Arguments for an essay on the problem of the relationship of the Russian language. Arguments on the topic "Language" for the composition of the exam

• Heartlessness manifests itself even in relation to very close people.
• Greed often leads to callousness and dishonorable acts
• The spiritual callousness of a person complicates his life in society.
• The reasons for a heartless attitude towards others lie in education.
• The problem of heartlessness, spiritual callousness can be characteristic not only individual person but also to society as a whole
• Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often spiritual callousness is manifested in relation to moral, worthy people.
• A man admits that he was heartless when nothing can be fixed
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy.
• The consequences of a callous attitude towards people are often irreversible.

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirill Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically due to callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were definitely not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirilla Petrovich did not spare his friend, although in the past they had a lot of good things in common. The landlord was driven by heartlessness, a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials were burned, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of spiritual callousness of just one person made the lives of many people miserable.

A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades". Act heartlessly Hermann, the main character of the work, makes the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he presents himself as a fan of Lizaveta, although in fact he does not have feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to tell him the secret of the three cards, and after her refusal he takes out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very frightened, dies. The deceased old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals the secret on the condition that Hermann does not bet more than one card per day, in the future he will not play at all and marries Lizaveta. But the hero does not expect a happy future: his heartless deeds serve as a pretext for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which drives him crazy.

M. Gorky "At the bottom". Vasilisa Kostyleva does not feel any feelings for her husband, except for hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least a small fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love does not in the least justify her act. A person must remain a person in any situation.

I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco". The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, indifference towards each other. The sudden death of the San Francisco Gentleman evokes not pity, but disgust. During his life, he is loved because of the money, and after death, he is heartlessly removed to the worst room so as not to spoil the reputation of the institution. A person who died in a foreign country cannot even be made a normal coffin. People have lost true spiritual values, which were replaced by a thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". A life full of deeds and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is also glad that her mother is alive, but she doesn’t think about more. Even a telegram from Tikhon about the poor condition of Katerina Petrovna Nastya does not read and perceive immediately: at first she does not understand at all who in question. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards native person. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty before her mother, who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers, she treated everyone with kindness and sympathy. People did not answer her the same. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the coffin of a woman only for duty. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to claim the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The heartlessness of Rodion Raskolnikov expressed his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old pawnbroker, he tried to find out to whom he refers: to “trembling creatures” or “having the right”. The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he had done as correct, which means that absolute spiritual callousness is not characteristic of him. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”. The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a homeless dog to his apartment. His father does not like this: the man demands to drive the animal back into the street. The hero cannot do this, because "she was already kicked out." The father, acting absolutely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child's faith in the justice of this world.

ON THE. Nekrasov "Reflections at the front door". The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. The life of ordinary peasants and officials who spend their lives only in pleasures are contrasted. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to problems ordinary people. And for an ordinary person, the decision of an official of even the most insignificant issue can be a salvation.

V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow". Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad deed, to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult was the test of loneliness for the girl, because it is difficult to be an outcast at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who had actually committed this act did not muster up the courage to confess. The two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere in the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of others made a person suffer.

Arguments for an essay in the Russian language.
Language.
The problem of language, borrowings, clericalism, clogging of the language, attitude to the language, quality of speech, spiritual tact, eloquence, beauty artistic word.

Human relation to language

Language, to an even greater extent than clothing, testifies to a person's taste, his attitude to the world around him, to himself. There are all sorts of slovenliness in the language of man. If a person was born and lives far from the city and speaks his own dialect, there is no slovenliness in this. Dialects are often inexhaustible source Russian enrichment literary language. It is another matter if a person lives in the city for a long time, knows the norms of the literary language, but retains the forms and words of his village. This may be because he considers them beautiful and proud of them. In this I see pride in my homeland. This is not bad, and it does not humiliate a person. If a person does this on purpose to show that he is a "truly rural", then this is both ridiculous and cynical. Flaunting rudeness in language, as well as flaunting rudeness in manners, slovenliness in clothes, basically indicates a person’s psychological insecurity, his weakness, and not strength at all. The speaker seeks to suppress a sense of fear, fear, sometimes just fear with a rude joke, harsh expression, irony, cynicism. With rude nicknames for teachers, it is the weak-willed students who want to show that they are not afraid of them. It happens semi-consciously. This is a sign of bad manners, unintelligence, and sometimes cruelty. This is rough talking people as if they want to show that they are higher than those phenomena that they are actually afraid of. At the heart of any slang, cynical expressions and swearing is weakness. “Spitting words” people demonstrate their contempt for traumatic phenomena in life because they worry, torment, excite them, because they feel weak, not protected against them. A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not needlessly speak loudly, will not swear and use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already weighty.

Is it possible to judge a person by the way he speaks?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not needlessly speak loudly, will not swear and use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is already weighty.
Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible “complexity”.

Why is it important to speak correctly?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
It takes a long time to learn good, calm, intelligent speech - by listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment, if it is “dragging”.

