Biography of Turgenev. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev Turgenev lived

TURGENEV Ivan Sergeevich(1818 - 1883), Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847-52) he showed high spiritual qualities and talent Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels "Rudin" (1856), "The Noble Nest" (1859), "On the Eve" (1860), "Fathers and Sons" (1862), the stories "Asya" (1858), " spring waters”(1872) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era of commoners and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russians abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical "Poems in Prose" (1882). Master of Language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, Russian writer.

According to his father, Turgenev belonged to an old noble family, his mother, nee Lutovinova, was a wealthy landowner; in her estate, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district, Orel province), the childhood years of the future writer, who early learned to feel nature subtly and hate serfdom. In 1827 the family moved to Moscow; At first, Turgenev studied in private boarding schools and with good home teachers, then, in 1833, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest impressions early youth (1833), falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who at that time was experiencing an affair with Turgenev's father, was reflected in the story "First Love" (1860).

In 1836, Turgenev showed his poetic experiments in a romantic spirit to the writer of the Pushkin circle, university professor P. A. Pletnev; he invites the student to a literary evening (at the door Turgenev ran into A. S. Pushkin), and in 1838 he published Turgenev’s poems “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicine” in Sovremennik (at this point, Turgenev had written about a hundred poems, mostly not preserved, and the dramatic poem "The Wall").

In May 1838, Turgenev went to Germany (the desire to complete his education was combined with the rejection of the Russian way of life based on serfdom). The catastrophe of the steamer "Nikolai I", on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in the essay "Fire at Sea" (1883; on French). Until August 1839, Turgenev lives in Berlin, listens to lectures at the university, studies classical languages, writes poetry, communicates with T. N. Granovsky, N. V. Stankevich. After a short stay in Russia in January 1840 he went to Italy, but from May 1840 to May 1841 he was again in Berlin, where he met M. A. Bakunin. Arriving in Russia, he visits the Bakunin estate Premukhino, converges with this family: soon an affair with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with communication with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (in 1842 she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya). In January 1843 Turgenev entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior.

In 1843, a poem based on modern material, Parasha, appeared, which was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky. Acquaintance with the critic, which turned into friendship (in 1846 Turgenev became his son's godfather), rapprochement with his entourage (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov) change his literary orientation: from romanticism, he turns to an ironic moral descriptive poem ("The Landowner" , "Andrey", both 1845) and prose, close to the principles of the "natural school" and not uninfluenced M. Yu. Lermontov ("Andrey Kolosov", 1844; "Three Portraits", 1846; "Breter", 1847).

November 1, 1843 Turgenev meets the singer Pauline Viardot (Viardot Garcia), love for which will largely determine the external course of his life. In May 1845 Turgenev retired. From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850 he lives abroad (in Germany, France; Turgenev witness french revolution 1848): takes care of the sick Belinsky during his travels; closely communicates with P. V. Annenkov, A. I. Herzen, gets acquainted with J. Sand, P. Merimet, A. de Musset, F. Chopin, C. Gounod; writes the novels "Petushkov" (1848), "Diary extra person"(1850), the comedy" The Bachelor "(1849)," Where it is thin, it breaks there "," Provincial Woman "(both 1851), psychological drama" A Month in the Country "(1855).

The main work of this period is “Notes of a Hunter”, a cycle of lyrical essays and stories that began with the story “Khor and Kalinich” (1847; the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter” was invented by I. I. Panaev for publication in the “Mixture” section of the Sovremennik magazine ); a separate two-volume edition of the cycle was published in 1852, later the stories "The End of Chertop-hanov" (1872), "Living Powers", "Knocks" (1874) were added. Principal Diversity human types, first isolated from a previously unnoticed or idealized mass of the people, testified to the infinite value of any unique and free human personality; the serf order appeared as an ominous and dead force, alien to natural harmony (detailed specifics of heterogeneous landscapes), hostile to man, but unable to destroy the soul, love, creative gift. Having discovered Russia and the Russian people, having laid the foundation for the “peasant theme” in Russian literature, the “Hunter’s Notes” became the semantic foundation of everything further creativity Turgenev: threads are drawn from here to the study of the phenomenon of the “extra person” (the problem outlined in “Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky District”), and to the comprehension of the mysterious (“Bezhin Meadow”), and to the problem of the artist’s conflict with the everyday life that suffocates him (“Singers”) .

