First names, last names and patronymics of different nations. Find your namesake: why are there such similar names in different countries?

MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

GYMNASIUM No. 6

Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Territory

Linguistics Section

Comparative characteristics

proper names,

found in different European languages

Performed

Mzhachikh Anna Sergeevna,

4th grade student "A"

AU Gymnasium No. 6

Novorossiysk

Scientific adviser:

Tsvetkova Galina Ivanovna,

primary school teacher

Novorossiysk - 2010

1. Introduction. Purpose and objectives of the study

2. Groups of names of different origins in the Russian language

3. Common origin of the group of names under consideration

4. Tables of consonant names

5. Slight differences in names due to language characteristics

6. Interesting examples of similar names

7. Names fairy-tale heroes different nations

8. Conclusion

1. INTRODUCTION. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Studying English, communicating with the teacher in lessons, where students often call themselves by their name in English, reading books different writers and fairy tales of the peoples of the world, in which the main characters have names reminiscent of the names of heroes of works of Russian folklore and Russian writers, you can notice the consonance of male and female names.

Hypothesis. We assume that most modern male and female Russian names have their brothers and sisters in other languages. Apparently, many Russian names have analogues in other languages. Since the number and origin of names are very large and varied, we will try to consider the most frequently used names in Russian and European languages: English, French, German, Italian.

Purpose of the study – find the kinship and common origin of frequently used names in Russian and European languages, prove this with historical information, grammar, examples from literature, examples from life.

Research objectives:

1. study the literature on this issue,
2. create a table of name correspondences,
3. give examples,
4. draw conclusions about the common origin of names.

2. GROUPS OF NAMES OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

In ancient times in Rus', people were given names that were understandable to all Russians, such as Wolf, Bear, or Lyudmila - dear to people, Vladimir - who owns the world.

Russia is a huge country, with different sides surrounded by completely different peoples and cultures. Among the names we use, there are many eastern names that came from Asia (Timur, Ruslan, Zemfira).

From the north, from cold and cloudy Scandinavia, the names Olga (in Scandinavia - Helga), Igor (Ingvar) were borrowed.

But there is an even larger group of names whose meaning is not clear. They are very familiar to us and seem completely ours, but in fact they are of foreign origin and came to us for the most part along with the Christian religion, which defeated pagan beliefs.Let's consider this group.

This christian names, and they came to us in the 10th century from Byzantium along with Orthodoxy. The Byzantine Empire was located between Europe and Asia. Newborn children were named according to church calendars (saints), in which each day of each month corresponded to the names of saints revered by the Russian Orthodox Church.

3. COMMON ORIGIN OF NAMES

Almost all of our frequently encountered names, which we have long been accustomed to consider Russian, were brought by Christianity to Rus' through Byzantium. The mighty Byzantine Empire had a huge influence on the entire world culture and religion. For our case, we can briefly say that many names were legalized there when they were recognized as church names, names of saints.

Late 10th century Kyiv prince Vladimir was looking for a strong ally against the steppe nomads who carried out devastating raids on Rus'. He saw such an ally in the person of the Byzantine emperor. To get help and cement the alliance, Prince Vladimir agreed to the baptism of Rus'. During baptism, it was necessary to replace the pagan name with a Christian one. From this time on, Ivans and Marys, Peters and Annas appeared in Rus'.

Where did Christian saints come to us from? From Rome and Greece, and therefore the names have Greek, Latin, ancient Jewish origin. That is why there is a correspondence of names in different languages ​​of different peoples, to whom Christianity also came through the Byzantine Empire.(For example: Russian Ivan– Polish Jan – French Jean - English John, German Johann, Hans).This can be seen in detail in the table.

In the languages ​​of those peoples where these names first appeared (usually Greek, Latin, and Hebrew), almost all of them had an exact meaning. When names passed from one language to another, their original meaning was lost (each word-name used to mean something specifically,for example, Anna is God’s grace, Maria is beloved, desired, Andrey is a man, Alexey is a protector). And these names became only proper names, that is, the names of saints, the names of people.

The main reason for the similarity of names of different peoples is their common source - the Christian religion. All of Europe (and America after it) also named children by church calendars. But the Orthodox world borrowed the names of Christian saints through Greek language, and Catholics and Protestants - through Latin. Therefore, the same name, which once belonged to one of the first Christian saints, sounds in Russian, slightly different from the English or French versions.

4. TABLES OF CONSONANT NAMES

The search for names and variants consonant with them is reflected in two tables. When we see these names next to each other, their similarity is clearly noticeable.

Table No. 1. Male names.

5. SMALL DIFFERENCES IN NAMES DUE TO LANGUAGE FEATURES

In French names, as in this language in general, the emphasis is on the last syllable. German considered tough, firm - this is also noticeable in names. Italian names, in my opinion, more joyful, musical, like their language, like the Italian people themselves. INIn many cases, names only seem different, but in fact they are one name pronounced in different languages, taking into account the linguistic peculiarities of these languages features.

