The most famous Russian portrait artists. Russian portrait painters of the first half of the 19th century
Russian portrait has its own history of development and its wonderful portrait artists.
In general terms, we will talk about how the portrait genre developed in Russia. In general - because this topic is vast for one article.
History of Russian portrait
In the Middle Ages, the Russian portrait differed from the understanding of this genre in later times: the individual traits of a particular person were almost not reflected in his image. In medieval portraiture it was a timeless image. Individuality was manifested only in the depiction of his social status, or rather, the ideal that corresponded to representatives of a certain level in the feudal hierarchy. Naturally, only noble people, church leaders and other high-ranking officials of their time were depicted in the portraits.
Miniature from “Svyatoslav’s Collection” 1073 “Svyatoslav with his family.” Svyatoslav is on the far right. Svyatoslav is the third son of Yaroslav the Wise and Ingegerda of Sweden.
And here is a group portrait of “The Daughter of Yaroslav the Wise.” Here we see some individualization of the images, although it is not the main criterion in this portrait; for the artist it was more important to show the princely dignity of the girls.
Some iconographic images of Dionysius are distinguished by individual characteristics. For example, the icon of Joseph of Volotsk.
Dionysius. Icon of Joseph Volotsky
Dionysius (c. 1440-1502) is a famous Moscow icon painter, a successor to the traditions of Andrei Rublev.
In the 16th century The secular portrait is emerging in Russia. The Council of the Hundred Heads in 1551 legalized the possibility of writing kings, princes and people on icons; a little later it was allowed to write parables along with ordinary subjects on icons - this made it possible to insert everyday motifs into icons. At the same time, according to the decision of the Stoglavy Council, kings, princes, saints, and peoples who are alive could appear in the lower row of icons.
And Ivan the Terrible himself demanded that historical events and his deeds be reflected in art. Under him, a royal workshop was created, which in the 17th century. became the basis of the school of royal isographers of the Armory Chamber.
In the Russian kingdom of that period, the portrait genre was called “parsuna” - a distorted transcription of the Latin word “persona” - “personality”, “person”. Parsuns of the 17th century, with rare exceptions, do not have signatures of the authors and no indication of the time of writing. And although the portrait resemblance in the parsun is conveyed rather conditionally, and the signature helps to determine the identity of the person depicted, nevertheless, this was already a step towards the further development of the Russian pictorial portrait.
Parsun of the 17th century. "Portrait of Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich." Russia, late XVII-early XVIII centuries. Unknown artist. Canvas, oil.
By the 16th century These include lifetime images of Ivan the Terrible and many other historical figures of that time.
Parsuna of Ivan the Terrible
In the 17th century The genre of portraiture continues to develop, the iconographic face begins to approach the individual face more and more, artists no longer depict only kings, but also boyars, stewards, and merchants. It is especially important that resemblance to the model becomes mandatory. The innovators in the field of creating a realistic portrait image were the artists of the Armory Chamber, Iosif Vladimirov and Simon Ushakov. Vladimirov creates the image the way he sees it in life. Their work approaches realism. Ushakov worked a lot on the depiction of the human face. He created new icon-painting images with anatomically correct, three-dimensionally modeled faces, real representation of the shape of the eyes and the brilliance of the pupils. But these were only individual steps towards a realistic portrait.
XVIII century contributed his achievements to the portrait genre: artists introduced direct perspective, depth and three-dimensionality of the image on a plane; comprehend the relationship between light and color, the role of light as a means of constructing volume and space.
The central theme of the art of Peter the Great's era becomes the person, and the main genre is the portrait. At this time, the transition from parsuna to portrait was made. By the middle of the 18th century. Original and talented portrait painters have already appeared. The domestic school of portraiture was represented by artists Ivan Nikitin, Andrey Matveev, Ivan Vishnyakov, Alexey Antropov, Ivan Argunov. Let's turn to the work of at least one of them.
Ivan Petrovich Argunov (1729-1802)
I.P. Argunov was a serf of the Sheremetev counts. He studied portrait painting from his cousin Fyodor Leontyevich Argunov, as well as from foreign masters. Under the guidance of his teacher Georg Christopher Groot, he created icons for the church of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo.
I. Argunov “Self-portrait”
He is the author of excellent ceremonial and intimate portraits. Portraits of St. Petersburg nobility, for example, P.B. Sheremetev, brought Argunov fame. In 1762, Argunov received an order to create a portrait of Empress Catherine II.