In April 1852, for his response to the death of N.V. Gogol, banned in St. Petersburg and published in Moscow, Turgenev, by royal command, was put on the congress (the story "Mumu" was written there). In May he was exiled to Spasskoye, where he lived until December 1853 (work on an unfinished novel, the story "Two Friends", acquaintance with A. A. Fet, active correspondence with S. T. Aksakov and writers from the Sovremennik circle); in the fuss about the release of Turgenev important role played by A. K. Tolstoy.

Until July 1856, Turgenev lives in Russia: in the winter, mainly in St. Petersburg, in the summer in Spassky. His immediate environment is the editorial office of Sovremennik; acquaintances with I. A. Goncharov, L. N. Tolstoy and A. N. Ostrovsky took place; Turgenev takes part in the publication of "Poems" by F. I. Tyutchev (1854) and supplies him with a preface. Mutual cooling off with the distant Viardot leads to a brief, but almost ending in marriage romance with a distant relative O. A. Turgeneva. The novels "Calm" (1854), "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855), "Correspondence", "Faust" (both 1856) are published.

"Rudin" (1856) opens a series of Turgenev's novels, compact in volume, unfolding around the hero-ideologist, accurately fixing the current socio-political issues in a journalistic way and, ultimately, putting "modernity" in the face of the unchanging and mysterious forces of love, art, nature . Inflaming the audience, but incapable of an act, "an extra person" Rudin; in vain dreaming of happiness and coming to humble self-sacrifice and hope for happiness for the people of modern times, Lavretsky (“ Noble Nest", 1859; events take place in the context of the upcoming "great reform"); the “iron” Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, who becomes the chosen one of the heroine (that is, Russia), but is “alien” and doomed to death (“On the Eve”, 1860); " new person» Bazarov, who hides a romantic rebellion behind nihilism (“Fathers and Sons”, 1862; post-reform Russia is not freed from eternal problems, and “new” people remain people: “dozens” will live, and those captured by passion or idea will perish); sandwiched between "reactionary" and "revolutionary" vulgarity, the characters of "Smoke" (1867); the Narodnik revolutionary Nezhdanov, an even more “new” person, but still unable to respond to the challenge of a changed Russia (Nov, 1877); all of them, together with minor characters(with individual dissimilarity, differences in moral and political orientations and spiritual experience, varying degrees of closeness to the author), are closely related, combining in different proportions the features of the two eternal psychological types of the heroic enthusiast, Don Quixote, and the self-absorbed reflector, Hamlet (cf. program article "Hamlet and Don Quixote", 1860).

Having served abroad in July 1856, Turgenev finds himself in a painful whirlpool of ambiguous relations with Viardot and his daughter, who was brought up in Paris. After the difficult Parisian winter of 1856-57 (the gloomy Journey to Polissya was completed), he went to England, then to Germany, where he wrote Asya, one of the most poetic stories, which, however, lends itself to interpretation in a public way (article by N. G . Chernyshevsky "Russian man on rendez-vous", 1858), and spends autumn and winter in Italy. By the summer of 1858 he was in Spasskoye; in the future, the year of Turgenev will often be divided into "European, winter" and "Russian, summer" seasons.

After "The Eve" and the article by N. A. Dobrolyubov devoted to the novel "When will the real day come?" (1860) there is a break between Turgenev and the radicalized Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted to the end). The conflict with the “young generation” was aggravated by the novel “Fathers and Sons” (pamphlet article by M. A. Antonovich “Asmodeus of Our Time” in Sovremennik, 1862; the so-called “schism in the nihilists” largely motivated the positive assessment of the novel in the article by D. I. Pisarev "Bazarov", 1862). In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the story "Ghosts" (1864), Turgenev thickens the mystical motives outlined in "Notes of a Hunter" and "Faust"; this line will be developed in The Dog (1865), The Story of Lieutenant Yergunov (1868), Dream, The Story of Father Alexei (both 1877), Songs of Triumphant Love (1881), After Death (Klara Milic )" (1883). The theme of the weakness of a person who turns out to be a toy of unknown forces and doomed to non-existence, to a greater or lesser extent, colors all of Turgenev's late prose; it is most directly expressed in the lyrical story "Enough!" (1865), perceived by contemporaries as evidence (sincere or coquettishly hypocritical) of Turgenev's situationally conditioned crisis (cf. F. M. Dostoevsky's parody in the novel "Demons", 1871).

