Turkic-speaking tribes. Historical information of the ancient Turkic people
The Huns, led by Attila, invade Italy.5th century AD
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The question is not simple. It seems that the Turks consider themselves a people who have lost their roots. Ataturk (father of the Turks), the first president of Turkey, assembled a representative scientific commission and set it the task of finding the origin of the Turks. The commission worked long and hard, discovered a huge number of facts from the history of the Turks, but there was no clarity on the issue.
Our compatriot L.N. Gumilyov made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Turks. A number of his serious works (“Ancient Turks”, “A Millennium Around the Caspian Sea”) are dedicated specifically to the Turkic-speaking peoples. It can even be argued that his works laid the foundation for scientific ethnology.
However, the respected scientist makes one completely tragic mistake. He pointedly refuses to analyze ethnonyms and, in general, claims that language has no influence on the formation of an ethnos. This more than strange statement makes the scientist completely helpless in the simplest situations. Let's show this with an example.
Talking about the Kimaks, an ancient Turkic people who, on the verge of the first and second millennia, formed a strong state somewhere in the region of modern Kazakhstan that lasted about three hundred years, he cannot help but express surprise at its sudden and complete disappearance. In search of the disappeared ethnic group, the scientist documentedly searched all the surrounding areas. There were no traces of him in the sheger of the Kazakh tribes.
Perhaps, the scientist suggests, the Kimaks assimilated with the peoples who conquered them or scattered across the steppe. No, we will not explore the ethnonym. “It won’t give anything anyway,” says Lev Nikolaevich. But in vain.
Kimaki- this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters. If you read this word backwards, it turns out to be Arabic قماح kamma:x"wheat" The connection is clear and does not require explanation. Now let’s compare the popular expression “Tashkent is a city of grain.” And we didn’t invent jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of the part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the word عطشجي atashji"stoker". If you don't light the oven, you won't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as “stone city.” But if it is a grain city, its name must be translated as a city of stokers and bakers.
In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a wheat lover.
Here is his photo and drawing in life
Only simiya can give simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym Uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards: خبز X BZ means “bake bread” and hence خباز X Abba:z“ovenmaker, baker”, “bread seller or one who bakes it.”
If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that it is all filled with ceramics. Why? Because the technology for its production coincides with the technology for baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and Arabic فخار F X a:p“ceramics” is the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is a “city of grain” and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its ceramics for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.
Registan, main square of Samarkand
Registan:
The name of the square is explained as a derivative of the Persian. regi - sand. They say that a river once flowed in this place and deposited a lot of sand.
No, it's from Ar. re:gi - “I ask” (راجي). And for Russian please- ar. scarf "honor" At this place roads from different parts of the world converged. And Timur invited traders, artisans, and scientists to his capital so that they would make the city the capital of the world.
When Russians invite, they say I ASK, and Arabs say شرف sharraf “do the honor.”
Persian word from Ar. راجعre:giy"returning". If you build a city among the sands and do not take care of it, the sand will return. This was the case with Samarkand before Timur.
Here we have traced the path of the supposedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.
But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they traveled a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called “passionary explosion” (Gumilev). The final explosion was embodied in the Ottoman Empire, which ended with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.
Ataturk's task remains unsolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is planned, which forces them to look for their roots.
In the heat of passionary excitement, all sorts of theories are put forward. It sometimes comes to the point that Russians are Turks in the past, and the same applies, naturally, to the Slavs. And there can be no talk about Ukrainians. Khokhol means “son of heaven” in Turkic.
The leading position in the new pan-Turkism movement is occupied by journalist Adji Murad, who literally tries to show in just a few words that all, for example, Russian words are from Turkic languages. Judging by the method of juggling words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics.
And in the topic he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long learned to distinguish between its own and someone else’s languages. Even to the common man in most cases it is visible. For example, in the Russian language no one is trying to declare such words as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk as originally Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated.
There are other signs, additional. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derived words, a strange syllabic structure, and in their morphology they carry grammatical features of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing. In the first, the English plural indicator remains, in the second, traces of the English gerund.
Yes, word topknot is motivated in Slavic languages. It also has another meaning: “an unruly strand of hair”, “a sticking out tuft of hair or feathers”. And this was in reality. Ukrainians wore crests and were and remain stubborn by nature. Who doesn't know this?
This also has a counterpart in Arabic: لحوح laho:x"stubborn, persistent", derived from the verb ألح "hahahaha"insist". Almost also called Poles, their eternal rivals Poles, the most stubborn of whom is Lech Kaczynski.
But what is most surprising in the works of Adji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, okay, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, denoting the Turkic super-ethnic group. Since I really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.
Let's help the Turks. For Simiya, this is not such a difficult task.
Let's turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.
There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to the biblical text about the creation of the world, called the Six Days in the Christian tradition, for God created the world for six days, and on the seventh day he rested. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. It’s just that someone read the Russian word dny (levels) as days (weeks). We are talking about the “seven-day world”, about seven levels of being, and not about the days of the week.
The silhouettes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are easily recognizable behind the figures on the Egyptian fresco. You can read about them in my book “System Languages of the Brain” or “World Periodic Law”. We will be interested here only in the central couple “Heaven and Earth”.
The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And under it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. What happens between them is exactly what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. The Russian language has emerged again. In Ancient Egypt, did priests write in Russian? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's move on.
If you put the sky goddess on "pop", you get the ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gym". And if Eba, the god of the earth, is placed on the sinful earth with his feet, the Arabic letter vav will be obtained ( و ).
و And ג
It is clear that the Celestial Eb is China, whose residents never tire of pronouncing the name of the producing organ in Russian. Russian again? And the Goddess of the sky, Nut, is India, in which the Himalayas are mountains. In fact
Arabic and Aramaic letters have numerical values. The letter gim is in third place and has a numerical value of 3. The letter vav is in sixth place and has a numerical value of 6. And so it is clear that the Arabic vav is simply an Arabic six.
The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.
The image of a cow also belonged to the goddess of Wisdom Isis, since the latter is the daughter of Nut. Between the horns of a cow is the disk of the sun RA. And the fact that under it, under Heaven, something was always depicted in the form of a man, sometimes with a snake’s head
This is because the Arabic name for the snake, root hui, is similar to what is written on our fence. That's why the Celestial Empire built the longest fence for itself. Despite the fact that ZUBUR is a plural form. numbers of the Arabic word BISON.
In Russian, BISON is "BULL", in Arabic, bull is طور TOUR.
For some time, the bison was found inside China and was its necessary accessory. But for some time I realized my own importance. After all, you must admit, it is he who should be with the cow to cover it, and not some person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, aurochs) to say to the man: shoo, scratch, get out of here. Since then, man in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.
Let's formulate this more precisely. The Turkic word kishi "man", comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from Arabic كش ka:shsh“drive away,” but the Russian interjection is more emotional and more accurately conveys the indignation of the tour. As for the word tour comes from Arabic With aura"bull", derived from the verb ثار With a:p"be angry".
