Moral of the epic Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich. Plots of epics about Alyosha Popovich

Alyosha Popovich is a legendary Russian hero and warrior, who, as the youngest, is one of the three famous ancient Russian epic heroes. The image of this hero is more folklore and collective than real, but this character, according to historians, had his own real prototype, who lived approximately in the 13th century on the territory of Kievan Rus. According to different versions, it could even be several people: the son of the Orthodox Rostov priest Leonty, a resident of the city of Piryatin in the Poltava region, and the famous hero Alexander the Khorobr (Olesha), a famous historical and public figure who lived in Rostov in the 12th-13th centuries.

The image of a hero - an epic hero

(Illustration of the heroic warrior Alyosha Popovich)

In the famous painting by artist Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs” ( approx. fragment in the first image), written at the beginning of the 19th century, he is presented as a young warrior, much younger in age than the other heroes, with a slightly sly and mysterious smile. As a weapon, he has a bow and a quiver of arrows, and a harp is tied near the saddle, which indicates his cheerful disposition and the lyrical nature of his character. In the epics, it was not even primarily his strength as a warrior that was noted (sometimes his lameness was even emphasized as a kind of weakness), but his prowess, agility, ingenuity, cunning, acumen and resourcefulness. Alyosha is also fearless and strong, like other Russian heroes, but in his battles with enemies he tries to defeat them not with strength and power, but with intelligence, cunning and frankly reckless courage.

In general, the image of this hero is characterized by a certain duality, because along with his positive aspects, the Russian people also awarded him not very flattering character traits, such as boastfulness and arrogance of his exploits, cunning and resourcefulness, the ability to make evil and sometimes insidious jokes, which were condemned and were condemned by his more senior comrades in military affairs. Also, the weak points of this epic character’s character are envy and pride. However, despite all his shortcomings, he is a deeply religious and pious person (probably, the upbringing of his father as a clergyman had an effect).

Famous exploits of the youngest of the heroes

The main occupation of the legendary hero was serving the Kyiv prince as a defender of the Russian people from the enemies of the Kyiv state. The main feat we attribute to this legendary hero is his victory over Tugarin, the real-life Polovtsian Khan Tugorkan. In epics, this character is depicted as a kind of mythical monster, sometimes with the prefix Serpent or Zmeevich, which makes him more terrifying and mysterious. He comes to Kyiv as a foreign invader, Grand Duke Vladimir and his entourage are unable to resist him and receive him as a dear guest. Alyosha Popovich alone does not bow his head to him, treats him without respect and fear, challenges him to a duel and wins in a difficult battle. Again, according to the epic version, not with the help of strength and valor, but using natural ingenuity and cunning. The character of this epic hero is distinguished not only by courage and daring, but also by unbridled youthful recklessness, adventurism, harshness of statements and some rashness of actions. The battle with the Polovtsian Khan Tugorkan turned into victory and glory for Alyosha; later folk storytellers created their own mythological version of this event, in which the khan was turned into a snake-like monster, defeated by Russian ingenuity, cunning, and, of course, courage.

The famous hero was seen in many internecine conflicts and battles of that time; he died in May 1223 on the Kalka River as a participant in the historical battle of the united forces of the Slavs and Cumans against the Mongol-Tatar army.

Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich

The young hero Alyosha Popovich and his servant Ekim drive up to a stone on which it is written where three roads lead: to Tugarin, to Vuyandina and to the Kyiv prince Vladimir. Well done, they decide to go to Vladimir.

Vladimir is having a feast in Kyiv. The prince places Alyosha in a place of honor. Alyosha Popovich sees thirty heroes being carried to Tugarin’s house. He is seated next to Prince Vladimir's wife, and Tugarin lays his head on her chest.

Tugarin and Alyosha are offered half a bucket of wine. Alyosha drinks slowly, and Tugarin drinks in one breath. A white swan is presented to Alyosha Popovich on a platter, and so is Tugarin. The hero eats little by little and gives half of it to his servant, and Tugarin Zmeevich swallows the swan in one fell swoop. Addressing the servant, Alyosha Popovich recalls that his father, priest Leonty of Rostov, had a voracious dog that choked on a swan bone and died. And with Tugarin, Alyosha concludes, tomorrow the same thing will happen. Alyosha also remembers her father’s greedy cow - she also choked on a bone. And again he says that the same thing will happen to Tugarin. Tugarin Zmeevich, hearing these words, out of frustration throws a damask knife at Alyosha, but the nimble servant Ekim picks up the knife on the fly. The hero challenges Tugarin to a fight.

The whole city vouches that Tugarin will win, but Prince Vladimir vouches for Alyosha.

The hero asks the servant to see if Tugarin has already left for the field. Ekim sees that Tugarin is flying on paper wings, and there are fiery snakes around him. Alyosha goes to church and prays to God that the rain will wet Tugarin’s paper wings.

A menacing cloud arrives, and Tugarin Zmeevich falls to the ground: his wings are wet. Alyosha Popovich drives up to Tugarin, and he threatens to burn the hero with fire and choke him with smoke. In response, Alyosha reproaches Tugarin: “Why, Tugarin, are you leading the force?” In surprise, Tugarin Zmeevich turns around, and Alyosha cuts off his head.