In 1863 there is a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot; until 1871 they live in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian war) in Paris. Turgenev closely converges with G. Flaubert and through him with E. and J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant; he assumes the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western literatures. His all-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Turgenev maintains contacts with Russian revolutionaries (P. L. Lavrov, G. A. Lopatin) and provides material support to emigrants. In 1880, Turgenev took part in the celebrations in honor of the opening of a monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In 1879-81, the old writer experienced a stormy passion for the actress M. G. Savina, which colored his last visits to his homeland.

Along with stories about the past (“King of the Steppe Lear”, 1870; “Punin and Baburin”, 1874) and the “mysterious” stories mentioned above, in the last years of his life, Turgenev turned to memoirs (“Literary and everyday memories”, 1869-80) and "Poems in Prose" (1877-82), where almost all the main themes of his work are presented, and the summing up takes place as if in the presence of impending death. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (cancer of the spinal cord).

Biography of I.S. Turgenev

The film “The Great Singer of Great Russia. I.S. Turgenev»

Literary critics claim that created by the classic art system changed the poetics of the second novel half of XIX century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to feel the emergence of a “new man” - a man of the sixties - and showed him in his essay “Fathers and Sons”. Thanks to the realist writer, the term "nihilist" was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced the image of a compatriot, which received the definition of "Turgenev's girl", into use.

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, in the ancient noble family. Ivan Sergeyevich spent his childhood in his mother's estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.

Family life parents did not work out. The father, who had spent his fortune as a handsome cavalry guard, according to calculation, married not a beauty, but a wealthy girl Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. After 4 years, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Died shortly after of epilepsy younger son Sergey.

Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - the mother had a despotic character. A smart and educated woman drank a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. Mother, an absurd and despotic lady, whose image readers saw in Turgenev's story "Death", remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. Not in the best way treated her daughter and mother. Because of the cruelty of her mother and the beatings of her stepfather, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece after her death a legacy of 5,000 serfs.

Although her mother, who did not know affection in childhood, loved children, especially Vanya, she treated them in the same way as her parents treated her in childhood - the sons forever remembered mother's heavy hand. Despite her absurd disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. She spoke exclusively in French with her family, demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. Spasskoye kept a rich library, consisting mainly of French books.

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in her children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed literary novelties, was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna thoroughly knew creativity, and quoted them in correspondence with her son.

Ivan Turgenev was educated by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no expense. The wealth of Russian literature was discovered to the future writer by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story "Punin and Baburin".

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the Ivan Krause boarding school. At home and in private boarding houses, the young master took a course high school, at the age of 15 he became a student at the capital's university. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev studied a course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

IN student years Turgenev translated poetry and lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.

Having received a diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin, he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, and wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy from St. Petersburg University. In 1843, he entered the Ministry of the Interior, but the love of writing and literature outweighed.

Literature

Ivan Turgenev first appeared in print in 1836, publishing a review of Andrey Muravyov's book Journey to Holy Places. A year later, he wrote and published the poems "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria in moonlit night" and dream".

Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem "Parasha", approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky became close so that the young writer became the godfather of the son of a famous critic. Rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced creative biography Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became apparent after the publication of the poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Andrei Kolosov", "Three Portraits" and "Brether".

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived either in the family estate, then in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully staged in the theaters of the two capitals.

In 1852, Nikolai Gogol died. Ivan Turgenev responded to the tragic event with an obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee, Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper dared to publish Turgenev's note. The censor did not forgive disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a "lackey writer" who was not worthy of mention in society, and besides, he saw in the obituary a hint of a violation of an unspoken ban - not to recall Alexander Pushkin and those who died in a duel in the open press.

The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion due to frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater anger from the authorities.

In April of the same year, the writer was taken into custody for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spassky without a break, for 3 years he did not have the right to leave the country.

Turgenev's fears about the censorship ban on the release of the Hunter's Notes as a separate book did not materialize: a collection of short stories, previously published in Sovremennik, was published. For allowing the book to be printed, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle includes the stories "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk", "Singers", "County Doctor". Separately, the novels did not pose a danger, but, taken together, they were anti-serfdom in nature.

Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. For young readers, the prose writer presented fairy tales and observational stories "Sparrow", "Dog" and "Doves", written in rich language.

In rural solitude, the classic composed the story "Mumu", as well as the events that became an event in cultural life Russian novels "The Nest of Nobles", "On the Eve", "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke".

Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In winter, in Paris, he completed the gloomy story "A Trip to Polissya". In Germany in 1857 he wrote "Asya" - a story translated during the life of the writer into European languages. Critics consider Turgenev's daughter Polina Brewer and illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova to be the prototype of Asya, the daughter of a master and a peasant woman born out of wedlock.

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, and communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer a controversial personality. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban on Sovremennik, he spoke out in his defense.

During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel Fathers and Sons, he quarreled with the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev was the first Russian writers received recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became his close friend.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where the youth met him as an idol. Delight from the visit famous writer they did not share power, letting Ivan Sergeevich understand that a long stay of a writer in the city was undesirable.

In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - in Oxford University Russian prose writer was given the title of honorary doctor.

The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support "in the days of painful thoughts" about the fate of the motherland.

Personal life

Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer's life, with a landscape "both monstrous and exotic." The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooping woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she fabulously transformed. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for life, for the remaining 40 years.

The personal life of the prose writer before meeting Viardot was like a rollercoaster. The first love, about which Ivan Turgenev bitterly told in the story of the same name, painfully wounded the 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he found out that his “pure and immaculate” Katya, who captivated with her childish spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of her father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a seasoned womanizer.

The young man was disappointed in the "noble" girls and turned his eyes to the simple girls - serfs. One of the undemanding beauties - seamstress Avdotya Ivanova - gave birth to Ivan Turgenev's daughter Pelageya. But, traveling around Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.

Ivan Sergeevich met the singer's husband, Louis, and became a member of their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, the writer's friends and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Polina and Louis. Viardot's husband looked through his fingers at Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed him to live in their house for months. It is believed that the biological father of Paul, the son of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother did not approve of the relationship and dreamed that her beloved offspring would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give legitimate grandchildren. Pelageya Varvara Petrovna did not favor, she saw in her a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.

Pauline Viardot, listening to the bullying of a despotic grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her to her house. Pelageya turned into Polinet and grew up with Viardot's children. In fairness, it should be noted that Pelageya-Polinet Turgeneva did not share her father's love for Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of her loved one from her.

Cooling in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which happened due to the house arrest of the writer. Ivan Turgenev made attempts to forget the fatal passion twice. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met the young beauty Olga, the daughter of a cousin. But when a wedding dawned on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich yearned for Polina. Not wanting to break the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.

The last attempt to escape from the arms of a Frenchwoman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev was 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not afraid of the age difference - her lover was twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, Masha saw a lot of things and trinkets in the home of her future spouse, reminiscent of her rival, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after parting with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. Doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - cancer of the bones of the spine. The writer died in a foreign land for a long time and painfully.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The last months of his life, Ivan Turgenev was happy, how happy a person tormented by pain can be - next to him was his beloved woman. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.

Classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was brought to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Polina's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the St. Petersburg Volkov cemetery.

Calling Turgenev "a thorn in his own eye", he reacted to the death of the "nihilist" with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 - "Rudin"
• 1858 - "Noble Nest"
• 1860 - "On the Eve"
• 1862 - "Fathers and Sons"
• 1867 - "Smoke"
• 1877 - "Nov"
• 1851-73 - "Notes of a hunter"
• 1858 - "Asya"
• 1860 - "First Love"
• 1872 - "Spring Waters"

Part 2.

Every love, happy, as well as unhappy, is a real disaster when you give yourself all to it.
I.S. Turgenev

Now let's get back to the topic of true love. The woman was the main supreme deity of all the works of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev... K.D. Balmont, the great Russian poet, wrote: beautiful love that the best and most faithful essence, blazing in artistic creativity, there is a Girl-Woman"...

Yes, it was the Woman who was his Muse. Only in love did he draw inspiration.
Traveling in Italy, Ivan Turgenev meets Moscow acquaintances in Rome - the Khovrin family. And he begins a short-term affair with Shushu, the eldest daughter of the Khovrins, Alexandra (later a children's writer).

