Assessment of achievements. Project: “Creating a calendar of historical events”

"The Tale of Bygone Years" is called the oldest chronicle code, which is an integral part of most of the chronicles that have reached us (and in total about 1500 of them have survived). "Tale" covers events up to 1113, but its earliest listing was made in 1377 monk Lawrence and his assistants at the direction of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich.

It is unknown where this chronicle was written, which was named Laurentian after the creator: either in the Annunciation Monastery of Nizhny Novgorod, or in the Nativity Monastery of Vladimir. In our opinion, the second option looks more convincing, and not only because the capital of North-Eastern Rus' moved from Rostov to Vladimir.

In the Vladimir Nativity Monastery, according to many experts, the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles were born; the bishop of this monastery, Simon, was one of the authors of a wonderful work of ancient Russian literature "Kievo-Pechersk Patericon"- a collection of stories about the life and exploits of the first Russian monks.

One can only guess what kind of list from the ancient text the Laurentian Chronicle was, how much was added to it that was not in the original text, and how many losses it suffered - VAfter all, each customer of the new chronicle strove to adapt it to his own interests and to discredit his opponents, which was quite natural in conditions of feudal fragmentation and princely enmity.

The most significant gap occurs in the years 898-922. The events of the “Tale of Bygone Years” are continued in this chronicle by the events of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' until 1305, but there are gaps here too: from 1263 to 1283 and from 1288 to 1294. And this despite the fact that the events in Rus' before the baptism were clearly disgusting to the monks of the newly brought religion.

Another famous chronicle - the Ipatiev Chronicle - is named after the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where it was discovered by our wonderful historian N.M. Karamzin. It is significant that it was again found not far from Rostov, which, along with Kiev and Novgorod, is considered the largest center of ancient Russian chronicles. The Ipatiev Chronicle is younger than the Laurentian Chronicle - it was written in the 20s of the 15th century and, in addition to the Tale of Bygone Years, includes records of events in Kievan Rus and Galician-Volyn Rus.

Another chronicle that is worth paying attention to is the Radziwill chronicle, which first belonged to the Lithuanian prince Radziwill, then entered the Koenigsberg library and under Peter the Great, and finally to Russia. It is a 15th century copy of an older 13th century copy and talks about the events of Russian history from the settlement of the Slavs to 1206. It belongs to the Vladimir-Suzdal chronicles, is close in spirit to the Laurentian chronicles, but is much richer in design - it contains 617 illustrations.

They are called a valuable source “for the study of material culture, political symbolism and art of Ancient Rus'.” Moreover, some miniatures are very mysterious - they do not correspond to the text (!!!), however, according to researchers, they are more consistent with historical reality.

On this basis, it was assumed that the illustrations of the Radziwill Chronicle were made from another, more reliable chronicle, not subject to corrections by copyists. But we will dwell on this mysterious circumstance later.

Now about the chronology adopted in ancient times. Firstly, we must remember that previously the new year began on September 1 and March 1, and only under Peter the Great, from 1700, on January 1. Secondly, chronology was carried out from the biblical creation of the world, which occurred before the birth of Christ by 5507, 5508, 5509 years - depending on what year, March or September, this event occurred, and in what month: until March 1 or until September 1 . Translating ancient chronology into modern times is a labor-intensive task, so special tables were compiled, which historians use.

It is generally accepted that chronicle weather records begin in the “Tale of Bygone Years” from 6360 from the creation of the world, that is, from 852 from the birth of Christ. Translated into modern language, this message sounds like this: “In the summer of 6360, when Michael began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because under this king Rus' came to Constantinople, as it is written about in the Greek chronicles. That’s why from now on we’ll start putting numbers down.”

Thus, the chronicler, in fact, established with this phrase the year of the formation of Rus', which in itself seems to be a very dubious stretch. Moreover, starting from this date, he names a number of other initial dates of the chronicle, including, in the entry for 862, the first mention of Rostov. But does the first chronicle date correspond to the truth? How did the chronicler come to her? Maybe he used some Byzantine chronicle in which this event is mentioned?

