Rubber and rubber products. Commodity analysis of rubber and polymer products lecture for
Cut new products, are usually divided into three main classes:
2) rubber products used as components in auto, aircraft and shipbuilding, in agriculture. mechanical engineering, railway transport, construction, etc.:
The technological process for the production of rubber products from solids includes two general stages: preparatory - production by combining with the necessary ingredients in closed rubber mixers or on rollers and the final - semi-finished rubber product at 140-200 ° C and 0.3-20 Mn/m 3 (3- 200 kgf/cm 2); the choice of vulcanization equipment (press, boiler, continuous devices of various designs, etc.) is determined by the type of rubber products. Textile materials used in the production of many rubber products are subject to pre-treatment, the purpose of which is to ensure a strong bond with these materials under various operating conditions of rubber products. Textile materials are impregnated using special machines or other adhesive compounds and coated on (see). they are degreased with organic ones and a layer is applied to them (the so-called brass plating, which is carried out in galvanic).
The main types of rubber products and rubber shoes are discussed below. Types of tires and their production technology are described in Art. Tire.
Rubber products(RTI). These products are usually divided into the following main groups: molded rubber goods; non-shaped rubber goods; conveyor belts; belts; sleeves For the production of rubber goods, almost all general and special-purpose products are used (see,).
Molded rubber products are a wide group (about 30,000 items) of gaskets, sealing and shock-absorbing parts (oil seals, rings of various sections, dust-, moisture- and oil-proof, rubber-metal shock absorbers, etc.). These rubber goods are produced by molding while simultaneously being placed in a mold mounted on a press (see), or using the method.
The group of non-shaped rubber goods includes products (about 12,000 items) used mainly for sealing windows and doors of cars, airplanes, and railways. cars, for sealing joints of building panels, etc. They are produced in the form of profiled bundles of various lengths and cross-sections by extrusion and subsequent semi-finished products in continuous-action devices or in boilers (batch method). Seals can be either monolithic or porous (see).
Conveyor (conveyor) belts, which are elements of conveyors for various purposes, are designed to move bulk and other materials. Tapes are reinforced mainly (from cotton-paper, combined) with a range of breaking forces of 65-300 kn/m, or kgf/cm; For reinforcement of tapes that must have particularly high strength, brass-plated steel cable is used. The production technology of rubber-fabric belts includes assembling a fabric core on duplicating units, covering the core with a layer of the required thickness on and belts in a press, the plates of which are about 10 m long. See also Conveyor belt.
Belts serving as a flexible element of belt transmission in automobile engines, agricultural. machines, various industrial installations, are divided into flat and wedge. The technology for the production of flat belts, which are multilayer rubber-fabric, is similar to the technology for the production of conveyor belts (to obtain a belt of the required width, it is cut into strips before or after). V-belts have a closed structure, and their cross-section is trapezoidal. The main parts of such belts are: a central (bearing) layer made of rubberized cord fabric or cord (see); a rubber layer located between the wide and load-bearing layers (the so-called tensile layer); a rubber layer that is placed between the load-bearing layer and the narrow one (the so-called compression layer); outer (wrapping) fabric layer. The belts are assembled on machines and then vulcanized in a boiler, in a press or in special (rotary or diaphragm) vulcanizers; The choice of vulcanizing equipment depends on the length and cross-section of the belt.
Hoses are flexible pipelines used for supplying bulk materials, etc. under excess (pressure hoses) or (suction hoses). The common design elements of these rubber goods are: an internal (sealing) rubber layer, a load-bearing frame and an outer rubber layer. The power frame for hoses designed for up to 2 MN/m2 (20 kgf/cm2) is made of fabric; for hoses operated at up to 10 and up to 70 Mn/m2 (100 and 700 kgf/cm2) - thread and metal braiding, respectively. The suction hoses [permissible 80 kn/lg (600 mm Hg)] are equipped, in addition to the load-bearing frame, with a metal spiral. The inner and outer layers of the hoses are made by extrusion, the spacer load-bearing frame is applied on assembly machines, and thread or metal braiding is applied on special braiding machines. The assembled sleeve is bandaged with fabric tape or pressed with a lead sheath and vulcanized in a boiler (after which the tape or sheath is removed).
