How do you understand the name heart of a dog? Essay on the topic: What is the meaning of the ending in the story Heart of a Dog, Bulgakov

What is the meaning of the title of the story "Heart of a Dog?" You can see a double meaning in it. The story could have been named so in honor of the experiment conducted by Professor Preobrazhensky. Its essence was the transplantation of a human pituitary gland into the body of a dog. What came of this is described later in the work. Also, thinking about the meaning of the title of the story “Heart of a Dog,” we note that the essence may lie in the people themselves, like Shvonder. Let's consider this option in more detail.

People like Shvonder

They did not receive dog hearts. Such people have them from birth. Shvonder can be called a man without a spiritual world, a boor, a slacker. We can say that he is artificially created, because this hero does not have his own opinion. All his views are imposed on him from the outside. Shvonder is a student of the proletariat, that is, a group of people who sing about a bright future, but do nothing. They are the ones who do not know sympathy, sorrow, pity. These people are stupid and uncultured. They have dog hearts from birth, although not all dogs have the same hearts. This is the meaning of the title of the story “Heart of a Dog” you can see.

Did the heroes of the work have a choice?

Sharik is a step lower than Bormental and Professor Preobrazhensky. However, in terms of development, he is certainly higher than Sharikov and Shvonder. The intermediate position in the narrative structure of this work of Sharik (the dog) emphasizes the dramatic position in society of a “mass-like” person who is faced with a choice: either to follow the path of natural spiritual and social evolution, or to begin to degrade morally. The hero of Sharikov’s work may not have had such a choice. This creature was, after all, artificially created, and therefore had the heredity of a proletarian and a dog. However, the whole society had a choice, and it depended only on the individual which path he would choose.

Allegory in "Heart of a Dog"

In the biography of Mikhail Bulgakov, written in 1984 by E. Proffer, one can find an attempt to answer the question of what is the meaning of the title of the story “The Heart of a Dog.” The work is considered by Proffer as an allegory of the transformation of the entire Soviet society during the revolution, as a warning about the dangers of human intervention in the affairs of nature.

The meaning of the title of the story “Heart of a Dog” lies not only in the history of Sharikov’s transformations, but also in the history of changes in society, which develops according to irrational, absurd laws. If in the story the fantastic plan is completed in terms of plot, then the moral and philosophical one remains open: the “Sharikovs” on earth continue to multiply and establish themselves in life. Consequently, the “monstrous history” of the writer’s contemporary society continues.

Features of fiction of the 1920s

Unfortunately, Mikhail Afanasyevich’s tragic forecasts came true. This was confirmed in the 1930-1950s, when Stalinism was taking shape, as well as at a later time. One of the main problems in the literature of the 1920s was the problem of the structure of the “new society” and the “new man”. The main feature of the creativity of this time was that the idea of ​​a collective prevailed in it. It was based in the aesthetic programs of RAPP, constructivism, proletkult, and futurists.

Controversy of Mikhail Bulgakov

One can perceive the image of Sharikov as a polemic with theorists substantiating the idea of ​​a “new man”. The writer in this story, on the one hand, shows the psychology of the new “mass-like” hero (in the image of Sharikov) and the entire mass (the house with Shvonder at the head). But, on the other hand, Bulgakov contrasts them with a hero-personality in the image of Professor Preobrazhensky. The story of the conflict is a clash between Professor Preobrazhensky’s ideas about society, which can be called reasonable, and the irrationality of the views of the masses, the absurdity of the structure of society.

"Heart of a Dog" - dystopia

So what is the meaning of the title of the story “Heart of a Dog” besides the above? The work can be perceived as a dystopia that came true in reality. Present in the story is a traditional image of the entire state system and the opposition to this mechanism of the individual principle.