I. Argunov “Portrait of Catherine II” (1762)
The portrait was painted in the tradition of a ceremonial portrait. The Empress is depicted in an emphatically theatrical pose, her gaze directed at the viewer from top to bottom. The details are carefully painted: a fragment of a column, luxurious draperies, gilded furniture parts, regalia.
Children's and youth portraits occupy a special place in I. Argunov's work. One of the most famous portraits of the artist is “Portrait of an unknown peasant woman in Russian costume.”
I. Argunov “Portrait of an unknown peasant woman in Russian costume” (1784)
In this portrait, he managed to show the natural beauty and dignity of a person, regardless of his class. Soft facial features, a friendly smile and a calm pose - all this emphasizes the modesty, openness and kindness of a woman from the people.
We should not forget that foreign artists also worked in Russia during Peter’s time and also contributed to the development of the portrait genre. Thanks to them, this genre began to develop in a new quality. To designate Western European artists who worked in Russia, there is a special term - “rossika”. Here are some names: Georg Christophor Groot, John Wedekind, Louis Caravaque, Alexander Roslin, Pietro Rotari, Stefano Torelli and many others.
L. Caravaque “Portrait of princesses Anna Petrovna and Elizaveta Petrovna”
In works of the portrait genre, composition, color, and style are developed.
I.G. Tannauer "Portrait of Peter I"
The next new step in the portrait genre was made by artists of the 18th century. F. Rokotov, D. Levitsky, V. Borovikovsky. Read about them. By the end of the 18th century. The Russian portrait, in its high level of quality, is equal to contemporary world examples. Levitsky and Rokotov move from a ceremonial portrait to a chamber portrait. Their portraits are characterized by delicacy, thoughtfulness, and restrained attentiveness.
In the genre of official portrait at the end of the 18th century. S. Shchukin (1762-1828), a student of D. Levitsky, was considered an indisputable authority. The famous portrait painters Vasily Tropinin and Alexander Varnek were students of S. Shchukin himself.
S. Shchukin “Paul I in the Maltese Crown” (1799). Hermitage, St. Petersburg
For this portrait, S. Shchukin was awarded the title of academician.
By the end of the 18th century. Russian portrait art began to develop in accordance with the pan-European style trends of baroque, rococo, classicism, and sentimentalism.
The rise of Russian portraiture
With the advent of the era of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century. The portrait genre received new development. The most famous masters of this period were Orest Kiprensky, V. Tropinin, K. Bryullov, Alexander Varnek.
Alexander Grigorievich Varnek (1782-1843)
A. Varnek “Self-portrait”
Graduate and later teacher at the Academy of Arts, master of portraiture. The main theme of his work was portraits. They note his ability to capture the likeness, choose lighting, and portray the model truthfully and without embellishment. He painted many portraits of his contemporaries. For example, a portrait of M.M. Speransky, Russian public and statesman, reformer, who participated in the education of Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich.
A. Varnek “Portrait of Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky” (1824). Canvas, oil. Irkutsk Regional Art Museum named after. V. P. Sukacheva
From the middle of the 19th century. The best examples of the realistic portrait genre are created by the Itinerant artists Vasily Perov, Ivan Kramskoy, Nikolai Ge, Nikolai Yaroshenko, Valentin Serov, Ilya Repin. They created portraits of representatives of the intelligentsia of this era, many of which were made directly by order of P.M. Tretyakov, a famous philanthropist and art collector.
I. Kramskoy “Self-portrait”
Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy created a number of portraits of outstanding Russian writers, artists and public figures: L.N. Tolstoy (1873), I. I. Shishkin (1873), P. M. Tretyakov (1876), M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1879), A.S. Griboyedov, V. Solovyov, Emperor Alexander III and many others.
I. Kramskoy “Portrait of Emperor Alexander III” (1886)
Portraits are also widely introduced into paintings of everyday and historical genres, for example, in the paintings of V. Surikov.
Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov (1865-1911) – Russian portrait master.
V. Serov “Self-portrait”
His most famous portrait is “Girl with Peaches”.
V. Serov “Girl with Peaches” (1887). Oil on canvas, 91 x 85 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
This portrait was painted at the Abramtsevo estate by Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, a Russian entrepreneur and philanthropist. And the portrait shows Mamontov’s daughter, 12-year-old Vera. Her spontaneity, lively mind and curiosity are skillfully conveyed by the artist. Although the portrait took almost 2 months to create, and all this time the girl posed for the artist, there is no feeling of stability on the canvas. It seems that Vera only ran into the dining room for a minute to eat a peach, and now she will run about her business again. By the way, peaches were grown in the Mamontovs’ greenhouse.