The hero sticks Tugarin's head on a spear, mounts his horse and rides into the city. The princess, Vladimir's wife, seeing Alyosha from afar, expresses the hope that it was Tugarin who won and is taking Alyosha's head with him.

Arriving at the princely chambers, Alyosha Popovich throws his head out the window and mockingly shouts to the princess to take Alyosha’s head. The prince offers honors to the hero. To this Alyosha replies that if the prince and princess were not his uncle and aunt, he would call the prince a pimp, and the princess even worse.

Alyosha and sister Zbrodovich

Prince Vladimir of Kyiv is having a feast. Princes, boyars, heroes, Cossacks, barge haulers and peasants are sitting at the feast. Having eaten and drunk, everyone begins to brag: some with a “golden treasury”, some with a “wide yard”, some with a “good horse”, while the foolish brag about their “young wife” and “sister”.

Only two Petrovich-Zbrodovich brothers sit and don’t brag. Prince Vladimir himself asks the brothers why they don’t boast about anything. Then the Petrovichs talk about their beloved sister Olenushka Petrovna, who sits in the back room, unnecessary people don’t see her and the sun doesn’t bake her.

Hearing this, the hero Alyosha Popovich declares that he lives with Olenushka “like husband and wife.” The brothers are annoyed, but Alyosha invites them to check the veracity of his words: throw a snowball at Olenushka through the window and see what happens. The brothers do just that. Olenushka opens the window and lowers a long white sheet from it.

The brothers, making sure that Alyosha did not lie, order their sister to put on a black dress: they want to take Olenushka to the field and cut off her head there. Having learned about this, the sister tells the Petrovich-Zbrodovichs that the wife of the eldest of them lives with the hero Dobrynyushka, and the youngest with Peremetushka. The brothers do not believe these accusations and take Olenushka to the field. But then Alyosha Popovich appears. He takes Olena Petrovna to the crown, and finally throws the same accusation at his brothers regarding their wives, Dobrynyushka and Peremetushka.

Alesha Popovich- a folklore collective image of a hero in the Russian epic epic. Alyosha Popovich, as the youngest, is the third in importance in the heroic trinity, along with Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich. The character Alexey Popovich is also found in Ukrainian thoughts

Alyosha Popovich is the son of the Rostov priest Levontius (rarely Fedor). [ source not specified 529 days ]

What distinguishes Alyosha Popovich is not his strength (sometimes his weakness is even emphasized, his lameness is pointed out, etc.). He is characterized by daring, pressure, sharpness, resourcefulness, and cunning. He knew how to play the harp. Alyosha is ready to deceive even his sworn brother Dobrynya, encroaching on his marital rights (Alyosha spreads a false rumor about the death of Dobrynya in order to marry his wife Nastasya Nikulishna). In general, Alyosha is boastful, arrogant, crafty and evasive; his jokes are sometimes not only funny, but also insidious, even evil; his fellow heroes express their censure and condemnation to him from time to time. In general, Alyosha’s image is characterized by inconsistency and duality.

Sometimes traits characteristic of Volga Svyatoslavich are transferred to Alyosha: his birth is accompanied by thunder; Alyosha the baby asks to be swaddled not with swaddling clothes, but with chain mail; then he immediately asks his mother for a blessing to walk around the world: it turns out that he can already sit on a horse and wield it, use a spear and saber, etc. Alyosha Popovich’s cunning and dexterity are akin to Volga’s “cunning wisdom,” and his jokes and the tricks are close to Volga’s magical transformations.

The wife of Alyosha Popovich in the epics about him and the sister of the Zbrodovichs (Petrovichs, etc.) becomes Elena (Petrovna), aka Elenushka, Alena, Alyonushka (Volga’s wife is also called Elena). This female name is, as it were, adapted to the name of Alyosha Popovich (options Olyosha, Valesha and Eleshenka) - Elena and Alyonushka, and thus a “name-name” married couple is formed. In one version of the epic about Alyosha and the Zbrodovich sister, the brothers cut off Alyosha’s head for disgracing their sister (in other versions of this plot, Alyosha is also in danger, but everything ends well).

The most archaic story associated with Alyosha Popovich is his fight with Tugarin. Alyosha Popovich defeats Tugarin on the way to Kyiv or in Kyiv (there is a known variant in which this fight occurs twice). Tugarin threatens Alyosha Popovich to choke him with smoke, cover him with sparks, burn him with fire-flames, shoot him with firebrands, or swallow him alive. The fight between Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin often takes place near the water (Safast River). Sometimes, having defeated Tugarin, Alyosha dissects and scatters his corpse across an open field. A variant of the plot about the fight between Alyosha and Tugarin is the rare epic “Alyosha kills Skim the Beast,” where Alyosha Popovich’s opponent in many ways resembles Tugarin.

Origin of the image

It is usually believed that the historical prototype of Alyosha Popovich was the Rostov boyar Alexander (Olesha) Popovich. According to the chronicles, he was the famous “brave” (selected warrior), who served first Vsevolod the Big Nest, and then his son Konstantin Vsevolodovich against his brother and contender for the Vladimir throne, Yuri Vsevolodovich, and Alexander Popovich defeated several of Yuri’s best warriors in duels. With the death of Constantine and the accession of Yuri (1218), he went to the Kyiv Grand Duke Mstislav the Old and died with him in the Battle of Kalka in 1223.