What should be the scientific language?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
On the whole, it should be remembered that the inaccuracies of language result primarily from the inaccuracy of thought. Therefore, a scientist, engineer, economist - a person of any profession should take care when writing, first of all, about the accuracy of thought. Strict correspondence of thought to language gives lightness of style. The language should be simple (I'm talking now about ordinary and scientific language - not about the language of fiction).
Beware of empty rhetoric! Language scientific work should be light, inconspicuous, prettiness in it is unacceptable, and its beauty is in a sense of proportion.
You can't just write "pretty". It is necessary to write accurately and meaningfully, justifiably resorting to images. Flowery expressions tend to resurface again and again in different articles and works of individual authors.
The main thing is to strive to ensure that the phrase is immediately understood correctly. For this great importance has the arrangement of words and the brevity of the phrase itself.
The reader's attention should be focused on the author's thought, and not on unraveling what the author wanted to say. So the simpler the better. You should not be afraid of repetitions of the same word, the same turnover. The stylistic requirement not to repeat the same word side by side is often incorrect. This requirement may not be the rule in all cases.
Rhythm and readability of the phrase! People, reading, mentally pronounce the text. It needs to be easy to pronounce. And in this case, the main thing is in the arrangement of words, in the construction of a phrase. Do not abuse subordinate clauses. A noun (albeit repeated) is better than a pronoun. Avoid the expressions "in the latter case", "as above" and so on.

What is office work and why is it dangerous?

“What is he, a clerk? He has very exact signs, common for both translation and domestic literature. This is the displacement of the verb, that is, movement, action, by participle, gerund, noun (especially verbal!), which means stagnation, immobility. And of all verbal forms, a predilection for the infinitive. This is a heap of nouns into indirect cases, most often long chains of nouns in the same case - the genitive, so it is no longer possible to understand what refers to what and what is being discussed. This is an abundance of foreign words where they can be completely replaced by Russian words. This is the displacement of active revolutions by passive ones, almost always heavier, cumbersome. This is a heavy, confused structure of a phrase, unintelligibility. Uncountable subordinate clauses, doubly ponderous and unnatural in colloquial speech. This is grayness, monotony, wear, stamp. Poor, meager vocabulary: both the author and the characters speak the same dry, bureaucratic language. Always, without any reason or need, they prefer a long word to a short one, an official or bookish one to a colloquial one, a complex one to a simple one, a stamp to a living image. In short, the clerk is a dead thing. It penetrates both fiction and everyday life, oral speech. Even in the nursery. From official materials, from newspapers, from radio and television, clerical language is moving into everyday practice. For many years lectures were read this way, textbooks and even primers were written this way. Nurtured by linguistic quinoa and chaff, teachers, in their turn, feed all new generations of innocent children with the same dry food of callous and dead words.

The problem of borrowing in language
Nora Gal. "Beware of the clerk."
Not every foreign word that even such giants as Pushkin, Herzen, Tolstoy tried to introduce took root and took root in the Russian language. Much that at first attracted novelty or seemed sharp, ironic, has faded over the years, discolored, or even completely died out. Moreover, all these solicitors, beadles and gigs did not take root - they do not enrich the language, they do not add anything to carriages, carriages, gigs or, say, to solicitors, attorneys and judicial hooks, with the help of which translators are creative, not literalists and not formalists, perfectly convey everything that (and how) Dickens wanted to say. The moral, as they say, is clear: foreign words and sayings are not a sin to introduce even into the most high poetry. But - with tact and with the mind, at the right time and place, observing the measure. After all, even today much, very much can be perfectly expressed in Russian.
It is well known that once foreign words, especially those with Latin roots, came to our country along with new philosophical, scientific, technical concepts and phenomena for which the Russian language did not yet have its own words. Many have taken root and have long been no longer perceived as strangers. But even Peter I, who so zealously forced Domostroevskaya Rus to catch up with Europe in all areas, from ships to assemblies, was forced to prohibit excessive enthusiasm for foreign words. The tsar wrote to one of his ambassadors: “In your reports you use a lot of Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to understand the deed itself; For this reason, henceforth you should write your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms. A century later, V. G. Belinsky stood up to defend his native language: “Use a foreign language when there is an equivalent Russian word means to offend both common sense and common taste. Another century will pass, and on the same topic V. Mayakovsky will write “On fiascos, apogees and other unknown things”: So that I don’t write in vain yelling, I also deduce morality: what is suitable for foreign word rya, the newspaper is not good. Thoughtless, mechanical introduction of a foreign word into a Russian text often turns into outright nonsense. Not only the feeling, the image is distorted, the thought also becomes indistinct. Such a powerful stream is no longer so easy to handle. Industry could pollute the river more in this decade than it has in the past thousand years. It's the same with language. Now the most clear waters you can stir up, ruin very quickly. And right are those who are sounding the alarm, calling to stand up for the defense of nature and for the defense of language. Well, of course, it is ridiculous to argue: the language does not freeze, does not stand still, but lives and develops, some words die off, others arise. But a man is a man, to learn to control every element, including language.

What distinguishes a true writer?
Nora Gal. "Beware of the clerk."
Familiar from the cradle, figurative sayings, from time immemorial cast by the people into golden ingots, combinations of words, proverbs, sayings are the most precious asset of a writer. A real writer is only one who owns figurative speech, an inexhaustible wealth of Russian sayings, proverbs, idioms - everything that enlivens, paints every story and every printed page. For art, as we know, is thinking in images.