From this moment, when the Russian word kysh was heard, the independent history of the TURKS, the bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which is why Geb becomes feminine, i.e. Celestial Empire. Like this tourist map in China:
Photo of a modern TOURIST map of Tibet.
Easy to say!!! In reality, acquiring independence, it was necessary to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, like the Chinese, but blue, like the Turkic one. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks on Uzbek palaces and mosques. But these are quite late times. At first, the new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.
What palaces are there!
Did the prince cover his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!
Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.
Although the Turks separated from China, the idea of a Chinese “heaven” still remained. Simiya found out that when a bull becomes sacralized, it always reflects No. 2. Compare American bison and Belarusian bison. And if sacralization occurs with a cow, then it becomes the bearer of number three. There is no clearer example of the Indian sacred cow, which walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.
The Chinese number is 6, we saw this both in the Arabic letter and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, the Turks have their own, anti-Chinese number - 5.
The union of a bull and a cow: 2 + 3 = 5. But if the addition sign is made rotating, then the five will alternate with the six, in this situation: 2 x 3 = 6. This is the cybernetic meaning of the Turkic number.
So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word as an honorific beck. “This word generally means master and is always placed after one’s own name, for example, Abbas Beg.” (Brockhaus). It doesn’t occur to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull. Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that bulls and tours call especially respected individuals among themselves bulls.
What's a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And from here, for example, Caucasian Albania, which is in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic word ألبان alba:n"dairy products". What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? In Azerbaijani, Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.
Some might think that this could be a coincidence. Yes, a strange coincidence. But there is another Balkan Albania. Its capital Tirana. The name is not clear to anyone. Why is it unclear? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" ( ثيران tyrant).
Moreover, the Arab can be checked. Easily. I looked in the dictionary and made sure that the Arab had not lied. You can’t invent such parallelism on purpose. Look: One Albania is associated with “Russian bulls”, i.e. with the Russian word Baki, the other with “Arab” ones, i.e. with Arabic word tyrant.
It’s as if the Turks conspired to show the meaning and meaning of RA. What does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? No one knows. Only simiya gives a direct and clear answer. First part from Arabic جازر ja:zer, ya:zer"reznik", second part - Russian. BYCHINA. Those. An Azeri is the one who butchers the carcass of a bull.
So, the topic of “cutting up a bull carcass” appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs, Pechenegs and Oguzes connected by a common historical destiny. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer specifically to the cutting of bovine carcasses.
Bashkirs from the head, i.e. This refers to the front part of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver. In Arabic this concept ( cabid) wider. This refers not only to a well-known organ, but also to the central part of something. Oghuz, of course, from Russian. Otail, i.e. rear end. The bull's carcass is ritually divided into three parts according to the number of the cow. The numbers of the number are repeated again (2 and 3). Let's take note of this matter in our minds.
So, a Turk is a bull. The creator did his best genetically. As a rule, the neck of the Turks is short and massive, this gives them the opportunity to easily win prizes in classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny - French).
After all, in this type of wrestling the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong “bridge”. And this is so that you have enough strength to withstand the Six pose. I know, because in my youth I studied the “classics” at that time. You come to training and stand in the Eba position. This is called "rocking the bridge".
Bridge in Azerbaijani struggle.
To withstand the opponent's pressure from above in this position, a strong bull's neck is very useful.
To make it even more convincing, the clothes and armor of the Turks make the appearance of the absence of a neck even more believable. The following fragment of a Turkic ornament is taken from the main page of the website of one of the leaders of the Turkic passionaries, Aji Murad.
The Turks are very lucky. And it was lucky that the ancient Russian name for a bull was BEEF. From that time on, the word has been preserved to this day beef. And in Arabic the same word does not mean a bull, but a “good horse”: جواد gawa:d. Both words are from Russian MOVE (DVG). In the south they plow with oxen, in the north with horses. In fact, this is a software connection through which the Turks mounted their horses.
The connection turned out to be very useful. Managing herds of bulls this way, on horseback, is much easier. Horses are racers. In Russian, this concept is expressed by the root KZ. However, in Arabic this root also means “to jump, gallop.” From him in Russian and grasshopper, And goat And dragonfly And Cossack. What is a Cossack without a horse? From this root also in Latin equus “horse”. And among the Turks - kaz ahi and cheers giz s. Kyrgyz from Arabic خير يقز X er ykizz"the best horses", literally the best (that) gallops.
On the left are Kyrgyz warriors (ancient drawing), on the right is a pacer
The best horses are for a reason. The fact is that the Kyrgyz breed of horses has such hard hooves that they do not need shoeing, even when hiking. Therefore, the Kirghiz made full use of their horses long before the beginning of the Iron Age. Among this breed there are often pacers by nature who bring their legs forward not diagonally, as in normal running, but from each side at the same time. In this case, the horse swings, which leads to broken hooves, but not in the case of the Kyrgyz horse.
Reference
Pacers are very valuable when riding, because the ambling movement is quite fast and pleasant for the rider: the horse shifts from one foot to the other and does not shake at all. It is especially convenient to move on horseback on a pacer over long distances on flat surfaces - in the steppe or prairie. Under saddle, pacers walk 10 km per hour, up to 120 km per day.
Since we have entered into the topic of horses, we should clarify the meaning of the most important concepts.
Russian word horse scientists believe it is of Turkic origin. But that's not true. It's from Arabic الأشد al-ashadd(in dialects horsedd) "strongest". Until now, engine power is measured in horsepower. However, the ancient Turks rarely used the horse as a traction vehicle, so for its name they took the word from the Arabic proverb " The one who walks will master the road", where the concept of "going" is expressed by the word AT, OT(آت ).
Word horse comes from Russian forged. Therefore, the horse is a well-trained horse, which can be fully used on the farm and in war. In ancient times the word was also used komon. This is the result of alternating labial sounds (v/m) due to the fact that the Arabic waw sound is weak and it is often either dropped out (kon) or replaced by another labial (komon).
Sayes in some Turkic languages "groom, horse breeder", from Arabic ساس sa:sa"to look after horses" سوس su:s, su:sun"mare", in Semitic languages generally a horse. The root goes back to the Russian horse breeding term sucker"a foal that grazes with its mother."
The Turkic peoples have always revered the horse and called it murod - “achieved goal, satisfaction of desires.” This is an Arabic word مراد ) literally means "desired". According to legend, the Creator satisfies forty wishes of a horse every day, and in thirty-nine cases the horse asks for its owner and only once for itself.
Therefore, for example, in Uzbekistan there is a belief that good luck and prosperity always accompany a house where there is a horse.
Turkic totem. The wolf seems to be a common Turkic totem. “Chinese authors consider the concepts of “Turkic khan” and “wolf” to be synonymous, apparently based on the views of the Turkic khans themselves... In two legends about the origin of the Turks, the first place belongs to the ancestor-wolf.” (Gumilev).