This identification, however, is questioned by some scientists: they believe that the actualization of the theme of Alexander Popovich in later chronicles may reflect familiarity with epics about Alyosha Popovich. Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vladimir Toporov note characteristic archaic relics in the descriptions of Alyosha Popovich himself; in their opinion, the character reveals his once closer connections with the chthonic element. On the other hand, there is nothing unusual in the fact that the famous warrior, who somehow struck the imagination of his contemporaries, as the epic developed, broke away from his historical soil and replaced a much more ancient mythological hero.

In the epics “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin” and “Dobrynya and the Serpent,” Alyosha Popovich has the patronymic name Leontyevich, and in the epic “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin” it is indicated that he is the “Son of the priest Leonty of Rostov.” And then, according to Artynov’s manuscripts, mentioned by Titov in the description of the Rostov district, Alyosha Popovich’s homeland is the village of Selishche, Rostov district, Yaroslavl region.

15.Epics about Sadko and Vasily Buslaev. They depict the image of Novgorod. Bylinsky about the idea and the hero.

Fight with Novgorodians

Buslay has lived in Novgorod for ninety years. He does not argue or quarrel with anyone: neither with Novgorod, nor with Pskov, nor with Moscow. When Buslay dies, he is left with his son Vasily. When Vasily turns seven years old, he begins to walk around the city, enter the prince’s courtyard and “joke” with other children: “The one who is pulled by the hand, the hand is away, the one who is pulled by the leg, the foot is away.”

Many people complain to Vasily’s mother, Mamelfa Timofeevna, about her son’s behavior, and she does not allow Vasily to walk around Novgorod. When a young man turns seventeen, he makes himself a military harness and holds a feast. At this feast, Vasily chooses a squad - thirty fellows, without a single one.

Then Vasily Buslaev feasts with the Novgorod princes. There he challenges all of Novgorod to a fight.

Mamelfa Timofeevna, having learned about this, takes her son out of the princely feast and puts him in deep cellars. And on the Volkhov Bridge, the Novgorod men converge with Vasilyeva’s squad. They start the fight. The advantage is on the side of the Novgorod men.

Mamelfa Timofeevna's yard girl goes out onto the Volkhov with iron rocker arms. She sees that Vasily’s squad is defeated. The girl grabs the yoke and begins to hit the Novgorodians with it.

And then the black girl runs to the cellar and tells Vasily that his squad is in trouble. Vasily asks the girl to unlock the doors. When she releases Vasily Buslaev, he grabs the cart axle, goes to the Volkhov Bridge and kills many people with this axle. There are very few Novgorod men left, but the battle continues.

The Novgorod princes go to Mamelfa Timofeevna and ask her to appease her son. The mother herself is afraid of Vasily. She advises turning to Elder Pilgrimish, the crusader of Vasily Buslaev. He lives in the Sergius Monastery. The princes go there and beg the Elder Pilgrimishche to come to the Volkhov Bridge and persuade Vasily to stop the massacre. The elder, heeding their requests, comes and tries to appease Vasily, but he kills him with an iron axle.

The Novgorod princes again go to Mamelfa Timofeevna with the same request. The mother realizes that she needs to approach her son not from the front, but from behind. She hugs Vasily by the shoulders and asks him to stop the fight.

Vasily drops the axle. He praises his mother for coming from behind - otherwise she would have been in trouble too. Now Vasily Buslaev stops the battle.

The Novgorod princes fall at Vasily’s feet, invite him to visit them and ask him to remove the bodies of the dead. Vasily orders the corpses to be removed. He goes home to treat his brave squad.

Vasily Buslaev went to pray

Vasily Buslaev asks his mother, Mamelfa Timofeevna, for blessings to go to Jerusalem and deliver a donation. Mother warns Vasily that the road to Jerusalem is dangerous, and says that you can save your soul here too. But Vasily asks for blessings a second and third time, says that he wants to venerate the Lord’s tomb, and in the end declares that he will go without a blessing. Then his mother blesses him to go.

Vasily equips the ship and takes his brave squad with him. When they approach Sorochinskaya Mountain, Vasily sees a cross on its top. He orders the ship to be stopped to pray to the cross. But when Vasily Buslaev climbs the mountain, the cross is not there. Vasily finds only a human skull and kicks it. The skull says that he, too, used to be a hero, and predicts: Vasily Buslaev will not return home, but will be buried next to him. But Vaska does not believe in this.

The ship sails to Jerusalem. Well done, they venerate the Lord’s tomb and make a contribution - forty thousand. Then Vasily goes to the Jordan River and bathes his naked body in it. An old woman passes by. She tells Vasily that it is forbidden to swim naked here, and predicts that he will not return home. But Vaska only spits in her direction, not believing these words.