The problem of mental tact in language.
Nora Gal. "Beware of the clerk."
This is a great thing - sincere tact, true intonation. Shortly after the war, one of our major writers, a recognized artist of the word, scourging the bestial essence of Hitlerism in a newspaper article, dropped the following words: the Nazis, they say, were glad to "get drunk on children's blood." With all due respect to the author, I cannot but remember: what was said in such a context, on such an occasion, the word krovtsa was unbearable. For orphaned mothers - and not only them - it cut their ears and souls.
Just as impossible, it sounds insulting in the novel of a Russian author: "Red Square invitingly attracted to itself - but we headed in the opposite direction." Oh, how careful one must be with words! It can heal, but it can also hurt. The wrong word is bad. But much more dangerous - the word is tactless. We have seen that it can trivialize the highest concepts, the most sincere feelings. A person ceases to feel the coloring of the word, does not remember its origin and says "nature guards" instead of keepers. The hero of one story returned to the city of his youth, looks, sighs: “An insignificant city, but so much heartfelt strength has been given to it that no matter how much you leave it, no matter how much you live in other cities, you can’t tear yourself away from it.” The town is small, the town is tiny, but contemptuous "insignificant" is impossible here! And again, speaking with respect, with tenderness about the nurse girl, a good writer suddenly said: “We will see, feel, and love this “front-line sister” as an unusually beautiful, kind female individual.” And this word is much more appropriate, at least in an example from Ushakov’s dictionary: “The Beluga is very big fish: some individuals reach 1200 kg. In one story, the father explained to the boy, counted on his fingers, how much insurance for injury was paid to lumberjacks. And it was about the fact that every day someone cuts off several fingers with a saw or an ax. Such a neighborhood jarred, and the editor suggested to the translator the simplest way out: the father explained for a long time, in detail, and calculated how much they paid for what. Well, what if a non-professional writer writes? A prominent military man recalls the capture of Berlin. In an excerpt published by a youth newspaper, among other things, it says this: “Little Berliners approached ... camp kitchens, stretched out their cups and bowls with their thin hands and ridiculously asked:“ Eat. “Eat” was the first Russian word they learned to pronounce.” Of course, the author of the memoirs did not at all find the request of the pitiful hungry children to be ridiculous. Obviously, they pronounced it funny, funny. It seemed funny how they mispronounced the Russian word. And, of course, the famous military leader does not have to be a stylist. But one awkwardly placed word distorts the whole intonation, paints in a false light the feeling of the narrator, involuntarily you stumble over this not very tactful intonation. So did the editor really not stumble, did not feel anything? Why didn't he suggest (tactfully!) a more appropriate word?
Even Flaubert - perhaps the strictest stylist in all of world literature - said that there are no good and bad words. It all depends on whether the word is chosen correctly for this particular case. And the best word becomes bad if said out of place. This is where tact is needed, the right instinct.

How should one treat the Russian language?
Nora Gal. "Beware of the clerk."
We have to repeat: we do not always protect our wealth, our pride - native language, as we do not always know how to protect our native nature, lakes, forests and rivers. But for both we are responsible to the future, to our children and grandchildren. We pass on to them the cherished heritage of grandfathers and great-grandfathers. They are to live on this earth, among these forests and rivers, they are to speak the language of Pushkin and Tolstoy, they are to read, love, repeat by heart, comprehend with their mind and heart all the best that has been created over many centuries in home country and all over the world. So do we dare to deprive them and deprive them? Kind people! Let's be careful, careful and prudent! Let's beware of "introducing into the language" such that it spoils and for which you then have to blush! We have received an invaluable inheritance, what the people have created over the centuries, what Pushkin and Turgenev created, polished and honed for us, and many more of the best talents of our land. We are all responsible for this priceless gift. And isn't it a shame when we have such a wonderful, such a rich, expressive, multi-colored language, to speak and write in stationery?!

How to learn to perceive the beauty of the artistic word?
Argument from L. Ulitskaya's novel "The Green Tent"
Learning to perceive the beauty of a literary word is possible only through a sensual and deep reading. literary works, including poetry. So, one of the heroes of the novel by L. Ulitskaya, a teacher of literature, Viktor Yulievich Shengeli, in order to interest schoolchildren in literature, began each lesson by reading his favorite poems by heart. He never indicated the author of the poem, and many schoolchildren perceived this feature condescendingly. “Poems seemed to them a feminine thing, rather weak for a front-line soldier.” However, the teacher did not stop repeating that literature is the best that mankind has, and poetry is the "heart of literature." Viktor Yulievich was not limited school curriculum, he read Pasternak, and Sappho, and Annensky. Gradually, more and more schoolchildren interested in literature appeared in the class; together with the teacher, they visited historical places learned biographies of Russian poets and writers. Viktor Yulievich helped the children get into reading, they even formed literary circle lovers of Russian literature and began to call themselves "Lursy". Love for literature determined the further life of the main characters of the novel. The guys read books at night, passed rare copies from hand to hand, photographed especially valuable books. Mikha, who from the first lessons caught every word of his beloved teacher, entered the Faculty of Philology and became a teacher, and Ilya was engaged in publishing and distributing forbidden literature for many years. Thus, the thirst for books and the ability to perceive the beauty of the artistic word determined not only the circle of their reading, but also their life path.

