Why do we preserve cultural monuments? Fundamentals of modern concepts of “architectural monument” and “restoration” Why should we preserve architectural monuments

Architecture in a broad sense covers a large sphere of human activity, in which landscape architecture occupies a special place as a separate section.

Landscape architecture includes the process of creating and optimally organizing the surrounding space, which helps to aesthetically design gardens and parks.

The main material for working in landscape architecture is vegetation and the surrounding landscape.

The concepts of landscape design and architecture are often equated. But you need to understand that they carry different meanings. Architecture here is the organization of a favorable surrounding space, an external environment for the daily life of the population, as well as recreation. Elements landscape architecture can be seen both in city parks and in rural areas, on private personal plot. This area of human life must meet aesthetic, functional and economic requirements.

To put it simply, landscape architecture is a way of designing parks, gardens, and recreational areas for the population in such a way that a person will feel as comfortable as possible, and his aesthetic requirements will be fully satisfied.

Architectural specialists achieve their goals with the help of water, green spaces, stone, and special terrain.

Landscape design is more general concept, which includes landscape architecture. Today it is difficult to separate one concept from another, since in fact they are inextricably linked. Modern educational establishments are engaged in training wide-ranging specialists - construction designers, landscape architects, who are engaged not only in landscaping areas of city parks or private gardens, but also participate in the development of construction projects.

IN last years The demand for the services of specialists in the field of landscape architecture is steadily growing. This is due to the fact that everything larger number people strive to live in landscaped estates, parks, and courtyards. In Europe, landscape architecture and design are at the highest level, domestic specialists can learn a lot from foreign colleagues and adopt a lot of techniques and ideas.

Modern landscape architecture should be environmentally oriented. This means that the pristine landscape must be preserved as much as possible. It is important to highlight its beauty with architectural objects and techniques using environmentally friendly building materials.

In our country, the term “landscape architecture” first began to be used in the 70s of the 20th century. Then, in 1961, the first All-Union Conference on Landscape Architecture was organized.

Landscape architecture objects

There are many approaches by which landscape architecture objects can be classified. The traditional approach highlights the following elements:

functional objects, for example, historical, cultural (reserves), as well as recreation parks;
objects of landscape-genetic origin, such as natural parks formed naturally and preserved by man as parks and water areas;
urban planning objects - zones or corners of nature with a natural landscape in the city or in a suburban area.

Today, almost all landscape architecture objects are located in cities. Most of them are presented in the form of city parks, which can be divided into:

multifunctional, which are used by several categories of the population both for recreation and for holding various cultural and sports events;
specialized, performing one specific function (botanical gardens and parks; zoological parks; complex exhibition parks consisting of ponds, exhibition pavilions, green spaces; museum under open air; parks with an ethnographic focus that show the life of different peoples; arboretums).

Not a single landscape object can do without a communication network. For the convenience of visitors, transport roads, pedestrian paths, paths for cyclists and walks are organized.

Since any object of landscape architecture involves transformation and change of the surrounding natural environment to a greater or lesser extent, we distinguish:

macro-level objects that occupy large areas on a national scale. They have regional significance, and their design is carried out taking into account rational environmental management. Typically, such objects remain virtually unchanged. For the convenience of visitors, a communications network is laid in them. This - National parks, nature reserves, urban landscaping, reservoirs;
meso-level objects. They are located within a specific locality. Parks, hydroparks, gardens. Designed for public recreation, entertainment and sports events;
micro-level objects. Their design is carried out based on reference to a specific architectural object - a building or structure. These are gardens, squares, areas of various establishments, terraces, boulevards, embankments.

Directions of landscape architecture

Modern landscape architecture consists of the following areas:

Landscape construction, its main task is the construction of landscape objects around which there will be green spaces. These are reservoirs created artificially, alpine slides, waterfalls, rock gardens.

Landscape planning involves the organization and transformation of the natural environment on a national scale, which allows it to be preserved as much as possible in its original form.

Landscape design is a more detailed description of what future objects of a landscaped area will look like.

The main objectives of landscape architecture are:

preservation of the natural landscape in its original form;
protection of natural monuments;
improving the landscape and transforming it for the most convenient and safe use human.

Styles in landscape architecture

In architectural design, it is customary to distinguish two main styles:

Regular style, which is characterized by the presence of a main smooth axis. It is around it that all the main elements and objects will be located.