V. B. Pavlov.
Rubber Shoes(RO). Depending on the purpose, RO is divided into household, sports and technical; the latter is designed to protect human feet from aggressive agents, low impacts and other harmful influences (for example, boots for fishermen, miners, chemical workers, dielectric RO). According to the production method, the following types of RO are distinguished: glued, which is assembled (glued together) from pre-prepared parts on conveyor lines, and then varnished and vulcanized in a boiler; stamped, produced by the high-performance method of impact stamping on special presses, followed by varnishing and in a boiler (the method is used only in the production of galoshes); molded, which is made by pressing in a mold with simultaneous oligomers (for example,) and. See also Footwear.
V. S. Altsitser.
Lit.: Koshechev F.F., Kornev A.E., Klimov N.S., General technology, 3rd ed., M., 1968; Lepetov V. A:, Calculations and design of rubber technical products and forms, L., 1972; Rubber work shoes, catalogue, M., 1969 (TsNIITENeftekhim); Abuladze M. L., Volodarsky A. N., Zolin A. D., State and prospects for the development of rubber footwear production, M., 1970 (TsNIITENeftekhim).
Rubber products are actively used in all spheres of human life, including technical ones. No production can be imagined without such products. Industrial rubber products (RTI) are widely used in many industries.
Types of rubber goods
- Shaped. Such products include various shock absorbers, gaskets and seals. This may include O-rings, reinforced cuffs, caps and other devices. Such products received their name due to the peculiarities of their manufacture. Formed rubber goods are manufactured in special forms.
- Non-shaped. This type includes rubber hoses, pipes, cords and other products. They have a much more complex manufacturing process. They are used in aircraft manufacturing, automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding and other fields.
Where are rubber goods used?
Rubber products are used in almost all sectors of modern human activity. The most difficult tasks performed by rubber products include sealing the moving parts of the mechanism.
At the same time, rubber goods can be used in aggressive weather conditions, which is why they are used in the assembly of aircraft and various special equipment.
Rubber rubber products are used as important components in the chemical, petrochemical and other fields where pumping of liquids and gases is necessary. Rubber is used to make pipes through which these substances move.
Some pipes are used to connect pipelines for oil, fuel and hydraulic systems.
Rubber rubber products are also widely used at conveyor enterprises. The conveyor belt is made from rubber, which serves as the basis for such production. This tape is characterized by increased strength and heat resistance.
Cars cannot do without rubber goods either. A passenger car consists almost entirely of units containing rubber goods. Even the fuel hose, boots, bushings and other parts are made of rubber.
In total, more than three thousand types of rubber products are used in the automotive industry.
The product must be of high quality
When purchasing rubber goods, you need to pay great attention to their quality. Low quality products can lead to equipment failure and emergency shutdown.
Low-quality and cheap rubber goods will not help you save money, as they wear out quickly and increase the cost of repairing breakdowns.
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Rubber - IUDs, which are obtained by vulcanization of a mixture of natural or synthetic rubber with various ingredients (additives). A distinctive feature of rubber is honey. purpose is that they cannot be made from reclaimed rubber - a product of rubber recycling.
In medicine, note:
Products made of natural rubber (SKI brands in the Russian Federation);
Isoprene rubbers (uncolored and non-toxic antioxidants);
In addition to rubber, the raw rubber mixture includes:
Vulcanizing agents- sulfur and organic peroxides. Sulfur in prime form for cross-linking unsaturated rubbers, used for the production of patient care items. Organic peroxides are used for cross-linking polyorganosiloxane rubbers, which makes it possible to obtain physiologically inert rubbers based on them.
Accelerators- oxides of zinc, magnesium, lead, potassium and sodium peroxides accelerate the vulcanization process. The choice of accelerator depends on the nature of the vulcanizing agent. Thus, zinc oxide is used for sulfur.
Fillers reduce the cost of rubber and improve their initial physical and mechanical properties. For honey products Purpose: chalk, kaolin, talc, silicon and zinc oxides.
Dyes give rubber products the necessary presentation and at the same time affect the physical and mechanical properties and heat resistance. Zinc, titanium, and iron oxides are used.
Softeners or plasticizers, - to facilitate the process of mixing the rubber mixture (homogenization) during its preparation, giving the rubber plasticity and frost resistance - oil tar, kerosene, gasoline, linseed oil.
Antioxidants- to slow down the oxidative processes occurring during the processing and operation of rubber, as well as protection from light radiation.