The problem of spirituality, a spiritual person is one of the eternal problems of Russian and world literature

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin(1870 - 1953) - Russian writer and poet, the first Nobel Prize winner in literature

In "The Gentleman from San Francisco" Bunin criticizes bourgeois reality. This story is symbolic in its title. This symbolism is embodied in the image of the protagonist, who is collective image an American bourgeois, a man without a name, called by the author simply a gentleman from San Francisco. The lack of a name for the hero is a symbol of his inner lack of spirituality, emptiness. The idea arises that the hero does not live in the full sense of the word, but only physiologically exists. He understands only the material side of life. This idea is emphasized by the symbolic composition of this story, its symmetry. While “he was quite generous on the way and therefore fully believed in the caring of all those who fed and watered him, served him from morning to evening, preventing his slightest desire, guarding his purity and peace ...”.

And after a sudden “death, the body of a dead old man from San Francisco returned home, to the grave, to the shores of the New World. Having experienced many humiliations, a lot of human inattention, after a week of space from one port shed to another, it finally again got on the same famous ship, on which so recently, with such honor, they carried it to the Old World. The ship "Atlantis" sails in reverse direction, only carrying the rich man already in a soda box, "but now hiding him from the living - they lowered him deep into the black hold." And on the ship all the same luxury, well-being, balls, music, a fake couple playing at love.

It turns out that everything he has accumulated has no meaning in the face of that eternal law to which everyone is subject without exception. Obviously, the meaning of life is not in the acquisition of wealth, but in something that cannot be valued in money, - worldly wisdom, kindness, spirituality.

Spirituality is not equal to education and intelligence and does not depend on it.

Alexander Isaevich (Isaakievich) Solzhenitsyn(1918-- 2008) - Soviet and Russian writer, playwright, publicist, poet, public and political figure, who lived and worked in the USSR, Switzerland, the USA and Russia. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970). A dissident who for several decades (1960s - 1980s) actively opposed communist ideas, the political system of the USSR and the policies of its authorities.

A. Solzhenitsyn showed this well in the story "Matryonin Dvor". Everyone mercilessly used Matryona's kindness and innocence - and unanimously condemned her for this. Matrena, besides her kindness and conscience, did not accumulate other wealth. She is used to living by the laws of humanity, respect and honesty. And only death revealed to people the majestic and tragic image Matryona. The narrator bows his head to a man of great disinterested soul, but absolutely unrequited, defenseless. With the departure of Matryona, something valuable and important passes away ...

Of course, the germs of spirituality are embedded in every person. And its development depends on education, and on the circumstances in which a person lives, on his environment. However, self-education, our work on ourselves, plays a decisive role. Our ability to peer into ourselves, ask our conscience and not dissemble in front of ourselves.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov(1891--- 1940) - Russian writer, playwright, theater director and actor. Written in 1925, first published in 1968. The story was first published in the USSR in 1987.

The problem of lack of spirituality in the story M. A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"

Mikhail Afanasyevich shows in the story that humanity is powerless in the fight against the lack of spirituality that arises in people. In the center of it - incredible case transformation of a dog into a human. The fantastic plot is based on the image of the experiment of the brilliant medical scientist Preobrazhensky. Having transplanted the spermatic glands and the pituitary gland of the brain of the thief and drunkard Klim Chugunkin into a dog, Preobrazhensky, to everyone's amazement, gets a man out of a dog.

Homeless Sharik turns into Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. However, he retains the dog habits and bad habits of Klim Chugunkin. The professor, along with Dr. Bormental, is trying to educate him, but all efforts are in vain. Therefore, the professor again returns the dog to its original state. The fantastic case ends idyllically: Preobrazhensky goes about his direct business, and the subdued dog lies on the carpet and indulges in sweet reflections.

Bulgakov expands Sharikov's biography to the level of social generalization. The writer gives a picture of modern reality, revealing its imperfect structure. This is not only the history of Sharikov's transformations, but, above all, the history of a society that develops according to absurd, irrational laws. If the fantastic plan of the story is completed in terms of plot, then the moral and philosophical one remains open: the Sharkovs continue to multiply, multiply and assert themselves in life, which means that the “monstrous history” of society continues. It is these people who know no pity, no sorrow, no sympathy. They are uncivilized and stupid. They have canine hearts from birth, although not all dogs have the same hearts.
Outwardly, the balls are no different from people, but they are always among us. Their inhuman nature is just waiting to be revealed. And then the judge, in the interests of his career and the fulfillment of the plan for solving crimes, condemns the innocent, the doctor turns away from the patient, the mother abandons her child, various officials, for whom bribes have already become the order of things, drop the mask and show their true essence. Everything that is most lofty and holy turns into its opposite, because in these people the non-human has awakened. When they come to power, they try to dehumanize everyone around, because nonhumans are easier to control, they have everything human feelings replaces the instinct of self-preservation.
In our country, after the revolution, all conditions were created for the emergence huge amount ball bearings dog hearts. The totalitarian system is very conducive to this. Probably due to the fact that these monsters have penetrated into all areas of life, Russia is still going through hard times.

The story of Boris Vasiliev "Do not shoot the white swans"

Boris Vasilyev tells us about the lack of spirituality, indifference and cruelty of people in the story “Do not shoot at white swans”. Tourists burned a huge anthill, so as not to experience inconvenience from it, "watched how the gigantic structure, the patient work of millions of tiny creatures, was melting before our eyes." They looked with admiration at the fireworks and exclaimed: “Victory salute! Man is the king of nature.