Mirror symmetry is often used. For communications, I use straight paths or those made on the plan using a ruler and compass. The regular style is characterized by the presence of strict geometrically correct lines, shapes and proportions. Circle or square shapes are often used. When choosing plants for plantings, preference is given to those species that are easy to trim and form the necessary shapes from them. Most often these are shrubs or small trees. When planting them, they focus on the alley type. In every corner of the garden, designed in a regular style, there are decorative elements in the form of fountains, sculptures, pools, gazebos and arches.

Landscape style, the main task which is the maximum preservation of the pristine natural appearance and features of the area. All natural elements are only emphasized with the help of landscape objects and are ennobled to make them convenient to visit. There are no clear and regular geometric shapes and lines. The only requirement is that the final landscape must be complete

The culture of various peoples and countries is expressed in the architecture and art objects of their cities. For thousands of years, builders, architects and artists created a unique image of each city. Conveying their efforts in photographs is the topic of this lesson.

Photographing landmarks and architecture

A city is a single entity that includes street architecture, monuments, temples, parks, embankments, people and animals. Of course, every city, and especially cities with a rich
historical past, have their own unique character and a certain “melody”. The cities of the East are characterized by one rhythm, small European towns - another,
huge megacities - the third... In fact, people and buildings are a single living organism, but in order to get good “city photographs”, first of all you need to capture the Mood of the City.

For some, it’s easier to spot something interesting in an unfamiliar place, just after leaving your suitcase at a hotel, while others need to take a closer look at the life of a metropolis or small town for some - perhaps a long - time.

Of course, first it is advisable to get to know the place where you are going in person. To do this, in addition to obtaining general information about those places, you can look at photographs of the city in advance and decide on “points” that might be of interest to you. This does not mean that you need to “trace” someone’s photos, but still, you should not forget: most cities have attractions - and there are their traditional advantageous angles, which, of course, there is no need to ignore.

It is imperative to take into account climatic features, since, for example, in many Asian cities it can be very hot and dusty during the day, in addition, so many people can gather on the streets that this will make filming very difficult. As a rule, it is best to local peculiarities described in guidebooks for free travelers (Lonely Planet and other similar publications).

Light

As in any other photography, the main thing in urban photography is light. Lighting features can make the most ordinary place extraordinary, especially if you find yourself there at an unusual time.

By personal experience I know: the best time for city photography, especially in Asia, is the very early morning. Not only is lighting during regular hours (some time before sunrise and a couple of hours after it) interesting in itself - at this time, as a rule, there are very few people on city streets, that is, the space is at your complete disposal! Even if it’s hellishly hot during the day, the streets are usually quite cool in the morning; only rare people busy with their own affairs. In Europe, residents do not always respond well to filming, so you will not disturb them, and they will not disturb you. Although, one cannot help but notice, the presence of a small number of people in the frame greatly enlivens the picture: we are talking about “history”, the uniqueness of the moment...

Also, one of the most interesting lighting options for urban photography is night photography and evening turning into night. During this magical time, European cities and megalopolises are beautifully illuminated, so they present a completely different spectacle at night than during the day. Best time here comes the moment when the lights are already turned on, but the night has not yet completely “descended” on the city.

In Asia, the nights are very dark and start quite early. The main attractions are usually not illuminated, so shooting has certain peculiarities - in the evening it is better to switch to shooting illuminated details.

Often, when darkness falls in cities - for example, in Kathmandu - dim lights turn on in numerous small shops or workshops. Despite the lack of full evening lighting, the city turns into a kind of “Tale of 1001 Nights” - wherever you look, everywhere, in small arches, shops, street cafes, there is some kind of life going on that looks very attractive: it seems to “shine up” from the darkness small lamps...

But, I must say, for such shooting you need a fast telephoto lens and a modern camera that allows you to shoot at high sensitivity (ISO) in order to get a fairly short shutter speed (to avoid blur) for moving objects in dim light.

During the day, in bright sunlight, modern office buildings look good in the photo. Contrasting sunlight only emphasizes the sharp edges of modern design. If the building is glass, then its many windows can reflect quite interesting stories.

At this time you can also do interesting photos inside, in the interiors of temples or other old buildings, where bright sunlight breaks through the few windows on the walls.

Of course, unusual weather phenomena are also interesting for city photography - for example, a full moon, a pre-storm sky, pre-dawn haze or thick fog, which can make photographs of the most popular tourist places unusual.