The image of Professor Preobrazhensky

Professor Preobrazhensky is shown as a man of independent mind, high culture, and possessing global knowledge in the field of science. K.M. Simonov wrote that in the story “Heart of a Dog” Bulgakov defended with the greatest force his view of the rights and responsibilities of the intelligentsia, as well as the fact that they are the flower of society. The professor is a positive figure of the Pavlovian type. A person like him can ultimately come to socialism. He will come if he can see that socialism opens up space for

For him then the problem of eight or two rooms will not play a role. He defends his 8 rooms because he views an attack on them as an attack not on his own life, but on public rights. Philip Philipovich is critical of everything that has been happening in the country since 1917. Preobrazhensky rejects the practice and theory of revolution. He was able to test this during a medical experiment he conducted, in which the experience of creating a so-called new person was unsuccessful.

Is it possible to remake Sharikov’s character?

Answering the question about the meaning of the title of Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” we should consider the image of Sharikov in a little more detail. It is impossible to change the nature of this hero, just as it is impossible to change the inclinations of the Shvonders, Chugunkins and the like. Bormental asks Preobrazhensky what would have happened if Spinoza's brain had been transplanted into Sharikov. However, the professor was already convinced of the futility of human intervention in natural evolution. He says that he does not see the need to fabricate Spinoza artificially when “any woman can give birth to him at any time.” This conclusion is even more important for understanding the social subtext of the work: one cannot artificially interfere not only with natural evolution, but also with social one. A violation of the moral balance in society can lead to dire consequences. This is the meaning of the title of the story "Heart of a Dog".

When you close the last page of Kuprin’s story “The Duel,” you get a feeling of the absurdity and injustice of what happened. The dry lines of the report, in a clerical manner, accurately and dispassionately set out the circumstances of the death of Second Lieutenant Romashov, who died as a result of a duel with Lieutenant Nikolaev. The life of a young, pure and honest man is simply and routinely cut short.

The external outline of the story seems to explain the cause of this tragedy. This is Yuri Alekseevich’s love for a married woman, Shurochka Nikolaeva, which aroused the legitimate and understandable jealousy of her husband and his desire to defend his desecrated honor. But mixed with this love is the meanness and selfish calculation of Shurochka, who was not ashamed to conclude a cynical deal with a man in love with her, in which his life was the stake. In addition, it seems that Romashov’s death is predetermined by the events that occur in the story. This is facilitated by the general atmosphere of cruelty, violence, and impunity that characterizes the officer environment.

This means that the word “duel” is an expression of the conflict between universal moral standards and the lawlessness that is happening in the army.

Young second lieutenant Romashov arrives at his place of service with the hope of finding his calling here, meeting honest, courageous people who will accept him into their friendly officer family. The author does not idealize his hero at all. He is, as they say, an average, even mediocre person with a funny habit of thinking about himself in the third person. But there is undoubtedly a healthy, normal beginning in him, which evokes in him a feeling of protest against the surrounding way of army life. At the beginning of the story, this protest is expressed in Romashov’s timid attempt to express his disagreement with the general opinion of his colleagues, who approve of the wild actions of a drunken cornet who drove into a crowd of Jews, or an officer who shot “like a dog” a civilian who dared to reprimand him. But his confused speech that cultured, decent people should not attack an unarmed man with a saber, evokes only a condescending response, in which poorly hidden contempt for this “Fendrick”, “institute” shows through. Yuri Alekseevich feels his alienation among his colleagues, naively and awkwardly trying to overcome it. He secretly admires Bek-Agamalov's prowess and strength, trying to become like him. However, innate kindness and conscientiousness force Romashov to stand up for the Tatar soldier in front of the formidable colonel. But a simple human explanation for the fact that a soldier does not know the Russian language is regarded as a gross violation of military discipline, which turns out to be incompatible with the principles of humanity and humanity.

In general, in Kuprin’s story there are many “cruel” scenes depicting the humiliation of human dignity. They are characteristic primarily of the soldier environment, among which the distraught, muzzled soldier Khlebnikov, who tried to throw himself under a train to put an end to daily torture, especially stands out. Sympathizing with this unfortunate soldier, protecting him, Romashov nevertheless cannot save him. The meeting with Khlebnikov makes him feel even more acutely like an outcast among the officers.