Winter evening. Highway. Comfortable car. It is warm, cozy, music sounds, occasionally interrupted by the voice of the announcer. Two happy intelligent couples are going to the theater - a meeting with the beautiful is ahead. Do not frighten away this wonderful moment of life! And suddenly the headlights snatch out in the dark, right on the road, the figure of a woman "with a child wrapped in a blanket." "Abnormal!" the driver screams. And everything is dark! There is no former feeling of happiness from the fact that a loved one is sitting next to you, that very soon you will find yourself in an easy chair of the stalls and you will be spellbound to watch the performance.

It would seem a banal situation: they refused to give a ride to a woman with a child. Where? For what? And there is no space in the car. However, the evening is hopelessly ruined. The situation of "déjà vu", as if it had already happened, - a thought flashes through the heroine of the story A. Mass. Of course, it was - and more than once. Indifference to someone else's misfortune, detachment, isolation from everyone and everything - phenomena are not so rare in our society. It is this problem that the writer Anna Mass raises in one of her stories in the Vakhtangov Children cycle. In this situation, she is an eyewitness to what happened on the road. After all, that woman needed help, otherwise she would not have thrown herself under the wheels of a car. Most likely, she has a sick child, he had to be taken to the nearest hospital. But self-interest was higher than the manifestation of mercy. And how disgusting it is to feel powerless in such a situation, one can only imagine oneself in the place of this woman, when "people pleased with themselves in comfortable cars are rushing past." Pangs of conscience, I think, will torment the soul of the heroine of this story for a long time: "I was silent and hated myself for this silence."

"Satisfied people", accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests - the same Chekhov's heroes, "people in cases". This is Dr. Startsev in Ionych, and teacher Belikov in The Man in a Case. Let us recall how Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides "on a troika with bells, plump, red", and his coachman Panteleimon, "also plump and red," shouts: "Prrrava hold!" "Prrrava hold" - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikovsky's "No matter what happened," we still hear the sharp exclamation of Lyudmila Mikhailovna, the character of the same story by A. Mass: "What if this child is contagious? We also, by the way, have children!" The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - petty bourgeois, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."

In the essay-reasoning of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language (task 25), the examinee must express his opinion on the problem raised by the author in the original text, agreeing or disagreeing with author's position, (K4). Here are a few topics and arguments of the exam on them.

What is the meaning of human life?

B. Ekimov "Boy on a Bicycle"
The hero understands that happiness is not in money, not in the world of material interests, but in life itself in his native land:
“I stayed fifteen days at home. And this is equal to fifteen years of life ... Long days, wise, happy. Go to Vihlyaevskaya Gora and sit, look, think. How grass grows. How the clouds float. How does the lake live? Here it is, human life. Work in the garden, weave wattle in the yard. And live. Listen to the swallows, the wind. The sun rises for you, dew falls, rain - everything is good, sweet. Earn something for bread and live. Live long and wisely, so that later, on the very edge, do not curse yourself, do not grind your teeth.

The problem of education. The problem of learning. The role of the teacher in human life

"War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy
The Bolkonskys are accustomed to living according to routine, the prince puts upbringing and education in the first place, not wanting Princess Marya to be stupid, like high-society young ladies.
L.E. Ulitskaya "Barley Soup"
Let us turn to the prose of L. Ulitskaya. She is largely autobiographical. The author herself admitted to her deep love to her mother, who died early, admitted that she gave her daughter many great lessons, some of which were included in her works. A vivid confirmation of this is the story "Barley Soup". Indeed, we perceive the image of the main character Marina Borisovna through the eyes of her daughter, already adult woman. Her memories are imbued with the light of kindness, love for the one that once taught to respect old age, to distinguish lies from truth, to respond to the pain, grief of others. In a word, she brought up in her daughter the ability to appreciate life.
"Oblomov" I.A. Goncharov
In the chapter "Oblomov's Dream" the problems of education are revealed, we see how the atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to work disfigure the child's soul.
« Captain's daughter» A.S. Pushkin (father's order to Pyotr Grinev)
"Horse with a pink mane" V.P. Astafiev (the formation of the personality of the hero under the influence of the kindness of grandparents)

The narrator recalls with gratitude about his first teacher, who raised her students to be real citizens of the Fatherland.
“I touched the oak before the teacher told me to. By God, I still remember its rough warmth: the warmth of the palms, the sweat and blood of my ancestors, the ever-living warmth of History. Then for the first time I touched the past, for the first time I felt this past, imbued with its greatness and became immensely rich. And now I’m thinking with horror what I would have become if I hadn’t met my first teacher, who saw her duty not in stuffing children with knowledge and making future robotic specialists out of them, but in educating Citizens of the Fatherland his…”
M.V. Lomonosov. His life is an example of how to learn, what can be achieved with deep knowledge.

