Handbook of the Russian language Unified State Examination Arguments is small. The problem of preserving the Russian language

Essay requirements for the Unified State Examination last years changed several times, but one thing remained unchanged - the need to prove the correctness of one’s judgments. And for this you need to choose the right arguments.

The problem of repentance will interest us first of all. In this article we will present several options for arguments selected from school list literature. From it you can choose those that are best suited for your work.

What are arguments for?

When writing an essay for part C, you need to express your opinion regarding the given topic. But your thesis needs evidence. That is, it is necessary not only to express your position, but also to confirm it.

Very often during exams the problem of repentance comes up; it is quite easy to come up with arguments for it if the student is well acquainted with school literary program. However, not everyone manages to immediately remember the desired work, so it is better to select several arguments in advance on the most common topics.

What are the arguments?

In order to fully reveal the problem of repentance, arguments must be selected based on the main Unified State Exam requirements In Russian. According to them, all evidence is divided into three types:

Personal experience, that is, facts taken from your life. They do not have to be reliable, since no one will check whether this actually happened.
Information that the student received from the school curriculum. For example, from geography, history, etc. lessons.
Literary arguments that will interest us in the first place. This is the reading experience that the examinee must acquire during training.

Arguments from literature

So, we are interested in the problem of repentance. Arguments from literature will be necessary if you want to get a high score for your essay. At the same time, when selecting arguments, you need to give priority attention to those works that are included in the school curriculum or are considered classics. You should not take texts from little-known authors or popular literature (fantasy, detective stories, etc.), as they may be unfamiliar to the inspectors. Therefore, you need to refresh your memory in advance of the main works that were studied in school years. Usually in one novel or story you can find examples on almost all topics found in the Unified State Exam. The best option will immediately select several works that are familiar to you. So, let's look at the classics that raise the issue of repentance.

"The Captain's Daughter" (Pushkin)

The problem of repentance is very common in Russian literature. Therefore, it is quite easy to select arguments. Let's start with our most famous writer A.S. Pushkin and his novel “The Captain's Daughter”.

At the center of the work is the love of the protagonist Peter Grinev. This feeling is broad and comprehensive, like life. What interests us about this feeling is that it was thanks to him that the hero realized the evil that he had caused to his loved ones, realized his mistakes and was able to repent. Thanks to the fact that Grinev reconsidered his views on life and attitude towards others, he was able to change the future for himself and his beloved.

Thanks to repentance, his best qualities appeared in Peter - generosity, honesty, selflessness, courage, etc. We can say that it changed him and made him a different person.

"Sotnik" (Bykov)

Now let's talk about Bykov's work, which presents a completely different side of the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature can be different, and you need to choose them depending on your statement, so it’s worth stocking up on a variety of examples.

Thus, the theme of repentance in “The Sotnik” is not at all similar to Pushkin’s. First of all, because the characters themselves are different. Partisan Rybak is captured and in order to survive, he needs to hand over a comrade to the Germans. And he commits this act. But years pass, and the thought of betrayal does not leave him. Repentance overtakes him too late, this feeling can no longer correct anything. Moreover, it does not allow the Fisherman to live in peace.

In this work, repentance did not become an opportunity for the hero to get out of the vicious circle and get rid of suffering. Bykov did not consider Rybak worthy of forgiveness. On the other hand, a person must answer for such crimes throughout his life, since he betrayed not only his friend, but also himself and his loved ones.

“Dark Alleys” (Bunin)

The problem of repentance may appear in a different light. Arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam should be varied, so let’s take Bunin’s story “Dark Alleys” as an example. In this work, the hero did not have enough strength to admit his mistakes and repent, but retribution overtook him. Once in his youth, Nikolai seduced and abandoned a girl who sincerely loved him. Time passed, but she could not forget her first love, so she refused the advances of other men and preferred solitude. But Nikolai did not find happiness either. Life severely punished him for his crime. The hero's wife constantly cheats on him, and his son has become a real scoundrel. However, all this does not lead him to thoughts of repentance. Here repentance appears before the reader as an act that requires incredible spiritual effort and courage, which not everyone can find within themselves. It is for indecision and lack of will that Nikolai pays.

