The Great Deception of the Master and Margarita - the frapping secrets of the “great” novel. The secret of the master and margarita I read under my pillow - crazy, what will you take

/ / / /

The novel “The Master and Margarita” was Bulgakov’s last; it was the culmination of his work also because he wrote it for 12 years, constantly rewriting it, so that several of its editions survived.

It is clear that Bulgakov wanted to convey to the reader some important thoughts, and indeed to break through Stalin’s censorship, which he never succeeded in doing. In the USSR, the novel was published only half a century after the writer’s death - in 1966 - during the liberal Brezhnev period.

Stalin was, of course, far from stupid and, most likely, realized that the semantic and literal center of the novel was the Yershalaim chapters about Yeshua, which pop up again and again in the narrative. This in itself is a sign of their importance, and the meaning of the ancient chapters is original.

In my opinion, one of Bulgakov’s scholars, Igor Sukhikh, said this very well: “Although Yeshua actually acts only in one large episode, his presence (or significant absence) turns out to be the semantic center of Bulgakov’s entire book.”

Bulgakov brilliantly showed the relevance of spiritual life, directly connecting events from the life of Jesus Christ and modern Moscow, where the devil arrives straight from the ancient chapters, a direct witness to the conversation between Pilate and Yeshua.

Perhaps the realism of the devil and the rest did not please Stalin, who was passionate about raising a generation of atheists who would not be bothered by any “extra” questions about the soul and eternal life.

In addition, Bulgakov “belittled” the moral character of Soviet people, and where - in the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, whose residents are shown for the most part to be “spoiled by the housing problem,” envious, greedy for money, constantly accepting false information and having no idea about the truth state of affairs. Probably, the main characters of the novel - the Master and Margarita - did not correspond much to the moral character of the builders of communism...

If a devil, a magician, a wizard can appear in Soviet society, then he must of course be stupid, funny and weak in comparison with the modern achievements of Soviet education, science and technology, as, for example, in the fairy tale by L. Lagin “Old Man Hottabych”, published under Bulgakov's life, in 1938...

It is interesting that the heroes of the Yershalaim chapters have parallels in modern Moscow, for example, Matthew Levi, who wrote down for Yeshua, resembles the Master, also a languishing writer. But Pilate has no such obvious parallel. In my opinion, Stalin or any other atheistic ruler can be called a modern Pilate, who to a certain extent “judges” spiritual culture, dooming it to execution or destruction “in the name of the people.”

There is also no doubt that Bulgakov wanted to somewhat ridicule modern atheistic beliefs and morals, punishing with the hands of Woland and his retinue modern figures in Moscow right and left, and yet, I think, this is an accompanying idea of ​​the work, not the main one.

Immortal novel by M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" is experiencing its rebirth. A new rethinking of the world masterpiece belongs to Boris Sokolov. His fascinating detective story “The Secrets of The Master and Margarita.” Bulgakov Deciphered" aroused enormous interest and rapidly growing popularity among fans of Mikhail Afanasyevich.

Mikhail Bulgakov gained worldwide fame, undoubtedly, thanks to his novel “The Master and Margarita”. Few people have not held the legendary work in their hands. We get to know it as schoolchildren, but it attracts us so much that it simply takes us prisoner and never lets go.

True, many, resisting its power, call the novel fantastic nonsense and try to quickly throw it out of their heads. But true connoisseurs of Mikhail Afanasyevich’s work return to the pages of “The Master and Margarita” again and again. His heroes entered our lives, and his words became popular.

M. Bulgakov became famous almost immediately after the release of the novel, but the author received universal gratitude only after his death. For a long time the work was banned; censors constantly forced M. Bulgakov to cut out more or less suspicious episodes from the work.

An abridged version of the novel first appeared in 1967 in the Moscow magazine. Subsequently, the book underwent about 8 editions. There is no strictly canonical novel, because... it was not completed by the author, but the endings were added by the editors.

But they also had to work on this text - it is impossible to publish everything one to one. The 70s were marked by the peak of the popularity of The Master and Margarita; everyone was simply engrossed in this work. This was also due to the fact that Soviet literature seemed something exotic.

In 1967, Boris Sokolov read the famous novel for the first time. From that moment on, he began studying the works of M. Bulgakov. In 1981, he found an interesting source for the play “Running”, wrote an article on this subject, which he published only in 1985. And since then he began to study quite closely the life path and work of the great writer.

First he mastered the theme “Bulgakov and the Civil War,” then mainly “The Master and Margarita.” But B. Sokolov worked on all the works of Mikhail Afanasyevich to one degree or another, and even published some.

For example, editions of film scripts for the works of N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General” and “Dead Souls”. In 1988, the publishing house “Higher School” ordered B. Sokolov to write a commentary on the novel “The Master and Margarita,” which served as the impetus for the creation in 1991 of his first book, “The Novel “The Master and Margarita”: Essays on Creative History.”

This work was soon forgotten, and most of its editions were sent to Hungary, where there was enormous interest in The Master and Margarita. Only by the end of the 70s, the novel was reprinted 5 times and was released in two languages. In the same year, B. Sokolov published a short biography of M. Bulgakov.

In his new book, B. Sokolov reveals the secrets of “The Master and Margarita”.

After all, everything that happens in M. Bulgakov’s novel is not a complete invention of the author. This is an encrypted symbolic novel. In it, Mikhail Afanasyevich shows the complex interweaving of real prototypes, literary and historical sources.

In his entire life he read about ten thousand books. He embodied all his knowledge in the novel. When writing it, Mikhail Afanasyevich could not even imagine that one day his mysteries would be solved.