V. Serov created a portrait gallery of “highest persons,” including portraits of Grand Duke Georgiy Mikhailovich, Emperor Alexander III, Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich, the coronation portrait of Nicholas II, etc.
V. Serov “Portrait of Nicholas II”
Portrait painters of the Silver Age
The portrait genre continued its development in the works of Mikhail Vrubel, Sergei Malyutin, Abram Arkhipov, Boris Kustodiev, Malyavin.
These artists created portraits of types of people from the people. Their works are mostly colorful, full of optimism, color and freshness of perception.
A. Arkhipov “Baba in Red” (1910)
Viktor Borisov-Musatov, Konstantin Somov, Zinaida Serebryakova’s portraits are more lyrical. K. Somov, for example, created a gallery of portraits of his contemporaries (A. Blok, E. Lanceray, S. Rachmaninov, V. Ivanov, M. Dobuzhinsky, etc.)
K. Somov “Portrait of S. Rachmaninoff”
As you know, the Silver Age was a time of searching for a new artistic language, and the portraits of that time reflected this search. Portrait artists of the Silver Age: Kazimir Malevich, Ilya Mashkov, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Aristarkh Lentulov, Alexander Osmerkin, Robert Falk, Nathan Altman and others.
P.P. Konchalovsky “Portrait of V. E. Meyerhold” (1938). Oil on canvas, 211 x 233 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery
The famous director is depicted in the portrait shortly before his arrest and death. The conflict between the individual and the surrounding reality is emphasized. The composition of the portrait plays an important role, to some extent it is allegorical: it seems that the canvas depicts a dreamer, whose dreams are embodied in colored patterns covering the entire wall and the sofa to the floor. But at the same time, we see a person immersed in his thoughts, as if detached from the world around him. The image is revealed through contrast: a bright ornament, and against its background there is a monochrome figure, as if lost and entangled in the countless curves of the patterns.
N. Altman “Portrait of A. A. Akhmatova” (1914). State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg
The portrait of A. Akhmatova was painted in the style of cubism.
An outstanding graphic artist of this period is Yuri Annenkov. He created a large gallery of pictorial and graphic portraits of many figures of Russian culture: A. A. Akhmatova, A. N. Benois, A. M. Gorky, E. I. Zamyatin, A. V. Lunacharsky, B. L. Pasternak, etc. .
Y. Annenkov “Portrait of B. Pasternak” (1921)
By the 30s of the XX century. In the Russian portrait genre, realism again became in demand; it was now called “socialist realism”. The image of a contemporary was also in demand. But this image had to be ideologically correct. “The main content of the Soviet portrait is the image of a new man, a builder of communism, a bearer of such spiritual qualities as collectivism, socialist humanism, internationalism, and revolutionary determination. The main character of the Soviet portrait is the representative of the people” (Great Soviet Encyclopedia). New type portraits and painting portraits are emerging, reflecting the everyday life of Soviet people and their heroic deeds (artists Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Georgy Ryazhsky, Alexander Deineka, Sergei Gerasimov, Semyon Chuikov).
A. Deineka “Runners” (1934)
Entire pictorial cycles have emerged dedicated to the leaders of the revolution and the Soviet state (Leniniana, Staliniana).
One of the most famous paintings about the war was “Mother of the Partisan” by artist S. Gerasimov.
S. Gerasimov “Mother of the Partisan” (1943-1950). Oil on canvas, 184 x 229 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
The theme of his painting is the heroism of ordinary Soviet people during the war. In the center of the picture stands the partisan’s mother with her head held high. S. Gerasimov said this about the idea of this painting: “I wanted to show in her image all the mothers who sent their sons to war.” The woman cannot be intimidated by the German invaders. Behind her is her native land. The face is the embodiment of popular anger, which even the fascists feel: against the background of this heroic Russian woman, the German officer seems pitiful.
In the second half of the 20th century. The genre of Russian pictorial portrait was enriched by artists of a new generation: Nikolai Andronov, Viktor Popkov, Tair Salakhov, Boris Korneev, Lev Rusov, Evsey Moiseenko, Oleg Lomakin, as well as Dmitry Zhilinsky, Alexander Shilov (working in the manner of “photorealism”), Ilya Glazunov.
T. Salakhov created a gallery of images of cultural figures: composers D. D. Shostakovich, Kara Karaev, F. M. D. Amirov, artist R. Rauschenberg, actor M. Schell, writers Rasul Rza, G. Hesse, M. Ibragimbekov, cellist M. L. Rostropovich and others.