MARFA MAR TH A (Martha)

AGAFYA – AGA TH A (Agatha)

But, studying the English language and the pronunciation of letter combinations, we can say that the combination of letters T.H. reads like something between the Russian sounds T and F. The result is Marfa and Agafya. It is interesting that the same name was borne by the English aristocrat - detective writer Agatha Christie and the Russian resident - hermit, descendant of the Old Believers, living in remote Siberia - Agafya Lykova.

6. INTERESTING EXAMPLES OF SIMILAR NAMES

To make it easier to imagine the common origin of names among very different people, consider interesting examples:

1.Very different people lived in different times- Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, German composer Johann Sebastian Bach, Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen, English rock musician from the Beatles group John Lennon, French actor Jean-Paul Belmondo - but they all have one thing in common common name– in the Russian version this is IVANY.

2. In Russia, before the New Year, we see Father Frost everywhere, and in the west it is Santa Claus. But if we literally translate these words into Russian, we get St. Nicholas, and we remember St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This is confirmed by the legend about people who are identical in their actions and kindness - Santa Claus and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.

Once upon a time, on Christmas Day, poor people found sweets, apples and children's toys at the doors of their houses. They didn't know who was leaving them. One Christmas Eve they managed to catch a man with a large bag full of apples. It was Saint Nicholas, or, in English, Santa Claus.

There is such a legend. Hearing that a bankrupt resident was planning to sell his daughters due to extreme poverty, Saint Nicholas helped the family. At night he secretly threw three bags of gold into the garden and saved everyone from hunger and death. Since then, a bag of gifts has become an attribute of Santa Claus.

And in our country, such a kind and miracle-working person is St. Nicholas the Wonderworker - Christiansaint. Nicholas the Wonderworker became known for his kindness, especially to children.

And the date of commemoration of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker is December 19, which is just before Christmas and the New Year.

3. In the Russian version of the lovers, the young man and girl from the tragedy of the English writer Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, could be called Roman and Julia.

4. Let us remember from the fairy tale about Pinocchio the cunning and intelligent Cat Basilio. And in Rus' many cats were called Vaska.

5. If we consider the fantastic version of the birth of Michael Jackson in Russia, then his name would be Mikhail Yakovlev. And here you can see his last name Jackson.

In English, there are often surnames that are very similar to given names, for example, Jackson, Johnson, Nicholson. And the word SON is translated Son. I had an idea that the surname Jackson was like an old patronymic, from a time when there were no surnames. In Rus' it was - Ivan Petrovich, that is, Ivan, Petrov's son. And Jackson is Jack's son.

7. NAMES OF FAIRY-TALE HEROES OF DIFFERENT PEOPLES

For this study, we can recall well-known fairy tales with the main characters - girls named Marya (Russian folk tales about Marya the artist, Marya the beauty-long braid), Marie ( Hoffmann's fairy tale "The Nutcracker"), Mary Poppins ( fairy tale English writer Pamela Travers "Mary Poppins, goodbye!"). All three heroines have one name in common. But people and authors from different countries endowed them with beauty and similar character traits - intelligence, kindness, hard work, beautiful appearance.

The name IVAN has become one of the favorite male names at all times and in all countries. There are so many fairy tales about him, where at first Ivanushka is not very lucky, he is not very lucky, not very rich. But his natural intelligence, kindness, ingenuity, and golden hands at the end of fairy tales help him become a real hero, defeat his enemies, help his friends and the poor, and find his love.

Hans Christian Andersen "Fool Hans"

English folk tale "The Peddler's Dream" (hero John)

French folk tale "The Devil's Castle" (hero Jean)

Brothers Grimm "Clever Hans"

Many Russian folk tales about Ivanushka

7. CONCLUSION

Why are the names that arose in different countries, turned out so similar? Knowledge of history helps answer this question.

Historians have long noted that different cultures They go through a similar path in their development. Therefore, different nations have the same rituals, beliefs, and fairy tales. This also applies to names.

The commonality of names was facilitated by communication between people from different countries - foreign governesses have long been invited, children were and are sent to foreign schools. Often young people want to be like their idol and call themselves by his name, which is similar to the Russian version. It’s good when in any country you can introduce yourself in a way that foreigners can understand and beautiful name, but at the same time know for sure that this is your name.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. www.imena.ru
2. www.kurufin.narod.ru
3. en.wikipedia.org
4. www.nikola-ygodnik.narod.ru
5. Vladimir Tanich “The history of our names: the amazing adventures of foreigners in Russia” (Journal “9 months” No. 11-2001)
6. Vladimir Tanich “Does a name influence fate?”

The word "surname" in Latin means "family". In the general understanding, it is a generic name that indicates the origin of a person from a certain family, which traces its history back to a common ancestor.

IN Ancient Rome the word “surname” denoted a collective of people consisting of a family of owners and their slaves. For quite a long time, the use of this word had a similar meaning in Russia and European countries. Even in the 19th century, some serfs were given the surname of their lord. A little later, the word surname acquired the basic meaning, which is official today.

Each surname consists of a main part, which has a lexical reflection of the past, and is supplemented for euphony with suffixes, prefixes and endings.