Map. Central Asia on the eve of the creation of the Turkic power - the end of the 5th century.
In Turkic, wolf is buri or kaskyr, cf. Ichkeria. But the most curious name of the wolf is Kurt. Reverse reading of the superethnonym Turk. At first glance it seems strange. After all, bulls and wolves are antagonists. Usually this strange choice of totem is explained by the fact that the wolf does not beat the wolf to death. Like, so are the Turks. However, the entire history of the first Turkic Kaganate is full of wars and civil strife.
However, there is a common feature. Both Turks and wolves feed on bulls. Azerbaijani "bull carver". But look at the map above, which depicts an open, snarling mouth. It seems that this is not the choice of the Turks, but this is how it is supposed to be according to the program.
Azerbaijan from the Caspian Sea.
Azerbaijan, as stated above, “the butcher of the bull,” has quite eloquently formed its borders.
The wolf is associated with blacksmithing. This was the case in Rome, where blacksmithing was a cult and where it was in charge of the god of blacksmithing Vulcan, the hypostasis of the Greek Hephaestus. And this Roman cult was based on the Russian word WOLF. After all, its Latin name sounds completely different - lupus.
Vesuvius, by the way, comes from Russian “toothless (wolf).” But this wolf wakes up from time to time and shows his teeth. In Turkic tribes, blacksmithing, and where in horse breeding would be without a blacksmith, is associated with the name of the wolf “kurt”, for the Arabic TRK ( طرق ) means "to forge".
CURIOUS
Our wolves are gray, and vulcanization is the treatment of raw rubber with sulfur.
The Turks have blue wolves.
In fact, they are almost the same color, and the smooth transition from one to another is imperceptible to the eye.
Vesuvius after the eruption, after the release of sulfur.
The Romans adopted the art of iron working from the Etruscans. Historians would really like to unravel this ethnonym. But it doesn't work. Simiya does this in no time. It comes from the Arabic word التروس et-turu:s"plate, shields, armor." Where did the Arabic word come from? Arabic word from Russian be a coward.
He who is afraid dreams of armor. Ethnonym Latins also comes from the Russian word armor, which, like all Russian unmotivated words, comes from Arabic: لط latt“beat knock”, from where in Russian, according to the standard Arabic model of the instrument, comes hammer, And hammer. We still call a skilled person in some business hammer, well done(of course, not from the young one).
blacksmith forging; taken from the site "kuznets.ru".
One blacksmith has a hammer, another has a hammer.
Of course, the Turks have already adopted the hypothesis of the Turkic origin of the Etruscan language. On what grounds is not known, because the Etruscan language still remains undeciphered. It must be said that there is nothing to catch in that direction with the Turkic languages. All the blacksmith words there are Russian, with some addition of Arabic.
No matter what language blacksmithing is called, and no matter what the Turks call a wolf, they cannot do without this art. Because a horse without horseshoes is like a fisherman without a fishing rod. What is the Turkic word for horseshoe? For example, among the Tatars it is called daga. I don’t know if this word is motivated in the Tatar language or not.
But the Russian name for horseshoe is motivated in Russian. Because it is unique in Russian. AND forge- yours and farrier- yours, and anvil- yours. Because this is our business. And even Tatar daga motivated in Russian: from Russian arc. And Russian cities ending in the typical -sk - this is from Arbian إسق lawsuit"pour water, temper it" مس masks"tempered". Wed. Damascus And Moscow.
In general, it turns out like this. Russians easily get into blacksmithing through the name of the wolf. Moreover, the blacksmith terminology turns out to be its own, and it was borrowed from the Turks from somewhere. Partly from Russian. And for words like forge And anvil There wasn’t even a match in Tatar.
Even Turkic timer, temer"hardware" is unknown where they got it from. We could buy it. Gold in Siberia is through the roof. Compare Altai - Altyn. And for armor there is no correspondence in Tatar, and for armor. Korychplata. It is clear that they took it from us. A slab-crust, in the sense of a shell.
The Ossetians are now also being crushed by the passionate Turks: They say they came from us. But they don’t know what the ethnonym means. What is Alanya? For them it’s a sealed secret, for us it’s an open book. Alanya comes from Arabic نعلة na'la"horseshoe". Take the city of Nalchik, for example.
His coat of arms features a horseshoe. And it stands as if in a mountain horseshoe. The terrain is suitable. Georgian name for Ossetians Avas. Nobody knows what it means, neither Ossetians, nor Georgians, no one. For simiya there is no question. From Russian oats. Have you read Chekhov's "The Horse's Name"? Same thing. For the Turks roaming the “Great Steppe,” oats may not be necessary. And the Russians took him with them, at random. Suddenly there will be no food available.
We have our own word for oats, but the Tatars call it differently: soly. And the name of the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhenval, is a stumbling block for everyone. And for the Turks too. Simiya knows no problems here either: from the Russian word farrier. By language, the Alans are Iranians, not Turks. And by their profession, too, they are not Turks. The Türks loved to ride, and it seems that they entrusted others to carry the sleds.
In general, there are all the signs that the Turks bought iron. There was enough gold. Well, then there was no particular need to shoe horses. For example, the Kyrgyz breed, as mentioned above, has such strong hooves on its feet that they do not need shoeing even during hikes. See about this: Brockhaus and Efron, article “Horse”. By the way, one of the learned etymologists spread around the world an absurd invention that the word horse is of Turkic origin. This question is discussed above.
By the way, zealous pan-Turkologists agreed to the point that they allegedly introduced the cult of the wolf to the Russians. For mercy, guys, we do not have a cult of the wolf, and never have. The wolf is our villain. And he has always been like this. That’s why we destroy wolves and have always destroyed them.
Money was paid even to those who brought a wolf's tail, not to mention the skin. It’s a wonder for us, how can one honor a wolf? This is just as true as the fact that we sell weapons and have always sold them. The Turks are a free, steppe people, and you can’t lure them into doing slave labor in a forge with any kind of roll. Moreover, the chickens don’t peck at the golden one. Therefore, they have no such thing as an anvil. And gold is on my mind even now.
Now, it was said that when we want to praise a person, we say hammer. What about the Turks? They say Yakshi. Is it motivated in Turkic languages? No. Because he is motivated in Russian. Who is Yak? - the Turks do not understand. And for us again there are no problems. Any Russian will say that this is a bull. And what is shi: This is a suffix of profession in Turkic. Neftchi, for example. We all know that this is an oil worker. Shi, chi, gi, ji are pronunciation options for the Turkic suffix of profession.
In fact, this is a Russian shapeshifter: ets, ak, ach (blacksmith, fisherman, weaver). When words move from language to language, it is often in the plural, like rail, where c is a trace of English grammar, the plural marker. So it is here: weaver, weavers > chi. And this chi crumbled into variants in numerous Turkic languages.
