The image of Savely, the Holy Russian hero in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Rus'” - Any essay on the topic
Kilin Nikolai Evgenievich,
Russian teacher and
secondary literature
school 120 in Barnaul
The fate of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, the protector of the people
(from the experience of studying the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Rus'”)
Rich material to talk about moral values represents fate people's protector Savely, whom Matrena Timofeevna calls "lucky" not without irony.
Discussion of the image is possible on the following questions:
1. What is the hero's initial idea of happiness?
2. Should I or shouldn't I pay rent?
3. The murder of Vogel - a feat or a crime?
4. “Where are you, power, gone? What have you been useful for?”
5. What are the origins of the heroic strength of Savely and Demushka?
6. To what truth lies the path of the people's intercessor, the path out of the crisis?
7. What are the reasons for the contradictions in Savely's behavior in the last days before his death?
Saveliy's initial idea of happiness is associated with "gracious" times, when the Korezians were isolated from the world by impenetrable swamps and forests, did not bear labor duties and did not pay dues.
No landowners
No German rulers
We didn't know then.
We did not rule corvee,
We didn't pay dues...
Whether it is necessary or not to pay dues is not an idle question, but a state one. N.V. Gogol in " Dead souls” indicates that the landlords paid taxes to the state treasury for the peasants. Chichikov persuades Korobochka: “Because it’s at a loss to you that the dead: you pay for them, and now I will save you from the hassle and payment ... and not only save you, but on top of that I will give you fifteen rubles.” Making a deal with Plyushkin, Chichikov “expressed his readiness to assume the obligation to pay taxes for all the peasants who died ...” The astonished Plyushkin clarifies: “How ... you undertake to pay taxes for them every year? and will you give money to me or to the treasury?
A.S. Pushkin expressed his attitude to corvée as a labor service and the quitrent tax that replaces it in “Eugene Onegin” simply:
In his wilderness, the desert sage,
Yarem he is an old corvée
I replaced the quitrent with a light one;
And the slave blessed fate.
If N.P. Kirsanov in “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev has problems in relations with the peasants, the peasants do not pay dues, then the landowner Odintsova successfully solves all issues, including economic ones, by transferring her estate to quitrent . As you can see, both the landowners and their serfs are in tax dependence on the state: the peasants pay quitrent to the master, and he pays tax for them per capita to the treasury. The state cannot exist without taxes and tax evasion cannot be an example to follow.
However, Saveliy and other Korezians strive to be independent of the state:
We did not rule corvee,
We didn't pay dues
And so, when it comes to judgment,
We will send once in three years.
Moreover, what the patrimony sends, “when it suits”, does not reach the landowner.
Let's go home pissed off...
Two old men
Laughing... Ay, kruzhy!
Hundred-ruble notes
Home under cover
Untouched bear!
How rested: we are beggars -
So they got away with it!
It is not clear that the measures taken by Shalashnikov make the people of Korez unhappy, downtrodden and impoverished:
Excellently fought Shalashnikov,
And not so hot great
Earned income...
How will Shalashnikov accept tribute,
Let's go - and behind the outpost
Let's share the profits.
“What money is left!
You are a fool, Shalashnikov!”
And made fun of the master
Corega in your turn!
SAVELIY, BOGATYR SVYATORUSSKY The project was prepared by: Barinova Ekaterina Malyuzhenko Ekaterina Galkina Valeria Grigoryan Karine Sabirova Alina
1. How old is the hero? What is it appearance? “I couldn’t: he was already knocked, According to fairy tales, a hundred years old” “With a huge gray mane, Tea uncut for twenty years, With a huge beard, Grandfather looked like a bear, Especially as he came out of the forest, bending over. Grandpa has an arched back "" He came in: well, will he straighten up? The bear will punch a hole in the light room with its head! Artist V. Serov
2. What is the hero's story? What troubles and hardships fell to his lot? “In the times before the village” “Oh, the share of the Holy Russian Bogatyr homely! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - hellish torments In the next worldly life they are waiting. “We were only worried about the Bears. . . Yes, we dealt with bears easily.