A year later, he became close to his mother's civilian seamstress Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova, who gave birth to his daughter Pelageya. At the same time, he has a stormy romance with Tatyana Alexandrovna Bakunina (sister of the revolutionary anarchist M.A. Bakunin).

Traveling around Europe, in 1843 Ivan Turgenev met Pauline Viardot (anal-skin-visual with sound), and since then his heart belongs to her alone. Contemporaries unanimously admitted that she was not at all beautiful. Rather, the opposite is true. Indeed, Viardot's appearance was far from ideal. She was stooped, with bulging eyes, large, almost masculine features, and a huge mouth. But when she began to sing, her appearance changed. At the time of one of these transformations, Pauline Viardot was seen on the stage of the opera house by the beginning Russian writer Ivan Turgenev.

Pauline Viardot

By the way, Turgenev himself was very fond of singing, while he had absolutely no hearing and was very thin, almost female voice. And although he could not hit a single right note, the audience was delighted with this comic spectacle. “Yes, what should I do? After all, I myself know that I don’t have a voice, but just a pig!” - Ivan Turgenev lamented (the sound engineer often speaks in a barely audible, quiet voice and often does not like the sound of his voice).

Despite all the obstacles, the writer's romance with the singer lasted more than 40 years. Ivan Turgenev knew that she was married to Louis Viardot, but the passion captured him so much that he could no longer think of anyone else. He even meets her husband and they become friends. His further trips around Europe are reduced only to visiting the cities where Viardot toured. But his indecision, characteristic of people with an anal vector, does not allow Turgenev to take any more active steps. He does not insist on intimacy with his beloved and is content with the role of a devoted admirer. Marriage for an anal person is sacred. They will never encroach on someone else's, including someone else's woman.

Meanwhile, Pelageya's daughter is growing up in her grandmother's estate, about whom Ivan Turgenev does not yet know anything. The imperious landowner treats her granddaughter like a serf. As a result, Turgenev offers Polina to take the girl to be brought up in the Viardot family, where she will live until she comes of age (developed anal sex always takes care of their offspring) together with the children of Polina Viardot.

Turgenev's daughter

By the way, Pauline Viardot also did not deny herself carnal pleasures (like a real skin-visual woman who undifferentiated pheromones for all men). Soon she gave birth to a son, Paul. But to this day it remains a mystery from whom: from Ivan Turgenev, from famous artist Ari Schaeffer, who painted her portrait, or...

A few years later, Viardot comes to Russia on tour. Turgenev hurries to meet her, but Polina's feelings have cooled down. Yes, if a visual person does not see the object of his adoration for a long time, then emotional ties are quickly torn. As the saying goes, "out of sight, out of mind." But Ivan Turgenev is ready to be content with a simple friendship, if only to see Viardot at least from time to time (anal-visual people can create very long-lasting emotional bonds).

A year after this unpleasant event, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev meets his cousin's daughter, 18-year-old Olga Turgeneva, and falls in love with her. He even begins to think about marriage for the first time. And, I must say that the young lady reciprocated the Lovelace. But the memory carefully kept the image of Polina and helpfully sent him to a happy past. Ivan Sergeevich breaks off relations with Olga.

Olga Turgeneva

I.S. Turgenev 1880

In 1882 Savinova and Turgenev went to Paris. Unfortunately, this trip marked the end of their relationship. In Turgenev's house, every little thing reminded of Viardot, Maria constantly felt superfluous and was tormented by jealousy.
And yet, in the last minutes of his life, Polina was next to Ivan Turgenev. HIS POLINA. IN last hours he never knew anyone in his life. When Pauline Viardot bent over him, Ivan Sergeevich said: “Here is the queen of queens!” Those were his last words.
Ivan Turgenev died in Bougival, near Paris, on August 22 (September 3), 1883. Those who saw him during the farewell testify that his face was calm and beautiful as ever. After all, it was not in vain that the classic said that “love is stronger than death and the fear of death.”

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian prose writer, poet, classic of world literature, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator. His pen belongs to a lot outstanding works. The fate of this great writer will be discussed in this article.