T. Salakhov “Portrait of M. Rostropovich”
Group portrait of D. Zhilinsky “Spring of the Art Theater” (1988)
Take a closer look at the faces of the characters and you will find many familiar faces.
D. Zhilinsky created portraits of people close to him in spirit.
D. Zhilinsky “Richter is playing”
In the portrait gallery of I. Glazunov there are his contemporaries: from a simple rural carpenter to heads of state. He created a series of portraits of Soviet and foreign political and public figures, writers, and artists. The artist created many artistic images of historical characters.
I. Glazunov “Portrait of the writer Valentin Rasputin” (1987). Canvas, oil. 121 x 90 cm
I. Glazunov “The Kiss of Judas” (1985). Canvas, oil
We see how diverse the creative searches of portrait artists of the 20th century are.
Modern Russian portrait
Russian portraiture continues to develop. Now he is no longer bound by any ideological conditions, although the ceremonial portrait has been preserved - customers exist at all times.
The most famous authors of this genre are Alexander Shilov, Nikas Safronov, Leningrad artist Sergei Pavlenko, who lives in London and received two orders for portraits of the British royal family, including Queen Elizabeth. He works in line with the school of Korovin and Nesterov.
S. Pavlenko “Portrait of Elizabeth II”, 250 x 210 cm
S. Pavlenko “Olga”. Oil, 163 x 95 cm
Natalya Tsarkova, a graduate of I. Glazunov’s studio and the Surikov School, is the official court portrait painter at the court of Pope Benedict XVI. But Tsarkova paints portraits of dads from photographs, because for dad
You're not supposed to pose. Natalya Tsarkova is the only woman in the world who painted portraits of four popes.
N. Tsarkova “The Last Supper” (2002)
This is how the artist herself explains this work: “In essence, I didn’t change anything in this well-known evangelical story, I just “went” from the other side. Jesus sits at the table opposite the apostles and looks half-turned directly at the viewer from behind. In the corner of the canvas, in the image of a maid, I depicted myself, looking through the slightly open door. This is also incompatible with the traditional canons of the “Supper,” but in this way I wanted to emphasize the connection with today. This is a view from the third millennium.
The large white canvas lay in my studio for a whole year before the solution to the painting emerged. Ideas appeared spontaneously, like insights, during the work process. I redid many details several times. And in the role of the apostles, I decided to portray my Italian friends and acquaintances. For example, the person who posed for Christ for me is Count Pippi Morgia, a light designer by profession.”
Portrait painter Ivan Slavinsky is popular in France, Georgy Shishkin is an artist in Monaco.
It is obvious that Russian contemporary realist artists are in demand and successful in the world. Why? Are there really not enough talented artists there? Of course they are. But the classical art school practically no longer exists in Europe. And the European aristocracy prefers to have their images for posterity in a classic, recognizable manner. Therefore, among the court artists of our time there are many Russian names.
07/6/2019 at 15:34 · VeraSchegoleva · 7 880
Top 10 most famous portrait artists whose names everyone should know
A portrait is an image of a group of persons or one person with absolute accuracy. Usually this is a drawing made in a certain style.
A portrait artist reproduces an image from memory or draws a person from life. Through their paintings, portrait painters convey not only the appearance of people, but also their unique features and character traits.
A portrait is an individual attitude of the artist to a specific person. This interpretation of a person is elitist, exclusive and not accessible to everyone, so it is valuable and very attractive.
Let's look at the most famous portrait artists who best revealed the spiritual essence of people through paintings.
10. Anthony Van Dyck
Anthony Van Dyck- graphic artist and master of religious subjects and court portraits. His homeland is Belgium.
This artist was a child prodigy, he created his self-portrait at the age of fourteen. When Van Dyck was eighteen, he was accepted into the Guild of St. Luke, which united printers, sculptors and artists.
At the age of twenty, Van Dyck had already begun to create portraits of aristocrats, which were distinguished by incredible skill. Usually portrait painters reached this level by the age of forty.
The master always paid a lot of attention to his hands: they were beautiful, graceful, relaxed, with long fingers. Van Dyck's works can be recognized precisely by the manner in which he draws his hands.
Van Dyck lived in Italy and was a court artist in England.
Famous portraits: “Heads of an Elder”, “Family Portrait”, “Portrait of Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio”, “Portrait of Charles I Hunting”.
9. Hans Holbein
Hans Holbein the Younger- one of the most famous German artists. He learned to paint from Holbein the Elder, his father, who specialized in altar painting.
The master became famous at the age of twenty-one. He was an artist at the court of Henry VIII.