Vulcanization enhancers tensile strength of the material. White carbon black (amorphous dispersed silica), kaolin, wood glue, and zinc oxide are used. For organosilicon rubbers, Aerosil - finely dispersed silicon oxide - is often used as a reinforcing filler, but with it the material loses its plasticity after several hours of storage, so sialons are also added.
Technological process of honey production. rubber products:
1. obtaining a rubber mixture;
2. production of semi-finished products;
3. shaping or obtaining rubber products;
4. vulcanization;
5. post-form processing, installation, sorting;
6.quality control, labeling, packaging.
Obtaining rubber mixture incl. 4 stages:
1. Plasticization of rubber is carried out in rubber mixers at a temperature of 100-110 ° C and a pressure of 8-10 atm.
2. Preparing the ingredients of the rubber mixture and introducing them into a defined sequence. Light ingredients (chalk, kaolin) are subjected to jet-air drying and air separation (screening).
3. Mixing is carried out in rubber mixers for 20-40 minutes.
4. Cooling of the rubber mixture using various cooling devices: shower systems, scalloped cooling devices, conventional baths. Water temperature db 8-10°C.
Production of semi-finished products or workpieces. carried out in the manufacture of rubber heating pads, ice packs, bedpans, catheters, tubes. Rubber blanks for tubular products are made by extrusion (extrusion) on worm presses. Sheeting of the rubber mixture is carried out by calendering on 4-7 rolls, the last roll has a corrugated pattern.
Formation or production of rubber products by T:
1.Compression molding (press method). Calendered rubber blanks are placed into the cavities of one of the mold halves. After this, the halves are combined and placed in a press. Under the influence of pressing force (pressure 3 atm) and temperature (140-150 °C), deformation stresses arise in the rubber mixture, leading to the flow of the mixture, as a result of which the rubber blank acquires the configuration of a mold socket.
2.sheet molding (injection molding)
3.hand gluing
4. extrusion - the main method for tourniquets, tubes, catheters, probes)
5.dipping method - for gloves, pipettes, finger caps, baby pacifiers
Curing distinguish between cold and hot.
Hot vulcanization is carried out using a periodic method in boilers, presses or autoclaves or a continuous method in special devices. This is one of the easiest ways to reduce vulcanization time. Cold vulcanization is carried out by immersing the product in a solution or vapor of sulfur semichloride, followed by drying the product with hot air. This method is more expensive, less effective, and the harmful gases released complicate the process. It is used rarely, only for honey production. gloves and sanitary and hygiene items.
Post-forming processing, installation, product sorting. The production of molded products ends with mechanical processing. Main types: removal of pressings (burst), trimming the working surfaces of rubber products.
Bushings are installed in heating pads, ice packs, and vessels and checked for leaks.
Quality control, labeling and packaging of products.
pay attention to defects:
Bubbles, dents, foreign inclusions;
Surface roughness;
Size mismatch;
Offset contours;
Tears, cracks, porosity, delamination;
Swelling at the ends of products;
Underpressing;
Undervulcanization (stickiness) or overvulcanization.
Latexes and products made from them. Consumer properties of latexes.
Latexes- colloidal systems, the dispersed phase of which consists of spherical particles (globules). The colloidal chemical characteristics of latex - globule size, viscosity, concentration, or amount of dry residue, aggregative stability - significantly influence the technological behavior of latexes during their processing.
The stability of latexes is conditional. a protective layer adsorbed on the surface of the globules that prevents spontaneous coagulation. This layer contains anionic, cationic or nonionic surfactants (emulsifiers)
Types of latex:
1. Natural latex - the milky juice of rubber plants.
Synthetic latexes are aqueous dispersions of synthetic rubbers formed as a result of emulsion polymerization.
2. Artificial latexes (artificial dispersions) - products that are formed by dispersing “ready-made” polymers in water.
The use of latexes makes it possible to obtain products that are not made from hard rubbers at all, for example, thin-walled seamless honey. gloves. Mainly for medical products, natural latex is used.
Technological process for obtaining products:
1. preparation of latex mixture;
2. obtaining a semi-finished latex product;
3. gel compaction;
4. drying the finished product;
5. vulcanization of the finished product;
6. quality control, packaging and labeling.
Preparation of latex mixture. In addition to the usual ingredients of the rubber mixture, it includes surfactants, thickeners, antiseptics, and defoamers.