ABSTRACT
Altai - the center of the universe of the Turkic peoples
Introduction
Today it has long been an axiom among the scientific community around the world that Altai is the great ancestral home of all modern Turkic peoples, and in a broad sense, the peoples of the entire Altai region. language family.
The relevance of my topic lies in the fact that the culture of any nation is based on its national characteristics. Every person should know their origins, customs, and traditions. But also the traditions and customs of other peoples confidently enter our lives, this suggests that we should know the culture of other peoples no less than our own. And it is precisely in this work that the stated goal is revealed, to tell about the Turkic peoples of the Altai region, about their culture and history in general. In this regard, the tasks are the general characteristics of the Turkic and Altai people, their history, culture and worldview. The object of my research is Altai region, and the subject is the Turkic peoples. The tools for researching the assigned tasks were studying literature and working on the Internet.
In the Altai region in 552, the ancient Turks created their first state - the great Turkic Khaganate, which united Northern Asia and Eastern Europe, laying the foundations of Eurasian statehood and civilization, a state in which your direct ancestors - the people of the Tatars - thirty Turkic tribes and the Huns played a significant role -Bulgarians.
In honor of the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the voluntary entry of the Altai people into the Russian state, respected Mintimer Sharipovich, being the President of Tatarstan, presented a memorial sign “Altai - the heart of Eurasia.” It is located at the very entrance to the Altai Republic on the banks of the Katun River near the sacred Mount Baburgan.
That is why the creation and construction of the sign “Altai - the heart of Eurasia” is so significant and memorable for all of us, Russians - a kind of symbol of recognition of the Altai Republic not only as the ancestral home of all Turkic ethnic groups, but also as part of the modern republics of the Russian Federation. Altai played a huge unifying role in the history of the peoples of our country from Far East to the Volga and the Urals, the Danube and the Carpathians. Further development through a series of successive eras from the Hunnic-Bulgarian, Horde to Russian, had, as our joint history has confirmed, the most beneficial impact on the formation, formation and development of all our peoples.
On the memorial sign made by Tatarstan specialists, it is carved: “We erected this memorial sign in Altai - the “center of the universe”, on the place where our ancient ancestors gathered to resolve public affairs, from where the batyrs on argamaks went on campaigns, the people organized holidays and competitions in honor of famous events. Turkic civilization originates here. The message to descendants is carved on six pedestals along the perimeter of the sign in Tatar, Altai, English, Japanese, Korean, Persian and Turkish.
The Altai Republic is a stable, kind of model region, where Turks and Slavs, Russians and Altaians, and representatives of other large and small ethnic groups have lived in peace and harmony for 2.5 centuries. As a result, a dual cultural-civilizational symbiosis has developed and is strengthening from generation to generation, like you have in Tatarstan: “Live yourself and let others live!” This is the credo of our Altai, Siberian, Russian coexistence and cooperation. That is why respect for each other, languages and cultures, traditions and customs, spiritual values, as they say, is in the blood of our people. We are open to friendship and cooperation with everyone who comes to us with a kind heart and pure thoughts. IN last years The Altai Republic has significantly expanded cooperation not only with the neighboring Siberian regions of Russia, but also with the adjacent territories of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China.
1. General characteristics of representatives of the Turkic and Altai people of Russia
Representatives of the Turkic group of peoples of Russia, living today mainly in the Volga region, the Urals, Southern Siberia and the Altai Territory and representing quite original, cohesive national communities, due to the peculiarities of the historical past, in their ethnopsychological characteristics are not so sharply different from each other and have much more similarities among themselves in comparison, for example, with the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus.
The most common and similar national psychological characteristics and their representatives that influence interethnic relations are:
¾ acute national pride, a special sense of awareness of one’s national identity;
¾ unpretentiousness and unpretentiousness in everyday life and when performing professional and everyday duties;
¾ high sense of responsibility to the team, colleagues and manager;
¾ discipline, diligence and perseverance when performing any type of activity;
¾ sharp directness of judgment, openness and clarity in interaction and communication with representatives of one’s own and other ethnic communities, the desire for equal relations;
¾ group, national and clan cohesion;
¾ with poor knowledge of the Russian language, they exhibit a certain shyness and constraint in communicating with representatives of other ethnic communities, some passivity, and a desire to be satisfied with communication in their national environment.
2. Brief history of the Turkic people
Turkic Altaic population national
One of the traditional occupations of the Turks was nomadic pastoralism, as well as iron mining and processing.
Ethnic history Proto-Turkic substrate is marked by the synthesis of two population groups: the first formed to the west of the Volga, in the 5th-8th millennium BC, during centuries-long migrations in eastern and southern directions, became the predominant population of the Volga region and Kazakhstan, Altai and the Upper Yenisei valley. And the second group, which appeared in the steppes east of the Yenisei later, was of intra-Asian origin.
The history of interaction and fusion of both groups of ancient population over two thousand years is the process during which ethnic consolidation was carried out and Turkic-speaking ethnic communities were formed. It was from among these closely related tribes that in the 2nd millennium BC. modern Turkic peoples of Russia and adjacent territories emerged.
D.G. made an assumption about the “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex. Savinov - he believed that they, “gradually modernizing and mutually penetrating each other, became the common property of the culture of numerous population groups that became part of the Ancient Turkic Kaganate.”
From the 6th century AD. the region in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and the Chu River began to be called Turkestan. The toponym is based on the ethnonym “Tur”, which was the common tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of Central Asia. The nomadic type of state was for many centuries the predominant form of organization of power in the Asian steppes. Nomadic states, replacing each other, existed in Eurasia from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. until the 17th century.
In 552-745, the Turkic Khaganate existed in Central Asia, which in 603 split into two parts: the Eastern and Western Khaganates. The Western Kaganate included the territory of Central Asia, the steppes of modern Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkestan. The Eastern Kaganate included the modern territories of Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia. In 658, the Western Kaganate fell under the blows of the Eastern Turks. In 698, the leader of the Turgesh tribal union, Uchelik, founded a new Turkic state - the Turgesh Kaganate (698-766).
In the V-VIII centuries, the Turkic nomadic tribes of the Bulgars who came to Europe founded a number of states, of which the most durable were Danube Bulgaria in the Balkans and Volga Bulgaria in the Volga and Kama basin. In 650-969, in the territory North Caucasus, the Volga region and the northeastern Black Sea region there was the Khazar Khaganate. In the 960s. it was defeated by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav. The Pechenegs, ousted by the Khazars in the second half of the 9th century, settled in the northern Black Sea region and posed a great threat to Byzantium and Old Russian state. In 1019, the Pechenegs were defeated by Grand Duke Yaroslav. In the 11th century, the Pechenegs in the southern Russian steppes were replaced by the Cumans, who were defeated and conquered by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. The western part of the Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde - became a predominantly Turkic state in population. In the 15th-16th centuries it broke up into several independent khanates, on the basis of which a number of modern Turkic-speaking peoples were formed. At the end of the 14th century, Tamerlane created his own empire in Central Asia, which, however, quickly disintegrated with his death (140).