The endings usually form adjectival forms, indicating masculine or feminine gender.

Often the ending of a surname is perceived as a stereotype to determine the ethnicity of its owner. It is worth noting that the ending is an unstable part of the word, which may undergo changes over time.

In turn, prefixes in some surnames are an integral part of them. They usually indicate the aristocratic origin of their wearer. They can be written either together or separately with the main part of the family word.

A short list of the use of prefixes in various countries:

• Ter(Armenia) – translated as “lord” or “owner”. This title is placed before the family name and shows the relationship of its owner to the highest Armenian aristocracy or the family of a clergyman.
• Background And Tsu– used in Germany.
• Wang(used in the Netherlands) – considered a sign noble origin and shows the geographical relationship to any area.
• De, Du And Dez(France) - indicate noble origin.
• ABOUT", Poppy, Le– used in Ireland.
• La And De- used in Italy.
• Du, Yes, Shower– used in Brazil and Portugal.

In a number of Slavic languages, due to morphological features, male and female surnames differ from each other in their form. In Lithuanian, the surname form is different for men, unmarried and married women. In turn, in the Irish language patronymics are used as surnames, which are formed differently for women and men.

The modern understanding of surnames appeared quite late. It was associated with the emergence of the need to regulate inheritance. First it was introduced in Italy, then the process of formation spread to France, England, Germany and Sweden.

In Russia, the emergence of surnames began with nicknames that were common in Novgorod lands from the 14th century. They were not in general use and became legal only in the 16th century. At first, only boyars and princes had surnames, then they appeared among merchants and nobles. Among the peasants, surnames were established only after the abolition of serfdom.

Most Russian surnames are formed from given names and nicknames. So, for example, Fedor - Fedorov's son - Fedorov or Sidor - Sidorov's son - Sidorov. Less commonly, the origin of the surname was associated with the name of the area (Priozersky from Priozersk). Some surnames originated from the person’s occupation (for example, Rybakov from fisherman). So each surname has its own meaning and history.

According to Russian tradition, when married, a woman usually takes the surname of her chosen one. If necessary, she has the right to keep her maiden name or take a double surname (her own and her husband’s), which will be written with a hyphen. Children are usually given their father's last name. If a woman is not married, then her child can be registered under her last name.

Often used in Spain double surnames, consisting of the father's surname and the mother's surname. In Portugal, in a double surname, the first is the mother's surname, and the second is the father's.

With the advent Soviet power Azerbaijani surnames of many people were changed. The endings "ogle", "zade" or "li" were changed to "ov" and "ev" (for example, Mamedli - Mamedov). After Azerbaijan became independent, many decided to return the original historical view their last names.

In Germany, surnames appeared in the Middle Ages. One of the components of the surname was the title of nobility, the name of the estate or possession.

In Sweden, until almost the twentieth century, almost all citizens did not have surnames that would be passed on from generation to generation. At birth, the child received the father's patronymic, to which the corresponding prefix was added. The law requiring a permanent surname was adopted in this country only in 1901.

As for Jewish surnames, they are very diverse. A significant part of them reflects the migration path of this people. Many Jews, after their expulsion in 1492 from Portugal and Spain, retained the traditional ending of the country where they lived. Some have surnames that reflect their life in Germany. For Jews living in the Caucasus or Central Asia, the origin of surnames is associated with the peculiarities of the local dialect or Hebrew roots. There are also a number of surnames associated with the Hebrew language.

In Armenian, the word surname means family name. Despite this, the name of the genus did not immediately appear in the existing perception. Residents of this state lived for a long time in small isolated groups and there was no need to officially register a surname. If in one settlement there were several people with the same name, then they were distinguished from each other by whose grandchildren they were. Another identification option was nicknames, which reflected some feature of a particular person. Most of the surnames were formed with the arrival of Christianity in Armenia, which was adopted in the 4th century. Some Armenian surnames have inherited Turkish, Armenian and Persian elements. The need for surnames appeared with the development of Armenia and the emergence of cities on its territory. First, surnames appeared among representatives of high society, and then among peasants.

China has its own system of naming people, which is typical for all countries. East Asia. Although there are about seven hundred Chinese surnames, most people in China use only twenty of them. Almost all Chinese surnames are written with one hieroglyph and only a few with two. The most common Chinese surnames are Wang, Jang and Li. Women in this country, when getting married, most often leave their last name, and their children are given their husband's last name.

When recording Chinese name and surnames in Russian there is usually a space between them. The Chinese naming system also operates in Korea and Vietnam. There are quite small lists of surname options, such as Baijiaxing, which means “Hundred Surnames”.

In some countries the surname does not count mandatory part the person's full name. For example, in Iceland the surname is actually the patronymic. A similar system was previously popular in other Scandinavian countries.

It is worth noting that Burmese, Tibetans, Amharas and some other nationalities traditionally do not have surnames.

Islamic theologian Sheikh Muhammad Saleh al-Munajjid, after analyzing religious texts, compiled detailed list names that are not appropriate for Muslim children.