Semi-finished latex product obtained by dipping method. To do this, a mold simulating the product, heated to 60-100 °C, is lowered into a bath with a latex mixture. The thin layer of gel formed on the surface of the mold is dried in air and dipped again. This is repeated as many times as necessary to obtain a product of the required thickness (no more than 2 mm).
Gel seal. The mold with the product obtained on it is lowered into a bath of water and kept at room temperature. In this case, the gel thickens.
Drying in an air chamber at 40-80 °C for 10-15 hours.
Curing carried out in special chambers with hot air at a temperature of 100-140 °C. The mold with the product is placed in a chamber and held at a given temperature for the required amount of time in accordance with the technological regulations for a specific product.
Quality control, packaging and labeling produced in accordance with the requirements of state standards or technical specifications of the enterprise for the product.
Introduction 1. What is rubber 2. Types of rubber products 2.1 Rubber products 2.2 Rubber toys 2.3 Consumer products 2.3.1 Rubber shoes 2.3.2 Sports, tourism and sporting goods for children 2.3.3 Rubber educational products Conclusion References
Introduction
At rubber industry factories, a large number of various materials are processed, which include various rubber products, various textile materials, etc. All these materials are delivered to factory warehouses and, as needed, are transferred to production. The goal of our work is to study all types of rubber products. The subject of research, in turn, is the types of these products, and the object is rubber and rubber products. Based on our research goal, it is necessary to solve the following problems: - we have to study what rubber is - we need to study what kind of rubber products there are - describe these rubber products and what they consist of - identify in which industries rubber products are used.
Conclusion
Rubber products are very important for all humanity; nowadays it is difficult to imagine a world without them, and practically impossible. Having written this work, we can draw the following conclusions: 1. Rubber products have special properties that are characteristic only of them 2. Various rubber products are developed under the influence of fashion, achievements of science and technology 3. There are products for training: swimming rings, etc. 4. Sports -Tourist goods made from rubber have a good effect on the human body and develop all muscles. Based on our findings, we will put forward the following proposals: 1. Create materials for new products 2. Improve their product quality 3. Invent new rubber products 4. Improve traditional methods of creating rubber
Bibliography
Artemenko A.I. Organic chemistry. - M., 2006 2. Artemenko A.I., Tikunova I.V., Anufriev E.K. Workshop on organic chemistry. - M.: Higher School, 2005 3. Berezin B.D., Berezin D.B. Course of modern organic chemistry. Textbook for universities. - M.: Higher School, 2006 4. Garshin, A.P. General and inorganic chemistry in diagrams, figures, tables, chemical reactions: Textbook / A.P. Garshin. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2013. 5. Grandberg I.I.: Organic chemistry. - M.: Bustard, 2009 6. Ivanov V.G.: Organic chemistry. - M.: Academy, 2006 7. Korovin N.V.: General chemistry. - M.: Higher School, 2005 8. Kuznetsova N.E. Chemistry: 10th grade: basic level: textbook for students of general education institutions / N.E. Kuznetsova. N.N. Gara. - 11: Ventana-Graf, 2012. 9. Nikolsky A.B., Suvorov A.V. Chemistry. - St. Petersburg, 2005 10. Oganesyan E.T.: Organic chemistry. - M.: Academy, 2011 11. Panichev S.A.: Organic catalysis. - Tyumen: Tyumen State University, 2007 12. Petrov A. A., Balyan H. V., Troshchenko A. T. Organic chemistry. - M.: "Alliance", 2012 13. Popkov, V.A. General chemistry /V.A. Popkov. - Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2009. 14. Workshop on general, inorganic and organic chemistry, ed. Gabrielyana O. S., Ostroumova I. G., Dorofeeva N. M. - M.: .: Academy, 2011 15. Reutov O. A. P44 Organic chemistry: in 4 hours. Part 3 / O. A. Reutov , A. L. Kurts, K. P. Butin. - 3rd ed. (el.). - M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2012
Rubber products include a huge number of products that can be used both in domestic conditions and in industry. Industrial rubber products are different both in manufacturing methods and in purpose, but all rubber products have one common property: the products contain rubber. Rubber is a waterproof and elastic elastomer, from which rubber is obtained by vulcanization.
According to the production method, rubber products are divided into molded and non-molded.
Molded rubber products are produced by vulcanization of the rubber mixture (produced in special molds) or by injection molding. Molded rubber products have become widespread in all types of industry.