In the early Middle Ages, a settled and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking population formed in the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, which was in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian populations. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Iranian symbiosis.
The penetration of the Turks into the territory of Western Asia (Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Anatolia) began in the middle of the 11th AD. (Seljuks). The invasion of these Turks was accompanied by the destruction and devastation of many Transcaucasian cities. As a result of the conquests of territories in Europe, Asia and Africa by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th-16th centuries, the huge Ottoman Empire was formed, but from the 17th century it began to decline. Having assimilated the majority of the local population, the Ottomans became the ethnic majority in Asia Minor. IN XVI-XVIII centuries first the Russian state, and then, after the reforms of Peter I, the Russian Empire, includes most of the lands of the former Golden Horde, on which the Turkic states existed (Kazan Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde. At the beginning of the 19th century Russia annexed a number of Azerbaijani khanates of Eastern Transcaucasia. At the same time, China annexed the Dzungar Khanate, exhausted after the war with the Kazakhs. After annexing the territories of Central Asia, the Kazakh Khanate and the Kokand Khanate to Russia, the Ottoman Empire, along with the Khiva Khanate, remained the only Turkic states.
Altaians are, in a broad sense, Turkic-speaking tribes of the Soviet Altai and Kuznetsk Ala-Tau. Historically, Altaians were divided into two main groups:
.Northern Altaians: Tubalars, Chelkans, or Lebedins, Kumandins, Shors
.Southern Altaians: actually, Altaians or Altai-Kizhi Telengits, Teleuts.
The total number is 47,700 people. In old literature and documents, the Northern Altaians were called “black Tatars,” with the exception of the Shors, who were called Kuznetsk, Mras, and Kondoma Tatars. Southern Altaians were incorrectly called “Kalmyks” - mountain, border, white, Biysk, Altai. By origin, the Southern Altaians are a complex tribal conglomerate formed on an ancient Turkic ethnic base, supplemented by later Turkic and Mongolian elements that penetrated Altai in the 13th-17th centuries. This process in Altai took place under double Mongolian influence. The Northern Altaians are basically a mixture of Finno-Ugric, Samoyed and Paleo-Asian elements that were influenced by the ancient Turks of the Sayan-Altai Highlands back in the pre-Mongol era. The ethnographic characteristics of the Northern Altaians were formed on the basis of foot taiga hunting of animals in combination with hoe farming and gathering. Among the Southern Altaians, they were created on the basis of nomadic cattle breeding combined with hunting.
Most of the Altaians, with the exception of the Shors and Teleuts, are united in the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region and are being consolidated into a single socialist nation. In the economy and culture of the Altai people over the years Soviet power a radical change occurred. The basis of the Altaian economy is socialist livestock farming with subsidiary farming, beekeeping, fur hunting and pine nut collection. Some Altai residents work in industry. During Soviet times, a national intelligentsia also appeared.
Winter housing is a log hut of the Russian type, increasingly widespread on collective farms, in some places a wooden log yurt of a hexagonal shape, on the Chuya River there is a round lattice-felt yurt. The summer dwelling is the same yurt or conical hut, covered with birch bark or larch bark. Common winter national clothing is a sheepskin coat of Mongolian cut, wrapped with the left flap up and belted. The shatka is round, made of sheepskin, the top is covered with fabric or sewn from the paws of a valuable animal, with a tassel of threads of colored silk on the top. Boots with a wide top and soft sole. Women wear a skirt and short jacket of the Russian type, but with an Altai collar: wide, turn-down, decorated with rows of mother-of-pearl and glass colored buttons. Nowadays, clothes of Russian urban cut are becoming more common. Almost the only means of transportation for Altai people for many centuries were riding and pack horses; now automobile and horse-drawn transport are widespread.
In the social system of the Altaians, until the final liquidation of the exploiting classes, tribal remnants were preserved: exogamous patriarchal clans “sook” and associated customs, intertwined with patriarchal-feudal relations, influenced by the capitalist forms of the Russian economy. Family relations are now characterized by the complete disappearance of patriarchal customs, which previously reflected the subordinate position of women, and the strengthening of the Soviet family. Women now play a prominent role in industrial, social and political life. The influence of religious cults has weakened significantly. Literacy among Altaians, which was almost non-existent before the Great October Socialist Revolution, now reached 90 percent; initial, partial and high school work in their native language - Altai; writing based on the Russian alphabet. There are national teaching staff with higher education. Literature and theater with national and translated repertoire have been created, folklore is successfully developing.
3. Population of the Altai Territory
In terms of population, the Altai Territory is one of the largest regions in the USSR. According to the 1939 census, the region's population was 2,520 thousand people. The average population density is about 9 people per 1 sq. km. The bulk of the population is concentrated in the forest-steppe and steppe parts, where in some areas the rural population density exceeds 20 people per 1 sq. km. The least populated is the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region, which makes up a third of the territory of the region. About 7 percent of the population lives here.
The predominant mass of the population of the Altai Territory are Russians, who began to populate the region already at the end of the 17th and early XVIII centuries. Individual Russian settlements arose somewhat earlier. Next largest national group- Ukrainians. Those who moved here to late XIX and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Chuvash and Kazakhs live in small numbers in the region. In the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region, the indigenous population is the Altaians.
In 1939, the rural population predominated in the region - only 16 percent of the total population lived in cities. Fast industrial development During the Patriotic War and the post-war Stalinist Five-Year Plan, the Altai Territory caused a significant increase in the urban population. The population of the city of Barnaul has grown especially strongly. Over the years, the small station village of Rubtsovsk has turned into a large industrial center; the young city of Chesnokovka is rapidly growing - a large railway junction at the intersection of the Tomsk railway and the South Siberian Railway, which is under construction. Due to the growth of industry in rural areas, a number of villages have been transformed into workers' settlements. In 1949, there were 8 cities and 10 urban-type settlements in the region.
During the years of Soviet power, and especially during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war Five-Year Plan, the appearance of Altai cities changed dramatically. They are landscaped, enriched with modern residential buildings and administrative buildings. Many streets and squares are covered with stone pavements or asphalt. From year to year, the area of green spaces in Altai cities increases, and gardens, parks, and boulevards are laid out not only in the central part of the cities, but also on the previously empty outskirts. In Barnaul, water supply and sewerage systems were installed, a tram was launched, a bus service was organized, and 4 stadiums were built. Bus lines have been created in Biysk and Rubtsovsk. The number of workers and employees in towns and villages is growing rapidly. In 1926, they barely made up 8 percent of the active population of the Altai Territory, and in 1939 - 42.4 percent. On the eve of the revolution, only 400 engineers and technicians worked in Altai, but in 1948 there were 9 thousand of them in industrial and construction enterprises alone.