B. Sokolov reveals that V.I. Lenin served as the prototype for Woland. Based on the work “The Master and Margarita,” the famous police bloodhound Tuzbuben was looking for Woland.

In the Bulgakov archive, B. Sokolov discovered a clipping from the newspaper “Pravda” dated November 6-7, 1921, which tells how Lenin and Zinoviev were hiding from the provisional government in Finland. At this moment, the entire bourgeois press wrote that the famous police bloodhound “Tref” was brought in to catch them. M.A. Bulgakov removes direct names and dates, but everyone understood what the author wanted to say.

I.V. is also mentioned in the novel. Stalin, about whom Woland spoke with respect: “He is doing his job correctly... it’s time for us to leave Moscow.” But later M. Bulgakov cut out this paragraph from the novel, considering that it would not pass censorship.

“Someone is now proving that Woland’s words were not addressed to Joseph Stalin, but to an unnamed fighter pilot. Funny. But I have studied M. Bulgakov enough not to take this kind of assumption seriously,” Boris Sokolov said at the presentation of his book.

The next secret that the modern author reveals is the structure of the work. B. Sokolov claims that the novel is strictly trinitarian. The number "three" is present throughout the book. First of all, this is the existence of three worlds in the novel: modern Moscow, ancient Yershalaim, otherworldly timeless. But the author does not deny the existence of a fourth world, an imaginary one associated with minor characters.

The main discovery of B. Solovyov is the discovery of the internal chronology of the novel, which he found confirmation in many drafts of M. Bulgakov. It has been proven quite convincingly that the action of the Yershalaim scenes takes place over four April days in 29 AD. And the action of the Moscow scenes is from May 1-5, 1929 (if according to the old style, then this is April). The gap between them is exactly 1900 years.

Olga Soloukhina discovered this independently of B. Sokolov. She published her work much earlier, so the author of “The Secrets of The Master and Margarita” had to mention her name in the list of references.

In his book, B. Sokolov quite convincingly proved that the novel “The Master and Margarita,” perceived by everyone as a fantastic satire, is nothing more than a complex interweaving of historical plots and prototypes.

Alena Kulikova

74 years ago, Mikhail Bulgakov made the last change to his great novel “The Master and Margarita,” the interpretation of which researchers are still struggling with. At this moment there are seven keys to understanding this immortal work.

1. Literary hoax
Why is Bulgakov’s famous novel called “The Master and Margarita”, and what is this book really about? It is known that the idea of ​​creation was born to the author after his fascination with German mysticism of the 19th century: legends about the devil, Jewish and Christian demonology, treatises about God - all this is present in the work. The most important sources that the author consulted were the works “The History of Relations between Man and the Devil” by Mikhail Orlov and Amfiteatrov’s book “The Devil in Everyday Life, Legend and in the Literature of the Middle Ages.” As you know, The Master and Margarita had several editions. They say that the first one, on which the author worked in 1928-29, had nothing to do with either the Master or Margarita, and was called “The Black Magician”, “Juggler with a Hoof”. That is, the central figure and essence of the novel was the Devil, such a Russian version of Faust. Bulgakov personally burned the first manuscript after his play “Kabbalah the Holy One” was banned. The writer informed the government about this: “And I personally, with my own hands, threw a draft of a novel about the devil into the stove...”! The second edition was also dedicated to the fallen angel, and was called “Satan” or “Great Chancellor”. Margarita and the master had already appeared here, and Woland had acquired his own retinue. But only the third manuscript received its current name, which, in fact, the author never finished.

2. The Many Faces of Woland
The Prince of Darkness is perhaps the most popular character in The Master and Margarita. On a superficial reading, the reader gets the impression that Woland is “justice itself,” a judge who fights human vices and patronizes love and creativity. Woland is multifaceted and complex, as befits the Tempter. He is viewed as a classic Satan, which is what the author intended in early versions of the book, as a new Messiah, a reimagined Christ, whose coming is described in the novel.
In fact, Woland is not just a devil - he has many prototypes. This is the supreme pagan god - Wotan among the ancient Germans, or Odin among the Scandinavians, whom Christian tradition turned into the devil; this is the great “magician” and freemason Count Cagliostro, who remembered the events of a thousand years of the past, predicted the future, and had a portrait resemblance to Woland. And this is the “dark horse” Woland from Goethe’s Faust, who is mentioned in the work only once, in an episode that was missed in the Russian translation. By the way, in Germany the devil was called “Vahland.” Remember the episode from the novel when the employees cannot remember the name of the magician: “...Perhaps Faland?”

3. Satan's Retinue
Just as a person cannot exist without a shadow, so Woland is not Woland without his retinue. Azazello, Behemoth and Koroviev-Fagot are instruments of diabolical justice, the most striking heroes of the novel, who have a far from clear past behind them.
Take, for example, Azazello - “the demon of the waterless desert, the demon killer.” Bulgakov borrowed this image from the Old Testament books, where this is the name of the fallen angel who taught people how to make weapons and jewelry. Thanks to him, women mastered the “lascivious art” of painting their faces. Therefore, it is Azazello who gives the cream to Margarita and pushes her onto the “dark path”. In the novel, he is Woland's right hand, performing "dirty work." He kills Baron Meigel and poisons the lovers. Its essence is incorporeal, absolute evil in its purest form.
Koroviev-Fagot is the only person in Woland's retinue. It is not entirely clear who became its prototype, but researchers trace its roots to the Aztec god Vitzliputzli, whose name is mentioned in Berlioz’s conversation with the Bezdomny. This is the god of war, to whom sacrifices were made, and according to the legends about Doctor Faustus, he is the spirit of hell and the first assistant of Satan. His name, carelessly pronounced by the chairman of MASSOLIT, is a signal for the appearance of Woland.
Behemoth, a werecat and Woland's favorite jester, essentially comes from the legends of the devil of gluttony and the mythological beast of the Old Testament. In I. Ya. Porfiryev’s study “Apocryphal Tales of Old Testament Persons and Events,” which was clearly familiar to Bulgakov, the sea monster Behemoth was mentioned, living together with Leviathan in the invisible desert “to the east of the garden where the chosen and righteous lived.” The author also gleaned information about Hippopotamus from the story of a certain Anne Desanges, who lived in the 17th century. and possessed by seven devils, among which is mentioned Behemoth, a demon from the rank of Thrones. This demon was depicted as a monster with an elephant's head, trunk and tusks. His hands were human, and his huge belly, short tail and thick hind legs were like those of a hippopotamus, which reminded him of his name.