1. In particular, it is undesirable if a person’s name does not correspond to his nationality and the social environment in which he lives. This can create problems for the person himself.

2. Discordant names often cause ridicule, which can negatively affect the worldview of their bearers.

3. Girls' names should not have an erotic meaning, otherwise they may develop false stereotypes in behavior. The undesirable ones include: Mignaj (playful, flirtatious), Faten (charming, seductive), Gada (attractive gait), Visal (sexy) and some others.

The name Asia (rebellious, wayward) is also not suitable, since it can affect the girl’s behavior: “Since my parents named me that, they want me to be like that.”

4. Muslim theologians also do not approve of the custom of giving children names in honor of famous actors, singers, and musicians. They consider it unworthy to worship someone like an idol. It is especially bad if the idol leads an “unrighteous” lifestyle, because the child can take an example from such a person.

5. You should not name children after political figures who have tarnished their reputation, as well as pharaohs. Ancient Egypt and rulers of the past who were guilty of crimes against entire nations.

6. Names indicating any sin or crime are also undesirable. For example, Sarrak (thief) or Zalim (tyrant, despot).

7. If the name is common among representatives of peoples, the majority of whom do not profess Islam, then it is also not suitable. Like John, Ivan, Jean, Juan, Johan or Giovanni.

8. Some people may name their child after an animal or bird. This is acceptable if we're talking about about underlining positive qualities certain representatives of the fauna: courage, strength, wisdom, nobility. But you should not use animal names that could be perceived as an insult. For example, Teis (goat) or Khimar (donkey), etc.

9. Male names that end in “al-Islam” or “ad-din” (religion) are considered by Muslim theologians to be too boastful and immodest. They do not recommend that people exalt their sons: after all, men themselves must show their best qualities, then others will respect them.

For example, the following names are undesirable: Ziyauddin (shine of religion), Nuruddin (light of religion), Zahabuddin (gold of religion), Nurulislam (light of Islam), Saifulislam (sword of Islam), Naseruddin (helper of religion), Masuddin (diamond of religion) Muhyiddin (revitalizing religion), etc.

10. Names with other endings can also be immodest. Thus, Barra (the pious), Abid (the worshiper) or Taqi (the God-fearing) sometimes do not correspond to their bearers, as do Hakim al-Hukkam (the ruler of rulers), Sittunnisa (the mistress of all women), Shahinshah (the Shah of all Shahs).

11. According to some theologians, children should not be named after angels: Jabrail, Israfil, Mikail and others. Iranian name Fereshta (angel) is also considered undesirable, as is Malyak, which means “angel” in Arabic.

11. Naming children after famous surahs of the Koran (Yasin, Taha, Hamim) is also not correct, according to theologians.

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "BASIC EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL S. UST-UKHTA"

MUNICIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “OPENING”

First names, last names and patronymics

among different peoples

/Research/

Completed 8th grade students

MBOU "OOSH" s. Ust-Ukhta

Lobanova Daria and Filippova Tatyana

Supervisor:

teacher of Russian language and literature

Kravchenko Tamara Romanovna

2016

Contents page

1. Introduction. 3

2.Chapter 1.History of the origin of names among different peoples.

1.1. When did the name appear? 4-5

1.2. Origin of Russian names. 6-10

1.3. Features of the formation of names among the Komi people. 10-13

3.Chapter 2. History of the origin of surnames.

2.1. When did the surname appear? 13-14

2.2. The form of the surname as the main sign of nationality

Bibliography:

Alexandra Vasilievna Superanskaya, Doctor of Philology
"What is your name?"

V.I.Dal “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”

S. Ozhegov “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”

T.F. Efremova “The most complete modern Dictionary Russian language", 2015

School etymological dictionary

6. Internet resources:

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- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wikiBE - cite_note-Unbegaun-0#cite_note-Unbegaun

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APPLICATIONS

Annex 1

Results of a survey of school students. Ust-Ukhta

Questionnaire-survey

Do you know what your name means? If yes, then write

Do you know how your last name was formed? If yes, please explain.

Do you know how Komi names and patronymics are formed? If yes, please explain.

What famous surnames do you know in world history? Name 4-5 names.

Do you know peoples who do not have patronymics and surnames? If yes, then write.

Appendix 2.

Dictionary

meanings of school students' names. Ust-Ukhta

A

Alexander and Alexandra : “courageous, protector”, “help, hope” (Greek origin)

Albina – (Latin origin) – “white”

Alyona - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Alena (Alena) is a folk, non-church version of the name Elena. The name Alena began to be more actively used separately from the name Elena in the last decades of the twentieth century, and in Lately became a completely independent name. Also, a colloquial version of the name Elena was the name Olena. According to the second version, the name Alena is of ancient Greek origin and means “sunny”, “shining”. There are some other translation options - “exciting”, “spiritualizing”, “attracting”, “bewitching”.