The Altai village was also transformed beyond recognition as a result of the victory of the collective farm system. And in the Altai Territory there are many collective farm villages with electricity, radio centers, comfortable clubs, and multi-room urban houses. In 1949, a nationwide movement for the transformation of villages began in the region. In rural areas, clubs, reading rooms, medical centers, and maternity hospitals are being built for collective farmers, teachers, and agricultural specialists. All construction is carried out according to standard designs. Work on the electrification and radio connection of the village has expanded widely. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, there were only 21 agronomists in the entire region. Now 2 thousand agronomists, agricultural forest reclamation and land managers, 2 thousand veterinarians and livestock specialists work here. New professions appeared in the village, which the pre-revolutionary peasant had no idea about. In 1949, more than 20,000 tractor drivers, more than 8,000 combine operators, and over 4,000 drivers worked in the countryside.
4. Culture and worldview of the Turkic people
During the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages, ethnocultural traditions took shape and were successively consolidated, which, often having different origins, gradually formed features that are, to one degree or another, inherent in all Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The most intensive formation of this kind of stereotypes occurred in ancient Turkic times, that is, in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. Then the optimal forms of economic activity - nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding - were determined, in general, an economic and cultural type took shape - traditional housing and clothing, means of transportation, food, jewelry, etc., spiritual culture, folk ethics, social and family organization, visual arts acquired a certain degree of completeness. art and folklore. The highest cultural achievement was the creation of their own written language, which spread from its Central Asian homeland of Altai, Mongolia, Upper Yenisei to the Don region and the North Caucasus.
The religion of the ancient Turks was based on the cult of Heaven - Tengri; among its modern designations, the conventional name - Tengrism - stands out. The Turks had no idea about Tengri's appearance. According to ancient views, the world is divided into 3 layers: the top one was depicted by an outer large circle, the middle one was depicted by a middle square, the bottom one was depicted by an inner small circle.
It was believed that originally Heaven and Earth were fused, creating chaos. Then they separated: a clear, clean Sky appeared above, and brown earth appeared below. The sons of men arose among them. This version was mentioned on steles in honor of Kül-tegin and Bilge Kagan.
There was also a cult of the wolf: many Turkic peoples still retain legends that they descend from this predator. The cult was partially preserved even among those peoples who adopted a different faith. Images of a wolf existed in the symbolism of many Turkic states. The image of a wolf is also present on the national flag of the Gagauz people.
In Turkic mythical traditions, legends and fairy tales, as well as in beliefs, customs, rituals and folk holidays, the wolf acts as a totemic patron, protector and ancestor.
The cult of ancestors was also developed. There was polytheism with the deification of the forces of nature, which was preserved in the folklore of all Turkic peoples.
Conclusion
The topic of my research was to talk about the Turkic peoples of the Altai region. The significance lies in the fact that every person knows about his origin, his traditions and culture in general.
Turkic peoples are peoples who speak Turkic languages, and these are Azerbaijanis, Altaians (Altai-Kizhi), Afshars, Balkars, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kajars, Kazakhs, Karagas, Karakalpaks, Karapapakhs, Karachais, Kashkais, Kirghiz, Kumyks, Nogais , Tatars, Tofs, Tuvans, Turks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Khakass, Chuvash, Chulyms, Shors, Yakuts. The Turkish language originates from the speech of the Turkic tribes, and the name of the Turkish nation comes from their common name.
Türks is a generalized name for the ethnolinguistic group of Turkic peoples. Geographically, the Turks are scattered over a vast territory, which occupies about a quarter of all Eurasia. The ancestral home of the Turks is Central Asia, and the first mention of the ethnonym “Turk” dates back to the 6th century AD. and it is connected with the name of the Kök Türks, who, under the leadership of the Ashin clan, created the Turkic Kaganate.
Although the Turks are not a historically single ethnic group, but include not only related but also assimilated peoples of Eurasia, nevertheless the Turkic peoples are a single ethnocultural whole. And according to anthropological characteristics, one can distinguish Turks who belong to both the Caucasian and Mongoloid races, but most often there is a transitional type belonging to the Turanian race.
In world history, the Turks are known, first of all, as unsurpassed warriors, founders of states and empires, and skilled cattle breeders.
Altai is the ancestral home of all modern Turkic peoples of the world, where in 552 BC. The ancient Turks created their own state - the Kaganate. Here the primordial language of the Turks was formed, which became widespread among all the peoples of the Kaganate thanks to the emergence of writing in connection with the statehood of the Turks, known today as the “Orkhon-Yenisei runic writing.” All this contributed to the emergence in the modern scientific world of the term “Altai family” of languages (which includes 5 large groups: Turkic languages, Mongolian languages, Tungus-Manchu languages, maximum option also the Korean language and the Japanese-Ryukyuan languages, the relationship with the last two groups is hypothetical) and made it possible for the scientific direction - Altaic studies - to establish itself in world science. Altai, due to its geopolitical location - the center of Eurasia - is in different historical eras united different ethnic groups and cultures.
The Altai Republic is a stable, kind of model region, where Turks and Slavs, Russians and Altaians, and representatives of other large and small ethnic groups have lived in peace and harmony for 2.5 centuries. As a result, a dual cultural-civilizational symbiosis has developed and is strengthening from generation to generation, like you have in Tatarstan: “Live yourself and let others live!” - this is the credo of Altai, Siberian, Russian coexistence and cooperation. That is why respect for each other, languages and cultures, traditions and customs, spiritual values, as they say, is in the blood of our people. We are open to friendship and cooperation with everyone who comes to us with a kind heart and pure thoughts. In recent years, the Altai Republic has significantly expanded cooperation not only with the neighboring Siberian regions of Russia, but also with the adjacent territories of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China.
List of sources used
1.Turkic peoples [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. - Access mode: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0% A2% D1% 8E % D1% 80% D0% BA
2. Vavilov S.I. / Altai region. Second volume. / S.I. Vavilov. - State scientific publishing house "Big Soviet Encyclopedia", 1950. - 152 p.
Krysko V.I. / Ethnic psychology / V.I. Krasko - Academy / M, 2002 - 143 p.
Turks Turkology ethnology. Who are the Turks - origin and general information. [Electronic resource] // Turkportal - Access mode: http://turkportal.ru/
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The ancient Turks are the ancestors of many modern Turkic peoples, including the Tatars. The Turks roamed the Great Steppe (Deshti-Kipchak) in the vastness of Eurasia. Here they conducted their economic activities and created their own states on these lands. The Volga-Ural region, located on the periphery of the Great Steppe, has long been inhabited by Finno-Ugric and Turkic tribes. In the second century AD, other Turkic tribes, known in history as the Huns, also migrated here from Central Asia. In the 4th century, the Huns occupied the Black Sea region, then invaded Central Europe. But, over time, the Hunnish tribal union collapsed and most of the Huns returned to the Black Sea region, joining other local Turks.