4. Black Queen Margot
Margarita is often considered a model of femininity, a kind of Pushkin Tatiana of the 20th century. But the prototype of “Queen Margot” was clearly not a modest girl from the Russian hinterland. In addition to the obvious similarity of the heroine with the writer’s last wife, the novel emphasizes Margarita’s connection with two French queens. One of them is the same “Queen Margot,” the wife of Henry IV, whose wedding turned into the bloody Night of St. Bartholomew. This event is mentioned on the way to the Great Ball at Satan's. The fat man, who recognized Margarita, calls her “bright Queen Margot” and babbles, “some nonsense about the bloody wedding of his friend in Paris, Hessar.” Gessar is the Parisian publisher of Marguerite Valois's correspondence, whom Bulgakov made a participant in St. Bartholomew's Night. In the image of Margarita, researchers also find similarities with another queen - Margarita of Navarre, one of the first French women writers. Both historical Margaritas patronized writers and poets; Bulgakov's Margarita loves her brilliant writer - the Master.

5. Moscow - Yershalaim
One of the most interesting mysteries of “The Master and Margarita” is the time when the events take place. There is not a single absolute date in the novel from which one can count. The action dates back to Holy Week from the first to the seventh of May 1929. This dating provides a parallel with the world of the “Pilate Chapters”, which took place in Yershalaim in the 29th or 30th year during the week that later became Holy Week. “...over Moscow in 1929 and Yershalaim on the 29th there is the same apocalyptic weather, the same darkness is approaching the city of sin like a thunderstorm wall, the same Easter full moon floods the alleys of the Old Testament Yershalaim and the New Testament Moscow.” In the first part of the novel, both of these stories develop in parallel, in the second, they become more and more intertwined, eventually merging together, gaining integrity, and moving from our world to the other world. Yershalaim “transitions” to the streets of Moscow.

6. Kabbalistic roots
There is an opinion that when writing the novel, Bulgakov was not so much under the influence of Kabbalistic teachings. The concepts of Jewish mysticism are put into Woland’s mouth:
1. “Never ask for anything. Never and nothing, especially among those who are stronger than you. They will offer and give everything themselves.” As you know, Kabbalah interprets the Torah as a prohibition to accept anything not from the creator, which contradicts Christianity, in which, on the contrary, “asking for someone else’s mercy” is not forbidden. Hasidim (representatives of the mystical movement of Judaism based on Kabbalah) interpret the statement that God created man in his own image, therefore man must become like the Creator in creation. That is, it should work.
2. The concept of “light”. Light accompanies Woland throughout the novel. When Satan and his retinue disappear, the lunar road also disappears. At first glance, the “teaching of light” goes back to the Sermon on the Mount: “You are the light of the world.” On the other hand, this context strikingly coincides with the core idea of ​​​​Kabbalah about “Or Chaim” - “the light of life”, which claims that the Torah itself is “light”. Achieving it depends on the desire of the person himself, which, you see, corresponds to the idea of ​​the novel, where the independent choice of a person comes to the fore.

7. The last manuscript
The last edition of the novel, which subsequently reached the reader, was begun in 1937. The author continued to work with her until his death. Why couldn't he finish the book he wrote for 12 years? Perhaps he believed that he was not sufficiently informed about the issue he was taking on, and that his understanding of Jewish demonology and early Christian texts was too amateurish? Be that as it may, the novel practically “sucked out” the life of the author. The last correction he made on February 13, 1940 was Margarita’s phrase: “So this means that the writers are going after the coffin?” A month later he died. Bulgakov’s last words addressed to the novel were: “So that they know, so that they know...”.

Yesterday I watched Yuri Kara’s film “The Master and Margarita,” which could not be released for 17 years. According to the director, there was plenty of mysticism on the set. The camera was blessed by the priest before filming, and for six months everything was in order; but after the camera was changed, problems began. Some actors who starred in the film “The Master and Margarita” by Yuri Kara, and in the series of the same name by Vladimir Bortko, died suddenly.
Everything about Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” is shrouded in mysticism and secrets.
Why?

Director Yuri Kara said that when they started filming ancient Judea in the famous Sudak fortress in Crimea, it suddenly began to snow, which happens extremely rarely in October. To top it off, the cameraman didn’t show up and they forgot to bring the film.
When Yuri Kara went to Moscow to get film and a cameraman, right in front of Bulgakov’s house on the Garden Ring, his new Volga broke down and the gearbox flew off. After this, the film crew decided to film the desired scenes in the Holy Land in Israel.
The most dramatic scene, “The Crucifixion of Yeshua,” was filmed in the desert near the Dead Sea in a heat of 50 degrees. Out of curiosity, Yuri Kara himself wanted to hang on the cross, but when after 20 seconds the passionate Burlyaev (in the role of Yeshua) began to scream “Take me down!”, he decided not to risk it.