The importance of work in human life.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor".
matryona, main character story, does not perceive forced labor as a punishment, punishment. Work for her is her whole life.
A.P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
The protagonist of the work is the machinist Alexander Vasilyevich Maltsev. He is a genius in his field, because he knew how to “feel” both the car and the road at the same time.
Only this driver was entrusted with the most difficult and responsible trips, only he could help out and make up for the time lost by another driver, only he could drive along the most dangerous section of the road. For him, work is his whole life.
I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov and Andrey Stolz were friends since childhood and maintained a warm relationship for life. But their upbringing was very different. If the lordly son Ilyusha was protected from any business from childhood, they were not even allowed to dress on their own, then in the Stolz family, the father instilled in his son with early years work habit. As a result, Stolz became a strong, independent person who managed to achieve everything in life with his work. And Ilya Ilyich turned out to be incapable of any business.

The problem of the influence of personality on the course of history. The problem of human responsibility to society

.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
Alexander the First, Napoleon, Kutuzov - this is an incomplete list historical figures shown in the novel. Who among them can claim to be the creator of history, a great man? According to Tolstoy, a great man carries within himself moral foundations people and feels his moral obligation to people. Alexander the First cannot always understand that in this moment most important for the people, the country. Napoleon's ambitious claims betray in him a person who does not understand the significance of the events that are taking place. “There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” such a sentence to Napoleon is passed by L.N. Tolstoy. He calls Kutuzov a great man, since he set the interests of the whole people as the goal of his activities. It expresses the people's soul and patriotism.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The real reason for Raskolnikov's crime was the desire to test his theory. Its essence was that Raskolnikov divided all people into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." The former live in obedience, the latter transgress the law, the destroyers. Lycurgus, Mohammed, Napoleon - all these great people were criminals who shed a lot of blood. It is these people, according to Raskolnikov's theory, that "move the world and lead it to the goal." Dostoevsky debunked the inconsistency of the theory of the protagonist of the novel by the whole course of action, by the fact that, testing his theory in practice, Raskolnikov subjected himself to terrible moral torments.
A striking example of such a person is Peter the Great - a man who changed the course of history, one of the most prominent statesmen that determined the direction of Russia's development in the 18th century. A.S. wrote about him. Pushkin: "We are destined by nature here // To cut a window into Europe."

The problem of love is tenderness

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"
Andrei Sokolov, losing his wife and children, finds the strength to live on and gives his unspent care, love and tenderness to his adopted orphan son Vanyushka. These warm feelings warmed the soul little boy, left without relatives during the difficult years of the war, and gave hope that in later life get better.
Indeed, the expressed feeling of tenderness exalts a person who, having invested his soul, instilled in those around him the belief that they are not alone and can always count on outside support.
It is this feeling that Pierre Bezukhov feels for Natasha Rostova in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". For him, she is beautiful, sweet, loved in any guise, in any mood. Only having met, he immediately distinguishes Natasha from the Rostov family, showing quivering feelings for her. Then this attention will grow into great mutual love on both sides. And it all started with deep tenderness
We also see the “meek face of love” in the feelings of Tatyana Larina, the heroine of the novel A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", each line of her letter is filled with tenderness. Tatyana is ready to give her lover all of herself, without a trace, without demanding anything in return. For her, seeing Eugene is already a great happiness.
Let us recall the epic novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace". Marya Bolkonskaya, the heroine of the work, patiently endures "outbursts of unreasonable hatred", the rudeness of her father. She affectionately treats the old prince, despite his rudeness. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father can be unfair to her.

The problem of choosing a profession and devotion to one's work

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..."
Dr. Jansen chose once and for all the profession of a doctor and served people until his last breath.
“The medical and human authority of Dr. Jansen was higher than one can imagine in our time. Having already lived my life, I dare to assert that such authorities arise spontaneously, crystallizing by themselves in a saturated solution of human gratitude. They go to people who have the rarest gift to live not for themselves, think not about themselves, take care not about themselves, never deceive anyone and always tell the truth, no matter how bitter it may be. Such people cease to be only specialists: people's grateful rumor ascribes to them wisdom bordering on holiness. And Dr. Jansen did not escape this: they asked him whether to marry off his daughter, whether to buy a house, whether to sell firewood, whether to slaughter a goat, whether to put up with his wife ... Lord, what did they not ask him about!
But about the need for labor, about its beauty, miraculous power and magical properties never said. Loafers talk about work: normal people they do it. Diligently, clearly, accurately and modestly. After all, working without shouting about your own labor zeal is as natural as eating without champing.
Yuri Gagarin had a soul for the profession of a pilot, he was a tireless worker, extremely collected and serious person. This allowed him to reach heights in his chosen profession.

The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals.