The production of non-molded rubber products takes place in two stages. First, rubber compounds are extruded in a special mold, and then, at the second stage, the surrogate is directly vulcanized. Non-molded rubber products are widely used in aircraft construction, carriage building, and the automotive industry as a means of sealing joints or as sealants.
Products made from rubber products include asbestos products, paronite, polymers, electrical tape, as well as various types of rubber products, such as belts, rubber sleeves, and technical plates.
Sheet paronite is a mixture of pressed rubber into which asbestos fiber is introduced. Paronite is intended for the production of sealing gaskets of various sizes. The good technical characteristics of paronite in conditions of aggressive environments, pressure and high temperatures have made it possible to use it in metalworking, petrochemical and chemical industries, metallurgy and mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and power generation.
According to the method of manufacturing rubber products, technical rubber plate can be either molded or non-molded. Rubber technical plate is used in the manufacture of rubber products that serve as seals for fixed joints, flooring and gaskets, and such products prevent friction between metal surfaces. The technical characteristics of the rubber technical plate allow the product to withstand single shock loads. The operating temperature of rubber products made from technical plates ranges from -30 to +80°C. The rubber composition of the technical plate varies and depends on the operating conditions of the products. There are several markings for rubber technical plates: TMKShch (heat-freeze, acid-alkali-resistant), MBS (oil-gasoline-resistant), silicone, vacuum, sponge, porous technical plates.
Industrial rubber products are also represented by a wide range of rubber hoses. Rubber hoses consist of outer and inner rubber layers, between which there is an internal reinforcing frame. Depending on the purpose, the reinforcing frame in rubber hoses can be in the form of a textile frame, thread reinforcement or metal wire.
Rubber hoses (the price list and range of groups of rubber products can be obtained directly from our company) are intended for supplying liquid under pressure, suctioning gases, various liquids and abrasive materials. Products obtained from rubber hoses: garden hoses, plastic or metal pipes, automotive hoses (for example, brake hoses), air tubes, corrugated hoses, fire hoses.
Technical plate TMKShch (heat-frost-acid-alkali-resistant) is used as a sealing gasket for fixed joints. In addition, TMKShch technical plate can serve to prevent friction between two metal surfaces or soften an impact (load) - in a wide variety of climatic conditions.
All technical plates TMKShch are manufactured in accordance with GOST 7338-90. Heat-frost-acid-alkali-resistant technical plate works in environments such as air, water (sea, fresh, technical, waste), salt solutions, inert gas, nitrogen, alkalis and acids (concentration up to 20%) - at a pressure of 0.05 -0.4 MPa. TMKShch technical plate retains its operational properties in the temperature range from -45 to +80 degrees Celsius.
Conventionally, such technical plates are divided into two classes.
Technical plate TMKShch of the first class (I), operable at pressures up to 0.1 MPa. Thickness ranges from 1 to 20 mm. Purpose - sealant for fixed joints in mechanisms. Technical plate TMKShch of the second class (II), is also operational at pressures up to 0.1 MPa. Its thickness ranges from 1 to 60 mm.
Seals for components, as well as flooring and linings (designed to prevent friction between the metal surfaces of parts and soften single impact loads) are made from it. In addition to classes, technical TMKShch plates are divided into two types (according to their manufacturing methods): non-shaped and shaped.
Formed technical plate TMKShch is produced in a mold using the vulcanization method, on a special vulcanized press. As for non-molded technical plates, they are produced either in vulcanizers (continuous) or in boilers using the vulcanization method.
In addition, technical plates TMKShch differ in the type of their composition: rubber and rubber-fabric. If the plate is rubber-fabric, this means that it has one or more layers of fabric, which are interspersed with rubber (as a rule, for every 2 millimeters of the technical plate there should be one fabric layer)
In addition to the above classification, heat-frost-acid-alkali-resistant technical plates differ in their degree of hardness:
· soft technical plate;
· middle technical plate;
· technical plate of increased hardness.
The characteristics of a specific technical plate can be easily determined by its symbols. For example, if in front of you is a technical plate 2F-I-TMKShch-S-4/T-I-2-80 GOST 7338-90, this means that this product is a molded rubber plate of the first class and medium hardness, with a thickness of 4 mm. It is operational in a temperature range from -30 to +80 degrees.
