleasant impression, then - bewilderment, and in the third minute “... you say: “The devil knows what this is!” and move away..." The sweetness and sentimentality highlighted in the portrait of Manilov constitute the essence of his idle lifestyle. He is constantly talking about something [...]
• French traveler, author of the famous book “Russia in 1839” The Marquis de Kestin wrote: “Russia is ruled by a class of officials who occupy administrative positions straight from school... each of these gentlemen becomes a nobleman, having received a cross in his buttonhole... Upstarts are among those in power, and they use their power as befits upstarts.” The Tsar himself admitted with bewilderment that it was not he, the All-Russian autocrat, who ruled his empire, but the head appointed by him. Provincial town [...]
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• What is an image literary hero? Chichikov is a great hero, classic work, created by a genius, a hero who embodied the result of the author’s observations and reflections on life, people, and their actions. An image that has absorbed typical features, and therefore has long gone beyond the scope of the work itself. His name became a household name for people - nosy careerists, sycophants, money-grubbers, outwardly “pleasant,” “decent and worthy.” Moreover, some readers' assessment of Chichikov is not so clear. Comprehension […]
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• “A rather beautiful spring chaise drove through the gates of the hotel in the provincial town of NN... In the chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; One cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young. His entry made absolutely no noise in the city and was not accompanied by anything special.” This is how our hero, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, appears in the city. Let us, following the author, get to know the city. Everything tells us that this is a typical provincial [...]
• Plyushkin is the image of a moldy cracker left over from Easter cake. Only he has a life story; Gogol portrays all other landowners statically. These heroes seem to have no past that would be in any way different from their present and explain something about it. Plyushkin's character is much more complex characters other landowners represented in Dead Souls. Traits of manic stinginess are combined in Plyushkin with morbid suspicion and distrust of people. Preserving an old sole, a clay shard, [...]
• The poem "Dead Souls" reflects social phenomena and the conflicts that characterized Russian life in the 30s and early 40s. XIX century It very accurately notes and describes the way of life and customs of that time. Drawing images of landowners: Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin, the author recreated a generalized picture of the life of serf Russia, where arbitrariness reigned, the economy was in decline, and the individual suffered moral degradation, regardless of whether she was a slave owner or [... ]

Prose poem “Dead Souls” - central work in the works of one of the most original and colorful Russian writers - Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.

Gogol as a mirror of Russian landownership

In the work “Dead Souls” the main characters are representatives of one of the three main strata of Russian society in the first half of the nineteenth century - landowners. The other two classes - the bureaucracy and the peasantry - are shown somewhat schematically, without the special colors inherent in Gogol’s language, but the landowners... In this work you can see their different colors, characters and habits. Each of them represents some human weakness, even the vice inherent in people of this class (according to the author’s observations): low education, narrow-mindedness, greed, arbitrariness. Let's take a closer look at them.

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, “Dead Souls”. Main characters

There is no need here to retell the plot of the poem in prose, since this would require a separate article. Let's just say that a certain man named Chichikov, a real fine fellow in modern times - resourceful, inventive, with original thinking, extremely sociable and, most importantly, absolutely unprincipled - decides to buy up "dead souls" from landowners in order to use them as a mortgage against which you can buy a real village with living peasants made of flesh and blood.

To implement his plan, Chichikov goes around the landowners and buys out “dead” peasants from them (the names listed in tax returns). In the end, he is exposed and escapes from the city of NN in a carriage carried away by the "three bird".

If we discuss who the main characters of the poem “Dead Souls” are, then the collegiate adviser Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov will certainly top their list.

Images of landowners

The second number I would like to mention is the landowner Manilov - a sentimental, pompous, empty, but harmless man. He quietly dreams, sitting on his estate, looks at life through and makes unrealistic plans for the future. And although Manilov does not evoke much sympathy, he is still not the most unpleasant character in the poem “Dead Souls”. The main characters who appear before the reader further are much less harmless.

Korobochka is an elderly and narrow-minded woman. However, he knows his business well and holds the income from his small estate tightly in his wrinkled hands. She sells Chichikov a soul for fifteen rubles, and the only thing that confuses her about this strange deal is the price. The landowner is worried about selling things too cheap.