3. How the hero talks about life, what he accepts and what he denies in peasant way of life? “According to the time of Shalashnikov“ The dead. . . lost. . . "He thought up a new thing, An order comes to us:" Appear! ... "" To not endure - the abyss! To endure - the abyss ... " "Weak people surrendered, And the strong for the patrimony stood well"
4. What moral qualities endows the author of the hero? How does he feel about him? The author endows Savely with such moral qualities as kindness, love for the motherland and people. Savely is also characterized by intelligence, patience, perseverance, self-esteem. Savely is a freedom-loving, proud man. He is the embodiment of strength and courage. “Branded, but not a slave” Nekrasov creates an image that combines contradictory features: heroic patience “for the time being”, social activity, ability to revolt.
5. What is the hero's idea of happiness, of the paths that lead to it? One of the conditions for the happiness of the people in the understanding of Savely is freedom. “People of the servile rank are Real dogs sometimes: The heavier the punishment, The dearer the Lord is to them. Savely sees him in protest against social injustice, in thoughts about the fate of the peasant, in love for his native working people. "Where is your strength gone? What were you good for? Under rods, under sticks, she left for little things!
Savely did not understand the current people, who immediately gave up and did not even try to fight. “there were proud people And now give a crack - to the police chief, the landowner They are dragging the last penny. » Nekrasov himself is deeply convinced that happiness is possible only in a society of free people. “The limits of the Russian people have not yet been set Before them a wide path. » Savely dies with words about the hopelessness of the peasant fate. And yet this image leaves an impression of strength, indomitable will, longing for freedom. The wise prophecy of Savely remains in the memory: “To not endure is an abyss, To endure is an abyss”
6. Why did the wanderers not recognize the hero as happy? “Oh, the share of the Holy Russian Bogatyr of the homespun! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - the torments of hell are waiting in a dim life ”
7. Can you see the meaning in speaking surname hero? Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure on himself. Artist A. Lebedev
8. What is the semantic role of folklore elements in the chapter about the hero? Nekrasov considered his work "the epic of modern peasant life» . In it, Nekrasov asked himself the question: did the abolition of serfdom bring happiness to the peasantry? Nekrasov seeks to give a vivid and emotionally effective image of peasant life, to arouse sympathy for the peasantry, to awaken the desire to fight for peasant happiness. That is why the author uses in large numbers folklore elements, such as folk songs, vernacular, fabulous images, riddles, signs, sayings, proverbs, epics. This is a poem about "the people" and for the "people", a poem in which the author acts as a defender of the "people's" (peasant) interests.
In the words of Saveliy about the heroism of the peasant, there is undoubtedly an echo of the epic about Svyatogor and earthly cravings: “Do you think, Matryonushka, the Muzhik is not a hero? And his life is not military, And death is not written for him In battle - but a hero! “For the time being, he lifted a terrible thrust, Yes, he himself went into the ground up to his chest With an effort! There are no tears on his face - blood flows!
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" plunges us into the world of peasant life in Rus'. Nekrasov's work on this work falls on the time after the peasant reform of 1861. This can be seen from the first lines of the Prologue, where wanderers are called "temporarily liable" - this is how the peasants who emerged from serfdom after the reform were called.
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, we see the diverse images of Russian peasants, learn about their views on life, find out what kind of life they live and what problems exist in the life of the Russian people. Nekrasov's image of the peasantry is closely connected with the problem of searches. happy person- the purpose of the journey of seven men across Rus'. This journey allows us to get acquainted with all the unsightly aspects of Russian life.
One of the main images of the poem is considered to be Savely, with whom the reader gets acquainted in the chapter "Feast - for the whole world." The life story of Saveliy is very difficult, like that of all peasants of the post-reform era. But this hero is distinguished by a special freedom-loving spirit, inflexibility in the face of the burden of peasant life. He courageously endures all the bullying of the master, who wants to flog his subjects to pay tribute to him. But all patience comes to an end.
So it happened with Saveliy, who, unable to endure the tricks of the German Vogel, as if by chance pushes him to the pit dug by the peasants. Savely, of course, is serving a sentence: twenty years of hard labor and twenty years of settlements. But do not break him - the Holy Russian hero: "branded, but not a slave"! He returns home to his son's family. The author draws Savely in the tradition of Russian folklore:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, not cut for twenty years,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear...
The old man lives apart from his relatives, because he sees that he is needed in the family, while he gave money ... He treats only Matryona Timofeevna with love. But the hero's soul opened up and blossomed when Matryona's daughter-in-law brought him a grandson Dyomushka.