High-quality technical plate TMKShch is easily identified when inspecting the product: its surface should not have mechanical damage or defects (pronounced porosity, depressions, etc.).
Technical plates can be stored in stacks or rolls, in warehouses at a temperature not exceeding +25, away from heating devices. If the products were stored at low temperatures, then before use they must be kept for 24 hours at a temperature range of +15 to +30 degrees. To avoid damage to technical plates, it is unacceptable for the surface of the product to come into contact with aggressive environments and substances that destroy the rubber layer (gasoline, kerosene, alkalis, acids, ultraviolet radiation, etc.). Subject to such storage conditions, TMKShch technical plates of the first class are guaranteed to retain their quality for 5.5 years, and technical plates of the second class - 2.5 years.
Technical plate MBS
It is used for the manufacture of rubber products (rubber-technical products), which serve as sealing gaskets for fixed components and joints, prevent friction between the metal surfaces of parts, and also soften the effects of single shock loads.
In principle, the operating conditions of this technical plate can be understood from its name - oil and petrol resistant. This means that the MBS technical plate is used in such working environments as: various types of oil, gasoline, petroleum-based fuel. In addition to them, the following media are suitable for it: air, inert gases, nitrogen.
MBS technical plate can withstand pressure from 0.05 to 10 MPa - but its durability directly depends on the working environment. A pressure of 0.05-0.4 MPa is optimal for air or inert gas, and higher pressure (up to 10 MPa) is for more aggressive and heavy media, i.e. fuel, nitrogen, oil. MBS technical plate has several classifications, as do plates of other types. First of all, technical plates are divided into molded and non-shaped.
MBS molded technical plate is produced by vulcanization using a special vulcanized press.
As for non-molded technical plate, it is made either in boilers - by vulcanization, or in continuous vulcanizers.
Secondly, there are two types of plates based on their composition:
· rubber;
· rubber-fabric.
How to understand this? Rubber technical plates are made entirely from rubber compounds. If the plate is rubber-fabric, this means that it has one or several layers of fabric interspersed with rubber ones (for every 2 millimeters of technical plate, one layer of fabric is supposed to be placed).
Thirdly, technical plates can vary in their degree of hardness:
· soft degree (M);
· average degree (C);
· solid degree (T).
Based on these characteristics and classes, the appearance of the technical MBS plates is determined and marked. Technical MBS plates are produced in the form of rolls or sheets, depending on the thickness, which ranges from 1 to 50 mm.
The length of one roll can vary from 50 to 750 cm. The size of one sheet: 50 by 50 cm, 70 by 70 cm, 50 by 80 cm. The weight of the packaged plates directly depends on the thickness of the product. For example, if it is 1 mm, then the weight of one square meter will be 1.25 kg. And if the thickness of the MBS technical plate is 1.5 mm, then the weight of one square meter will be equal to 1.9 kg, and so on, in increasing order. If you are interested in the characteristics of a particular plate, you can find them in the tables presented on this same page.
Finished products must be stored indoors, at a temperature not exceeding +25, away from heating devices and aggressive destructive substances. MBS technical plates must not be allowed to deform during storage. MBS plates are always available in our company's warehouse. For each type of plate we are ready to provide all the necessary quality certificates. You can place an order in any quantity and at any time convenient for you. And our managers will be happy to advise you on all questions related to the product: its properties, cost, payment method, etc.
The Prombelt LLC company has been engaged in the comprehensive supply of rubber-asbestos-technical materials for several years now. Our products compare favorably with competitors' products due to their excellent combination of price and quality.
Rubber sleeves
They are used in various industries and are designed for supplying or sucking liquids, gases, abrasive and bulk materials under pressure. All rubber hoses consist of an inner and outer rubber layer and an internal reinforcing frame, which can be made of thread reinforcement, textile frame, metal wire or a combined inner frame.
Oil and petrol resistant hoses (MBS) (GOST 10362-76)
Used to supply gasoline, aviation fuel, jet and petroleum-based diesel oil, liquid lubricants, coolants, weak solutions of acids, air and gases at temperatures from -60°C to +120°C.
They consist of an inner rubber layer, a thread frame (force) with one or more intermediate layers (or without them) of rubber or adhesive paste and an outer rubber layer or without it. Operable in areas with a temperate climate at temperatures from -50 to +120°C, in areas with a cold climate at temperatures from -60 to +90°C.