Indeed, Byzantine chronicles recorded the campaign of Rus' against Constantinople under Emperor Michael III, but the date of this event is not given. To derive it, the Russian chronicler was not too lazy to give the following calculation: “From Adam to the flood 2242 years, and from the flood to Abraham 1000 and 82 years, and from Abraham to the exodus of Moses 430 years, and from the exodus of Moses to David 600 years and 1 year , and from David to the captivity of Jerusalem 448 years, and from the captivity to Alexander the Great 318 years, and from Alexander to the birth of Christ 333 years, from the birth of Christ to Constantine 318 years, from Constantine to the aforementioned Michael 542 years.”

It would seem that this calculation looks so solid that checking it is a waste of time. However, historians were not lazy - they added up the numbers named by the chronicler and got not 6360, but 6314! An error of forty-four years, as a result of which it turns out that Rus' attacked Byzantium in 806. But it is known that Michael the Third became emperor in 842. So rack your brains, where is the mistake: either in the mathematical calculation, or did they mean another, earlier campaign of Rus' against Byzantium?

But in any case, it is clear that it is impossible to use “The Tale of Bygone Years” as a reliable source when describing the initial history of Rus'. And it's not just a matter of clearly erroneous chronology. “The Tale of Bygone Years” has long deserved to be looked at critically. And some independent-minded researchers are already working in this direction. Thus, the magazine “Rus” (No. 3-97) published an essay by K. Vorotny “Who and when created the Tale of Bygone Years?” » reliability. Let's name just a few such examples...

Why is there no information about the calling of the Varangians to Rus' - such an important historical event - in European chronicles, where this fact would certainly be focused on? N.I. Kostomarov also noted another mysterious fact: not a single chronicle that has reached us contains any mention of the struggle between Rus' and Lithuania in the twelfth century - but this is clearly stated in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Why are our chronicles silent? It is logical to assume that at one time they were significantly edited.

In this regard, the fate of “Russian History from Ancient Times” by V.N. Tatishchev is very characteristic. There is a whole series of evidence that after the death of the historian it was significantly corrected by one of the founders of the Norman theory, G.F. Miller; under strange circumstances, the ancient chronicles used by Tatishchev disappeared.

Later, his drafts were found, which contain the following phrase:

“The monk Nestor was not well informed about the ancient Russian princes.” This phrase alone makes us take a fresh look at the “Tale of Bygone Years,” which serves as the basis for most of the chronicles that have reached us. Is everything in it genuine, reliable, and weren’t those chronicles that contradicted the Norman theory deliberately destroyed? The real history of Ancient Rus' is still not known to us; it has to be reconstructed literally bit by bit.

Italian historian Mavro Orbini in his book " Slavic kingdom", published back in 1601, wrote:

“The Slavic family is older than the pyramids and so numerous that it inhabited half the world.” This statement is in clear contradiction with the history of the Slavs as set out in The Tale of Bygone Years.

In working on his book, Orbini used almost three hundred sources, of which we know no more than twenty - the rest disappeared, disappeared, or perhaps were deliberately destroyed as undermining the foundations of the Norman theory and casting doubt on the Tale of Bygone Years.

Among other sources he used, Orbini mentions the extant chronicle history of Rus', written by the thirteenth-century Russian historian Jeremiah. (!!!) Many other early chronicles and works of our initial literature have also disappeared, which would have helped answer where the Russian land came from.

Several years ago, for the first time in Russia, the historical study “Sacred Rus'” by Yuri Petrovich Mirolyubov, a Russian emigrant historian who died in 1970, was published. He was the first to notice "Isenbek boards" with the text of the now famous Veles book. In his work, Mirolyubov cites the observation of another emigrant, General Kurenkov, who found the following phrase in an English chronicle: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no decoration in it... And they went overseas to foreigners.” That is, an almost word-for-word coincidence with the phrase from “The Tale of Bygone Years”!

Y.P. Mirolyubov made a very convincing assumption that this phrase found its way into our chronicle during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh, who was married to the daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king Harald, whose army was defeated by William the Conqueror.

This phrase from the English chronicle, which fell into his hands through his wife, as Mirolyubov believed, was used by Vladimir Monomakh to substantiate his claims to the grand-ducal throne. Court chronicler Sylvester, respectively "corrected" Russian chronicle, laying the first stone in the history of the Norman theory. From that very time, perhaps, everything in Russian history that contradicted the “calling of the Varangians” was destroyed, persecuted, hidden in inaccessible hiding places.