Savely began to look at the world in a completely different way, thawed at the sight of the boy, he became attached to the child with all his heart. But even here, evil fate trips him up. Star Savely - fell asleep when he was babysitting Dyoma. The hungry pigs killed the boy... Savely's soul is torn from pain! He takes the blame on himself and repents of everything Matryona Timofeevna, telling her about how much he loved the boy.
Savely will spend the rest of his long life of one hundred and seven years, praying for his sin in the monasteries. Thus, in the image of Savely, Nekrasov shows a deep commitment to faith in God, combined with a huge reserve of patience of the Russian people. Matryona forgives grandfather, understands how Savely's soul is tormented. And in this forgiveness too deep meaning revealing the character of the Russian peasant.
Here is another image of the Russian peasant, about which the author says: "lucky too." Savely acts in the poem as a folk philosopher, he reflects on whether the people should endure a disenfranchised and oppressed state. Savely combines kindness, simplicity, sympathy for the oppressed and hatred for the oppressors of the peasants.
ON THE. Nekrasov in the image of Savely showed the people, gradually beginning to realize their rights, and the power to be reckoned with.
In the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Rus'?" seven wandering peasants are looking for a happy man in Rus'. The poet wrote this poem for several decades, and did not complete it. The wanderers did not meet a happy one and the poem was left with an open ending. But can any of the heroes of the work be called happy? What is needed for happiness, from the point of view of the heroes and the poet himself?
The poem shows the crisis state of the Russian world. First, it is poverty and hunger. Let's remember the names of the villages from which the wanderers came: Dyryavino, Zaplatovo, Neurozhayka ... Secondly, after the abolition of serfdom, "the great chain broke" and hit "one end on the master, the other on the peasant": no one knows how to arrange their lives what system of values to rely on.
That is why many heroes of the poem are unhappy - even those who deserve it. For example, Saveliy, who was a strong, stubborn “Holy Russian hero”, served hard labor, watched how a pig killed his great-grandson Demushka, and for a long time prayed for his sin, etc. Lost in Rus' and "the keys to the happiness of women." Matrena Timofeevna, a peasant woman who was a kind, good wife, a wonderful mother, was deprived of happiness because of all the cares placed on her shoulders about the house, about the housework, because of a hungry life, lack of support.
But even those who feel happy often have poor ideas about happiness. Wanderers in search of a happy man went around all of Rus'. Nekrasov uses the technique of "poetic polyphony", as if "giving the floor" to the Russian people themselves. As it turned out, for some, happiness lies in peace, wealth and honor, for others in the opportunity to fill their “happy” life with vodka. In the chapter "Happy" we see how people are measured by happiness, if it can be called such, for the opportunity to "take a sip of free wine." Someone has born rap up to a thousand, someone sees happiness in the recognition of the owners: “I am happy, God knows! The first boyar, Prince Peremetyev, had me as a favorite slave. The happiness of the landowner is an idle life, feasts, hunting, power over people. The author writes: “Hey, peasant happiness! Leaky with patches, humpbacked with calluses…” This is a primitive idea of happiness, which every “happy” spoke about, does not bring true happiness to any of them.
The owner of true happiness in the poem is Grisha Dobrosklonov. Despite the life "poorer than the last run-down peasant" and hard everyday work, there is a desire in him to spiritual development. It has a craving for beauty, for creativity, for dreams. Grisha is a poet, he composes songs about Russia, about the people, and is preparing to devote himself to the struggle for the happiness of the people. This is what distinguishes him from the other characters in this poem. But the wanderers never met Grisha and did not find a happy one.
“Who is living well in Rus'?” is an epic poem. In it, thanks to the image of the road and the plot-journey, a panoramic picture of Russian life arises, a picture of national grief, discord, etc. happy people it cannot be if life as a whole is arranged unreasonably, is in a state of crisis. But on the whole the poem is not tragic Since, according to the author, healthy and strong principles are still preserved in Russian life, they only need to be given the opportunity to mature and manifest themselves.
Thus, N. Nekrasov believes that happiness lies in constant movement, development, and creativity. It is what gives meaning to human life. That is why Grisha Dobrosklonov becomes happy in the poem.