As an argument, an example from " Dark alleys"is suitable only for those who in their thesis addressed the problem of reckoning and retribution for those who did not repent of their atrocities. Only then will mentioning this work be appropriate.

"Boris Godunov" (Pushkin)

Now let's talk about the problem of delayed repentance. The arguments for this topic will be slightly different, since we will only be interested in one aspect of repentance. So, this problem is perfectly revealed in Pushkin’s tragedy “Boris Godunov”. This example is not only literary, but also partly historical, since the writer turns to the description of epoch-making events that took place in our country.

Boris Godunov presents the problem very clearly late repentance. Arguments for written work on this topic must be selected taking into account Pushkin’s tragedy. In the center of the work is the story of Godunov, who ascended the royal throne. However, he had to pay a terrible price for power - to kill the baby, the real heir, Tsarevich Dmitry. Several years have passed, and now the time has come to repent. The hero is no longer able to correct what he has done; he can only suffer and suffer. His conscience haunts him; Godunov begins to see bloody boys everywhere. Those close to the king understand that he is weakening and going crazy. The boyars decide to overthrow the illegal ruler and kill him. Thus, Godunov dies for the same reason as Dmitry. This is the hero’s retribution for a bloody crime, repentance for which overtook him only after several years.

The problem of human repentance. Arguments from Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”

The theme of repentance became the basis for another great work, which gained considerable popularity and love among readers.

The main character commits a crime to prove his inhuman theory about the lower and higher people. Raskolnikov commits murder and begins to suffer, but tries in every possible way to drown out the voice of his conscience. He doesn't want to admit he's wrong. Repentance becomes a turning point in the life and fate of Raskolnikov. It opens the way for him to faith and true values, makes you reconsider your views and realize what is truly precious in this world.

Throughout the entire novel, Dostoevsky led his hero precisely to repentance and recognition of his guilt. This feeling made Raskolnikov's best character traits emerge and made him much more attractive. Although the hero still suffered punishment for his crime, and it turned out to be very severe.

The problem of repentance: arguments from life

Now let's talk about another type of argument. It is very easy to find such examples. Even if nothing like this has ever happened in your life, you can come up with it. However, such arguments are rated lower than literary ones. Yes, for good book example you will receive 2 points, but for life - only one.

Arguments based on personal experience are based on observations of one’s life, the lives of parents, relatives, friends and acquaintances.

Must be remembered

There are several general requirements for any essays, including those that reveal the problem of guilt and repentance. Arguments must necessarily confirm the thesis you have expressed and in no case contradict it. The following points must also be taken into account:

Reviewers take into account and evaluate only the first two arguments, so there is no point in giving more examples. It is better to pay attention not to quantity, but to quality.
Remember that literary arguments are scored higher, so try to include at least one such example.
Do not forget about examples taken from folklore or folk tales. Similar arguments are also taken into account, but are assessed with only one point.
Remember that all arguments are worth 3 points. Therefore, it is best to follow the following pattern: one example from folklore or personal experience, the second is from literature.

Now a few words about how to correctly write a literary argument:

Be sure to include the author's last name and initials and the full title of the work.
It is not enough to name the writer and the title; you need to describe the main characters, their words, actions, thoughts, but only those that are related to the topic of the essay and your thesis.
The approximate amount of text per argument is one or two sentences. But these numbers ultimately depend on the specific topic.
Start giving examples only after you have expressed your position.

Summing up

Thus, the problem of repentance is widely represented in literature. Therefore, choosing arguments for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language will not be difficult. The main thing is that all your examples confirm the thesis and look concise and harmonious. Often, the main problem of examinees is not the choice of work, but its description. Expressing an idea in a few sentences is not always easy. In order to avoid such a problem, you need to practice in advance. Take a sheet of paper and try to concisely and clearly describe your opinions, without going beyond the stated volumes.

The main thing is not to lose confidence and prepare as best as possible, then it will not be difficult to get it.