Alina -V Slavic countries the name is associated with the word “scarlet” and artistic images Scarlet Sails and the Scarlet Flower, that is, with the expectation of happiness and hope. In Christian baptism, Alina is given the name Angelina, less often - Alla. Also given the name Elena. There are also other versions of the interpretation of the name Alina. There is a possibility that Alina is a form of the Latin name Albina and in translation “albus” means “white, fair, fair-haired”. In Scotland, the name Alina is interpreted as “honest” and used as pair name to the name Alistair, and in Greece - “ray of sunshine” (as one of the affectionate addresses to Elena). The diminutive term Lina is also an independent name.

Alfia – (Arabic origin) – “sublime”

Anastasia – female form male name Anastasy. Translated from Greek it means “return to life”, “resurrection”, “resurrected”, “reborn”, “immortal”. Russian folk form - Nastasya

Anfisa - translated this name means “flower, blooming or colorful.” Like many other names, this name appeared in Rus' brought from Ancient Greece.

Artyom - translated from Greek means “unharmed, in perfect health.” According to another version - “dedicated to Artemis.” Comes from the Greek name Artemis, from the name of the goddess Artemis. In modern times it has become an independent name, but is also used as a diminutive address to Artemy.

Antonina (Latin) means “extensive, acquisition, comparison and opponent”, (Greek) – “acquiring in return”

Ahliddin - scientists believe that the name comes from the ancient Greek name “Akhlidin” (with emphasis on the second syllable), meaning vitality and spiritual peace.

Ahmadali - a combination of the names Ahmad and Ali. The male name Ahmad in Arabic means “the one who thanks God.” The name Ali comes from the ancient Arabic "ali", which means "high, superior, high-ranking, powerful, superior to all." Given name is one of the epithets of Allah, taking in this context the meaning of “superior to all.” Gained popularity among Muslims thanks to the fourth Arab caliph Ali, who was cousin and son-in-law to the Prophet Muhammad. He is especially revered by adherents of the Shiite movement in Islam. Today the name is very common in the Muslim world.

B

Bogdan - it's SlavicName,means“given by God”, “given by God”, “God’s gift”.

IN

Vadim - from the Slavic “bully”.

Valeria (Latin) - “rich, strong, strong, healthy”

Basil (Greek) -means “royal”, “royal”, also translated as “king”

Vasilisa - (Greek) – “queen”; colloquial Vasyon; old Vasilisa

Faith - it's original Russian name and literally translated from Greek means “faith”, “service to God”. Faith, hope, love are the three main virtues in Christianity. Among Christians, the martyrs Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov and their mother Sophia, who lived in the 2nd century, are revered. Despite the existence of corresponding Greek names, in Europe the names of the three sisters were translated literally.

Victor – (Latin origin) “winner”

Victoria - from Latin word"Victoria" meaning "victory".

Vilen - this is the name of the Soviet period, and it was formed on behalf of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. This name, in essence, is an abbreviation that was formed from the initials and pseudonym of the leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917, V.I. Lenin.

Vladislav - has pagan Slavic origin. It means "possessing glory." There is another version of the origin of the name Vladislav - from Polish the name is translated as “good ruler.”

G

Galina – (translated from Greek) calm, serene

Gennady – (Greek origin) “noble, noble birth”

D

Danila (Daniil) – from Hebrew “divine judgment”

Daria - has several variants of origin. According to the first version, the name Daria is female version The male ancient Persian name Darius, which comes from the Greek Dareios. In Greek, this name became a transcription of the Persian male name Darayavausha, meaning “owner of the good,” sometimes translated as “winner.” According to the second version, the name Daria has Slavic roots, is a modern form of the Slavic names Daryon, Darina, a related name for the names Daroluba and Daromila, therefore the meaning is close to the concept of “dar” - “gift given”. Among the descendants of the Slavs, a variant of this name is also used - Daryana.

Dmitriy (Dimitri) - comes from the ancient Greek word "demetris", translated as - "belonging to Demeter"

E

Evgeniy (Evgeniya) - translated from Greek means “noble”, literally this name can be translated as “with good genes”. From the male name a female name was formed - Evgenia. In Russia, the names Evgeniy and Evgeniya began to be widely used in the 19th century. This is how the nobles began to call their children, but they used the name Eugene mainly in the French manner - Eugene (later the modern diminutive Zhenya appeared from it) or in the English version - Eugene.

Egor (Egory, Georgy) - from the Greek “farmer”

Catherine – (Greek origin) “honest, immaculate.”

Elena – (Greek origin) “chosen, bright”

Z

Zoya - translated from ancient Greek means “life”.

AND

Ivan - from the ancient Hebrew John and translated means “merciful of God.” The name Ivan is the most Russian name. During the Great Patriotic War The Germans called all Russians that way. In Latin, the name Ivan is read as Ivan. In the second half of the twentieth century, the fashion for Slavic names spread to Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries; in these countries, in addition to their native names Juan and Jean, the names Ivan and Evan appeared.