In the hero’s mind, a whole scale of humiliation is gradually built up, when the general treats the regiment commander rudely, he in turn humiliates the officers, and they humiliate the soldiers. The officers take out all their anger and melancholy from the meaninglessness and idiocy of army everyday life and leisure on these submissive, dumb creatures. But the heroes of Kuprin’s story are not at all inveterate scoundrels; in almost each of them there are some glimpses of humanity. For example, Colonel Shulgovich, having rudely and sharply reprimanded an officer who wasted government money, immediately helps him. This means, in general, good people in conditions of tyranny, violence and continuous drunkenness lose their human appearance. This further highlights the depth of the moral decline of the officers in the decaying tsarist army.

The writer presents the image of Romashov in dynamics and development. The author shows in the story the spiritual growth of the hero, which is manifested, for example, in his changed attitude towards the society of officers, which the regiment commander calls “a whole family.” Romashov no longer values ​​this family and is ready to break out of it even now and go into the reserve. In addition, now he is not timid and confused as before, but clearly and firmly expresses his convictions: “It is dishonorable to beat a soldier. You cannot beat a man who not only cannot answer you, but does not even have the right to raise his hand to his face in order to defend himself.” from the blow. He doesn’t even dare to move his head. It’s shameful.” If earlier Romashov often found oblivion in drunkenness or in a vulgar relationship with Raechka Peterson, then by the end of the story he reveals firmness and strength of character. Perhaps, in the soul of Yuri Alekseevich, a duel is also taking place, in which ambitious dreams of glory and a military career fight with the indignation that grips him at the sight of the senseless cruelty and complete spiritual emptiness that permeated the entire army.

And in this bloodless fight, a healthy moral principle, a humane desire to protect humiliated, suffering people, wins. The maturation of the young hero is combined with his spiritual growth. After all, maturity does not always mean striving for perfection. This is evidenced by the images of officers, people who have become accustomed to the oppressive situation and have adapted to it. Yes, and sometimes a longing for a different, normal life breaks out in them, which is usually expressed in a burst of anger, irritation, and drunken revelry. Some kind of vicious circle arises from which there is no way out. In my opinion, Romashov’s tragedy is that, while denying the monotony, idiocy and lack of spirituality of army life, he still does not have enough strength to resist it. There is only one way out of this moral impasse for him - death.

Narrating the fate of his hero, his quests, delusions and epiphanies, the writer shows the social ill-being that covered all spheres of Russian reality at the beginning of the century, but was more clearly and clearly manifested in the army.

Thus, the title of Kuprin’s story can be understood as a duel between good and evil, violence and humanism, cynicism and purity. This, in my opinion, is the main meaning of the title of A. I. Kuprin’s story “The Duel”.