As for the technical side of city photography, since the contrast when shooting is usually high, you need to set the exposure according to important details, which you focus on. If it is necessary to convey the details of an object in the shadows, the exposure is set according to the shadow areas. At the same time, keep an eye out for possible knockouts in the light (overexposed areas). Perhaps they will appear, but if they are small and not in the main storylines, then it’s not so scary.

Rule of thirds

For a balanced composition of a cityscape, as in a regular landscape, use shutter speed related to the rule of the “golden ratio” - the “rule of thirds”, placing important compositional elements at the intersections of lines drawn at a distance of a third from the edges of the frame.

Using a tripod and available tools

For daytime photography and night photography, you will definitely need a tripod. The need to carry it with you, of course, somewhat complicates moving around the city, but eliminates possible blurring during long exposures. By the way, if your lens is equipped with a stabilizer, then it is better to turn it off when shooting from a tripod, since it will not be able to help you in this type of shooting, but it can easily hinder you...

With a tripod, the shutter speed practically doesn’t matter to you (in the city, 30 seconds is usually enough for night photography: you don’t need a special remote control) - you can apply interesting effects. For example, you can tighten the aperture to 11-14: the light sources in the photo will turn into small stars with rays.

Also long exposure photography traffic will give traces of beautiful tracks from car headlights. To use this technique, it is better to choose a higher shooting point.

You can also get very interesting photos from a tripod when shooting fountains. If the shutter speed is short, the water drops will freeze; if it is long (2-3 seconds), the fountain will turn into long matte jets. The fountains are very beautifully illuminated in the evenings - you will most likely need a tripod here too. Try experimenting by filming the entire fountain, separately, and its parts.

When shooting from a tripod, always put a lens hood on the lens so as not to catch the so-called “hares”: these are side lights from other light sources, of which there are usually a lot in the city. As with night photography of any other landscape, you must use the automatic timer to release the shutter (unless you are using a special remote control or cable), otherwise moving your finger on the shutter button will blur the image.

Sometimes the camera's autofocus may not focus on the point you want. Then either switch the camera to manual mode focus and focus manually, or illuminate the subject with a flashlight to help autofocus focus. If there is not enough light for handheld photography, and you don’t have a tripod with you, use the means at hand: you can put the camera on a fence, lean it against a tree trunk or embankment fence; A bag of cereal can serve as a good improvised tripod.

When shooting interiors in dark buildings without a tripod (like this Buddhist monastery, for example), you can use the wide angle lenses frame
maximum space. That is, you can place the camera on the floor or a very low shooting point, slightly lift the lens up (this can be achieved by, for example, removing the lens hood and placing it under the lens) and shoot with a delayed shutter release, as when shooting at night. Not a bad option for When shooting in a dark room without a tripod, the trick is to shoot in series - several frames from a long series may well turn out to be sharp.

Fragments of architecture

Photographing the city will be incomplete if you do not photograph the architectural details - they can be very interesting. Here, of course, the key rule will be to look around carefully: you need to turn into a kind of radar, since some elements are not so easy to notice. The ability to find and isolate from the big picture unusual details They develop well with experience in shooting.

Of interest may be ancient lanterns, balconies, elements of embankments, temples, shop signs, arches, temple domes, unexpectedly encountered small monuments in unusual places - and even elements of city communications! Often the handles on the doors of ancient buildings, ancient doors and windows look very unusual.

The combination of old and new looks interesting - for example, the reflection of an image old church in the glass walls of an office building.

Sometimes an expressive fragment of a building can say more about it than the general plan. In ancient buildings, for example, there are often interesting stone carvings or small sculptures on the facades. In addition to observation, the ability to remove unnecessary details from such a frame, leaving the main thing, will be very important.

Although, of course, to complete a photo report about the place you visited, you need both fragments and general plans.

When photographing fragments, close the aperture to get greater depth of field.

Rhythmic frame pattern

Having found elements that are similar in color, texture and shape, you can catch the graphic rhythm by arranging these elements so that they repeat. This is a very popular technique in urban photography. Such elements can be lanterns on the embankment, windows in a building, elements of grilles, temple arches, trees, pillars or cars in the parking lot (and the shadows from them).

A telephoto lens is best for photographing rhythmic patterns, given its ability to “compress” distance. At the same time, the graphic rhythm is well emphasized when shooting not from the front, but from the side. Such photos look very interesting in black and white.