Already finished, the film could not be released for 17 years. When the State Duma adopted a law according to which copyright is protected for 70 years, the childless Bulgakov suddenly had “heirs.” Sergei Shilovsky, the grandson of Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova and Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Shilovsky, is the heir to their property, lives in America and runs the M.A. Bulgakov Foundation. The one whose grandfather shot Bulgakov when Elena Sergeevna went to see Mikhail Afanasyevich, demanded, under the plausible pretext of protecting the work from distortion, royalties for himself...

Personally, I found the film “The Master and Margarita” by Yuri Kara crumpled (in the theatrical version), devoid of tragic depth. Most of all I liked Mikhail Ulyanov in the role of Pontius Pilate. Well, Nikolai Burlyaev in the role of Yeshua Ha-Nozri. Everyone else slightly overacted, turning the film adaptation into a comedy.
Alfred Schnittke's music for the film seemed less expressive than Igor Kornelyuk's music in the series of the same name by Vladimir Bortko. And the series “The Master and Margarita” itself, for all its television prolixity, I liked more.

It’s been a long time since I watched four episodes of Yuri Kara’s film on the Internet. I thought the film would look better on the big screen. But, apparently, not all texts can be adequately filmed.
There are so many “jambs” in Yuri Kara’s film that I don’t want to list them. It is impossible not to notice the spots disappearing and appearing on the face of Ivan Bezdomny, talking with the Master. And the crosses standing in the middle of the deserted desert, made at the Gorky studio...
And why did Yuri Kara need a gag in the form of Peter the Great, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Adolf Hitler who were present at Satan’s ball?!
In short, this is a 1994 film.

The novel “The Master and Margarita” is a classic menippea (according to M. M. Bakhtin’s definition, it is a philosophical genre of literature, “experimental fiction” for the artistic analysis of metaphysical ideas and “ultimate questions of existence”; “a genre that includes a “ludicrous element”, dreams , dreams, madness, scandalousness...").

There is a lot of unsaid things, mysteries and mysticism in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. We can say that the meanings laid down by the author have not yet been deciphered.
So, for example, there are many characters in the novel, but only one does not have a name - the master.
Who is hiding behind this meaningful word?

The first versions of the book did not contain any “inner romance” about Yeshua and Pilate, nor the story of the Master and Margarita.
There are six author's editions of the novel in total (some number eight).

The idea of ​​writing a novel about the devil came to Bulgakov back in the late 20s of the 20th century. As a child, he watched the opera Faust 41 times!
Bulgakov began work on the novel (in the final edition called “The Master and Margarita”) in 1928.

In the first edition, the novel had variant titles: “Black Magician”, “Engineer’s Hoof”, “Juggler with a Hoof”, “Son of V.”, “Tour”. The role of the master was played by a humanities scientist named Fesya. According to Bulgakov, he was a professor at the Faculty of History and Philology at the university, who had phenomenal erudition on the demonology of the Middle Ages, which made him similar to Goethe’s Wagner.
In 1929, Bulgakov sent the first edition of “The Engineer’s Hoof” to the almanac “Nedra”, and, of course, was refused.
On March 18, 1930, after receiving news of the ban on the play “The Cabal of the Holy One,” he destroyed the first edition of the novel. Bulgakov reported this in a letter to the government: “And I personally, with my own hands, threw a draft of a novel about the devil into the stove...”.

M. Bulgakov resumed work on the novel in 1931. The rough sketches already featured both Margarita and her then nameless companion, the Master, and Woland acquired his own riotous retinue.
While in Leningrad with his wife, the writer took out an oilcloth notebook and wrote on the title page “M. Bulgakov. Novel.1932”... During a few days of his stay in Leningrad, Bulgakov wrote and dictated the first seven chapters to Elena Sergeevna (his third wife, née Nuremberg).
The second edition, created before 1936, had the subtitle “Fantastic novel” and variant titles “The Great Chancellor”, “Satan”, “Here I am”.

Bulgakov destroyed both the first and second editions of the novel.
Why?
The remains of the first two editions are kept in the manuscript department of the Russian State Library.

The third edition, begun in the second half of 1936, was originally called “The Prince of Darkness,” but already in 1937 the title “The Master and Margarita” appeared.
The author's editing continued almost until the writer's death. Bulgakov stopped it with Margarita’s phrase: “So this means that the writers are going after the coffin?”...

The dying Bulgakov was worried about only one thing: to finish writing before dying! “So that they know, so that they know...” he whispered barely audibly to his wife.

The full text of the novel “The Master and Margarita” was first reprinted on June 25, 1938 by Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova’s sister.

Obviously, in the third version, containing an “inner novel” about Pontius Pilate, as well as the story of the master and Margarita, Bulgakov described his life, or the life of someone else.

Like any writer, Bulgakov wrote mainly about what he personally encountered. Both “The White Guard”, and “Theatrical Romance”, and “The Master and Margarita” are largely autobiographical works.
The prototype of the Behemoth cat was Bulgakov’s big black dog, whose name was Behemoth. This dog was very smart. When Bulgakov celebrated the New Year with his wife, after the chimes, his dog barked 12 times, although no one taught it this.
The master's basement was copied mainly from the mansion of the Topleninov brothers (Mansurovsky lane, 9). The playwright Sergei Aleksandrovich Ermolinsky (1900-1984), who served as the prototype for Aloisy Mogarych, also lived there.
Even Annushka and Sadova, who spilled the oil, actually existed. Not to mention the prototypes of the chairman of Massolit Berlioz, the critic Latunsky, and the writer Lavrovich.
Bulgakov expressed himself that he would reckon with all of them in the new novel “The Master and Margarita”.