Story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is considered the pinnacle of the writer's creativity. In it, the author touched on many important issues - problems of duty and honor, the meaning of human life, love.
Despite the fact that the image of Pyotr Grinev is at the center of the story, the true heroine of the work is Masha Mironova. This, in my opinion, is indicated by the title of the story. It is the daughter of Captain Mironov who embodies the author’s ideal - a person full of self-esteem, with an innate sense of honor, capable of feats for the sake of love.
We first meet this heroine when Grinev arrives at the Belogorsk fortress. At first, the modest and quiet girl did not make much of an impression on the hero: “... a girl of about eighteen, chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, combed smoothly behind her ears, which was burning.”
Grinev was sure that Captain Mironov’s daughter was a “fool,” because his friend Shvabrin had told him this more than once. And Masha’s mother “added fuel to the fire” - she told Peter that her daughter was a “coward”: “...Ivan Kuzmich decided to shoot from our cannon on my name day, so she, my dear, almost went to the next world out of fear.” .
However, the hero soon realizes that Masha is a “prudent and sensitive girl.” Somehow, imperceptibly, true love arises between the heroes, which has withstood all the tests encountered along the way.
Probably the first time Masha showed her character was when she refused to marry Grinev without the blessing of his parents. According to this pure and bright girl, “without their blessing you will not be happy.” Masha, first of all, thinks about the happiness of her loved one, and for his sake she is ready to sacrifice her own. She even admits the idea that Grinev may find himself another wife - one that his parents will accept.
During the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by the Pugachevites, Masha also behaves very honorably. Despite the horror she experiences, the girl does not show her condition, she is ready to be with the defenders of the fortress to the end.
In this whirlwind of bloody events, Masha loses both parents and remains an orphan. However, she passes this test with honor and remains true to herself. After all, having recovered from her illness, she finds herself alone in the fortress, surrounded by enemies, and no one to intercede for her. Moreover, the vile Shvabrin, taking advantage of the girl’s defenselessness, holds her captive, forcing her to marry him.
But this cannot force a girl to betray her love, to become the wife of a man whom she despises: “He is not my husband. I will never be his wife! I decided better to die, and I will die if they don’t deliver me.”
Masha finds an opportunity to give Grinev a letter in which she tells about her misfortune. And Peter saves Masha. Now it becomes clear to everyone that these heroes will be together, that they are destiny for each other. Therefore, Grinev sends Masha to his parents, who accept her as a daughter. And soon they begin to love her for her human merits, because it is this girl who saves her lover from slander and trial.
After Peter's arrest, when there is no hope left for his release, Masha decides to take an unheard of act. She goes alone to the empress herself and tells her about all the events, asking Catherine for mercy. And she, having taken a liking to the sincere and brave girl, helps her: “Your matter is over. I am convinced of your fiancé’s innocence.”
Thus, Masha saves Grinev, just as he, a little earlier, saved his bride.
We see that it was Masha Mironova, despite all the trials that befell her, who never betrayed her duty and honor, never desecrated the memory of her parents, and did not sully her maiden and human honor in any way. That is why the story is called “The Captain's Daughter” - the image of Masha reflects the ideal of Pushkin himself, who believed that only honor can help a person to be and remain a Human.

The meaning of the title of the story by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” (2 version)

“The Captain's Daughter” is one of the most famous historical stories by A.S. Pushkin. She talks about a difficult period in the life of Russia associated with the peasant revolt led by E. Pugachev.
The main events in the work are connected with Pyotr Grinev, a young nobleman. He ended up serving in the Belogorsk fortress, which was subsequently captured by rebels.
“The Captain’s Daughter” is preceded by an epigraph taken from Russian folklore: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” These words are spoken to Grinev by his father, blessing him for his service. The hero, in the most difficult life situations, on the verge of life and death, follows these truths. In the end, he remains the winner.
But, if the story is about Pyotr Grinev, why is it called “The Captain's Daughter”? Maybe the main character of the work is precisely the “captain’s daughter” - Masha Mironova, who also suffered severe trials?
I think that it is Masha who fully fulfills the commandment “Take care of your honor from a young age.” Perhaps no one told her these words, but the girl simply cannot live differently - such is her nature and upbringing. Having survived the death of her parents, who were killed before her eyes, and constantly under the threat of death, Masha retains her own honor and dignity to the end.
Mironova refuses to become the wife of the traitor Grinev, although he threatens her with starvation. The heroine says: “I will never be his wife! I decided better to die, and I will die if they don’t deliver me.”
Masha remains faithful to her lover, believes in him and in him. This meek and quiet girl has enormous inner strength, purity, and the ability to love. I think she is much braver and stronger than her Petrusha, who had “sins” for her. But Masha in the story is almost flawless.
It is she who decides Grinev’s fate when she dares to go to a reception with the empress herself. The girl’s sense of dignity, inner purity, and devoted love conquers Catherine herself. She, imbued with sympathy for Masha, has mercy on Peter.
Thus, Masha Mironova is for Pushkin himself an ideal to which one should strive. It is she who fully complies with the covenant “Take care of honor from a young age.” That’s why, I think, the writer called his story “The Captain’s Daughter.”

The meaning of the title of the story by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” (3 version)

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" reveals one of the most difficult periods in Russian history. We are talking about a peasant revolt, which was led by Emelyan Pugachev. The main character of the novel is Pyotr Grinev, a young nobleman. He serves in the Belogorsk fortress, which is captured by peasants during a revolt.

The book begins with the famous epigraph “Take care of your honor from a young age.” Grinev was blessed by his father with these words before the service. The hero remembered this parting word every time he found himself in difficult life situations. He always came out victorious.