Excursions Taking photographs on excursions, you can take many interesting photos. True, there is also a not very pleasant moment in such a shoot: since you are most likely not alone in it (two - almost perfect option), then other group members will interfere with you. You can avoid this if you overtake the guide a little and take the best point first. Or vice versa: wait until the main part of the group takes a photo of what they wanted and moves on.

You shouldn’t overuse pictures like “Me and the fountain”, “Me and the temple”, “Me and the statue”: these pictures, as a rule, will end up in the hands of most of your group... and what meaning do they carry? Show that you were really there? Or the goal is to definitely post a photo on social network? If you really want to take a photo on beautiful background V interesting place, take a few of these photos, but don't turn it into a boring, endless series. Remember: the main goal of artistic photography (if you want to really get it) artistic photo) - take photographs that are interesting not only to you or those who know you, but to interest those who do not know the backstory that connects you with this place.

If your goal is to show in the photo that you “were in this place,” it is better to take a photo or photograph your loved ones in front of a sign with the name of a famous street or some popular attraction.

Optics and geometric distortions

When shooting with wide-angle lenses, geometric distortions such as buildings “falling” towards the center of the frame are not uncommon. If this really bothers you, these distortions can now be corrected quite well when post-processing photos using Photoshop or any popular RAW converter. Although the best option will artistically play these distortions to his advantage.

The longer the focal length, the smaller these distortions, that is, when shooting buildings, people or streets in the distance with a telephoto lens, they will not fall into the center of the frame.

The ideal option would be to shoot with two cameras, one with a wide-angle lens and the other with a telephoto lens: this will give you greater efficiency. If this option does not suit your budget, then a universal zoom lens with a large range of focal lengths and an optical stabilizer will be very convenient for city photography.

Panoramas

For large views, use panoramic photography. At the same time, as in natural landscape, it’s better to shoot such stories with maximum high point shooting.

Examples of photos on the topic of the lesson

As in any other photography, the main thing in urban photography is light. Features of lighting can make the most banal place extraordinary, especially if you find yourself in it in
non-standard time.

This photo of Prague was taken on a partly cloudy day. The city looked gray under a veil of clouds, but after waiting fifteen minutes, an interesting strip of light appeared that brought the photo to life. Prague. Czech Republic.

The presence of even a small number of people in the frame greatly enlivens it, giving it some history, the uniqueness of the moment. Without people this street would be too empty. Czech krumlov.

One of the most interesting lighting options for city photography is shooting at night and evening turning into night. During this magical time, European cities and megalopolises are beautifully illuminated and at night they present a completely different spectacle than during the day. Better time here it comes when the city lights are already turned on, but the sky is not yet black, night has not yet completely descended on the city.

Inside temples or other old buildings, you can take interesting photographs during the day, when bright sunlight breaks through the few windows on the walls. Prague. Czech Republic.

With a tripod, you are practically unlimited in shutter speed (in the city, 30 seconds for night photography is usually enough and you don’t need a special remote control) and you can apply interesting effects. For example, you can tighten the aperture to 11-14 and the light sources in the photo will turn into small stars with rays. Moscow. Russia.

Just like when photographing any other landscapes at night, you must use an automatic timer to release the shutter (if you are not using a special remote control or cable). Otherwise, moving your finger on the shutter button can blur the image. Moscow. Russia.

When shooting interiors without a tripod in dark buildings, such as this Buddhist monastery, you can take advantage of the ability of wide-angle lenses to capture
maximum space. That is, you can place the camera on the floor or a very low shooting point, slightly lift the lens up (this can be achieved by removing, for example, the lens hood from
lens and placing it under the lens) and shoot with a shutter delay, as when shooting at night. This is exactly how this photo was taken, using a lens hood placed under the lens. Tyangboche Monastery. Nepal

Photographing a city will be incomplete without photographing architectural details - they can be very interesting. Here, of course, the key rule will be to carefully look around, turning into a kind of radar, because some elements are not so easy to notice. The ability to find and isolate unusual details from the overall picture develops well with experience in photography. Prague. Czech Republic.

Of interest may be ancient lanterns, balconies, elements of embankments, temples, shop signs, arches, temple domes, unexpectedly encountered small monuments in unusual places, and even elements of city communications. Often the handles on the doors of ancient buildings, ancient doors and windows look very unusual.