"He killed my dog" Yu. Yakovlev
The hero of the story picked up a dog abandoned by the owners. He is full of concern for a defenseless creature and does not understand his father when he demands to drive the dog out. The boy is shocked by the cruelty of his father, who called to him trusting dog and shot him in the ear. He hated his father, lost faith in goodness and justice.
V. V. Mayakovsky " Good attitude to the horses."
The feeling of pain, longing arises at the first reading of V. Mayakovsky's poem "A good attitude towards horses." It seems that you hear the noise of the street with its roar, evil laughter. This street is soulless, "shod with ice." The sensation of pain intensifies with the fall of the horse. How often misfortune attracts some morbid attention from strangers. Onlookers from the Kuznetsky bridge do not feel sympathy for the fallen horse, they laugh. And only the poet addresses the animal with kind words, pities her
This poem is not only about loneliness in the crowd, about the impossibility of sympathy, a call for kindness to all living things.
"Kusaka" L. Andreev
Having tamed a dog and left it for the winter in a holiday village, people showed their selfishness, showed how cruel they can be.
V. Degtev. The story "Reasonable Beings"
The work tells about the unfortunate fate of the baby dolphin Butterfly and the life of oligarchs who decide to transport the poor animal with their mother to their mansion. As a result, Butterfly's mother dies ... Ruthless drunken rich people mock the baby, put out cigars on his tender body, and then decide to "put" the dolphin on a barbecue ... It's good that in addition to such monsters in the world there are good people! The family of a woman who works as a cook for the oligarchs saves Butterfly, proving to us, the readers: a merciful, reasonable attitude towards animals is necessary!
I. Kuramshina "Equivalent of happiness"
The author describes with admiration the act of the family of Dimka, who had long dreamed of a dog, people who decided to shelter a sick homeless puppy. Each of us should treat animals so carefully!

Preparation for the exam in the Russian language. Essay arguments examples

1.The theme of the historical past
The theme of the historical past of the motherland constantly worried Pushkin both as a poet and as a prose writer. He created such works as "Song of the Prophetic Oleg", "Borodino Anniversary", "Poltava". " Bronze Horseman". "Boris Godunov." "History of the Pugachev Rebellion" and, of course, "The Captain's Daughter." All these works describe different historical events, different historical eras
The theme of the triumph of Russian weapons, the heroism of the Russian people, the winner and liberator, sounds dazzling and powerful in works dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812. In the seventh chapter of "Eugene Onegin", the feat of Moscow is sung.

2. The theme of honor and dishonor
After reading the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", you understand that one of the themes of this work is the theme of honor and dishonor. The story contrasts two heroes: Grinev and Shvabrin - and their ideas of honor. Two officers of the Russian army behave completely differently: the first follows the laws of officer honor and remains faithful to the military oath, the second easily becomes a traitor. Grinev and Shvabrin are carriers of two fundamentally different worldviews.

The problem of honor and dishonor is raised in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Honor and dignity are the main qualities human nature, and the one who has lost them is alien to any high aspirations and searches. The problem of moral self-improvement of the individual has always been one of the most important in creativity.
L.N. Tolstoy.

3. Love for the motherland
We feel ardent love for the Motherland, pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.
Subject heroic deed in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland, it also sounds in M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "Borodino", dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.
The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin writes about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in the "severe terrible years", - every Yesenin's image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the motherland: But most of all. Love for the native land

4. Moral qualities of a person
Russian literature has always been closely associated with moral quest our people. One of the writers who sincerely cares about the morality of our society is Valentin Rasputin. A special place in his work is occupied by the story "Fire". These are reflections on civic courage and moral positions of a person. When a fire broke out in Sosnovka, there were few who, risking their lives, defended the people's good. Many came to "warm their hands." A fire is the result of a general misfortune. People are corrupted by the uncomfortableness of everyday life, the scarcity of spiritual life, the soulless attitude towards nature.
Many problems of our time, including moral ones, are raised by Anatoly Pristavkin in the story "A golden cloud spent the night." He sharply questions national relations, talks about the connection between generations, raises the topic of good and evil, talks about many other issues, the solution of which depends not only on politics and economics, but also on the level of general culture.

5 Responsibility of a person for the lives of others
Thus, in Tolstoy's War and Peace, the question of moral responsibility man before history.

The feeling of guilt and responsibility for others rises in the works about the Great Patriotic War. For example, in A. Tvardovsky's poem "I know, no fault of mine ..." the lyrical hero asks a rhetorical question: could he save those who did not come from the war? Of course not, but the feeling of guilt does not leave the hero and the author.,

6 Fathers and sons
The problem of fathers and children includes a number of important moral problems. This is the problem of education, the problem of choosing moral rules, the problem of gratitude, the problem of misunderstanding. They are raised in various works, and each author tries to look at them in his own way. A. S. Griboedov, describing in the comedy "Woe from Wit" the struggle of "the present century" and "the past century", did not ignore difficult problem fathers and children. The very idea of ​​the work is the struggle of the old with the new.

And Pyotr Grinev in A. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", following the instructions of his father, remained an honest and noble person in all situations in which he had to get * honor and conscience for the rest of his life remained above all for him.

One of the most important facets of the problem of "fathers and children" is gratitude. Are children grateful to their parents who love them, raised them and raised them? The theme of gratitude is raised in the story of A. S. Pushkin " Stationmaster". The tragedy of a father who dearly loved his only daughter appears before us in this story. Of course, Dunya did not forget her father, she loves him and feels her guilt in front of him, but still the fact that she left, leaving her father alone, turned out to be a big blow for him, so strong that he could not stand it.

7. The role of the example. Human education
Works that teach courage
Theme Great Patriotic War takes important place in literature. The writer often refers to this period of history. The story "Sotnikov", written by Vasil Bykov, is one of the best works about war. Having passed the ordeal, the main characters fall into the clutches of the Germans. Sotnikov is a modest, inconspicuous person, a simple teacher. But, being sick and weak, he went on a responsible task. Exhausted by torture, he remains unbroken.
The source of Sotnikov's courage and heroism was his conviction in the justice of the struggle waged by the people.
This work teaches us courage and courage, helps our moral development.