The portraits created by Hans Holbein are very accurate; he conveyed the images and characters of the people depicted with maximum clarity. The artist played with chiaroscuro with confidence; he loved to highlight various small details that emphasized his concept.
Many of the master’s portraits are not devoid of sarcasm and irony: they betrayed his true attitude towards the persons depicted.
Famous portraits: “Portrait of Thomas More”, “Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam”, “Portrait of Henry VIII”.
8. Diego Velazquez
Diego Velasquez- painter from Spain, court artist of Philip IV. Velazquez began studying painting when he was ten years old.
Already at the age of eighteen, the artist managed to open his own workshop: Francisco Pacheco, his teacher, helped him in this.
At the beginning of his career, Velazquez painted still lifes and various kitchen scenes. The features of these paintings were shading and color saturation.
Then the master moved to the capital and became a court painter. He not only painted commissioned ceremonial portraits, but also tried to capture the most unfortunate, humiliated people: freaks, jesters, dwarfs.
Famous portraits: “The Innkeeper”, “The Old Cook”, “Portrait of King Philip IV of Spain in Armor”, “Portrait of a Lady with a Fan”, “Jester Juan of Austria”.
7. Ilya Efimovich Repin
Ilya Efimovich Repin- Russian artist, professor, teacher, member of the Imperial Academy of Arts. One of the main representatives of Russian realism.
In his youth, the artist lived in poverty. He tried to make money by putting his paintings up for sale.
Then, for his good studies at , Repin got the opportunity to go to Europe to study foreign art. By that time, he had already gained quite a lot of fame and began to receive large orders.
Distinctive features of Repin's work are frequent appeals to emotional peaks, display of social anxieties and tasks, and subtle psychologism.
Famous portraits: “Portrait of Leo Tolstoy”, “Portrait of Mussorgsky”, “Portrait of a Mother”, “Portrait of Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev”.
6. Rembrandt Van Rijn
Rembrandt- artist from Holland, master of chiaroscuro, engraver. He was one of the largest representatives of the golden age of Dutch painting.
His paintings embodied the entire spectrum of human experiences. Rembrandt preferred to omit minor details and reveal as much as possible the mental state of the person depicted.
The future master began learning to draw when he was thirteen years old. He was constantly in creative search and created paintings in a variety of genres: portraits, genre scenes, landscapes, still lifes and so on.
Famous portraits: “Young Saskia”, “Portrait of Jan Utenbogart”, “Flora”, “Portrait of Maria Trip”.
5. Peter Paul Rubens
Rubens- Flemish painter, collector, diplomat. He became one of the main representatives of Baroque art. In portrait art, the master’s talent was fully revealed. For him, gestures, gaze, turn of the head, and pose of the model were always very important.
Depicting representatives of the fair sex, Rubens seemed to enjoy their sensuality, femininity, and plump bodies.
The artist had a very high ability to work: he could create paintings from morning to evening. While working, Rubens loved to talk with students and visitors.
Famous portraits: “Portrait of the Marchioness Brigitte Spinola Doria”, “Portrait of the Infanta Isabella’s chambermaid”, “Portrait of Helen Fourment with two children”.
4. Albrecht Durer
Durer- graphic artist and painter from Germany, one of the most famous representatives of the Western European Renaissance. He left behind not only paintings, but also treatises and engravings.
Albrecht Dürer perfected the art of woodcut printing. He lived in Italy, studied the creative methods of Italian artists.
Dürer created many self-portraits; he especially liked to paint himself in his youth. His work is permeated by the desire to understand the laws of nature, as well as the attraction to the ideal, harmonious beauty. It is imbued with a high intensity of feelings and a rebellious spirit.
Famous portraits: “Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam”, “Portrait of Bernard von Riesen”, “Emperor Maximilian I”.
3. Titian
Titian Vecellio- famous painter from Italy. His work is associated with eternity and immortality. The brushes of this artist were attributed magical properties during his lifetime.
Titian created wonderful portraits: it seemed that the souls of the people depicted were hidden in them. He painted many epic paintings on mythological and religious themes.
Titian's career in creativity was fruitful and long: the artist lived until he was almost a hundred years old. His paintings were copied many times, but no one was ever able to achieve the same level of skill.
Famous portraits: “Portrait of Petro Aretino”, “Portrait of Charles V”, “Portrait of a Young Woman”.
2. Rafael Santi
Raphael- Italian graphic artist, painter and. His paintings reflected the ideals of the Renaissance.
The world became purer and kinder when the eyes of the Madonnas depicted by Raphael began to look at it: Pasadena, Sistine, Orleans, Conestabile.