Igor – (glory) - early borrowing from Old Scandinavian Ingvarr (Ing - god of fertility, warr-prudent, careful); in Old Russian In(b)gvar (to protect the name of God), which is interpreted as “strong, warlike”

Ilya – Russian version of HebrewnameEliyahu, meaning "My God is the Lord", can also be translated as "believer"

Irina - translated from ancient Greek means “peace, tranquility.” The name comes from ancient greek goddess Eirene, goddess of peace and tranquility.

TO

Karina - has several versions of origin. According to one version, the name Karina is of Latin origin and is derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or generic nickname) Carinus, derived from another cognomen - Carus, derived from the Latin carus, which translates as “dear”, “dear”. To confirm this version of origin, one can cite modern meaning from the Italian word "cara", meaning "beautiful, sweet". In Russian culture, the name Karina could appear from various sources. According to the first version, the name Karina is Slavic name. A related name is Karislava. Karina is a Slavic mourning goddess who accompanies funeral rites, hovers over the battlefields, yearns in the places of peace for the dead together with Zhelya, his sister. This goddess is mentioned in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, and is found in the list of various pagan rituals in the 17th century list of the Old Russian “Words of a certain Christ-lover...” From the Old Russian language, “to punish for one’s sister” meant “to mourn.” According to the second version, the name Karina is of Greek origin. Derived from the Greek name Corinna (Korina), meaning "girl". Related names - Cora, Corin. According to the next version, the name Karina was given to a girl born on a ship during wintering in the Kara Sea. Karina – “born on the Kara Sea.” In the USSR, this version of the origin had some revolutionary overtones.

Kirill - translated from ancient Greek means “lord”, “lord”. On Persian name Kirill means "sun".

Konstantin – (Latin origin) “constant, persistent”

Ksenia (Oksana, Aksinya) - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Ksenia translated from Greek “xenos” means “hospitable”, also translated as “wanderer”, “foreigner”, “guest”, “stranger”. The name Ksenia is one of the epithets of Aphrodite.

L

Love – (Old Slavonic origin) “love”

Lyudmila – (Slavic origin) “nice to people”

M

Maksim - is of Latin origin and translated means “greatest.” It is often believed that the name Maxim is a form of the name Maximilian

Marcel (Markell) - derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or clan nickname) Marcellus, derived from the personal name Marcus. The name Marcus may be derived from the name of the god Mars, the Roman god of war, and therefore means “warlike,” “sacred to Mars.” In ancient Rome, the cognomen Marcellus, in particular, was the generic nickname of the plebeian branch of the Claudian family. In Late Latin transcription, the name Marcellus began to sound like Marcellus or Marcellus. According to the next version, the name Marseille comes from the name of the French port city of Marseille. The city of Marseille was founded around 600 BC. Phocians - Greeks from Asia Minor - and was then called “Massalia”

Matvey - has Jewish origin, translated means “gifted by God”, interpretation options are “man of God”, “gift of God”. Matvey is modern sound named Matthew (Matthew).

Michael (from ancient Hebrew) translated means “equal, like God,” sometimes the meaning of the name is interpreted as “asked from God.”

N

Hope - in literal translationmeansliterally "hope". Into Russian originallyNamecame from the Greek language, in which it sounded like Elpis (which in translation is alsomeans"hope")

Nazar - has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Nazar is derived from the Late Latin name Nazarius, which means “one who comes from Nazareth”, “Nazarene”. According to the second version, the name Nazar is a Jewish name. Translated from Hebrew it means “vow (promised)” or “devoted oneself to the Lord.” According to the third version, the name Nazar can be translated from Arabic as “far-sighted”, as well as “look”; "looking on the bright side of things." And on Turkish this name is interpreted as “stare gaze”. Among Muslims, you can more often hear an analogue of this name - Nasser.

Natalia - translated from Latin - “native”

Nikita - translated from Greek means “winner”. In Western Europe you can also hear the female version of this name, it is identical to the male one, but with an emphasis on the last syllable - Nikita′ .

Nikolay - translated from Greek means “conqueror of nations.”

ABOUT

Olga - comes from the Old Norse "Helga" - "saint"

P

Paul - translated from Latin language("paulus") means "small", "insignificant", "baby". There is an opinion that this name is interpreted as “junior”, which was relevant when the names of father and son coincided.

Pauline - has several versions of origin. The first of them is the most common - the name Polina comes from the name ancient Greek god sun of Apollo and means “solar” or “dedicated to Apollo.” There are translation options - “liberated” or “liberating”. In this case, Polina is one of the forms of the name Apollinaria, which has become most widespread among the Russian people, compared to full name, due to a more beautiful and concise sound, as well as due to the ease of pronunciation for Russian people. The second version is the name Polina of French origin, from the male name Paul, which is translated from Latin as “small”, “baby”. In Russian, the analogue of the name Paul is the male name Pavel

R

Rimma – has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Rimma was originally a masculine name, which came from the name of the city of Rome, so the name is interpreted as “Roman”. IN Orthodox calendar the martyr Rimma Novodunsky, a Slav, is mentioned. According to legend, the natives of Scythia Minor Inna, Rimma and Pinna were disciples of the Apostle Andrew. But among Catholics the name is not used. According to the second version, the name is of Hebrew origin and means “apple.”Rose - came to us from Byzantium and comes from the name of the flower of the same name, translated from Greek as “rose flower”, “red flower”. According to another opinion, the name has Latin roots and means “flower,” “rose,” or even “queen of flowers.”