Now let us turn directly to the chronicle record for the year 862, which reports on the “calling of the Varangians” and mentions Rostov for the first time, which in itself seems significant to us:

“In the summer of 6370. They drove the Varangians overseas, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule over themselves. And there was no truth among them, and generation after generation rose up, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: “Let’s look for a prince who would rule over us and judge us by right.” And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and some Normans and Angles, and still others Gotlanders - that’s how these were called. The Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and all said to Rus': “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us."

It was from this record that the Norman theory of the origin of Rus' sprouted, degrading the dignity of the Russian people. But let's read it carefully. After all, it turns out to be absurd: the Novgorodians drove the Varangians overseas, did not give them tribute - and then immediately turned to them with a request to own them!

Where is the logic?

Considering that our entire history was again ruled in the 17-18th century by the Romanovs, with their German academicians, under the dictation of the Jesuits of Rome, the reliability of the current “sources” is low.

Lesson 12.

Lesson topic: Project: “Creating a calendar of historical events.” Assessment of achievements.

Goals: summarize knowledge on the section; learn to listen to the opinions of your comrades, make the right decision in a team, and defend your point of view; develop speech, thinking and creativity.

Planned results: subject: the ability to choose a book for independent reading, focusing on thematic and alphabetical catalogs and recommended bibliography, evaluate the results of one’s reading activity, make adjustments, use reference sources to understand and obtain additional information, independently writing a short summary;meta-subject: P - formulating the educational task of the lesson, planning together with the teacher activities to study the topic of the lesson, evaluating your work in the lesson, P - analysis of the text read, highlighting the main idea in it, K - answers to questions based on the literary text, discussion in a group of answers to teacher questions, proof of your point of view;personal: showing respect for the art book, accuracy in its use.

Comment for teacher: the lesson is based on the television game “Own Game”; the difference is that the guys play not individually, but collectively (the class is divided into 2 or 3 teams in rows).

Equipment: scoreboard on the board.

Price issue

Time Machine

10

20

30

40

50

Bogatyrs

10

20

30

40

50

Live picture

10

20

40

50

Wheel of History

10

20

30

40

50

Cultural monuments

10

20

30

40

50

During the classes

Organizing time

Today we will play “Our Game”. You will play as a team. Before you give an answer, you should discuss it as a team. In order for the game to be organized, select a team captain. He will name the topic that the team chooses and then give an answer after discussion.

The points earned by the teams are counted. This is how the winning team is determined. We will also check your understanding of the topic.

Work on the topic of the lesson

Subject "Time Machine"

10 In what century did they first start recording information about events in Rus'?(In the 11th century.)

20 One of the first Russian chroniclers was... (monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor, a gifted person).

30 In what year did Rus' first hear about the Tatar-Mongol raids on its lands? (B1224)

40 This date begins the excerpt from the chronicle “And Oleg hung his shield on the gates of Constantinople,” given in the textbook. Name it.(Vleto 6415(907).)

50 Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich defeated the hordes of Khan Mamai on the Don, for which he was nicknamed Donskoy. How did we know this?(From the chronicles.)

Theme "Bogatyrs"

10 Go straight ahead and you'll be killed!

To go to the left is to be married!

To go to the right - to be rich!

All this is prescribed by fate!

Where do these lines come from? (From the epic “Ilya’s Three Trips.”)

20 “Bogatyrs”, “Knight at the Crossroads”. Who is the author of these paintings

and who is depicted on them? (Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov. Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich and Ilya Muromets - heroes of Russian epics.)

30 The epic tells how Ilya Muromets is captured. And who actually gets captured?(Russian people.)

What is this technique called in literature?(Allegory, or allegory.)

40 Why did the chronicler consider it important to preserve the memory of Prince Oleg? (In 822, most of the tribes were united by Prince Oleg, who had the strongest squad and ruled in Kyiv. In 907 he made a campaign against Byzantium, in 907 and 911 he concluded treaties with it. They began to call him the Grand Duke and pay him tribute. This is how the Old Russian state arose.)

50 Remember what you know about Russian folk fairy tales. How are fairy tales and epics about Ilya Muromets similar? How are they different?

Theme "Live picture"

10 Read expressively your favorite passage from any work you have read.

20 One day the boy Bartholomew met an old monk who helped him get out of the forest. And this boy also decided to become a monk. What new name did he receive and become famous throughout Rus'? (Sergius of Radonezh.)