With his squad, Vasily sets off on the return journey. Again they approach Sorochinskaya Mountain, and again on its top Vasily sees a cross. The whole squad climbs the mountain. But they don’t find the cross, but see a “sulfur-flammable stone.” Vaska offers his friends some fun: jumping across the stone, forward and backward. And then - along the stone. Vasily Buslaev falls and breaks. Before his death, he asks the squad to place the skull lying on this mountain with him in the coffin. The squad carries out his will. They put a cross over the grave, and on it they make an inscription about the two heroes lying here. As a sign of grief, the squad removes all decorations from the ship.

In Novgorod, Vasily Buslaev’s mother, Mamelfa Timofeevna, is expecting her son. She looks through the telescope and sees a ship with no decorations on it anymore. The mother cries: she understands that there is no owner on the ship.

Mamelfa Timofeevna goes to church to serve a memorial service for Vasily Buslaev.

Sadko is a young guslar from Veliky Novgorod. At the beginning of the story he is poor, proud and proud. His only asset is the spring harp, which he plays, moving from one cheerful feast to another.

However, a day comes, and then another, a third, when Sadko is not invited to an honest feast. The hero’s pride is hurt, but he shows no offense to anyone. He goes alone to Lake Ilmen, sits on a white-flammable stone on the shore and takes out the treasured harp. Sadko plays, bringing his soul into the music. His play caused the water in the lake to ripple. Ignoring this, Sadko returns back to the city.

Soon history repeats itself. Sadko is not invited to the feast again - once, twice, three times. He again goes to Lake Ilmen, again sits down on the flammable stone and begins to play. And again the water in the lake sways, foreshadowing something.

When Sadko comes to Lake Ilmen for the third time, a miracle happens. After his playing on the harp, the waters part and from the depths of the lake the sea king himself appears, who addresses the hero with the following words:

Oh, you, Sadko Novgorodsky!
I don’t know how to greet you
For your great joys,
Al countless golden treasury?..

The sea king gives Sadko advice: make a bet with the merchants that he will catch fish in the lake - golden feathers. The Tsar promises to throw these fish into Sadko’s net.

At the next feast, the musician follows this advice. In a circle of very tipsy merchants, he proposes an argument, boasting that he knows “the wonderful miracle in Lake Ilmen.” He suggests to his rivals, who laugh at his stories:

Let's hit the big bet:
I'll lay my head down
And you patch up the red goods shops.

Three of the merchants agree. The dispute ends with a complete victory for Sadko. Throwing the net three times, he pulls out three goldfish. The merchants give him three shops of expensive goods.

From this moment on, Sadko begins to rapidly grow rich. He becomes a successful trader and receives “great profits.” His life changes, he acquires luxury, giving free rein to his whimsical imagination. In his white stone chambers, Sadko arranges “everything like heaven”:

There is sun in the sky and sun in the chambers,
There is a month in the sky and a month in the chambers,
There are stars in the sky and stars in the chambers."

He sets up a rich feast, to which he invites the most eminent Novgorod citizens. At the feast, everyone eats, gets drunk and begins to boast to each other - some about their bravery, some about their countless treasury, some about their good horse, some about their noble family, some about their beautiful wife. Sadko remains silent for the time being. The guests finally wonder why the owner doesn’t “boast” about anything. Sadko importantly replies that his superiority is now too obvious to start an argument. And as proof of his power, he declares that he is able to buy up all Novgorod goods.

Before he has time to say this, all the guests shout at him “Oh great bet”, offended by such exorbitant pride. They decide that if Sadko does not keep his word, he will give thirty thousand rubles to the merchants.

The next day, Sadko wakes up at dawn, wakes up his brave squad, gives each squad member a lot of money and one single order: to go to the shopping malls and buy everything. He himself also goes to the living room, where he buys everything indiscriminately.

The next morning the hero gets up early again and wakes up the squad again. In the shopping and dining aisles, they find goods twice as high as before and again buy up everything that comes to hand. The shops and ruins are empty - but only until a new day. In the morning, Sadko and his warriors see an even greater abundance of goods - now there are three times as much, and not twice as much as before!

Sadko has no choice but to think about it. He understands that it is not in his power to buy goods in this wonderful trading city, he admits that overseas goods will also come in time for Moscow goods. And no matter how rich the merchant is, glorious Novgorod will be richer than anyone. So the vain hero learns a good lesson in time. After losing, Sadko humbly gives thirty thousand to his rivals, and with the remaining money he builds thirty ships.

Now Sadko - reckless and daring - decides to see the world. Through the Volkhov, Ladoga and Neva, it enters the open sea, then turns south and reaches the possessions of the Golden Horde. There he successfully sells the Novgorod goods he had taken with him, as a result of which his wealth increases again. Sadko pours barrels of gold and silver and turns the ships back to Novgorod.

On the way back, the caravan of ships encounters a terrible storm. The waves hit the ships, the wind tears the sails. Sadko understands that his old acquaintance, the sea king, who has not paid tribute for a long time, is fooling him. The merchant turns to his squad with the order to throw a barrel of silver into the sea. But the elements do not calm down. The ships cannot move due to the storm. They throw a barrel of gold - the same result. Then Sadko understands: the sea king demands “a living head in the blue sea.” He himself invites his warriors to cast lots. They throw twice, and both times the lot falls on Sadko.