WITH

Svetlana - Slavic origin, from the word “light”

Sergey - has different versions of origin. According to the first, most common version, the name Sergei comes from the Roman generic name Sergius, which is a Roman generic name that comes from Sergius. The Sergii are an ancient Roman patrician family, which, according to legend, traces its ancestry to the Trojans. Translated from Latin it means “high”, “noble”. According to the next version, the name Sergei is modern form the obsolete name Sergius, which comes from the Latin “servidei”, translated meaning “servant of God”. As one of the variants of this version, the name Sergei comes from the Latin “Servus”, which translates as “servant”.

Semyon – (ancient Hebrew origin) “listening, heard by God”

Sophia(Sofia ) - translated from ancient Greek means “wisdom”, “wisdom”, “wise”. There is a translation option for “reasonableness”, “science”.

Stepan translated from ancient Greek "stephanos" means "wreath", "crown", "crown"

T

Tamara – (Hebrew origin) comes from the word “Tamar”, which means “date palm”Tatiana – (from Greek) “organizer”; (according to another version from Latinnamed after the Sabine king Tatius, women of this clan bore the title “Tatyanos”)

F

Fedul – (Greek origin) “God’s servant, servant”

YU

Yuliana (Julia) - is the Latin form of the male name Julian (Julianus). According to historical data, this name spread throughout Europe largely due to the fact that Juliana of Lüttich was especially revered in Germany.

I

Yaroslav (slav.) - means“bright”, “strong”, “glorious for its vitality”.

Appendix 3

Dictionary of the formation of surnames of different nations

Surnames of residents of European countries

English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting profession (Clerk - civil servant, Hoggart - shepherd, Smith - blacksmith); indicating character traits and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - boastful);Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak (Radkevich, Dubrovka, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many names in Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);Bulgarians - Almost all Bulgarian surnames formed from personal names using the suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);Greeks - Greek surnames cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -poulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -es, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames indicating a person’s character are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - bad);Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), and can also end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and da- indicate, respectively, a person’s belonging to his clan and geographical location (Di Moretti is Moretti’s son, Da Vinci is from Vinci);Latvians - to belong to masculine denotes a surname ending in -s, -is, and for a feminine ending - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), women's surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and the ending -e (Grinius - Grinyuvene), surnames same unmarried girls contain the basis of the father’s surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -yut, -ayt and endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite)Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - curly, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - landowner);Norse - formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can also be found (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can represent the names of animals and trees and natural phenomena(Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);Poles - most surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -й (-я), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); There are also double surnames, in case a woman, when getting married, wants to keep her surname too (Mazur-Komorowska); In addition to these surnames, surnames with a constant form are also common among Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wujcik, Wozniak)Russians - use surnames with the suffixes -in, -yn -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ikh, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);Turks - most often surnames have the ending -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mamedzade), also when forming surnames they often used Turkish names or everyday words (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);Ukrainians - the first group of surnames of a given nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreshchenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second group denotes the type of craft or occupation (Potter, Koval, Kulish); the third group of surnames consists of individual Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous, Kozedub);French people - many surnames are preceded by the prefix Le or De (D′ ) (Le Pen, De Pompadour, D′ Esten); Basically, various nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - pig);Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -sted, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);Estonians - masculine and feminine genders are not distinguished using surnames. All foreign surnames (mostly German) were at one time Estonized (Rosenberg - Roosimäe), this process continues to this day, so, for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their surnames to Simson and Nahk;

Surnames of residents of Asian countries

Azerbaijanis - formed their surnames based on Azerbaijani names and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliev, Gasanov, Abdullaev) to themArmenians - most surnames of residents of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan)Georgians - surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);Jews - the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan, Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group came from male and female Hebrew names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third group of surnames reflects the character of a person, his appearance or profession (Kaplan - chaplain, Rabinovich - rabbi, Melamed - teacher, Schwartzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong).Chinese and Koreans - usually these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tan, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai)Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by merging two full-valued words (Wada - harmony and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - piece and mountain, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki,

Appendix No. 4

Definition nationality

according to the form of the surname

(based on the example of the names of students, teachers and school employees of the MBOU "OOSH" in the village of Ust-Ukhta)

Of them:

Russian

Komi

Ukraine

skies

Paul

skies

Belarusian

Tajik

Dagest.

Moldavsk

105 people

100%

55%

25%

You are probably familiar with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” which has long become a catchphrase: “I need Georgy Ivanovich, aka Yuri, aka Gosha, aka Zhora, aka Gora...”

Why do different names have so many variations?

Why are people called the same names in different countries and even on different continents?

Science provides the answer to these questions anthroponymy, which studies the origin, evolution and functional components of names.