40 We are at the walls of the Church of St. Sophia, joyful Novgorodians are greeting the winners. The prince himself, wearing iron armor and a bright red cloak, climbed onto the high wooden platform. The whole square fell silent. Alexander Nevsky raised his hand, pointed to the captured knights, and said... What did he say?(“Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword! The Russian land stood, stands and will stand on that!”)

50 Before the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince Dmitry came to him for advice. Who was that? And what did he say to the prince? (This was Sergius of Radonezh. He blessed this feat and sent two heroic monks with the prince - Peresvet and Oslyabya.)

Theme "Wheel of History"

10 Explain what an epic is. (Bylina is one of the types of oral folk art, which tells about the exploits of heroes - selfless defenders of their Motherland, all the offended and disadvantaged people, the heroic amazing strength, courage and kindness.)

20 Explain in your own words what a chronicle is. Where did this name come from? Why were chronicles created?

30 I cleared that path,

Bogatyr....

I dug up a treasure, but no treasure back

He returned and was poor again!

And I catch fate by the mane,

I go around the restive one,

And fate for me is for the horse!

Whose words are these and where were they written down? ( Ilya Muromets made a new inscription on the stone.)

40 What did the Magi prophesy for Prince Oleg? Did their prediction come true? Tell me. ( They predicted Oleg's death from his beloved horse. The prediction came true even after the death of the horse.)

50 There was such a great groan,

There was a battle with such blood,

That the Don was painted crimson

All the way down.

And Prince Dmitry...

Since then the people have nicknamed

And good glory is behind him

He still lives to this day.

N. Konchalovskaya

What was Prince Dmitry's nickname?(Donskoy.)

Theme: “Cultural Monuments”

10 The first printed book.(Bible.)

20 A beautiful hand-drawn letter with which the text in the book begins.(Initial letter.)

30 This is the name given to images made with paints on the damp plaster of the temple wall. These images told about the life of Jesus Christ and the saints. What are we talking about?(The walls of the temple were covered with frescoes .)

40 He founded a monastery in honor of the Holy Trinity. Who is this man? Name the monastery.(Sergius of Radonezh founded the Holy Trinity St. Sergius Lavra.)

50 Name the author of the Trinity icon. (It was created by the great icon painter Andrei Rublev, a student of Sergius of Radonezh.)

Summarizing

(An empty cell remains on the scoreboard. This is a gift to the participants of the game. You can turn on an audio recording of A.P. Borodin’s “Heroic Symphony” or present pre-prepared prizes. The number of points is counted, the winning team is awarded.)

Assessment of achievements

Test

Option 1

many thousands of years ago

with the advent of writing

it was poisoned

it was diluted

it turned sour in the sun

Oleg didn't like wine

jewelry, outfits

silk fabrics, bedspreads

money in ancient Rus'

food, dish

A4. How long did Oleg not see his horse?

four years

six years

five years

three years

IN 1. What is an epic?

tale of heroes

chronicle of heroes

true story

Ilya unloaded those treasures,

He called all the widows and...

I gave away everything without reserve,

I was left again without...

fathers, pennies

orphans, pennies

orphans, total

fathers, all

VZ. What name was Sergius of Radonezh given in holy baptism?

Kirill

Stephen

Sergius

Bartholomew

C1. Why did Bartholomew's father, the servant of God Cyril, who had a large estate in Rostov region?

turn into your friend

win over one's faith

take prisoner

kill

3. Option 2

   A1. What word does the name “chronicle” come from?

from the word "record"

from the word "year"

from the word "summer"

from the word "fly"

A2. How many ships did Oleg's army consist of?

thousand ships

two thousand ships

three thousand ships

four thousand ships

AZ. What does the word "patterned" mean?

jewelry, outfits

silk fabrics, bedspreads

ancient coins

food, dish

A4. How long did Oleg reign?

thirty-three years

thirty years

twenty three years old

thirty two years

IN 1. Who is this hero?

rich man

mighty man

Defender of the Motherland

AT 2. Fill in the missing words.

That little path... I,

Bogatyr Ilya Muromets,

Treasure, but no treasure back

He returned and was poor again!

found, found

cleared, dug

found, dug

cleared, found

walked through the forest

shepherded

looking for cattle (horse)

played with the children

didn't want this

parents were afraid to live alone

Summing up the lesson

(The teacher announces grades.)