He masterfully embodied a variety of emotional shades in his paintings. Raphael was considered one of the most “balanced” artists. The master died very early, at the age of 37, but left behind a colossal artistic legacy.
Famous portraits: “Donna Velata”, “Portrait of Castiglione”, “Portrait of Julius II”, “Portrait of Pope Leo X with two cardinals”.
1. Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci- Italian artist, architect, sculptor, scientist, musician. He was a unique "universal man."
Da Vinci's research, discoveries, and creations were ahead of his time by more than one era. He helped in the development of urban planning and anatomy.
Da Vinci's appearance was also striking: angelic appearance, tall stature and incredible strength.
For this artist, painting was a complement to science: he was always aimed at capturing reality.
Famous portraits: “Mona Lisa”, “Lady with an Ermine”, “Portrait of Ginerva de Benci”, “Portrait of a Musician”.
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Portrait is the art of reproducing the image of a person or group of people with absolute accuracy. As a rule, this is an artistic drawing that follows a certain style. The artist who painted the portrait may belong to one or another school of painting. And his works are recognizable due to the individuality and style that the painter follows.
Past and present
Portrait artists depict real-life people by drawing from life, or reproduce images from the past from memory. In any case, the portrait is based on something and carries information about a specific person. Often such a picture reflects some era, be it modernity or the past. In this case, portrait artists, instead of the usual background, depict several accompanying conventional features, such as the architecture of the time indicated in the background, or other characteristic objects.
Rembrandt
Fine art is diverse, and its individual genres can exist independently of each other, or can be synthesized. Likewise, in a portrait, different subjects are combined into one whole, but the person’s face always dominates. The great portrait painters of the past mastered the art of artistic depiction to perfection. Such masters include the Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669), who painted many portraits. And each of them is recognized as a masterpiece of painting. True art is immortal, because the paintings of Rembrandt van Rijn are already more than five hundred years old.
Engraving is a fine art
The great portrait painters of the past are the national treasure of the countries in which they were born, lived and created their paintings. A noticeable mark in the history of painting was left by the German artist Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), who worked in the genre of engraving. His paintings are exhibited in the most prestigious museums in the world. Paintings painted by the artist at different times, such as “Portrait of a Young Venetian Woman”, “Portrait of Emperor Maximilian”, “Portrait of a Young Man” and others, are unsurpassed masterpieces. Great portrait painters differ from all other artists in their high level of self-expression. Their paintings are an example to follow.
Women's theme
Giovanni Boldini (1842-1931), Italian artist, ranks high on the list of "Great Portrait Painters of the World." He is recognized as an unrivaled master of female portraiture. You can look at his paintings for hours, the images are so accurate and picturesque. Rich colors, mostly cool shades, contrasting strokes, play of halftones - everything is collected in his paintings. The artist manages to convey the character of the lady depicted on the canvas, and even her mood.
Famous portrait artists of Russia
There have always been great artists in Rus'. Portrait art originated in the 14th century AD, when talented painters such as Andrei Rublev and Theophanes the Greek appeared. Their work did not fully correspond to the genre of portraiture, since these artists painted icons, but the general principles of creating images coincided.
During the same period, the famous artist Dionysius (1440-1502), a protege of Ivan III, Tsar of Moscow, worked. The monarch commissioned the artist to paint a cathedral or church, and then watched him create his masterpieces. The king liked to participate in such a godly activity.
One of the first masters of Russian portrait art was Ivan Nikitin (1680-1742), who trained in Europe. He enjoyed the favor of Emperor Peter the Great. Nikitin's most famous works are portraits of Augustus II, King of Poland and Duke of Mecklenburg.
Alexey Zubov (1682-1750), an outstanding master of portrait art. He was a favorite of Peter the Great. Together with his father, the famous icon painter Fyodor Zubov, he participated in the design of the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin.
The great portrait painters of the 18th century in Russia, as a rule, painted to order.
Vasily Tropinin (1776-1857), a famous Russian artist, truly became famous in 1827. He created a half-length portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the brightest representative of Russian poetry. The order was made by the poet himself. And the painting was intended for Alexander Sergeevich’s friend, Sobolevsky. The portrait became the most famous creation of all that ever depicted Pushkin. Tropinin's painting "Alexander Pushkin" forever became a classic of the genre.
Orest Kiprensky (1782-1836) began writing at the age of 22. The first portrait was created by Kiprensky in the style of Rembrandt; the canvas depicted A. K. Walbe. The artist’s most famous work is considered to be “Portrait of E.V. Davydov,” painted in 1809. Several paintings by Orest Kiprensky are in the Tretyakov Gallery.