Early childhood

Turgenev's biography (short in our review, but very rich in fact) began in 1818. The future writer was born on November 9 in the city of Oryol. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a combat officer in a cuirassier regiment, but soon after Ivan's birth, he retired. The boy's mother, Varvara Petrovna, was a representative of a wealthy noble family. It was in the family estate of this imperious woman - Spasskoe-Lutovinovo - that the first years of Ivan's life passed. Despite her heavy unbending disposition, Varvara Petrovna was very enlightened and an educated person. She managed to instill in her children (in addition to Ivan, his older brother Nikolai was brought up in the family) a love for science and Russian literature.

Education

Elementary education future writer received at home. So that it could continue in a dignified manner, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow. Here, the biography of Turgenev (short) made a new round: the boy's parents went abroad, and he was kept in various boarding houses. At first he lived and was brought up in the institution of Weidenhammer, then in Krause. At the age of fifteen (in 1833), Ivan entered the Moscow State University at the Faculty of Literature. After the arrival of the eldest son Nikolai in the guards cavalry, the Turgenev family moved to St. Petersburg. Here the future writer became a student at a local university and began to study philosophy. In 1837 Ivan graduated from this educational institution.

Pen trial and further education

Turgenev's work for many is associated with the writing of prose works. However, Ivan Sergeevich originally planned to become a poet. In 1934 he wrote several lyrical works, including the poem "The Wall", which was appreciated by his mentor - P. A. Pletnev. Over the next three years, the young writer has already composed about a hundred poems. In 1838, several of his works were published in the famous Sovremennik (“To the Venus of Medicius”, “Evening”). young poet felt inclined to scientific activity and in 1838 went to Germany to continue his education at the University of Berlin. Here he studied Roman and Greek literature. Ivan Sergeevich quickly became imbued with the Western European way of life. A year later, the writer briefly returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he left his homeland again and lived in Italy, Austria and Germany. Turgenev returned to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo in 1841, and a year later he turned to the Moscow State University requesting that he be allowed to take the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. He was denied this.

Pauline Viardot

Ivan Sergeevich managed to get a scientific degree at St. Petersburg University, but by that time he had already lost interest in this kind of activity. In search of a worthy field in life in 1843, the writer entered the service of the ministerial office, but his ambitious aspirations quickly faded away. In 1843, the writer published the poem "Parasha", which impressed V. G. Belinsky. Success inspired Ivan Sergeevich, and he decided to devote his life to creativity. In the same year, Turgenev's biography (short) was marked by another fateful event: the writer met the outstanding French singer Pauline Viardot. Seeing the beauty opera house Petersburg, Ivan Sergeevich decided to get to know her. At first, the girl did not pay attention to the little-known writer, but Turgenev was so struck by the charm of the singer that he followed the Viardot family to Paris. For many years he accompanied Polina on her foreign tours, despite the obvious disapproval of his relatives.

The heyday of creativity

In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich took an active part in updating the Sovremennik magazine. He meets Nekrasov, and he becomes his best friend. For two years (1950-1952) the writer is torn between foreign countries and Russia. Creativity Turgenev during this period began to gain serious momentum. The cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" was almost completely written in Germany and glorified the writer throughout the world. In the next decade, the classic was created whole line outstanding prose works: "The Nest of Nobles", "Rudin", "Fathers and Sons", "On the Eve". In the same period, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev quarreled with Nekrasov. Their controversy over the novel "On the Eve" ended in a complete break. The writer leaves Sovremennik and goes abroad.

Abroad

Turgenev's life abroad began in Baden-Baden. Here Ivan Sergeevich found himself in the very center of Western European cultural life. He began to maintain relations with many world literary celebrities: Hugo, Dickens, Maupassant, France, Thackeray and others. The writer actively promoted Russian culture abroad. For example, in 1874 in Paris, Ivan Sergeevich, together with Daudet, Flaubert, Goncourt and Zola, organized the famous "bachelor dinners at five" in the capital's restaurants. The characterization of Turgenev during this period was very flattering: he turned into the most popular, famous and widely read Russian writer in Europe. In 1878, Ivan Sergeevich was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. Since 1877, the writer has been an honorary doctor of Oxford University.