Continuing the list under the code title “Dead Souls - the Main Characters,” it is worth mentioning the gambler and reveler Nozdryov. He lives widely, cheerfully and noisily. Such a life rarely fits into generally accepted frameworks, and therefore is on trial.

Following Nozdryov, we meet the rude and stubborn Sobakevich, “a fist and a beast,” but now they would call him a “strong business executive.”

And the painfully stingy Plyushkin closes the row of sellers of “dead souls”. This landowner was so in the grip of his passion for thrift that he practically lost his human appearance; in any case, at first glance it is impossible to determine his gender and social affiliation- it's just some figure in rags.

In addition to them, Nikolai Vasilyevich mentions representatives of other classes: officials and their wives, peasants, military men, but it is the landowners in the work “Dead Souls” who are the main characters. Quite soon it becomes clear that it is their souls that have been dead, and for many years now, and it is at them that the writer and his sharp pen are aimed.

The book tells about the adventures of Chichikov Pavel Ivanovich, the main character of the story, a former collegiate adviser posing as a landowner. Chichikov arrives in a specifically unnamed town, a certain provincial “city N” and immediately tries to gain the trust of all the most important inhabitants of the city, which he successfully succeeds in doing. The hero becomes an extremely welcome guest at balls and dinners. The townspeople of the unnamed city have no idea about Chichikov's true goals. And its goal is to buy up or acquire free of charge dead peasants who, according to the census, were still listed as living among local landowners, and then register them in their own name as living. About character past life Chichikov and his further intentions regarding “dead souls” are described in the last, eleventh chapter.

Chichikov is trying by any means to get rich and achieve a high social status. In the past, Chichikov served in customs and, in exchange for bribes, allowed smugglers to freely transport goods across the border. However, he quarreled with an accomplice, who wrote a denunciation against him, after which the scam was revealed, and both found themselves under investigation. The accomplice went to prison, and Chichikov, in order not to be caught, immediately left the province. However, he did not take any money from the bank, having only managed to take with him a few shirts, some government paper, and a couple of bars of soap.

Chichikov and his servants:

• Chichikov Pavel Ivanovich is a former official (retired collegiate adviser), and now a schemer: he is engaged in buying up so-called “dead souls” (written information about deceased peasants) to pawn them as alive in a pawnshop and gain weight in society. He dresses smartly, takes care of himself, and after a long and dusty Russian road manages to look as if he only came from a tailor and barber.
• Selifan is Chichikov's coachman, short in stature, loves round dances with purebred and slender girls. Expert in horse characters. Dresses like a man.
• Petrushka - Chichikov's footman, 30 years old (in the first volume), big-nosed and big-lipped, a lover of taverns and bread wines. Loves to brag about his travels. Because of the dislike for baths, wherever it is found, the unique amber of Parsley appears. He dresses in shabby clothes that are a little too big for him, from his master's shoulder.
• Chubary, Bay and Brown Assessor are Chichikov’s three horses, respectively the right side, the root and the left side. Bay and the Assessor are honest hard workers, but Chubary, in Selifan’s opinion, is a cunning one and only pretends to pull the shaft.

• Governor
• Governor's wife
• Governor's Daughter
• Lieutenant Governor
• Chairman of the Chamber
• Chief of Police
• Postmaster
• Prosecutor
• Manilov Manilov, landowner (the name Manilov became a household name for an inactive dreamer, and a dreamy and inactive attitude towards everything around him began to be called Manilovism)
• Lizonka Manilova, landowner
• Manilov Themistoclus - seven-year-old son of Manilov
• Manilov Alkid - six-year-old son of Manilov
• Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna, landowner
• Nozdryov, landowner
• Mizhuev, Nozdryov’s “son-in-law”
• Sobakevich Mikhail Semenovich
• Sobakevich Feodulia Ivanovna, Sobakevich’s wife
• Plyushkin Stepan, landowner
• Uncle Mityai
• Uncle Minyai
• “Pleasant lady in every way”
• "Just a nice lady"