Alexey Venetsianov (1780-1847) is a Russian artist who is considered the founder of the narrative style in portrait art. He was a student of the venerable painter Vladimir Borovikovsky. The young artist Venetsianov gained wide fame thanks to the painting “Portrait of a Mother,” created in 1801.
Borovikovsky Vladimir (1757-1825), a native of Mirgorod, became famous and famous after meeting Catherine II, traveling as part of her 1787 tour. The painter created a series of artistic paintings in the palace, which was located on the route of the empress. Catherine was delighted with Borovikovsky’s work and awarded him a large sum of money.
The list of “Great portrait painters of Russia of the 19th century” is headed by Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy (1837-1887), an outstanding painter, master of religious wall paintings. Kramskoy's portrait art allowed him to create a number of images of famous people, including P. M. Tretyakov, S. P. Botkin, I. I. Shishkin, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L. N. Tolstoy and others.
The most famous portrait painters of modern Russia
Igor Belkovsky (born 1962), corresponding member of the Russian Art Academy, member of the Union of Artists of Russia, laureate of the “For a Bright Future” award, established by the governor of the Chelyabinsk region.
Alexander Shilov (born 1943), People's Artist of the USSR, member of the Presidential Council for Culture and Art. Author of numerous portraits of his contemporaries.
Introduction
I. Russian portrait painters of the first half of the 19th century
1.1 Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (1782-1836)
1.2 Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (1776-1857)
1.3 Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov (1780-1847)
1.4 Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (1799-1852)
II. Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions
Chapter III. Russian portrait painters of the second half of the 19th century
3.1 Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge (1831-1894)
3.2 Vasily Grigorievich Perov (1834-1882)
3.3 Nikolai Alexandrovich Yaroshenko (1846-1898)
3.4 Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy (1837-1887)
3.5 Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930)
3.6 Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov (1865-1911)
Chapter IV. The art of portraiture
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The purpose of this work is to talk about the importance of the portrait as one of the main genres of art, about its role in the culture and art of that time, to get acquainted with the main works of artists, to learn about Russian portrait painters of the 19th century, about their life and work.
In this work we will look at the art of portraiture in the 19th century:
The greatest masters of Russian art of the 19th century.
Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.
What is a portrait?
The history of the appearance of the portrait.
First half of the 19th century - the time of the formation of a system of genres in Russian painting. In painting of the second half of the 19th century. the realistic direction prevailed. The character of Russian realism was determined by the young painters who left the Academy of Arts in 1863, who rebelled against the classical style and historical and mythological themes that were being implanted at the academy. These artists organized in 1870
A traveling exhibition partnership whose mission was to provide members of the partnership with the opportunity to exhibit their work. Thanks to his activities, works of art became available to a wider circle of people. Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (1832–1898) since 1856 collected works by Russian artists, mainly the Peredvizhniki, and in 1892 donated his collection of paintings along with the collection of his brother S.M. Tretyakov to Moscow. In the genre of portraits, the Wanderers created a gallery of images of outstanding cultural figures of their time: a portrait of Fyodor Dostoevsky (1872) by Vasily Perov (1833–1882), a portrait of Nikolai Nekrasov (1877–1878) by Ivan Kramskoy (1837–1887), a portrait of Modest Mussorgsky (1881) , made by Ilya Repin (1844–1930), a portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1884) by Nikolai Ge (1831–1894) and a number of others. Being in opposition to the Academy and its artistic policy, the Wanderers turned to the so-called. “low” topics; images of peasants and workers appear in their works.
The increase and expansion of artistic understanding and needs is reflected in the emergence of many art societies, schools, a number of private galleries (Tretyakov Gallery) and museums not only in capitals, but also in the provinces, in the introduction to school drawing education. All this, in connection with the appearance of a number of brilliant works by Russian artists, shows that art took root on Russian soil and became national. The new Russian national art was sharply different in that it clearly and strongly reflected the main trends of Russian social life.
Russian portrait painters of the first half of the 19th century.
1.1 Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (1782-1836)
Born on the Nezhinskaya manor (near Koporye, now in the Leningrad region) on March 13 (24), 1782. He was the illegitimate son of the landowner A.S. Dyakonov, registered in the family of his serf Adam Schwalbe. Having received his freedom, he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1788–1803) with G.I. Ugryumov and others. He lived in Moscow (1809), Tver (1811), St. Petersburg (from 1812), and in 1816–1822 and from 1828 - in Rome and Naples.