And now Sadko the merchant gives the last orders before sinking to the bottom. He bequeaths his estates to God's churches, his young wife and poor brethren, and the rest to his brave warriors. Having said goodbye to his comrades, he takes an old spring harp and remains on one board on the waves. At the same moment, the storm subsides, the ships take off and disappear into the distance.

Sadko falls asleep on his raft right in the middle of the sea. He wakes up in the domain of the sea king. In a white-stone underwater palace, he meets with the king himself. He does not hide his triumph:

For a century you, Sadko, traveled on the sea,
He did not pay tribute to me, the king,
And all of them came to me as gifts.

The king asks the guest to play the harp for him. Sadko begins a dance melody: the king, unable to bear it, begins to dance, becoming more and more excited. Sadko plays for a day, then the second and third - without a break. The king continues his dance. A terrible storm arose at sea from this dance. Many ships sank and broke, the shores and villages were flooded. People everywhere prayed to Mikola Mozhaisky. It was he, the saint, who pushed Sadko on the shoulder, quietly and sternly explaining to the guslar that it was time to stop dancing. Sadko objected that he had an order and he could not disobey the Tsar. “You rip out the strings,” the gray-haired old man taught him. And he also gave this advice. If the sea king orders you to get married, do not argue with him. But from hundreds of proposed brides, choose the very last one - Chernavushka. Yes, on the first wedding night, do not commit fornication with her, otherwise he will forever be destined to remain at the bottom of the sea.

And with one movement, Sadko breaks the treasured strings and breaks his favorite harp. The storm subsides. Grateful for the music, the sea king invites Sadko to choose a bride for himself. Early in the morning, Sadko goes to the bride. He sees three hundred painted beauties, but misses them all. Behind everyone walks, with downcast eyes, the girl Chernavushka. Sadko calls her his betrothed. After the wedding feast they are left alone, but Sadko does not touch his wife. He falls asleep next to Chernavushka, and when he wakes up, he discovers that he is in Novgorod, on the steep bank of the Chernava River. On Volkhov he sees his suitable, intact ships. There his wife and squad remember Sadko. They don’t believe their eyes when they see him alive, meeting them in Novgorod.

He hugs his wife, then greets his friends. Unloads his wealth from ships. And he builds the cathedral church of Nicholas of Mozhaisk - as the saint asked him to do.

Since then, “Sadko no longer went to the blue sea, / Sadko began to live in Novi Grad.”

It is no coincidence that the epic is a heroic folk song about the feat of the defenders of the Russian land.

However, epics depict not only the heroic deeds of heroes, enemy invasions, battles, but also everyday human life in its social and everyday manifestations and historical conditions. This is reflected in the cycle of Novgorod epics. In them, the heroes are noticeably different from the epic heroes of the Russian epic. The epics about Sadko and Vasily Buslaev include not just new original themes and plots, but also new epic images, new types of heroes who do not know other epic cycles. Novgorod heroes, unlike the heroes of the heroic cycle, do not perform feats of arms. This is explained by the fact that Novgorod escaped the Horde invasion; Batu’s hordes did not reach the city. However, the Novgorodians could not only rebel (V. Buslaev) and play the gusli (Sadko), but also fight and win brilliant victories over the conquerors from the West.

appears as a Novgorod hero Vasily Buslaev. Two epics are dedicated to him. One of them talks about the political struggle in Novgorod, in which he takes part. Vaska Buslaev rebels against the townspeople, comes to feasts and starts quarrels with “rich merchants”, “men (men) of Novgorod”, enters into a duel with the “elder” Pilgrim - a representative of the church. With his squad, he “fights and fights day until evening.” The townspeople “submitted and made peace” and pledged to pay “three thousand every year.” Thus, the epic depicts a clash between the rich Novgorod settlement, eminent men and those townspeople who defended the independence of the city.

The hero's rebellion is manifested even in his death. In the epic “How Vaska Buslaev Went to Pray,” he violates prohibitions even at the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, swimming naked in the Jordan River. There he dies, remaining a sinner. V.G. Belinsky wrote that “Vasily’s death comes directly from his character, daring and violent, which seems to be asking for trouble and death.” 9

One of the most poetic and fabulous epics of the Novgorod cycle is the epic “Sadko”. V.G. Belinsky defined the epic “as one of the pearls of Russian folk poetry, the poetic apotheosis of 10 Novgorod.” eleven Sadko- a poor psaltery player who became rich thanks to skillful playing of the gusli and the patronage of the Sea King. As a hero, he expresses infinite strength and endless prowess. Sadko loves his land, his city, his family. Therefore, he refuses the countless riches offered to him and returns home.

So, epics are poetic, artistic works. They contain a lot of unexpected, surprising, incredible things. However, they are fundamentally truthful, conveying the people's understanding of history, the people's idea of duty, honor, and justice. At the same time, they are skillfully constructed, their language is unique.