The antipode of Morozki is Pavel Mechik. In the novel he is an "anti-hero". This is a young boy who joined the detachment only out of curiosity. But he immediately became disillusioned with the ideas, for the sake of which he “ceased” being a city intellectual. But Mechik hid this from everyone. The people who surrounded Paul brought him a lot of disappointment, because they turned out to be incompatible with the “ideal” heroes that their ardent young imagination created them. is still weak, since in the subsequent narrative he betrays the members of the detachment. Mechik was put on patrol by Levinson, the head of the detachment, but Pavel considered this to be wrong and, without fulfilling his duty, disappeared into the forest, which led to the death of the detachment. “...The sword, having already driven quite far, looked back: Morozka was riding behind him. Then the squad and Morozka disappeared around the bend... He dozed off. He didn't understand why he was sent ahead. He raised his head, and the sleepy state instantly left him, replaced by a feeling of incomparable animal horror: there were Cossacks on the road...”

Mechik disappeared and only saved his own life, putting the lives of the squad members at stake. Fadeev focuses his attention not on the battles themselves, but on the time between us, when there comes a moment of respite, rest. These seemingly “peaceful” episodes are full of internal tension and conflict: be it the case of killing fish, confiscating pork from a Korean, or waiting for the result of the Metelitsa reconnaissance. This construction consists deep meaning narratives: moral, ideological and political problems and their philosophical understanding are important. The characters' train of thought, their behavior, their internal vacillation in relation to everything that happens around them - this is what Fadeev called “the selection of human material.”

In this regard, the image of Morozka, one of the heroes of the novel, is interesting. Actually, his presence at the center of the work is explained by the fact that he is an example of a new person undergoing a “remake.” The author spoke about him in his speech: “Morozka is a man with a difficult past... He could steal, he could swear rudely, he could lie, he could drink. All these traits of his character are undoubtedly his huge shortcomings. But in difficult, decisive moments of the struggle, he did what was necessary for the revolution, overcoming his weaknesses. The process of his participation in the revolutionary struggle was the process of forming his personality...”

Speaking about the selection of “human material”, the writer had in mind not only those who turned out to be necessary for the revolution. People “unsuitable” for building a new society are mercilessly discarded. Such a hero in the novel is Mechik. It is no coincidence that this man social background belongs to the intelligentsia and consciously joins the partisan detachment, driven by the idea of the revolution as a great romantic event. Mechik’s belonging to a different class, despite his conscious desire to fight for the revolution, immediately alienates those around him. “To tell the truth, Morozka didn’t like the rescued one at first sight. Morozka did not like clean people. In his life experience, these were fickle, worthless people who could not be trusted.” This is the first certification that Mechik receives. Morozka’s doubts are consonant with the words of V. Mayakovsky: “An intellectual does not like risk, / He is as red as a radish.” Revolutionary ethics is built on a strictly rational approach to the world and man. The author of the novel himself said: “Mechik, the other “hero” of the novel, is very “moral” from the point of view of the Ten Commandments... but these qualities remain external to him, they cover up his internal egoism, lack of dedication to the cause of the working class, his purely petty individualism " There is a direct contrast here between the morality of the Ten Commandments and devotion to the working class cause. The author, preaching the triumph of the revolutionary idea, does not notice that the combination of this idea with life turns into violence against life, cruelty. For him, the professed idea is not utopian, and therefore any cruelty is justified.

Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Language.
The problem of language, borrowing, bureaucracy, language clogging, attitude towards language, quality of speech, emotional tact, eloquence, beauty artistic word.