The first portrait - the adoptive father of A.K. Schwalbe (1804, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg) - stands out for its emotional coloring. Over the years, Kiprensky’s skill, manifested in the ability to create not only social and spiritual types (which predominated in Russian art of the Enlightenment), but also unique individual images, has been improved. It is natural that it is customary to begin the history of romanticism in Russian fine art with Kiprensky’s paintings.
The Russian artist, an outstanding master of Russian fine art of romanticism, is known as a wonderful portrait painter. Kiprensky's portraits are imbued with special cordiality, special simplicity, they are filled with his lofty and poetic love for man. In Kiprensky's portraits the features of his era are always noticeable. This is always invariably inherent in each of his portraits - and in the romantic image of young V.A. Zhukovsky, and the wise E.P. Rostopchin (1809), portraits: D.N. Khvostov (1814 Tretyakov Gallery), the boy Chelishchev (1809 Tretyakov Gallery), E.V. Davydov (1809 State Russian Museum).
An invaluable part of Kiprensky’s work are graphic portraits, made mainly in pencil with coloring in pastels, watercolors, and colored pencils. He portrays General E.I. Chaplitsa (Tretyakov Gallery), P.A. Venison (GTG). In these images we see Russia, the Russian intelligentsia from the Patriotic War of 1812 to the December uprising.
Kiprensky's portraits appear before us as complex, thoughtful, and changeable in mood. Discovering various facets of human character and the spiritual world of man, Kiprensky each time used different painting possibilities in his early romantic portraits. His masterpieces, such as one of the best lifetime portraits of Pushkin (1827 Tretyakov Gallery), a portrait of Avdulina (1822 State Russian Museum). The sadness and thoughtfulness of Kiprensky’s characters is sublime and lyrical.
"Favorite of light-winged fashion,
Although not British, not French,
You created again, dear wizard,
Me, the pet of pure muses. –
And I laugh at my grave
Left forever from mortal bonds.
I see myself as in a mirror,
But this mirror flatters me.
It says that I will not humiliate
The passions of important aonides.
So to Rome, Dresden, Paris
From now on my appearance will be known, - 1
Pushkin wrote to Kiprensky in gratitude for his portrait. Pushkin treasured his portrait and this portrait hung in his office.
A special section consists of Kiprensky’s self-portraits (with tassels behind the ear, ca. 1808, Tretyakov Gallery; etc.), imbued with the pathos of creativity. He also owns the soulful images of Russian poets: K.N. Batyushkov (1815, drawing, Museum of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg; V.A. Zhukovsky (1816). The master was also a virtuoso graphic artist; working mainly with an Italian pencil, he created a number of remarkable everyday characters (like the Blind Musician, 1809, Russian Museum). Kiprensky died in Rome on October 17, 1836.
Valentin Serov is a famous Russian portrait painter and one of the greatest masters of European painting of the 19th century. Although, except for the portrait, it seemed that everything was subject to him. Quiet and modest by nature, Serov had unquestioned authority among the masters of his time. Valentin Serov ()
I. Kramskoy was born into a poor middle-class family. Studied at the Academy of Arts (). Lived and worked in St. Petersburg. His most famous student was Repin. Ivan Kramskoy ()
Karl Bryull OV () Karl Bryullov was born in St. Petersburg, in the family of academician, woodcarver and engraver Pavel Ivanovich Bryullo. From 1809 to 1821 he studied painting at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. A brilliant student, received a gold medal in the class of historical painting. St. Petersburg yearPetersburg
Ilya Repin () The future artist was born on August 5, 1844 in the small town of Chuguev in Ukraine, in the family of a military settler. Having early discovered a penchant for drawing and, with the help of local painters, having acquired the first, but rather confident skills in using a brush and pencil, the nineteen-year-old young man goes to St. Petersburg with the hope of entering the Academy of Arts.
The work of Vasily Andreevich Tropinin covers the entire first half of the 19th century and reflects during this time more than one change in social ideals, artistic trends and stylistic features. It represents unusually rewarding material for an art historian. V. Tropinin () Information resources 1. Portraits of portrait painters V. Serov, V. Tropinin, I. Repin, I. Kramskoy, K. Bryullov - ru.wikipedia.org/wiki...portrait painters. 2.Works of artists (portraits) - ru.wikipedia.org/wiki…portrait artists. 3. Fine arts. 2nd grade. Lesson plans based on the textbook by Kuzin V.S., Kubyshkina E.I. “Fine arts in elementary school. Grades 1-2” Volgograd: Teacher-AST, ru.wikipedia.org Serov 6. (6. I. Kramskoy “Christ in the Desert”) 7. (V.A. Tropinin) 9. frames) Serov