The only one who expressed the most natural point of view on this epic, namely that it was originally and typically Novgorod, that this was its whole interest and that it should be studied in this direction, was Belinsky.
Belinsky first of all raises the question of the political system of ancient Novgorod and trade, as the main source of its wealth, that is, he proceeds not from names and particular facts, but from the historical soil that created this epic. This also defines the main idea of the epic: “It is the poetic apotheosis of Novgorod as a trading community.” Sadko fights against Novgorod. In this epic there are “two heroes: one is visible, Sadko, the other is invisible, Novgorod.” This means that Belinsky raises the question of the dramatic conflict in the epic and the historical nature of this conflict. It could only arise in commercial Novgorod. Belinsky also recognizes all mythological images as Novgorod. Only seafarers could create the image of a sea king. This image is not only completely Russian, but also Novgorod. Belinsky especially admires the dance of the sea king. This epic is a wonderful monument of national culture. Belinsky establishes that Sadko’s face expresses a completely national character. There is a Russian scope in Sadko when, for example, he immediately mortgages all his property. He has Russian prowess when, having tried all means to save himself by cunning (also a Russian trait), and seeing that it comes to death, he is not afraid of death, but fearlessly rushes into the abyss of the sea.

The concept of epics as an epic folklore genre. Epic heroes

When memorizing any information, when using any techniques, only two visual images are combined in the imagination at one point in time.

This function is characterized by integrativeness, the ability to reflect the essence of many other design functions as a manifestation of the meaningfulness of the artistic image.

Topic: "Epic "Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich."

Goal: to introduce the Russian folk tale “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich.”

Tasks:

consolidate children's knowledge about Russian heroes and armor.

develop the ability to independently answer questions in complete sentences, use
speech adjectives (definitions) and be able to coordinate them with a noun in the right way
number, case.

Develop the ability to express your impressions in speech, express judgments, and assessments.

develop aesthetic feelings, thinking, memory, imagination.

cultivate respect for the historical heroic heritage of the native country, pride in
your homeland.

Equipment: painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs”; pictures of armor, weapons, costume
hero, horse; models of trees, stones; cut-out pictures; video quiz.

Progress of the lesson.

1.Game moment.

Educators - Hello, good fellows, beautiful girls, my name is Vasilisa the Wise
I invite you on a journey through the fabulous Russian forest.

This forest is unusual, fairy-tale characters live in it, but you will find out which ones by guessing the riddles:
Nightingale whistle,

Eagle's gaze
Not a beast, not a hunter,

A (Nightingale - Robber).

From beyond the hills and fields
A certain beast appeared.

He breathed fire into his nostrils.

The night became like day.

He stole the fun

He dragged me into the oak grove. (Fiery Serpent).

2 Main part.

Guys, who defeated the Fire Serpent and the Nightingale the Robber? (Bogatyr).

Educator : “Listen, I think someone is coming to us”

(The “hero” enters).

Bogatyr:

"Strong, mighty
Bogatyrs in glorious Rus'!

Don't let your enemies ride on our land!

Don’t let their horses trample the Russian land!

They will not outshine the red sun!”

Bogatyr: “Hello, I heard people’s rumors and ran to you for help. rubbed off on
scroll of words from time to time, you can’t read the second part of the proverb.”

Educator: "Let's help the Bogatyr read the proverbs."

“Die yourself,” and help out your comrade"

“The happiness of the Motherland is more valuable than life”

"For a just cause - stand boldly"

"A hero dies once and the coward - a thousand"

"A man without a homeland -"What is a nightingale without a song"

"There is safety in numbers"

Bogatyr: “Thank you, you helped, but what are these proverbs about?”(About the Motherland, about glory, about valor)

Who are the heroes?(Warriors, strongmen, wrestlers).
What kind of heroes are they?(Strong, brave, courageous, fearless, courageous).
What were the heroes famous for?(Defended our land from enemies).
How did you and I learn about the heroes?(From fairy tales, epics).
What is an epic?(This is a true story that happened a long time ago).

What epics do you know?(“Ilya Muromets and Nightingale - the robber», “About Dobrynya Nikitich
Gorynych’s Snake”, “Nikita Kozhemyaka”.)

Educator: Guys, do you want to become heroes too? (want).

Fi zminutka

They stood up together - one, two, three.
We are now heroes.

We'll put our palms to our eyes,
Let's spread our strong legs,
Turning to the right
Let's look around majestically.

And you need to go left too.

Look from under your palms,

And to the right, and again

Let's spread our legs in the letter L.

Just like in a dance - hands on hips.
Leaned left, right.

It turns out great!

Educator : “Guys, do you know before you set off on a long journey what was to come?
choose a Russian warrior?(They had to tear out a road to follow. They stood in front of
a stone on which it was written where to go).In our fairy forest there is such a stone and it
will show us the way: if you go to the right, you won’t go far.

If you go straight, you'll end up in someone else's group.

If you go to the left, you will learn a lot of interesting things.

Educator: Children, where are we going?

Educator: “Guys, what is this miracle, marvelous, marvelous, marvelous? What kind of picture appeared before us?

(map on In M. Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs”)

Conversation about the painting.