Human attitude towards language

Language, even more than clothing, testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude towards the world around him, towards himself. There are various kinds of sloppiness in human language. If a person was born and lives away from the city and speaks his own dialect, there is no sloppiness in this. Dialects are often an inexhaustible source enrichment of Russian literary language. It’s a different matter if a person lives in a city for a long time, knows the norms of the literary language, and retains the forms and words of his village. This may be because he thinks they are beautiful and is proud of them. In this I see pride in my homeland. This is not bad, and it does not humiliate a person. If a person does this on purpose to show that he is “truly rural,” then this is both funny and cynical. Flaunting rudeness in language, as well as flaunting rudeness in manners, sloppiness in clothing, mainly indicates a person’s psychological insecurity, his weakness, and not at all his strength. The speaker tries to suppress in himself with a rude joke, harsh expression, irony, cynicism the feeling of fear, apprehension, sometimes just apprehension. By using rude nicknames from teachers, it is the weak-willed students who want to show that they are not afraid of them. This happens semi-consciously. This is a sign of bad manners, lack of intelligence, and sometimes cruelty. This is rude talking people as if they want to show that they are above those phenomena that they are actually afraid of. The basis of any slang, cynical expressions and swearing is weakness. People who “spit words” demonstrate their contempt for traumatic events in life because they bother them, torment them, worry them, because they feel weak and not protected against them. A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear or use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already significant.

Can you judge a person by the way he speaks?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear or use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already significant.
Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible “complexity.”

Why is it important to speak correctly?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
You need to learn good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment if it is “dragging”.

What should scientific language be?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
But in general, it should be remembered: inaccuracies in language arise primarily from inaccuracies in thought. Therefore, a scientist, engineer, economist - a person of any profession should take care when writing, first of all, about the accuracy of thought. Strict correspondence of thought to language gives ease of style. The language should be simple (I’m talking now about ordinary and scientific language - not about the language of fiction).
Beware of empty eloquence! Language scientific work should be light, unnoticeable, beauty is unacceptable in it, and its beauty lies in a sense of proportion.
You can’t just write “beautifully.” It is necessary to write accurately and meaningfully, justifiably resorting to images. Flowery expressions tend to pop up again and again in different articles and works of individual authors.
The main thing is to strive to ensure that the phrase is immediately understood correctly. For this great importance has the arrangement of words and the brevity of the phrase itself.
The reader's attention should be focused on the author's thoughts, and not on the solution to what the author wanted to say. Therefore, the simpler the better. You should not be afraid of repetitions of the same word, the same phrase. The stylistic requirement not to repeat the same word side by side is often incorrect. This requirement cannot be a rule in all cases.
Rhythmic and easy to read phrases! When people read, they mentally pronounce the text. It needs to be easy to pronounce. And in this case, the main thing is in the arrangement of words, in the construction of the phrase. You should not overuse subordinate clauses. A noun (even if repeated) is better than a pronoun. Avoid expressions “in the latter case”, “as stated above”, etc.

What is chancellery and why is it dangerous?

“What is he, a clerk? He has very exact signs, common for both translation and Russian literature. This is the displacement of a verb, that is, movement, action, by a participle, a gerund, a noun (especially verbal!), which means stagnation, immobility. And of all verb forms, there is a predilection for the infinitive. This is a jumble of nouns in indirect cases, most often there are long chains of nouns in the same case - genitive, so that it is no longer possible to understand what refers to what and what we're talking about. This is an abundance of foreign words where they can easily be replaced with Russian words. This is the displacement of active revolutions by passive ones, which are almost always heavier and more cumbersome. This is a heavy, confused structure of phrases, incomprehensibility. Countless subordinate clauses, doubly ponderous and unnatural in colloquial speech. This is dullness, monotony, erasure, cliche. Poor, meager vocabulary: both the author and the characters speak the same dry, official language. Always, without any reason or need, they prefer a long word to a short one, an official or bookish one to a colloquial one, a complex one to a simple one, a stamp to a living image. In short, the office is a dead thing. It penetrates into fiction, and in everyday life, in oral speech. Even in the nursery. From official materials, from newspapers, from radio and television, clerical language passes into everyday practice. For many years, lectures were given this way, textbooks and even primers were written this way. Fed on linguistic quinoa and chaff, teachers, in turn, feed new generations of innocent children with the same dry food of callous and dead words.”