Prague. District "Prague Castle". Czech Republic.

Sometimes, an expressive fragment of a building or sculpture can say more about it than the general plan. In addition to observation, the ability to remove unnecessary details from such a frame, leaving the main thing, will be very important. Close-up of the head of the statue of one of the incarnations of Shiva - “Black Bairab” in Durbar Square -
square in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Although, of course, for a full-fledged photo report about the place you visited, you need both fragments and general plans. General form statues of one of the incarnations of Shiva - “Black Bairab” on
Durbar Square in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Having found elements that are similar in color, texture and shape, you can catch the graphic rhythm by arranging these elements so that they repeat. This is a very popular technique in urban photography. Such elements can be lanterns on the embankment, windows in a building, elements of grilles, temple arches, trees, even pillars or cars in the parking lot or shadows from them. Here the rhythm is created by the repetition of the shapes of the arches inside the Catholic church. Kutna Hora. Czech Republic.

The longer the focal length, the less geometric distortion. That is, when shooting buildings, people or streets in the distance with a telephoto lens, they will not fall into the center of the frame. Prague. Czech Republic.

For large views, use panoramic photography. At the same time, as in a natural landscape, it is better to shoot such scenes from the highest possible shooting point.
Panorama of two horizontal frames. Czech krumlov. Czech Republic.

Light is critical to taking a good photograph. It makes the moment unique, non-repetitive. The photo shows a brief moment of a short winter sunset on a frosty evening. Moscow. Russia

Lesson assignments

Learning to shoot architecture Well, it's time to practice shooting architecture. Try to find interesting scenes for shooting in the city and send two of the best photos taken in different time days.

What to write about in an essay on the topic “Architectural Monuments”? In every city, even the smallest, there is at least one building that has an important historical value. This could be any building: a house, some kind of theater or university building. It won't necessarily look too old, but that's often what happens.

Very rarely do ancient buildings survive to this day in the form in which they were built or intended. They often lose some design details, are rebuilt and restored, losing their former appearance.

Why is an essay on literature about architectural monuments important?

An essay on the topic “Architectural Monuments” can include many historical information, if you approach this task responsibly. The main thing is to choose in your city object that will be described in the work, and find as much information about it as possible. This is a very serious activity that brings a lot of benefits.

It often happens that after writing an essay on the topic “ Architectural monument", schoolchildren are beginning to become more interested in the history of their native land and cities. They learn to collect information, systematize it and highlight major and minor events in a chain of historical facts.

How to work on an essay?

When studying a building, its features, the style in which it was built, it is important for students to understand what place the building occupied in history, what events are associated with it. You can ask your parents what they know and remember about this place, search for information on the Internet, or visit the library.

Of course, the easiest way is to use the World Wide Web, but even there the necessary information is not always available. In an essay on the topic “Architectural Monument”, it is important to express your personal attitude towards the building, the description of which the student chose for his work.

Essay plan

You can start working on an essay on the topic “Cultural Monument” with a description appearance structures. First, the student can answer the following questions:

Where is the building that will be discussed in the essay located? What surrounds him? Maybe it's a park, an alley or a square?
What year was the building built? In honor of what event?
Who participated in its construction? Who was the contractor and raised funds for the project?
Which historical events Are you connected with him? Why did it become a cultural monument?
Has the building changed over time, have any parts been added to? Or maybe it was not completely preserved?
What important historical figures visited the structure?
Which architectural style chosen for its design? You can also find the names of architects and sculptors if the building is decorated with some kind of sculptures.
What is inside, how are the rooms decorated and decorated? Do these decorative elements have any special meaning?
If there are paintings inside a building, it is advisable to find out who the artist was who made the drawings. It may be possible to interpret some paintings and frescoes, if they exist.
What is the façade of the building? Describe it in detail, without omitting details. They can be important in understanding how a building has changed over time.
Describe the general layout of the house.

What can you add to your essay?

In an essay on the topic “Architectural monument” you can add information about which institutions were located in the building at various times time. If this is a temple, perhaps they removed the crosses and demolished the domes, turning them into something else. It could be gym, warehouse, workshop. It is important to mention whether the original purpose of the site was then restored.

It is also necessary to describe the historical events accompanying fundamental changes in the purpose of the interior spaces. Perhaps the building underwent reconstruction, which greatly changed its external or internal appearance. In an essay on the topic “Architectural Monument” you can include your attitude to these changes.