Remember the name of the hero who is in the middle?(Ilya Muromets)
(The oldest, most powerful, experienced hero.)
Why is he called Ilya Muromets?(Because he is from the city of Murom),
What else do you know about him?
What armor protects Ilya Muromets?(Chain mail, helmet)
What is he armed with? (He has a spear in one hand, in another - damask club, with a shield on the side)
Tell me about the horse.(The horse is black, his name is Burushka, he is just as powerful and strong,
like his owner)
Who is to your left?(Nikitich).
What can you tell us about him?(He is strong, brave...)
Who else will add?
What armor protects Dobrynya Nikitich?(Chain mail, helmet)
What is he armed with? ( He holds a shield in one hand and a sword in the other)
Tell me about the horse.(The horse is white, with a white mane, he looks into the distance, like his owner,
looking out for enemies)
Who is pictured to your right?(Alesha Popovich)
Why was he called that?"
What can you tell us about him?(Alyosha Popovich is the youngest hero, but the same

brave and courageous...) g

What armor protects Alyosha Popovich?(Chain mail, helmet)
What is he armed with? (Bow and arrows)
What does he have on his side?(harp).
Why do you think?
Tell me about the horse.(The horse is bay, red, he lowered his head, as if listening
to the trampling hooves of enemy horses)

What do the heroes protect?(Russian land and its borders)

A Now look at the landscape surrounding the heroes. Describe it.

(We see rolling meadows, a forest, small fir trees, pine trees, and heavy, leaden clouds in the sky.)

Educator: That's right, you said it. Fir trees and pines - native trees of the Russian land, show
that the heroes stand on their native land, guarding its peace. Small trees emphasize strength
heroes. Looking at the low lead clouds, one gets the impression that nature is on alert
together with the heroes. This picture contains all the strength and kindness of the Russian people.

Fishy is a bit sensitive

Bogatyr, that's what he is likeshow "strongman"

He is both strong and healthy.

He shot from a bow.imitate movements

He threw his club accurately,

He stood at the border.

Watched vigilantly, vigilantly.

We're growing up, look

Let's become like heroes!raise their hands up.

Today we will get acquainted with the epic “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich.”

Vocabulary work by words. 1. Fathom - the distance between the outstretched fingers of outstretched
(swung) hands : oblique fathom - the distance from the toes of the foot with the toe turned to the side to
copies of the paglian hand extended diagonally above the head: gorniya - unheated, clean
room in a peasant dwellingword upper room means things above (cf. mountain ). that is high
place.

Reading the epic “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich.”

Reading video quiz.

1 Who did Alyosha Popovich go to Kyiv with?

Ilya Muromets,

Tugarin Zmeevich.

Yakim Ivanovich.

How did Alyosha Popovich set off on his journey?

I rode on a horse

I went on foot

I went on a bicycle.

Who met Alyosha Popovich at the princely court?

Prince Vladimir with the princess,

Nightingale the Robber,

Tugarin Zmeevich.

Who sat down at the table next to the prince and princess?

Alesha Popovich,

Yakim Ivanovich.

Tugarin Zmeevich.

What dish did Tugarin swallow first?

Fried potatoes,

Roasted swan

Fried fish.

How did Alyosha Popovich defeat Tugarin Zmeevich?

Spears,

Sword.

Maces.

Sedentary game “Collect the armor of a hero.” Slide captions:

Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich The presentation was prepared by Popova Oksana Yurievna

Vocabulary work: Sazhen

Vocabulary work: upper room

Quiz on the epic “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent”

How did Alyosha Popovich set off on his journey? 1.On horseback 2.Went on foot 3.By bike

Who did Alyosha Popovich go to Kyiv with? 1. Ilya Muromets 2. Nikita Kozhemyaka 3. Yakim Ivanovich

Who met Alyosha Popovich and Yakim Ivanovich in the princely court? 1. Prince Vladimir with the Princess 2. Tugarin Zmeevich 3. Nightingale the Robber

Who sat next to the prince and princess at the table? 1. Yakim Ivanovich 2. Tugarin Zmeevich 3. Alyosha Popovich

What treat did Tugarin Zmeevich swallow first? 1. Fried potatoes 2. Fried swan 3. Fried fish

With what help did Alyosha Popovich defeat Tugarin Zmeevich? 1. Sword 2. Maces 3. Spears