The problem of borrowing in language
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
Not every foreign word that even such giants as Pushkin, Herzen, and Tolstoy tried to introduce has taken root and taken root in the Russian language. Much that initially attracted attention with its novelty or seemed sharp and ironic has become worn out over the years, discolored, or even completely died out. Moreover, all these solicitors, beadles and gigs have not taken root - they do not enrich the language, they do not add anything to carriages, carriages, gigs or, say, to solicitors, attorneys and judge's hooks, with the help of which translators are creative, not literalists and not formalists, perfectly convey everything that (and how) Dickens wanted to say. The moral, as they say, is clear: it is not a sin to introduce foreign words and sayings even into the most high poetry. But - with tact and intelligence, in time and place, observing the measure. After all, even today many, very many things can be expressed beautifully in Russian.
It is well known: once upon a time foreign words, especially those with Latin roots, came to our country along with new philosophical, scientific, technical concepts and phenomena for which the Russian language did not yet have its own words. Many have taken root and are no longer perceived as strangers. But even Peter I, who so zealously forced Domostroevskaya Rus' to catch up with Europe in all areas, from ships to assemblies, was forced to prohibit excessive enthusiasm for foreign words. The tsar wrote to one of his ambassadors: “In your communications you use a lot of Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to understand the matter itself; For this reason, from now on you should write all your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms.” A century later, V.G. Belinsky comes to the defense of his native language: “Use a foreign language when there is an equivalent Russian word“means to insult both common sense and common taste.” Another century will pass, and on the same topic V. Mayakovsky will write “On fiascoes, apogees and other unknown things”: So that I don’t write in vain, I also draw a moral: what is suitable for foreign word Sorry, no good for the newspaper. The thoughtless, mechanical introduction of a foreign word into a Russian text often turns into outright nonsense. Not only the feeling, the image is distorted, but the thought also becomes indistinct. It is no longer so easy to cope with such a powerful flow. In the current decade, industry may pollute the river more than in the past thousand years. It's the same with language. Now the most clear waters You can stir it up and ruin it very quickly. And those who sound the alarm and call to stand up for the protection of nature and the defense of language are right. Well, of course, it’s funny to argue: language does not freeze, does not stand still, but lives and develops, some words die off, others arise. But a person is a person to learn to control every element, including language.

What makes a true writer?
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
Figurative sayings familiar from the cradle, combinations of words cast into gold bars by the people from time immemorial, proverbs and sayings are the most precious asset of a writer. A true writer is only one who masters figurative speech, the inexhaustible wealth of Russian sayings, proverbs, idioms - everything that enlivens and colors every story and every printed page. For art, as is known, is thinking in images.

The problem of emotional tact in language.
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
This is a great thing - emotional tact, correct intonation. Soon after the war, one of our major writers, a recognized artist of words, scourging the bestial essence of Hitlerism in a newspaper article, dropped the following words: the fascists, they say, were glad to “revel in the blood of children.” With all due respect to the author, I cannot help but remember: what was said in such a context, on such an occasion, the word of the krovets was unbearable. For orphaned mothers - and not only them - it hurt the ears and souls.
It is also impossible and offensive in the novel by a Russian author: “Red Square was invitingly attracted to us, but we headed in the opposite direction.” Oh, how carefully one must handle words! It can heal, but it can also hurt. An inaccurate word is bad. But what is more dangerous is a tactless word. We have seen: it can trivialize the highest concepts, the most sincere feelings. A person ceases to feel the coloring of the word, does not remember its origin and says “conservators of nature” instead of guardians. The hero of one story returned to the city of his youth, looks, sighs: “It’s an insignificant city, but so much heartfelt strength has been given to it that no matter how much you leave it, no matter how much you live in other cities, you won’t be able to tear yourself away from it.” The town is small, the town is tiny, but the contemptuous “insignificant” is impossible here! And again, speaking with respect and tenderness about the girl nurse, good writer suddenly said: “We will see, feel, and love this “front-line sister” as an unusually beautiful, kind female.” And this word is much more appropriate, at least in an example from Ushakov’s dictionary: “Beluga is very big fish: some individuals reach 1200 kg.” In one story, the father explained to the boy, counting on his fingers, how much insurance they pay lumberjacks for injury. And we were talking about the fact that every day several of someone’s fingers are cut off with a saw or an ax. This juxtaposition was jarring, and the editor suggested the simplest solution to the translator: the father spent a long time, thoroughly interpreting and calculating how much they were paying for what. Well, what if it’s not a professional writer who writes? A prominent military man recalls the capture of Berlin. In an excerpt published by a youth newspaper, among other things, it says this: “Little Berliners approached ... camp kitchens, held out their cups and bowls with their thin hands and funny asked: “Eat.” “Eat” was the first Russian word they learned to pronounce.” Of course, the author of the memoirs did not find the request of the pitiful hungry children funny at all. Obviously, they reprimanded her funny, funny. It seemed funny how they mispronounced the Russian word. And, of course, a renowned military leader does not have to be a stylist. But one awkwardly placed word distorts the entire intonation, paints the narrator’s feelings in a false light, and you inevitably stumble over this not very tactful intonation. So did the editor really stumble and feel nothing? Why didn’t he suggest (tactfully!) a more appropriate word?
Even Flaubert, perhaps the strictest stylist in all world literature, said that there are no good and bad words. It all depends on whether the word is chosen correctly for this particular case. And the best word becomes bad if it is said inappropriately. This is where tact and the right instinct are needed.