At the time the novel takes place, the Master's age ("a man about thirty-eight years old") is exactly Bulgakov's age in May 1929. The newspaper campaign against the Master and his novel is reminiscent of the newspaper campaign against Bulgakov in connection with the story "Fatal Eggs." The Master's winning of 100 thousand rubles in the lottery fully corresponds to the 100 thousand prize for which Bulgakov worked on the “Course of the History of the USSR”.

One of my friends wrote a thesis on the topic “The linguistic personality of a character (based on the material of M.A. Bulgakov’s “Theatrical Novel”).” As a linguist, she analyzed the language of Bulgakov's characters. The language of each character, like the style of each author, is original and unique. Mikhail Bulgakov in “Theatrical Novel” in the image of Sergei Leontievich Maksudov expressed his life story and the production of “Days of the Turbins” on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater, his relationship with Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko.

Bulgakov worked on the novel “The Master and Margarita” for twelve whole years. After his death, his last wife, Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova, worked on editing the novel for twenty-three years.
Only twenty-six years after the writer’s death in 1966, the novel was published in the Moscow magazine, with a circulation of 150 thousand copies. The magazine “Moscow” was not sold in kiosks and was available only by subscription. Therefore, many retyped the text on a typewriter and passed it on to each other.

At that time I was studying at the preparatory department of the Faculty of Philosophy. Mikhail Bulgakov was not studied either at school or at university. The story "Heart of a Dog" was banned. Friends from the faculty gave me a typewritten copy of it to read.

Like many, I love Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.” For the first time I was able to read the novel in a typewritten reprint given to me, which I still keep. It seemed that this was the manuscript of Mikhail Afanasyevich himself... I read it in one day and two nights!

Already at the first reading, the novel “The Master and Margarita” surprised me with its versatility and some eclecticism. I was amazed by the abundance of historical details, titles, names. However, I later found out that many of them are erroneous and have nothing to do with the true story.

In Bulgakov’s novel, Pontius Pilate says a phrase that the real Pilate could not have uttered: “There has never been, is not, and will never be a greater and more beautiful power for people than the power of Emperor Tiberius.”
Emperor means winner. This was the name given to the commander-in-chief of the Roman army. Therefore, the title “emperor” was not considered hereditary, and was not the most honorable.

What rank was Pontius Pilate? In one case, Bulgakov calls him a tribune (which corresponds to the rank of colonel), in another case, a commander of a cavalry tour (which corresponds to a lieutenant).

Well, and the famous white cloak with a bloody lining, which Bulgakov sometimes calls a mantle. Of course, men, especially military men, wore cloaks, but never a mantle! Because the robe in ancient Rome was worn by women in brothels (lupanarii).

In Bulgakov's depiction, a bread shop in Jerusalem of the 1st century AD has nothing in common with historical reality. I saw in Jerusalem that the bakers themselves sell bread, and only men, and only whole flatbreads or loaves.

But imagine my disappointment when I learned that the main ideas of the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov, to put it mildly, were borrowed from other authors.
We are talking, of course, not about primitive plagiarism, but about what was the source of inspiration. In the end, all culture is based on borrowing.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, as we know, was also a talented interpreter of other people's ideas. The idea of ​​the conversation between the Grand Inquisitor and Christ in the novel “The Brothers Karamazov”, the story of a poor student and a prostitute in the book “Crime and Punishment” did not belong to him; as well as the plot with 100 thousand rubles in the novel “The Idiot”, which Nastasya Filippovna throws into the fire blazing in the fireplace.

But the talent of Dostoevsky, like Mikhail Bulgakov, lies in the fact that they wrote better, expressed the idea better. That’s why they are read and remembered, but the “fathers of the idea” have been forgotten.

We still do not know exactly who the true author of the tragedies “Hamlet” and “Romeo and Juliet” is. There is still debate about who is the author of the novel “Quiet Don”.
I also chose not to put my name on the title page, and under the copyright is the name of my friend who helped me publish the novel.

It is curious that Mikhail Bulgakov never mentions the name of the master. Although was it difficult for him to come up with a “speaking” surname?
Or maybe Bulgakov did not want to reveal the name of the master, and therefore did not name him, leaving us to unravel this mystery?

It is believed that by Master Mikhail Bulgakov meant himself. He was a member of the Writers' Union. MASSOLIT also stands for Masters of Socialist Literature.

“Are you a writer?” - asks the poet Bezdomny.
“I am a master,” answers the night guest.

Some believe that the prototype of the master was Maxim Gorky. And there are a lot of hints about this in the text. Alfred Barkov, the author of the book “Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”: an alternative reading,” thinks the same. He is trying to prove that the images of the novel's heroes encode the writer's contemporaries: the Master - Maxim Gorky, Margarita - Maria Andreeva, Levi Matvey - Leo Tolstoy, Woland - Lenin, Ivan Bezdomny - Bulgakov himself.

Or maybe everything is simple, and Bulgakov really portrayed himself? The USSR is a madhouse, the devil sits in the Kremlin, and he - Bulgakov - is a master, unlike many thousands of massolite writers..?

Bulgakov scholars offer different concepts for reading the novel: historical and social (V.Ya. Lakshin), Marietta Chudakova - biographical; aesthetic with historical and political context V.I. Nemtsev.

But even such a famous Bulgakov scholar as Marietta Chudakova, who wrote the book “The Biography of Mikhail Bulgakov” and personally knew the writer’s wife Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova, will never tell the whole truth, will not reveal the secret of the writer’s genius.

Nowadays, many books are dedicated to the work of Mikhail Bulgakov. One of them is “The Life of Bulgakov”, author Viktor Petelin. In it, he writes, in particular: “We know nothing about the origin of the plan for the second novel” (about Yeshua and Pontius Pilate - NK.)