In Ancient Rus' it was believed that in reality there lived a fine fellow named Alyosha Popovich - the son of a Rostov priest, a brave, powerful and cheerful hero. And we have every reason to believe this. Chronicles tell about the brave Rostov hero Alexander Popovich. He died in 1223 in the famous battle with the Mongol-Tatars on the Kalka River, showing miracles of daring and strength. The Tver chronicler's story about the exploits of Alexander Popovich, famous in the Rostov land, had its source in some local legends about the hero Alyosha Popovich. The names Alexander and Alexey have a common root. Alyosha is called in some epics the son of St. Leonty, the famous Rostov saint, whose relics rest to this day in the Assumption Cathedral of Rostov the Great. The fact that Alyosha Popovich is from Rostov is also evidenced by the most important epic about this hero - “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich.” It begins with the words “From the glorious city of Rostov...” But the hero defends not only his hometown, but the entire Russian land. At Rostan near the stone, the hero chooses from three roads the one that leads to the capital.
The first road to Murom lies
Another road to Chernigov-grad
The third is to the city to Kyiv..
Alyosha Popovich Young told him:
-It’s better for us to go to the city, to Kyiv.
After all, the Kiev prince in the era of the unification of Russian principalities is the head of a single Russian land. The main feat of this hero was the duel with Tugarin, the dangerous oppressor of Rus', threatening her with death. Alyosha comes to the defense of his homeland and takes revenge for all the disasters that Tugarin brought to Rus'. The epics of many nations glorify the struggle of heroic heroes with mythological creatures that represent a world hostile to people: snakes, dragons, monsters. In Russian epics, the real enemies of Rus', foreign invaders who raided Rus', are depicted in the images of snakes, dragons and other monsters. They are endowed with both animal and human properties. Likewise, Tugarin, who is also called Zmeevich, is depicted as a vile and dangerous monster. There are versions of the epic about Tugarin, where he is represented as a man - a fiery horseman, whose horse spews fire. Some researchers of epics believe that Tugarin is the Polovtsian khan Tugor-kan. But the historical details in the epic indicate that the image of the serpent Tugarin bears the generalized features of the Mongol-Tatar invaders. Prince Vladimir and the princess greet Tugarin with honor, because they are powerless to resist the ugly, disgusting monster.
Tugarin Zmeevich breathes fire, throws sparks.
Only Alyosha watches Tugarin without fear, who swallows a swan and drinks half a bucket of wine in one sitting. Alyosha is a hero who not only wields a sword well, but also does not miss a word. There is always a well-aimed and sharp joke on his lips. Tugarin was furious at these words. He threw a damask knife at Alyosha, but Alyosha managed to grab it. They are going to an open field to fight one on one. Alyosha is strong, but he knows that the power of God is over everyone. He prayed all night with tears that the Lord would give rain, and it rained. The snake's wings became wet, and the evil serpent could not fly. Not only courage, but also cunning helps the hero defeat Tugarin. He distracts the enemy by asking:
“What kind of power are you leading with you?” Tugarin looked back...
Alyosha jumped up and cut off his head.
And his head fell on the damp ground like a beer cauldron.
The hero defeats the enemy not only by strength, but also by superiority of mind. If it weren’t for the hero’s ingenuity, he himself would have died and ruined the business. Alyosha Popovich is not as strong as Ilya and Dobrynya, but other qualities help him. As Ilya says: “Alyosha is not strong in strength, but he dared with pretense.” The boundless courage of this hero, his lively, perky character, dexterity, and resourcefulness help to destroy the invincible Tugarin.
Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich, despite the fact that they are so different, form a single whole. They are cross brothers among themselves, they have a common desire: they do not know a higher goal than serving the homeland, for which they are ready to give their lives.

The hero of the Russian land, Alyosha Popovich and his servant Yakim Ivanovich were traveling from the glorious city of Rostov. They drove and drove through fields and valleys and came across a stone lying at the crossroads of three roads. Alyosha and Yakima asked to look at what was written on that stone. The servant dismounted and read the inscription; it said that these roads lead to three different cities: Murom, Chernigov and Kyiv. The heroes decided to go to the capital city of Kyiv, to Prince Vladimir.

They arrived in Kyiv, bowed to Prince Vladimir, his wife Aprakseevna, and met. The prince seated the good fellows at the table to feast, offered Alyosha the best place, but he refused, sat down next to his servant Yakim. The heroes are sitting having a meal, and then the filthy monster Tugarin Zmeevich is brought in. Alyosha began to compete with the serpent, comparing him with his father’s animals, which eat without stopping and then die. Popovich didn’t like how ugly the monster behaved at the table, and pestered Prince Vladimir and his wife. The courtiers mock Vladimir. Alyosha expressed his dissatisfaction with the snake. And the snake was also not happy with the hero. He threw a damask knife at Alyosha Popovich, but then his faithful friend Yakim Ivanovich arrived in time, took the trouble away from his master, and intercepted the dagger on the fly. The hero and Tugarin agreed to fight.

Tugarin Zmeevich was a dear friend to the wife of Prince Vladimir. The whole city thought that the snake would win, and Prince Vladimir hoped for the hero, but his wife, Aprakseevna, dreamed of seeing Alyosha defeated and her lover a winner.

It's time for battle. Alyosha prayed to God, asked for intercession and rushed at the enemy. In an unequal battle, the hero, thanks to his wisdom and God's help, defeated the snake and beheaded him. Alyosha took Tugarin's head, attached it to a horse and rode to Kyiv, to the princely court. Aprakseevna heard the noise and thinks that the snake has defeated the hero and is carrying his body, but she turned out to be wrong. Alyosha Popovich arrived and threw his enemy's head to the ground. No one expected to see the hero alive, but here’s a twist. The princess was upset at the eternal separation from her friend Tugarin, but Vladimir was happy and took Popovich to the table to celebrate the victory. Then the prince called the hero to serve him and live in Kyiv, Alyosha agreed.

Good always defeats evil, and friendship and faith in God helps to cope with any difficulties. If we didn’t have friends and hope in God, life would be hard.

Moral of the epic Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmeevich. Plots of epics about Alyosha Popovich

The image of a hero - an epic hero

Famous exploits of the youngest of the heroes

Picture or drawing Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin snakes

Other retellings and reviews for the reader's diary