The main character of the work is Masha Mironova - “the captain's daughter”. Her fate is quite complicated. This girl lives according to this covenant, which runs as a leitmotif throughout the entire work. Masha was brought up in such a way that she could not act differently. Her parents were killed before her eyes, and she herself lived her whole life in fear for her life. But, despite everything, she retained her dignity and the honest name of the family. Masha refused to marry Grinev, although he openly threatened her with starvation. The girl remains faithful to her lover.

The image of Masha Mironova is very bright. Her purity, moral strength, and ability to sincerely love are amazing. We can say that she is flawless. The author sees his ideal in her, since she and her actions fully correspond to the epigraph of the novel.

It seems to me that the title of the story “Heart of a Dog” has a double meaning. The story could have been named so in honor of the experiment itself carried out by Professor Preobrazhensky, he transplanted a human heart into the body of a dog, which will be discussed later on the site. Also, the meaning of the name may lie in the people themselves, such as Shvonder. No one has transplanted dog hearts into them; they have had them since birth. Shvonder is a man without his own spiritual world, a slacker, a boor. We can say that he was created artificially; Shvonder does not have his own opinion. All views were forced upon him. Shvonder is a product of the proletariat. The proletariat is a group of people singing about a bright future, but doing nothing all day long. It is these people who know no pity, no sorrow, no sympathy. They are uncultured and stupid. They have dog hearts from birth, although not all dogs have the same hearts. Sharik the narrator is a step lower than Professor Preobrazhensky and Bormenthal, but he, of course, turns out to be higher “in terms of development” than Shvonder and Sharikov.

This intermediate position of the Dog Ball in the narrative structure of the work emphasizes the dramatic position of the “mass” person in society, who was faced with a choice - either to follow the laws of natural social and spiritual evolution, or to follow the path of moral degradation. Sharikov, the hero of the work, may not have had such a choice: after all, he is a creature artificially created and having the heredity of a dog and a proletarian. But the whole society had this choice, and it depended only on the individual which path he would choose. In the biography of M. Bulgakov, written by E. Proffer in 1984, “Heart of a Dog” is viewed as “an allegory of the revolutionary transformation of Soviet society, a warning story about the dangers of interfering in the affairs of nature.” This is the story not only of Sharikov’s transformations, but above all, the history of society. developing according to absurd, irrational laws. If the fantastic plan of the story is completed in plot, then the moral and philosophical one remains open: the Sharikovs continue to breed, multiply and establish themselves in life, which means that the “monstrous history” of society continues.

Bulgakov's tragic forecasts, unfortunately, came true, which was confirmed in the 30-50s, during the formation of Stalinism, and later. The problem of the “new man” and the structure of the “new society” was one of the central problems of literature of the 20s. M. Gorky wrote: “The hero of our days is a person from the “mass”, a laborer of culture, an ordinary party member, a workers’ correspondent, a military doctor, a promoter, a rural teacher, a young doctor and agronomist, an experienced peasant working in the village and an activist, a worker-inventor, in general - a man of the masses! The main attention should be paid to the masses, to the education of such heroes.” The main feature of the literature of the 20s was that it was dominated by the idea of ​​the collective. The ideas of collectivism were substantiated in the aesthetic programs of the futurists, Proletkult, constructivism, and RAPP. The image of Shcharikov can be perceived as a polemic with theorists who substantiate the idea of ​​a “new man” of Soviet society. “This is your “new man.” - Bulgakov seemed to say in his story. And the writer in his work, on the one hand, reveals the psychology of the mass hero (Sharikov) and the psychology of the masses (the house headed by Shvonder). On the other hand, they are opposed by a hero-person (Professor Preobrazhensky). The driving force of the conflict in the story is the constant clash of intelligent represented

1. New!

   Mikhail Bulgakov's story “The Heart of a Dog” can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the 1917 revolution, showed the dire consequences of human intervention in the natural course of development, be it nature or society....

2. New!

   M.A. Bulgakov had a rather ambiguous, complex relationship with the authorities, like any writer of the Soviet era who did not write works praising this power. On the contrary, it is clear from his works that he blames her for the devastation that has come...