How did the idea of ​​the story about Jeusha Ha-Nozri and Pontius Pilate – the so-called “Gospel of Michael” – come about?

Priest Andrei Kuraev in his book “The Master and Margarita”: for Christ or against?” calls the novel within a novel (the Yershalaim story) “The Gospel of Satan.” Indeed, in the early editions of the novel, the first chapter of Woland’s story was called “The Gospel of Woland” and “The Gospel of the Devil.”

Victor Petelin (author of the book “The Life of Bulgakov”) tells how a friend of the artist N.A. Ushakova gave Mikhail Afanasyevich a book for which she made the cover - “Venediktov, or Memorable Events of My Life.” The author, who has not been revealed anywhere, is Professor Alexander Vasilyevich Chayanov.

“N. Ushakova, while illustrating the book, was amazed that the hero on whose behalf the story is told bears the name Bulgakov. Mikhail Afanasyevich was no less amazed by this coincidence.
The whole story is connected with Satan’s stay in Moscow, with Bulgakov’s struggle for the soul of his beloved woman, who fell into submission to the Devil.”
“I say with complete confidence that this short story served as the origin of the idea, the creative impetus for writing the novel “The Master and Margarita.”

“L.E. Belozerskaya (second wife of M.A. Bulgakov), comparing the speech structure of Chayanov’s story and the first edition of “The Master and Margarita,” comes to the conclusion: “Not only is the speech structure the same, but also the content of the introduction: the same fear, that the author, a non-professional writer, cannot cope with describing the “memorabilia” of his life.”

“Words have their own conscience,” said Akhmatova and Mandelstam. In the film “Black Snow,” Mikhail Bulgakov confesses that he, of course, “stained his lips”!

Irina Lvovna Galinskaya (author of the book “Cryptography of the novel “The Master and Margarita” by Mikhail Bulgakov”), analyzing sources on the Albigensian wars and, in particular, the “Song of the Albigensian Crusade” of the 15th century, finds Bulgakov’s construction of the murder of Judas in the real murder of the Roman legate de Castelnau."

The text that we all read was edited by A.A. Sahakyants, editor of the Khudozhestvennaya Literatura publishing house.
As a result of Sahakyants’ work, 25 sentences disappeared from the manuscript, and 65 new sentences were inserted in their place. She changed 317 Bulgakov words, replaced 115 grammatical constructions and made 500 lexical substitutions.
As a result, the text, in my opinion, acquired a more correct artistic appearance, but lost the author’s “breath”.

A.A. Saakyants said: “The novel “The Master and Margarita” can be called a plot-complete thing, but internally not quite complete, that is, it was completed, but Bulgakov returned to many of its chapters again and again, because the novel was written for more than ten years .
Moreover, it is curious that all the corrections, sometimes even completely new pieces, relate only to the “Moscow” pages, that is, to the living and changing modernity; The “Yershalaim” pages – about Pontius Pilate and Yeshua – remained absolutely unchanged, they were established in the writer’s mind once and for all...”

Already sick in 1939, Bulgakov dictated the final edits to his wife. She wrote them down in her notebook. “In the margins of the typescript there is a reference to “notebook No. 2,” but this notebook was not found in Bulgakov’s archive. E.S. Bulgakova handed over his archive in ideal (! - NK) order to the Manuscript Department of the Lenin Library.”

Why did notebook No. 2 disappear, and what was in it?

Once on one literary forum I read that the image of the Master had a real prototype. This man was an officer in his youth, then retired, was ordained, began writing a novel about Pontius Pilate, and even obtained a business trip to Jerusalem. But the revolution began, he returned to Russia, where he could no longer find a place for himself, and hid in a mental hospital. From there he was taken by a caring woman, with whom he allegedly lived, almost in the same house as Mikhail Bulgakov. Bulgakov allegedly even knew him, and after his death, he used the remaining manuscripts and the very story of his life.

It is known that using a real story is simpler and easier than making it up.

Why did Bulgakov destroy the first two editions of the novel and many drafts?
It turns out that the manuscripts are on fire?!

I will quote several eloquent facts from the Bulgakov Encyclopedia.

“A major role in the interpretation of the early history of Christ in the novel “The Master and Margarita” was played by Sergei Chevkin’s play “Yeshua Ganotsri. An impartial discovery of the truth” (1922) ... Chevkin’s play has numerous parallels with the Yershalaim part of “The Master and Margarita.” From this source Bulgakov drew a principle that differs from the Gospel transcription of names and geographical names...”

“At the feet of Pontius Pilate there is a puddle of red wine from a broken jug - a reminder of the just shed innocent blood of Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The episode with which the emergence of this puddle is connected has a clear parallel in Chevkin’s play.”

“Most likely, like Falernian, Caecuba wine was white. But Bulgakov deliberately sacrificed the detail for the sake of the symbol... Azazello poisons the master and Margarita with red Falernian wine, which does not exist in nature.”

“Chevkin and Bulgakov not only have the same symbolism, but also psychological motivation.”

“The unconventional interpretation of the behavior of the disciple who betrayed Yeshua, given by Chevkin, was partially reflected in Bulgakov in the image of Judas from Kiriath, while in Pontius Pilate of the Yershalaim scenes the influence of Georgy Petrovsky’s poem “Pilate” (1893-1894) is noticeable.”

“An important role in the interpretation of Christ in The Master and Margarita was played by Bulgakov’s acquaintance with Anatole France’s story “The Procurator of Judea” (1891) ... Bulgakov’s cordoning off of Bald Mountain exactly repeats the cordoning off of Mount Gazim in “The Procurator of Judea”.”

“...came into Bulgakov’s novel from Flaubert’s story “Herodias” (1877) ... probably such a significant detail of Pontius Pilate’s attire as the bloody lining on his white cloak is a harbinger of the coming shedding of innocent blood.”