· Scientifically, proper or personal names (for example, Ivan, Maria, Svetlana) are called anthroponyms. By the way, anthroponyms also include patronymics, surnames, nicknames and even nicknames.

But let's focus on names for now. How is it that, living in different countries, having different histories, cultures and languages, we have, if not the same, then very similar names?

WE ARE UNITED BY HISTORY

In fact, everything lies in the story.

All nationalities, regardless of their territorial location, went through similar evolutionary milestones, a similar cultural path of development, during which the first and subsequent names appeared, as well as traditions of naming people.

In ancient times, people identified themselves with the Universe, believed in their origin and dependence on the nature around them - plants, animals, as well as natural phenomena. The reason for choosing a name was also the expected or desired qualities of the newborn person, as well as his external signs. Another significant “reason” for getting a name is the activity that the newborn’s family is engaged in.

The most obvious and, perhaps, well-known example of naming people from these points of view can be called names in Indian tribes. You have probably read and remember fascinating books about the Indians, where the main characters were called Vigilant Falcon, Leather Stocking, St. John's Wort, Faithful Hand, etc.

The same can be said about Old Russian names. Digging through the archives and descriptions of family trees, you can find names such as Pie Oladin, Rusin, Kozhemyaka, Dobr, Hitr, Molchan, etc. Agree that from the examples given you can easily guess what this or that family did, or what this or that person was like.

Many names that are still used today have come to us since pagan times, when people wanted to give their child a sonorous, promising or “happy” name.

For example, how would you decipher and compare two names like Valdemar and Vladimir? It turns out that they actually have a lot in common:

The Slavic name Vladimir consists of two parts and literally means “ own the world»;

In turn, Valdemar similarly means kingdom and glory (valtan + mar), so in Germany you can safely call Vova Valdemar.

A similar example of “big” names that have the same roots but different sounds is widely known and quite popular Henry and already forgotten Slavic Domazhir. Although it’s hard to believe, in fact, people with such names are full namesakes, since in literally their names mean "wealth ("fat" - in the Slavic example) in the house."

AND RELIGION

The greatest significance in the emergence of names was played by religious beliefs, rituals, beliefs and traditions. This largely explains the fact why we all have “namesakes” in other countries, which, by the way, we may not even be aware of.

Many peoples were united by the Christian faith, which, in turn, collected and sanctified, or, more correctly, canonized many names from different languages. At one time, when baptizing children, newborns should have been given only those names that were permitted or “welcomed” by the church. Now parents can give their child any name that pops into their head.

· For example, let us recall that in the first years of Soviet power such “pearl names” as Oktyabrina, Noyabrina or Elmira appeared, meaning “electrification of the world.” At the same time, names appeared at the same time - analogues of traditional foreign ones, but with a completely different meaning. For example, the Soviet Gertrude is not a German analogy at all, but an abbreviation for “Hero of Labor”. Or the male version - Renat: this name, familiar to Tatars and Muslims, is also an abbreviation of the loud Soviet slogan “Revolution, science, labor.” Here are your namesakes!

· Today, “advanced” mothers and fathers also amaze with their rich imagination, calling their children unimaginable names. For example, in domestic registry offices, babies have recently been registered with the names Uslada, Dolphin, Lunalika, and even a name in the form of a set of numbers...

But let's get back to traditional names, having similarities in different nationalities and meaning the same thing in different languages.

Christian names became most widespread in the 10th century. The Orthodox world actively borrowed or, more precisely, collected best names Worldwide. As a rule, they are of Greek, Latin and Hebrew origin - which is why names that essentially mean the same thing can differ markedly in pronunciation. Byzantium, located between Europe and Asia, played a special role in the spread of Christianity, therefore the names legitimized by the Byzantine Empire are somewhat different.

There are many examples of such “international” names.

One of the most famous and widespread is the name Ivan, to which, by analogy with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” mentioned at the beginning of the article, we can add:

He is John and Johann, Gianni, Jean and Johan, Giovanni and Joao, Juan and Jens, as well as Janos and Jan. Most of our compatriots Ivanov do not even realize how many namesakes they have around the world!

Among other names that are common everywhere, it is necessary to note such as Anna and Maria, Andrey and Alexey, Olga and Ekaterina, Mikhail and Yuri and many others. If you trace the history of their occurrence, you will immediately discover religious origins.

Let us give in the table several examples of what the name means and how it sounds in different language interpretations:

These are not all examples, and the list can be supplemented with analogues of these and other names in other languages ​​(for example, in Italian Georgiy is Giorgio, Alexander is Alessandro, and the famous Shakespearean heroine Juliet is the namesake of the Russian Julia). As you can see from the table, the names are more than similar to each other - the differences are explained by the linguistic characteristics of each language.

EVERYTHING NEW IS WELL FORGOTTEN OLD

There are several other reasons for the international “interpenetration” of names, in particular, globalization and the expansion of ties between different countries. But even in such cases, it often turns out later that a foreign name is a well-forgotten anthroponym that has been around for centuries. For example, modern Angelicas and Angelinas are the namesakes of girls who long ago bore the name Angelina.