How should you approach the Russian language?
Nora Gal. “Beware of the office staff.”
We have to repeat: we do not always protect our wealth, our pride - native language how we don’t always know how to take care native nature, lakes, forests and rivers. But for both, we are responsible to the future, to our children and grandchildren. We pass on to them the cherished heritage of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers. They have to live on this land, among these forests and rivers, they have to speak the language of Pushkin and Tolstoy, they have to read, love, recite by heart, comprehend with their mind and heart all the best that has been created over many centuries in home country and all over the world. So do we really dare to deprive and deprive them? Kind people! Let's be careful, careful and careful! Let us beware of “introducing into the language” something that spoils it and for which we then have to blush! We have received an invaluable inheritance, something that the people have created over the centuries, that Pushkin and Turgenev and many more of the best talents of our land created, polished and honed for us. We are all responsible for this priceless gift. And isn’t it a shame, when we have such a wonderful, such a rich, expressive, multi-colored language, to speak and write in clerical writing?!

How to learn to perceive the beauty of artistic words?
An argument from L. Ulitskaya's novel "The Green Tent"
You can learn to perceive the beauty of a literary word only through a sensual and deep reading literary works, including poetic ones. Thus, one of the heroes of L. Ulitskaya’s novel, literature teacher Viktor Yulievich Shengeli, in order to interest schoolchildren in literature, began each lesson by reciting his favorite poems by heart. He never indicated the author of the poem, and many schoolchildren perceived this feature condescendingly. “Poetry seemed to them to be a woman’s business, rather weak for a front-line soldier.” However, the teacher never ceased to repeat that literature is the best that humanity has, and poetry is the “heart of literature.” Viktor Yulievich did not limit himself school curriculum, he read Pasternak, Sappho, and Annensky. Gradually, more and more schoolchildren interested in literature appeared in the class; they, together with the teacher, visited historical places, learned the biographies of Russian poets and writers. Viktor Yulievich helped the children get into reading, they even formed literary circle lovers of Russian literature and began to call themselves “lyurs”. Love for literature determined later life main characters of the novel. The guys read books at night, passed rare copies from hand to hand, and took photographs of especially valuable books. Mikha, who from the very first lessons hung on every word of his beloved teacher, entered the Faculty of Philology and became a teacher, and Ilya for many years was engaged in the publication and distribution of prohibited literature. Thus, the thirst for books and the ability to perceive the beauty of the literary word determined not only their reading range, but also their life path.