Matrena Timofeevna told the walkers about the fate of Savely. He was her husband's grandfather. She often sought help from him and asked for advice. He was already a hundred years old, he lived apart in his upper room, because he did not like his family. In seclusion, he prayed and read the holy calendar. Huge, like a bear, hunched over, with a huge gray mane. At first, Matryona was afraid of him. Yes, and his relatives teased him with branded, convict. But he was kind to his son's daughter-in-law, became a nanny for her firstborn. Ironically, Matryona called him lucky.
Savely was a serf of the landowner Shalashnikov in the village of Korega, which was lost among the impenetrable forests. That is why the life of the peasants there was relatively free. The master excellently fought the peasants, who hid quitrent from him, because because of the impassability it was difficult to reach them. But after his death it got even worse. The heir sent the manager Vogel, who turned the life of the peasants into a real hard labor. The crafty German convinced the peasants to work off their debts. And they, in their innocence, drained the swamps, paved the way. So the master's hand reached out to them.
For eighteen years they tolerated the German, who, with his death grip, let almost everyone go around the world. Once, while digging a well, Savely gently pushed Vogel to the pit, the rest helped him. And to the cries of the German "they answered with nine shovels", burying him alive. For this he received twenty years of hard labor and the same amount of settlement. Even there he worked a lot and managed to save money for the construction of an upper room. But his relatives loved him as long as there was money, then they began to spit in the eyes.
Why does Nekrasov call this cold-blooded killer Holy Russian hero? Saveliy, who possesses a truly heroic physical strength and fortitude, for him the intercessor of the people. Savely himself says that the Russian peasant is a hero in his patience. But the thought lingers in him that "the peasants have axes for adversaries, but they are silent for the time being." And he grins to himself in his beard: "Branded, but not a slave." For him, and not to endure, and to endure all the same, that the abyss. He speaks with condemnation of the humility of today's peasants, who died a day ago, the lost Aniki warriors, who are only able to fight with old men and women. All their strength on trifles went under rods and sticks. But his wise popular philosophy led to rebellion.
Even after hard labor, Savely retained his unbroken spirit. Only the death of Demushka, who died through his fault, broke the peasant, who had suffered hard labor. He will spend his last days in a monastery and wandering. So the theme of people's long-suffering was expressed in the fate of Saveliy.
Savely's composition in the poem Who lives well in Rus'
Nekrasov set himself a huge task - to show exactly how the abolition of serfdom to life ordinary people. To do this, he creates seven peasants who go all over Rus' and ask people if they live well. Grandfather Saveliy becomes one of the respondents.
Outwardly, Savely looks like a huge bear, he has a large gray "mane", broad shoulders and great growth, he is a Russian hero. From Savely's story, the reader understands that he is not only outwardly a hero, he is also a hero internally, by character. He is a very persistent, enduring and filled with life wisdom person. A man who has experienced many sorrows and many joys.
In his youth, Savely lived far in the forest, where the hand of evil landowners had not yet reached. But one day a German manager was appointed to the settlement. Initially, the manager did not even demand money from the peasants, the tribute laid down by law, but forced them to cut down the forest for it. The nearby peasants did not immediately understand what was happening, but when they cut down all the trees, a road was built into their forest wilderness. It was then that the German manager came with his whole family to live in the wilderness. Only now the peasants could not boast of a simple life: the Germans ripped them off. The Russian hero is able to endure a lot and for a long time, as Savely argues in this period of life, but something needs to be changed. And he decides to rebel against the manager, whom all the peasants bury in the ground. Here manifests itself great will our hero, which is even stronger than his boundless Russian patience.
For such audacity, he is sent to hard labor for 20 years, and after that he works in the settlements for another 20 years, saving money. Not every person is able to plow for 40 years for the sake of one goal - to return home and help his family with money. It is worthy of respect.
Upon returning home, the worker is greeted very cordially, he builds a hut for the family and everyone loves him. But as soon as the money runs out, they start laughing at him, which offends Savely very much, he does not understand why he deserved such an attitude.
The end of the grandfather's life ends in the monastery, where he atones for the sins he committed: it was his fault that his grandson died. Savely is the image of a true Russian hero, able to endure a lot, but ready to rush into the struggle for the freedom of his neighbors. The author calls him "lucky" with irony, and rightly so: he is unhappy for the rest of his life.
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