8. Self-sacrifice in the name of love of neighbor
1) F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". "Sonechka, Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands still!" - a symbol of self-sacrifice in the name of one's neighbor and endlessly "unstoppable" suffering.
2) Kuprin in the story "Garnet Bracelet" understands love as a miracle, as a wonderful gift. The death of an official revived a woman who did not believe in love, which means that love still conquers death.
3) M. Gorky the legend of "Danko". Danko sacrificed himself to save people. The feat of Danko is similar to the feat of Prometheus, who stole fire for people, but suffered a terrible punishment for this. This feat of Danko should serve as a reminder to new generations of what a real person should be like.
4) In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former blockade survivor recalls that, during a terrible famine, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front to him, a dying teenager. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
4) The tragedy happened in Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home, where sick old people who could not even walk lived. Nurse Lidia Pashentseva rushed to help the disabled. The woman pulled several sick people out of the fire, but she could not get out herself.

9. Compassion and mercy. sensitivity
1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man”. It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

10. Callous and soulless attitude towards a person
1) A. Platonov "Yushka"
2) In January 2006, there was a terrible fire in Vladivostok. The premises of the Savings Bank, which was located on the eighth floor of the high-rise building, caught fire. The boss demanded that the employees first hid all the documents in a safe, and then evacuated. While the documents were being removed, a fire engulfed the corridor, and many girls died.
2) During the recent war in the Caucasus, an incident occurred that caused justified indignation in society. A wounded soldier was brought to the hospital, but the doctors refused to accept him, citing the fact that their institution belongs to the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the soldier belongs to the department of the Ministry of Defense. While looking for the right medical unit, the wounded died.

11. MAN AND POWER
Pushkin in the tragedy "Boris Godunov" very accurately defined and showed folk character. Eternally dissatisfied with the existing power, people are ready to rise to destroy it and rebel, instilling fear in the rulers - and nothing more. And as a result, they themselves remain offended, since the boyars and well-born nobles, standing at the throne of the sovereign, use the fruits of their victory.
The only thing left for the people is to remain silent.

12. Culture of speech and language
In the work of I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". The vocabulary of the heroine of this novel, Ellochka Shchukina, was only thirty words. And, although she did not feel the need to use any other words, her speech portrait was undoubtedly greatly affected.
Another example is the ancient Greek orator Demosthenes. He long years worked on his speech portrait, facial expressions, gestures, because a weak voice, short breathing did not allow him to fulfill his dream of becoming a speaker. Demosthenes trained to speak with the sound of the waves, with pebbles in his mouth, and as a result he was able to eliminate the shortcomings of his speech and become a true professional in his field, leaving a bright mark on history. This happened precisely because of his attentive attitude to his speech portrait.

13. The problem of heredity and self-formation.
In Russian literature and in life, the image of Lefty in the work of Leskov is so revered. Without learning the craft anywhere, he managed to shoe a flea without a microscope. There is no doubt that he himself developed his talent. No one told Lefty that his genotype contained or, on the contrary, did not contain such a talent.
I would also like to recall the Paralympic Games. Disabled people, seemingly limited by nature in mobility, find the strength to go in for sports and set records. This is the clearest proof that everyone is capable of self-formation and self-development, that not everyone is human life determined by heredity.

14. Man and art. The impact of art on people
1) For example, the song "Holy War" to the words of V. Lebedev-Kumach, the music of A. Aleksandrov raised the soldiers to attack, defending their homeland. It became the musical emblem of the Great Patriotic War. With this song, with its harsh pathos, which absorbed both bitterness, pain, and anger, the Russian people, seized by “noble fury”, went to the “mortal battle”, stood shoulder to shoulder in defense of the Motherland.
2) In E. Nosov's story "Chopin, sonata number two", music becomes a means of uniting people, mutual understanding comes between Uncle Sasha, a participant in the war, and the orchestra guys. The heavy, beating sounds of suffering, groans, blows - everything that can be heard in the requiem - make the orchestra members realize the meaning and price of victory in the war, because this sonata is consonant with the sorrow of the entire Russian people.

15 Memory retention problem
1) The memory of the past is kept not only by household items, jewelry, but also, for example, letters, photographs, documents. In the story " Last bow» V.P. Astafiev has a chapter called “Photograph where I am not present”. The hero talks about how rural school a photographer came, but due to illness he could not take pictures. The teacher brought Vitka a photograph. Many years have passed, but the hero kept this picture, despite the fact that he was not on it. He looks at her and remembers his classmates, thinks about their fate. As the hero says, "village photography is an original chronicle of our people, its wall history."
2) Let's remember the hero A.I. Kuprin Zheltkov from the work "Garnet Bracelet". He gives Princess Vera Nikolaevna, his beloved, a family jewel, Garnet bracelet inherited from his mother. Zheltkov sacredly protects him and decides to part with him only before his death.

16. The problem of human spirituality
Alyoshka, the hero of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", is just an example of a spiritual person. He went to prison because of his faith, but he did not give it up, on the contrary, this young man stood up for his truth and tried to convey it to other prisoners. Not one of his days passed without reading the Gospel, rewritten in an ordinary notebook.