The problem of preserving the culture of the Russian language (the problem of language clogging) - ready-made arguments

Possible theses:

Changes from the “high and mighty” are necessary, even if it causes inconvenience to people
The change in the Russian language has a particularly painful impact on the lives of the older generation
Due to the appearance of new words in the language, difficulties may arise in understanding the interlocutor
The Russian language is not in danger of dying; it is so flexible that it can adapt to any changes
Indeed, we cannot do without borrowed words, however, their excessive use makes it very difficult to understand the text (speech)
By using buzzwords, people clog up their speech, which makes it difficult for people to communicate
Excessive use of borrowed words clogs speech

In the book “Russian language on the verge” nervous breakdown“Maxim Krongauz says that our world is changing and therefore the emergence of new words, even borrowed ones, is a normal phenomenon. If the language does not change, it will cease to fulfill its functions. The linguist leads interesting example: Global warming meant that the Eskimos did not have enough words in their language to name the animals moving to the polar regions of the globe.

M. Krongauz popular science book “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown”

In the book “The Russian Language is on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown,” Maxim Krongauz came to the conclusion that significant changes in our language are mainly disturbing older generation. There are too many new words, and they blur the boundaries of the literary language, which frightens and irritates people who are accustomed to this language.

M. Krongauz popular science book “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown”

M. Krongauz did not avoid this problem either. The linguist believes that concerns about the Russian language are groundless, but at the same time notes that its rapid changes make it difficult for people to communicate, especially if they belong to different generations.

M. Krongauz popular science book “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown”

Linguist M. Krongauz does not see a threat to the Russian language, reading that it is not afraid of either the flow of borrowings and jargon, or the changes that are taking place in it. The Russian language will “digest” all this, retaining some, discarding some, developing new norms, and stability will come in place of chaos.

A. Knyshev “News on air”

A. Knyshev does not hide his ironic attitude towards the topic under discussion. Using the example of the story “On the Air of News,” where the news presenter uses mostly borrowed words, which makes his speech extremely incomprehensible, he shows what will happen to the Russian language if we oversaturate it with “foreign words.”

A. Knyshev “News on air”

IN a short story A. Knyshev ridicules people who mainly use borrowed words to demonstrate their “modernity.” Using the example of a news anchor whose monologue is difficult to read and almost impossible to understand, the satirical writer shows how ridiculous the speech of a person who follows the fashion for words sounds.

A. Knyshev “News on air”

In A. Knyshev’s story “On the Air of News”, the host of the program cannot be understood, since his speech is oversaturated with borrowed words. Of course, when portraying the image of a modern speaker, the writer deliberately exaggerates, however, the humorous text once again proves that it is more difficult for people to understand the speaker if he uses too many borrowed words.

Example from life

The emergence of new, including borrowed, words is necessary. “Computer”, “smartphone”, “slow cooker” alarmed and confused people, but today we use these words more often than the original Russian “well” or “kalach”. It’s even more difficult to imagine that “car” and “TV,” not to mention “potatoes,” were once incomprehensible to Russians. The world is changing, and language is forced to adapt so that people can understand each other.

The main character of the story “Yushka” is the blacksmith’s poor assistant, Efim. People simply call him Yushka. This young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in arms, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the furnace with fur, carrying water and sand. And so on all day, until the evening. For his work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burned through with sparks. Parents often told careless students about him: “You will be just like Yushka. You will grow up and walk barefoot in the summer and in thin felt boots in the winter.” Children often offended Yushka on the street, throwing branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, he calmly walked by. The children didn’t understand why they couldn’t get Yushka mad. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and were glad that he could not do anything about the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and that is why they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka “blessed”, “animal”. Because of Yushka’s meekness, they became even more bitter and often beat him. One day, after another beating, the blacksmith’s daughter Dasha angrily asked why Yushka even lived in the world. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka until she bleeds, what kind of love is this. And the old man replied that the people loved him “without a clue”, that “people’s hearts can be blind.” And then one evening a passerby clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backward. Yushka never got up again: blood started running down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for the old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, with a family in Moscow and then taught her at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea, just to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained to be a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But I didn’t have time. A lot of time has passed. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.

So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of this man’s soul; their hearts were blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who had no place on earth. They were able to understand that the old man had not lived his life in vain only after learning about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble, selfless act? And Yushka saved his pennies so that the girl could grow up, learn, and take advantage of her chance in life. The scales fell from people's eyes only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as “kind” Yushka.
The author urges us not to become callous, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart “see” the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.