Homework

Complete task 9 on p. 34 textbooks

Test (lesson 12)

Option 1

A1. When did chronicles begin to record information about important events?

many thousands of years ago

When did oral folk art appear?

with the advent of writing

when did the first books begin to be published?

A2. Why didn't Oleg accept wine from the Greeks?

it was poisoned

it was diluted

it turned sour in the sun

Oleg didn't like wine

AZ. What does the word "pavoloki" mean?

jewelry, outfits

tale of heroes

chronicle of heroes

true story

Russian folk epic song - a legend about heroes

AT 2. Fill in the missing words.

Ilya unloaded those treasures,

He called all the widows and...

I gave away everything without reserve,

I was left again without...

fathers, pennies Rostov region?

due to frequent trips with the prince to the Horde

due to frequent Tatar raids on Rus'

due to many heavy tributes and fees of the Horde

due to relocation from native land

C2. What did the enemy try to do to Ilya Muromets?

turn into your friend

win over one's faith

take prisoner A4. How long did Oleg reign?

thirty-three years

thirty years

twenty three years old

thirty two years

IN 1. Who is this hero?

rich man

mighty man

Defender of the Motherland

warrior, defender of his homeland, endowed with self-esteem and distinguished by extraordinary strength, courage and daring

AT 2. Fill in the missing words.

That little path... I,

Bogatyr Ilya Muromets,

... treasure, but no treasure back

He returned and was poor again!

found, found

cleared, dug

found, dug

cleared, found

VZ. What did Bartholomew do when he met the holy elder, amazing and unknown, handsome and like an angel?

walked through the forest

shepherded

looking for cattle (horse)

played with the children

C1. Why didn’t his parents give their blessing to Bartholomew to begin monastic life?

they wanted their son to look after them and bury them

didn't want this

sons Stefan and Peter got married and thought about how to please their wives, not their parents

parents were afraid to live alone

C2. Why do we need chronicles?

so that we can better understand the world around us

chronicles can explain a lot of what is happening in the world with the help of historical memory

It's fun to spend time reading them

to read them

40 Why did the chronicler consider it important to preserve the memory of Prince Oleg? In 822, most of the tribes were united by Prince Oleg, who had the strongest squad and ruled in Kyiv. In 907 he made a campaign against Byzantium, in 907 and 911 he concluded treaties with it. They began to call him the Grand Duke and pay him tribute. This is how the Old Russian state arose. 12.

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“The Song of the Prophetic Oleg” is one of Pushkin’s most famous historical works in verse. The plot is based on an excerpt from the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years,” which talks about the meeting of the ruler of Rus' with the sorcerer who predicted Oleg’s fate.

The significance of the personality of Prince Oleg for Ancient Rus'

In accordance with the historical theory accepted today, the first rulers in Ancient Rus' were the Varangians. Prince Oleg is considered one of them. He ruled the country in the second half of the 9th century and made many military campaigns, mainly in a southern direction. It is known about his active confrontation with the Khazars, who were then attacking Rus'. However, the prince’s most significant achievement was the victory over Byzantium, to the gates of whose capital the ruler, as a conqueror, nailed his shield.

Such a significant historical figure, of course, could not ignore the attention of the chronicler, who describes in detail the main moments of Oleg’s reign and characterizes him as a prince. Let us take a closer look at this chronicle evidence and analyze it.

Historical events during Oleg's reign in The Tale of Bygone Years

The significance of the description of the reign of Prince Oleg in the chronicle is explained by several factors:

1. The author (chronicler Nestor) talks about his military exploits, in particular, the capture of Constantinople (Constantinople, now Istanbul). He emphasizes the ruler’s military merits, his exceptional abilities in military affairs and negotiations;
2. Much attention is paid to the code of laws created by Oleg and his associates, thereby emphasizing the justice of the prince in relation to the Russian residents and inhabitants of the occupied territories;
3. The episode of fortune telling to the prince by an oncoming magician and the prediction of Oleg’s death, and then the death of the ruler itself, are described separately.

It seems strange that such a fantastic episode is included in a clear description of historical events. Apparently, the author wanted to emphasize that even the power of a prince, even the most successful one, is inferior in power to Fate, which every person has.