“The very construction of the scene of Yeshua’s interrogation by Pilate in Bulgakov’s novel is also connected with the work of D.F. Strauss “The Life of Jesus.”

“In “The Master and Margarita” there are amazing similarities with the book of the famous Russian writer, poet and thinker Dmitry Sergeevich Merezhkovsky (1865-1941) “Jesus the Unknown”, published in Belgrade in 1932.”

“... a number of specific coincidences with Merezhkovsky’s book appeared in “The Master and Margarita” in the mid-30s, probably under the influence of acquaintance with “Jesus the Unknown.”
Merezhkovsky and Bulgakov’s image of Pontius Pilate turned out to be almost identical.”

“Quote from Goethe’s Faust: “... so who are you, finally? “I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good,” came into Bulgakov’s novel as an epigraph also from “Jesus the Unknown.”

“The author of The Master and Margarita borrows from Merezhkovsky some realities of the era, such as the mosaic in the praetorium, where the procurator is interrogating, or the centurion’s camp chair, on which Afranius sits during the execution. The procurator's order to untie Jesus' hands is also from “Jesus the Unknown.”

The purpose of this article of mine was not to expose the plagiarist, but to understand the mechanisms of the origin of the idea and how it is embodied in the finished work.

I read the novel “The Master and Margarita” several times, and was so inspired by it that ten years later I wrote my research novel “Stranger Strange Stranger Extraordinary Stranger.” It also has a story about Jesus Christ. I saved all eleven editions of the novel that took six years to write.

Of the mass of books I read, like Mikhail Bulgakov, I most liked the work of the English researcher F. Farrar, “The Life of Jesus Christ.” This book convinces with its historical facts. But what attracted me to this book was the fact that both the robber Bar-Rabban and the preacher Ha-Nozri had the same name - Jesus (as Farrar claims). This is what I built the collision of my plot on.

Of course, I was impressed not only by the novel “The Master and Margarita”, but also by Dostoevsky’s “legend of the great inquisitor” from the novel “The Brothers Karamazov”, I watched many films about Jesus Christ, and attended the play “The Master and Margarita” by Yuri Lyubimov.. .
But I deliberately did not read other people’s novels about Jesus Christ, so that this would not affect my own vision. I read the story “Judas Iscariot” by Leonid Andreev later.

And so, when on the night of Good Friday before Easter the story about two Jesuses was written in one breath, putting an end to it, I felt that the novel would definitely see the light of day. Although there was no reason for this - after the disaster I was a lonely disabled person with broken legs.
And it’s still a miracle for me that the novel was published!

“Alien strange incomprehensible extraordinary stranger” is also a menippea, but not a classic one, although it is dedicated to the eternal question - Why does a person live?!
The conclusion I came to as a result of writing the novel is LOVE TO CREATE NECESSITY!

But to understand this, it was necessary to die, be resurrected, and go through the long path of co-crucifixion with Christ...

“My spirit soars over fallen people crowded at the cross of shame. Golgotha ​​and suffering are behind us, and salvation and freedom are ahead. I love, I love, I am saved by love, only because I believed in it. Like a bird, I am inspired by love, because I entrusted my soul to God. I believed without a doubt in my soul that God would hear all my prayers and would not leave me alone in trouble, giving me a cross instead of a battlefield. A miracle has happened! The shameful cross became a triumph of Love instead of humiliation. Jesus Christ, take me with you, freeing my spirit for the Ascension.”
(from my novel “Stranger Strange Incomprehensible Extraordinary Stranger” on the New Russian Literature website

Before his death, Mikhail Afanasyevich said: “I wanted to serve the people... I wanted to live and serve in my own corner... I did no harm to anyone...”.

P.S. I would be grateful to everyone who will complement or clarify the content of this article of mine.

© Nikolay Kofirin – New Russian Literature –

No one will argue that Mikhail Bulgakov became truly famous in the country and the world for his main novel, “The Master and Margarita.” This novel irresistibly attracts the reader, takes the reader captive, and then does not let go for the rest of his life. What's the matter? Of course, many are attracted by the original interpretation of the gospel story. The Yershalaim chapters of the novel were of particular importance in Soviet times. In a society where the Bible was by no means recommended reading, for many The Master and Margarita became an important source of information about Christianity and its early history.

On the other hand, readers are certainly attracted by the almost detective plot of the novel. The mysterious figure of Woland (although the astute reader, like the Master, will immediately guess who exactly appeared at the Patriarchal Meetings), the mystery of his mission in Moscow, the mystery of the fate of the main characters of the novel, which is determined only on the last pages - all this keeps us in suspense until the very end. end.

The novel “The Master and Margarita” is perceived primarily as a fantastic satire, where ancient Yershalaim miraculously connects with Moscow in 1929 through the world of evil spirits, led by Woland. At the same time, it often becomes clear upon closer examination that the scenes, seemingly born only by a flight of the writer’s imagination, are in fact a reflection of the events that took place in Bulgakov’s contemporary Russia.

According to the author’s plan, his main work should not lose its relevance and freshness of reader perception in 50, 100, and 200 years. The most modern political events and figures are encrypted here in the images of world culture. An ancient gospel legend, seen from an unexpected perspective, becomes not only the highest ethical, but also an aesthetic ideal for the vulgar, servile world surrounding the writer. Love and creativity are protected not only by God, but also by the devil. The all-knowing and strict Woland, together with his retinue, mercilessly reveals human vices, but is in no hurry to correct them. This burden falls on the person himself, in whose soul good and evil, fear and compassion, cruelty and mercy are forever fighting. Otherwise, the world would be flat, and it would be uninteresting to live in it.