The Turkic Khaganate, created by the Turks of Central Asia, existed for about two hundred years. Among the peoples of this kaganate, written sources point to the Tatars. It is noted that this is a very numerous Turkic people. The tribal association of the Tatars, located on the territory of modern Mongolia, included 70 thousand families. The Arab historian pointed out that due to their exceptional greatness and authority, other tribes also united under this name. Other historians also reported about Tatars living on the banks of the Irtysh River. In frequent military clashes, the Tatars' opponents were usually the Chinese and the Mongols. There is no doubt that the Tatars were Turks, and in the indicated sense they are close relatives (and to a certain extent can also be attributed to the ancestors) of modern Turkic peoples.
After the collapse of the Turkic Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate came into force. The possession of the Kaganate extended to the Lower Volga region, the Northern Caucasus, the Azov region and the Crimea. The Khazars were a union of Turkic tribes and peoples and “were one of the remarkable peoples of that era” (L.N. Gumilyov). Exceptional religious tolerance flourished in this state. For example, in the capital of the state, Itil, located near the mouth of the Volga, there were Muslim mosques and houses of worship for Christians and Jews. There were seven equal judges: two Muslims, a Jew, a Christian and one pagan. Each of them resolved disputes between people of the same religion. The Khazars were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture and gardening, and in the cities - crafts. The capital of the Kaganate was not only a center of handicrafts, but also of international trade.
In its heyday, Khazaria was a powerful state, and it was not for nothing that the Caspian Sea was called the Khazar Sea. However, the military actions of external enemies weakened the state. The attacks of the troops of the Arab Caliphate, the Principality of Kyiv and the hostile policy of Byzantium were especially noticeable. All this led to the fact that at the end of the 10th century Khazaria ceased to exist as an independent state. One of the main components of the Khazar people were the Bulgars. Some historians of the past pointed out that the Scythians, Bulgars and Khazars are one and the same people. Others believe that the Bulgars are Huns. They are also mentioned as Kipchaks, as Caucasian and North Caucasian tribes. In any case, the Bulgar Turks have been known from written sources for almost two thousand years. There are many interpretations of the word “Bulgar”. According to one of them, the Ulgars are river people or people associated with fishing. According to other versions, “Bulgars” can mean: “mixed, consisting of many elements”, “rebels, rebels”, “sages, thinkers”, etc. The Bulgars had their own state formation - Great Bulgaria in the Azov region, with its capital - r. Phanagoria, on the Taman Peninsula. This state included the lands from the Dnieper to the Kuban, part of the North Caucasus and the steppe expanses between the Caspian and Azov seas. Once upon a time, the Caucasus Mountains were also called the chain of Bulgarian mountains. Azov Bulgaria was a peaceful state, and often became dependent on the Turkic Kaganate and Khazaria. Your greatest prosperity The state reached under the rule of Kubrat Khan, who managed to unite the Bulgars and other Turkic tribes. This khan was a wise ruler who achieved remarkable success in providing a quiet life for his fellow citizens. During his reign, Bulgarian cities grew and crafts developed. The state received international recognition, relations with geographical neighbors were relatively stable.
The position of the state deteriorated sharply after the death of Kubrat Khan in the middle of the 7th century, and the political and military pressure of Khazaria on Bulgaria increased. Under these conditions, several cases of resettlement of significant masses of Bulgars to other regions occurred. One group of Bulgars, led by Prince Asparukh, moved west and settled on the banks of the Danube. A large group of Bulgars, led by Kubrat's son Kodrak, headed to the middle Volga region.
The Bulgars who remained in the Azov region ended up as part of Khazaria along with the Lower Volga Bulgars-Saxons and other Turks of the state. However, this did not bring them eternal peace. In the 20s of the 7th century, Khazaria was attacked by the Arabs, during which the large Bulgarian cities of the Azov region were captured and burned. Ten years later, the Arabs repeated their campaign, this time they plundered the Bulgar lands in the vicinity of the Terek and Kuban rivers, capturing 20 thousand Barsils (travelers of the century identified Barsils, Esegels and, in fact, Buggars as part of the Bulgar people). All this caused another massive campaign of the Bulgar population to their fellow tribesmen in the Volga region. Subsequently, the defeat of Khazaria was accompanied by other cases of resettlement of the Bulgars to the middle and upper reaches of Itil (the Itil River, as understood at that time, began with the Belaya River, included part of the Kama and then the Volga).
Thus, there were massive and small migrations of the Bulgars to the Volga-Ural region. The choice of resettlement area is quite understandable. The Huns lived here several centuries ago and their descendants continued to live here, as well as other Turkic tribes. From this point of view, these places were the historical homeland of the ancestors of certain Turkic tribes. In addition, the Turkic peoples of the middle and lower Volga region maintained constant close ties with related peoples Caucasus and Azov region; the developed nomadic economy more than once led to the mixing of different Turkic tribes. That's why. the strengthening of the Bulgar element in the middle Volga region was quite an ordinary phenomenon.
The increase in the Bulgar population in these areas led to the fact that it was the Bulgars who became the main forming element Tatar people, formed in the Volga-Ural region. It should be taken into account that no more or less large nation can trace its genealogy only from one single tribe. And the Tatar people in this sense are no exception; among their ancestors one could name more than one tribe, and also indicate more than one influence (including the Finno-Ugric one). However, the main element in the Tatar people should be recognized as the Bulgars.
Over time, the Turkic-Bulgar tribes began to form a fairly large population in this region. If we also take into account their historical experience of state building, then it is not surprising that the state of Great Bulgaria (Volga Bulgaria) soon arose here. In the initial period of its existence, Bulgaria in the Volga region was like a union of relatively independent regions, vassal dependent on Khazaria. But, in the second half of the 10th century, the supremacy of a single prince was already recognized by all appanage rulers. A common system has emerged for paying taxes into the common treasury of a single state. By the time of the collapse of Khazaria, Great Bulgaria was a fully formed single state, its borders were recognized by neighboring states and peoples. Subsequently, the zone of political and economic influence of Bulgaria extended from the Oka to Yaik (Ural). The lands of Bulgaria included the areas from the upper reaches of the Vyatka and Kama to the Yaik and lower reaches of the Volga. The Khazar Sea began to be called the Bulgar Sea. “Atil is a river in the region of the Kipchaks, it flows into the Bulgar Sea,” wrote Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century.
Great Bulgaria in the Volga region became a country of settled and semi-sedentary people and had a highly developed economy. In agriculture, the Bulgars used iron shares for plows already in the 10th century; the Bulgar plow-saban provided plowing with rotation of the layer. The Bulgars used iron tools for agricultural production, grew more than 20 types of cultivated plants, were engaged in gardening, beekeeping, as well as hunting and fishing. Craftsmanship reached a high level for that time. The Bulgars were engaged in jewelry, leather, bone carving, metallurgical, and pottery production. They were familiar with iron smelting and began to use it in production. The Bulgars also used gold, silver, copper and their various alloys in their products. “The Bulgarian kingdom was one of the few states medieval Europe, in which, in the shortest possible time, conditions were created for the high development of handicraft production in a number of industries” (A.P. Smirnov).