Creativity of recent years

Turgenev's biography - brief but vivid - indicates that long years carried out abroad did not alienate the writer from Russian life and her pressing problems. He still writes a lot about his homeland. So, in 1867, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the novel "Smoke", which caused a large-scale public outcry in Russia. In 1877, the writer wrote the novel "Nov", which became the result of his creative reflections in the 1870s.

demise

For the first time, a serious illness that interrupted the writer's life made itself felt in 1882. Despite strong physical suffering, Ivan Sergeevich continued to create. A few months before his death, the first part of the book Poems in Prose was published. great writer died in 1883, September 3, in the suburbs of Paris. Relatives fulfilled the will of Ivan Sergeevich and transported his body to his homeland. The classic was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovo cemetery. Numerous admirers saw him off on his last journey.

Such is the biography of Turgenev (short). This man devoted his whole life to his beloved work and forever remained in the memory of his descendants as eminent writer and famous public figure.

Russian writer, corresponding member of the Puturburg Academy of Sciences (1880). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847 52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talent of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860), Fathers and Sons (1862), the stories Asya (1858), Spring Waters (1872) ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novel "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russian peasants abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882). Master of Language and Psychological Analysis. Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

Biography

Born October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."

With the family moving to Moscow in 1827, the future writer was sent to a boarding school and spent about two and a half years there. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, English.

In the autumn of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and in next year transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy.

In May 1838 he went to Berlin to listen to lectures on classical philology and philosophy. He met and became friends with N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin, meetings with whom had much greater value than the lectures of Berlin professors. Spent more than two years abroad academic years, combining classes with long journeys: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, lived in Italy for several months.

Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow, where he prepared for the master's exams and attended literary circles and salons: met with Gogol, Aksakov, Khomyakov. On one of the trips to St. Petersburg with Herzen.

In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.

In 1843, Turgenev entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In the same year, an acquaintance with Belinsky and his entourage took place. Turgenev's social and literary views during this period were determined mainly by the influence of Belinsky. Turgenev published his poems, poems, dramatic works, story. The critic guided his work with his assessments and friendly advice.

In 1847 Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour of St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted an essay "Khor and Kalinich" to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life published in the same journal for five years. In 1852 they came out as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter.

In 1850, the writer returned to Russia, as an author and critic he collaborated in Sovremennik, which became a kind of center of Russian literary life.

Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under the supervision of the police without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.

In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.

Along with the "hunting" stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" (1848), "The Bachelor" (1849), "A Month in the Country" (1850), "Provincial Girl" (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" (1852) and "Inn" (1852) on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the story "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) is dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Work on stories facilitated the transition to the novel.

In the summer of 1855, the novel "Rudin" was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years, novels: in 1859 "The Noble Nest"; in 1860 "On the Eve", in 1862 "Fathers and Sons".

The situation in Russia was changing rapidly: the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom, preparations for the reform began, giving rise to numerous plans for the upcoming reorganization. Turgenev took an active part in this process, became Herzen's unspoken collaborator, sending accusatory material to the Kolokol magazine, and collaborated with Sovremennik, which gathered around itself the main forces of advanced literature and journalism. At first, writers of different trends acted as a united front, but sharp disagreements soon appeared. There was a break between Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine, which was caused by Dobrolyubov's article "When will the real day come?", dedicated to the novel Turgenev "On the Eve", in which the critic predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarov, the approach of the day of the revolution. Turgenev did not accept such an interpretation of the novel and asked Nekrasov not to publish this article. Nekrasov took the side of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and Turgenev left Sovremennik. By 1862 1863 he had a polemic with Herzen on the question of the further paths of development of Russia, which led to a divergence between them. Pinning hopes on reforms "from above", Turgenev considered Herzen's faith in the revolutionary and socialist aspirations of the peasantry unfounded.

Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time, he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published, including his last novel, Nov (1876).

Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune, he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris, and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring.

The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, associated with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection "Forward". reawakened his longstanding interest in folk theme, returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the novels "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc.

A social revival began among the student youth, among the general strata of society. Turgenev's popularity, once shaken by his break with Sovremennik, has now recovered again and is growing rapidly. In February 1879, when he arrived in Russia, he was honored on literary evenings and gala dinners, strenuously inviting them to stay at home. Turgenev was even inclined to stop his voluntary exile, but this intention was not carried out. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness appeared, which deprived the writer of the opportunity to move (cancer of the spine).

On August 22 (September 3, n.s.), 1883, Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.