M. A. Bulgakov came to literature already during the years of Soviet power. He was not an emigrant and experienced first-hand all the difficulties and contradictions of Soviet reality in the 1930s. His childhood and youth were connected with Kiev, and the subsequent years of his life with Moscow. To Moscow...

3. New!

   The story “Heart of a Dog,” it seems to me, is distinguished by its original solution to the idea. The revolution that took place in Russia was not the result of natural socio-economic and spiritual development, but an irresponsible and premature experiment...

the problems posed by Bulgakov in the story seem fantastic, but which ones are quite real?

3.What means does the author use to satirically expose the primitiveness and mental limitations of the theorists and practitioners of the “barracks ditch” Shvonder and Sharikov? Give examples of the most striking characteristics of characters created by means of dialogue, grotesque, irony, and humor.

story "Heart of a Dog"?

3) New social situation and psychology in the story “Heart of a Dog”?

URGENTLY, PLEASE HELP!

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The work of M. A. Bulgakov is the largest phenomenon of Russian fiction of the 20th century. Its main theme can be considered the theme of “the tragedy of the Russian people.” The writer was a contemporary of all those tragic events that took place in Russia in the first half of our century. And M. A. Bulgakov’s most frank views on the fate of his country are expressed, in my opinion, in the story “The Heart of a Dog.” The story is based on a great experiment. The main character of the story, Professor Preobrazhensky, who represents the type of people closest to Bulgakov, the type of Russian intellectual, conceives a kind of competition with Nature itself. His experiment is fantastic: creating a new person by transplanting part of a human brain into a dog. Moreover, the story takes place on Christmas Eve, and the professor bears the name Preobrazhensky. And the experiment becomes a parody of Christmas, an anti-creation. But, alas, the scientist realizes the immorality of violence against the natural course of life too late. To create a new person, the scientist takes the pituitary gland of the “proletarian” - the alcoholic and parasite Klim Chugunkin. And now, as a result of a most complex operation, an ugly, primitive creature appears, completely inheriting the “proletarian” essence of its “ancestor”. The first words he uttered were swearing, the first distinct word was “bourgeois.” And then - street expressions: “don’t push!”, “scoundrel”, “get off the bandwagon” and so on. A disgusting “man of small stature and unsympathetic appearance appears. A monstrous homunculus, a man with a canine disposition, the “basis” of which was a lumpen proletarian, feels himself the master of life; he is arrogant, swaggering, aggressive. The conflict between Professor Preobrazhensky, Bormenthal and the humanoid creature is absolutely inevitable. The life of the professor and the inhabitants of his apartment becomes a living hell. Despite the dissatisfaction of the owner of the house, Sharikov lives in his own way, primitively and stupidly: during the day he mostly sleeps in the kitchen, messes around, does all sorts of outrages, confident that “nowadays everyone has his own right” . Of course, it is not this scientific experiment in itself that Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov seeks to depict in his story. The story is based primarily on allegory. We are talking not only about the scientist’s responsibility for his experiment, about the inability to see the consequences of his actions, about the huge difference between evolutionary changes and a revolutionary invasion of life. The story “Heart of a Dog” contains the author’s extremely clear view of everything that is happening in the country. Everything that happened around was also perceived by M. A. Bulgakov as an experiment - huge in scale and more than dangerous. He saw that in Russia they were also trying to create a new type of person. A person who is proud of his ignorance, low origin, but who received enormous rights from the state. It is precisely such a person who is convenient for the new government, because he will put into the dirt those who are independent, intelligent, and high in spirit. M.A. Bulgakov considers the reorganization of Russian life to be an intervention in the natural course of things, the consequences of which could be disastrous. But do those who conceived their experiment realize that it can also hit the “experimenters”? Do they understand that the revolution that took place in Russia was not the result of the natural development of society, and therefore can lead to consequences that no one can control? ? These are the questions, in my opinion, that M. A. Bulgakov poses in his work. In the story, Professor Preobrazhensky manages to return everything to its place: Sharikov again becomes an ordinary dog. Will we ever be able to correct all those mistakes, the results of which we are still experiencing?