Bulgakov’s “sunset” novel originally refracted the views of Russian religious philosophers of the early 20th century. Thus, Nikolai Berdyaev in “The New Middle Ages” argued: “The rational day of new history is ending, its sun is setting, twilight is coming, we are approaching night. All categories of the already experienced sunny day are unsuitable for understanding the events and phenomena of our evening historical hour. By all indications, we have left the daytime historical era and entered the night era... False veils are falling, and good and evil are exposed. The night is no less good than the day, no less divine, the stars shine brightly in the night, there are revelations in the night that the day does not know. The night is more pristine, more elemental than the day. The Abyss (Ungrund) by J. Boehme reveals itself only in the night. The day throws a cover over it... When dusk comes, the clarity of the outlines and the firmness of the boundaries are lost.” In Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita,” the forces of darkness do not oppose, but interact in a complex way with the forces of light, and Woland, in his own way, convinces the Master that “the night is no less good than the day,” that his last refuge is prepared for him on the border of light and darkness no worse, and in some ways definitely better than traditional light, for there the author of the novel about Pontius Pilate will be able to learn revelations that are impossible in daylight: “...Oh, thrice romantic master, don’t you really want to walk with your girlfriend under the cherry trees during the day, which begin to bloom, and in the evening listen to Schubert's music? Wouldn't it be nice for you to write by candlelight with a quill pen? Don’t you really want, like Faust, to sit over the retort in the hope that you will be able to fashion a new homunculus? During the last flight, all veils fall and good and evil are exposed. All those flying, including the Master and Margarita, appear in their true essence: “The night thickened, it flew nearby, grabbed those jumping by the cloaks and, tearing them off their shoulders, exposed the deceptions.” Woland and other demons shed their masks and, born of the night, return to the night. And Satan’s spurs turn into “white spots of stars.”

In “The Master and Margarita,” as in many other works, Bulgakov demonstrated the ability to speak simply, with a minimum of verbal means, about complex things, be it the history and moral doctrine of Christianity or the latest discoveries of biology and physics hidden in the subtext of “The Heart of a Dog” or "The Master and Margarita". Also in Bulgakov’s plays, maximum expressiveness is achieved with a minimum of means. The characters, as a rule, are deprived of long Chekhovian monologues, and serious program declarations are accompanied by humorous remarks, as, for example, in the finale of “Days of the Turbins”. This, among other things, is the secret of the wide audience popularity of Bulgakov’s drama, both during his lifetime and posthumously.

It is well known that “The Master and Margarita”, and many other Bulgakov works, occupy one of the first places in Russian literature in terms of the number of literary reminiscences. But this does not mean at all that Bulgakov was a reminiscent writer, and his work was reduced to rehashes of traditional motifs of world culture. No, Bulgakov’s creativity was at the same time highly relevant, touching on the most painful points of modern life. This was the reason for Bulgakov’s rejection by official Soviet criticism and the communist authorities. It is not for nothing that the writer said with sadness, but also not without pride, in his famous letter to the Government in 1930: “M. Bulgakov BECAME A SATIRIST and just at a time when no real (penetrating into forbidden zones) satire in the USSR is absolutely unthinkable.” That is why, from the second half of the 20s, they stopped publishing his works in the Soviet Union, and in 1929, productions of three plays were filmed. In the end, in the 30s, only “Days of the Turbins” and a dramatization of “Dead Souls” remained in the repertoire. And even then, to resume “Days” it took intervention from the very top.

After living in the USSR on a literary and theatrical income became absolutely impossible for him from the late 20s, Bulgakov radically changed his fate. The impetus for this was the subsequent ban on March 18, 1930 of his new play “The Cabal of the Saint,” dedicated to the great French playwright Jean Baptiste Molière. In a letter to the Government dated March 28, 1930, Bulgakov stated: “The fight against censorship, whatever it may be and under whatever government it exists, is my duty as a writer, as well as calls for freedom of the press. I am an ardent admirer of this freedom and believe that if any of the writers decided to prove that he does not need it, he would be like a fish publicly assuring that it does not need water... This is one of the features of my work, and hers alone It is absolutely enough that my works do not exist in the USSR. But with the first feature in connection with all the others that appear in my satirical stories: black and mystical colors (I am a MYSTICAL WRITER), which depict the countless deformities of our life, the poison with which my language is saturated, deep skepticism regarding the revolutionary process taking place in my backward country, and contrasting it with the beloved and Great Evolution, and most importantly, the depiction of the terrible features of my people, those features that long before the revolution caused the deepest suffering of my teacher M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.”

It is curious that here the writer polemicized with the well-known thoughts of L. D. Trotsky, contained in the book “Literature and Revolution” (1923): “Tsarist censorship was put in charge of fighting syllogism... We fought for the right of syllogism against censorship. A syllogism in itself, we argued, is helpless. Belief in the omnipotence of an abstract idea is naive. An idea must become flesh in order to become a force... And we have censorship, and a very cruel one. It is not directed against syllogism... but against the alliance of capital with prejudice. We fought for a syllogism against autocratic censorship, and we were right. Our syllogism turned out to be not ethereal. He reflected the will of the progressive class and, together with this class, won. On the day when the proletariat firmly wins in the most powerful countries of the West, the censorship of the revolution will disappear as unnecessary...” Here Lev Davydovich predicted: “Decades of struggle lie ahead in Europe and America... The art of this era will be entirely under the sign of revolution. This art needs a new consciousness. It is irreconcilable, first of all, with mysticism, both open and disguised as romance, for the revolution proceeds from the central idea that the only master must be the collective man and that the limits of his power are determined only by the knowledge of natural forces and the ability to use them.”