For example, in the same churches, during restoration they do not always take care of the ancient paintings located inside and outside the structure. Sometimes the historical appearance of a building is completely lost. Perhaps the structure experienced some kind of disaster, after which it was restored. You can add information about this to your work. There is no need to include photographs in an essay on the topic “Architectural Monument”, since a verbal description of the appearance of the structure is sufficient.

Already in ancient times, rulers were well aware of the influence of monumental structures on the consciousness and psyche of people. Monuments with their grandeur give an emotional charge, inspire respect for the history of their country, and help preserve a significant past. They are designed to instill in citizens a sense of pride in their ancestors. Sometimes monuments are erected to living people who have distinguished themselves in something good. Very little time will pass, and there will be no living eyewitnesses of the Great Patriotic War. The presence of a monument that tells about the feat of the Russian people will allow descendants not to forget about these years. In any locality In our country you can find stone evidence of this cruel time. Between monuments and society there is invisible connection. The historical and cultural environment, of which monuments are a part, influences the formation of the worldview of every resident. In addition, historical and cultural monuments are information that is needed to predict future processes. Science, using archaeological material such as monuments, not only restores what happened in the past, but also makes predictions. In architectural terms, monuments help organize space and act as the visual center of public space. For an objective understanding of cultural and historical processes It is important in society to preserve monuments. The attitude towards them is determined by society’s position towards its past and can manifest itself in ignorance, care and deliberate destruction. This depends on many factors - on the level of education and culture of the population, the dominant ideology, the position of the state towards its cultural heritage, political structure, economic state of the country. The higher the education, culture, economy of a society, the more humane its ideology, the more conscious it is of its historical and cultural heritage.

There are so many monuments in the world! Grateful humanity erected majestic structures in honor of deceased just rulers, brilliant musicians and poets. In prehistory, heads of state did not want to wait own death and built monuments to themselves during their lifetime. Monuments are placed in cemeteries and in the center of city squares. Why do people do this in all countries and at all times?

Humanity began betting at the dawn of civilization. Scientists are still finding ancient stone sculptures created by primitive sculptures and still raising questions and disputes about what or who they are. One thing does not cause controversy - all images of fictional or real creatures had cult significance. The first monuments were created as objects of worship; magical supernatural powers were attributed to them. Later magical power began to be vested in deceased leaders and respected members of tribes and ancient communities. People began to create monuments to perpetuate and exalt. This function continues in . Statues depicting generals, rulers of states or great writers can be seen in any country. Grateful descendants pay tribute to the talents or heroism of their great compatriots. But in the history of mankind, monuments were erected not only to the dead, but also to living people. The cult of a living person and his deification were especially clearly manifested in Ancient Egypt. The pharaohs built tombs for themselves and erected their statues next to those of their many gods. This tradition was later picked up by emperors in Ancient world. Monuments to them were erected during their lifetime, and the emperors could enjoy divine honors and glorification of their merits even before their inevitable departure to another world. However, the passion for exalting their own person among the greats of this world can still be observed today. Lifetime monuments were erected to Kim Ser-in, Stalin, Turkmenbashi Niyazov, Mao and full list is not limited to these names. As a rule, the initiative to build monuments to the person being glorified came from that person himself or his faithful associates. The presence of monuments to living people is considered by many sociologists as one of the proofs of an unhealthy society and a totalitarian system in the country. With the development of society, monuments became more and more diverse. Not only people, but also animals began to receive the honor of being immortalized in bronze and marble. There are memorials to rescue animals who died in service. For example, in Paris there is a monument to St. Bernard Barry, who saved the lives of people caught in an avalanche. In Japan you can see a monument to canine fidelity. It was erected in honor of the dog Hachiko, who for several years came to the station every day and waited for the arrival of his deceased owner. In many European cities in Lately There was a tendency to install unusual and funny monuments. In Washington there is a monument to people standing in line, in Bratislava you can see a monument to a plumber sticking his head out of a sewer hatch, and in Paris you can take a photo next to a monument to a finger. Such structures do not carry any important social function, they are made to create a mood, decorate the city and attract the attention of tourists to it. Human memory is short, life goes on as usual and new heroes constantly appear. Monuments do not allow humanity to forget about the most important milestones in its history, about people and events that we would like to always remember.