Since the 11th century, Great Bulgaria has occupied the position of the leading trade center in Eastern Europe. Trade relations developed with its closest neighbors - with the northern peoples, with the Russian principalities and with Scandinavia. Trade expanded with Central Asia, the Caucasus, Persia, and the Baltic states. The Bulgarian merchant fleet ensured the export and import of goods along waterways, and trade caravans traveled overland to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The Bulgars exported fish, bread, timber, walrus teeth, furs, specially processed “Bulgari” leather, swords, chain mail, etc. Jewelry, leather and fur products of Bulgar craftsmen were known from the Yellow Sea to Scandinavia. The minting of its own coins, which began in the 10th century, contributed to the further strengthening of the position of the Bulgarian state as a recognized center of trade between Europe and Asia.
The Bulgars, for the most part, converted to Islam back in 825, that is, almost 1200 years ago. The canons of Islam, with their call for mental and physical purity, mercy, etc., found a special response among the Bulgars. The official adoption of Islam in the state became a powerful factor in the consolidation of the people into a single organism. In 922, the ruler of Great Bulgaria, Almas Shilki, received a delegation from the Baghdad caliphate. A solemn prayer service was held in the central mosque of the state capital - in the city of Bulgape. Islam became the official state religion. This allowed Bulgaria to strengthen trade and economic relations with the developed Muslim states of that time. The position of Islam soon became very stable. Western European travelers of that time noted that the inhabitants of Bulgaria are a single people, “holding the law of Muhammetov more tightly than anyone else.” Within the framework of a single state, the formation of the nationality itself was basically completed. In any case, Russian chronicles of the 11th century note here a single, Bulgar people.
Thus, the direct ancestors of modern Tatars formed as a nation in the Volga-Ural region. At the same time, they absorbed not only related Turkic tribes, but also partially local Finno-Ugric ones. The Bulgars more than once had to defend their lands from the encroachments of greedy robbers. Continuous attacks by seekers of easy money forced the Bulgars to even move the capital; in the 12th century, the capital of the state became the city of Bilyar, located at some distance from the main waterway - the Volga River. But the most serious military trials befell the Bulgar people in the 12th century, which brought the Mongol invasion to the world.
During the three decades of the 13th century, the Mongols conquered a large part of Asia and began their campaigns in the lands of Eastern Europe. The Bulgars, conducting intensive trade with Asian partners, were well aware of the danger posed by the Mongol army. They tried to create a united front, but their call for neighbors to unite in the face of a mortal threat fell on deaf ears. Eastern Europe met the Mongols not united, but disunited, divided into warring states (the same mistake was made by Central Europe). In 1223, the Mongols completely defeated the combined forces of the Russian principalities and Kipchak warriors on the Kalka River and sent part of their troops to Bulgaria. However, the Bulgars met the enemy at the distant approaches, close to Zhiguli. Using a skillful system of ambushes, the Bulgars, under the leadership of Ilgam Khan, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mongols, destroying up to 90% of the enemy troops. The remnants of the Mongol army retreated to the south, and “the land of the Kipchaks was freed from them; whoever escaped returned to his land” (Ibn al-Athir).
This victory brought peace to Eastern Europe for a while, and trade that had been suspended was resumed. Apparently, the Bulgars were well aware that the victory won was not final. They began active preparations for defense: cities and fortresses were fortified, huge earthen ramparts were built in the area of the Yaik, Belaya, etc. rivers. Given the current level of technology, such work could only be carried out in such a short period of time if the population was very well organized. This serves as additional confirmation that by this time the Bulgars were a single, united people, united by a common idea, the desire to preserve their independence. Six years later, the Mongol attack was repeated, and this time the enemy failed to penetrate the main territory of Bulgaria. The authority of Bulgaria, as a real force capable of resisting the Mongol invasion, became especially high. Many peoples, primarily the Lower Volga Bulgars-Saksins, Polovtsy-Kypchaks, began to move to the lands of Bulgaria, thereby contributing their share to the ancestors of modern Tatars.
In 1236, the Mongols made their third campaign against Bulgaria. The country's subjects fought fiercely to defend their state. For a month and a half, the Bulgars selflessly defended the besieged capital, the city of Bilyar. However, the 50 thousand army of the Bulgar khan Gabdulla Ibn Ilgam could not withstand the onslaught of the 250 thousand Mongol army for long. The capital has fallen. The following year, the western lands of Bulgaria were conquered, all fortifications and fortresses were destroyed. The Bulgars did not accept defeat; uprisings followed one after another. The Bulgars fought almost 50 years of military action against the conquerors, which forced the latter to keep almost half of their troops on the territory of Bulgaria. However, it was not possible to restore the full independence of the state; the Bulgars became subjects of the new state - the Golden Horde.
On September 7, a live broadcast of the Alpari Club Day project took place. Director of the Gumilyov Center Pavel Zarifullin answered Alexander Razuvaev’s questions.
At Club Day we looked at the current geopolitical situation in the Middle East and Central Asia. Particular attention was paid to resolving the Russian-Turkish crisis and the mediating role of Baku and Astana in this. And also ethno-trainings from the Lev Gumilyov Center to overcome the Russian-Turkish crisis. Pavel Zarifullin also answered in detail the question: who are the Turks? About their role in world history and the formation of Russia.
Who are the Turkic peoples? What do they have in common? Where do they live?
Turkic peoples are a group of peoples who speak similar Turkic languages. Distributed very widely. From the Balkan Peninsula, where the Turks and Gagauz live, to our harsh taiga, to Yakutia, because the Yakuts are also Turks. Well, the word “taiga” is of Turkic origin.
Those. this is a huge number of people, millions, hundreds of millions, scattered throughout the Eurasian continent from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. And, of course, all these peoples have a common root - one of the largest states of antiquity or the Middle Ages or the era that was just between the era of antiquity and the Middle Ages - this is the Turkic Khaganate. A gigantic state the size of the Soviet Union, which existed already in the 6th century, we know very little about it.
But there is a Eurasian idea, the idea of Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov, that our father Genghis Khan, our mother the Golden Horde, that modern Great Russia or the Muscovite Kingdom arose within the Golden Horde, adopting the main successes and skills of this country.
But if you dig further, who is the grandfather in this case of our country, the Russian Federation? And the grandfather of our country is the Great Turkic Khaganate, from which grew not only the Turkic peoples, but also many others. And Iranian, and Finnish, and Slavic.
The Turkic Kaganate is the era of conquests and campaigns, the era of the emergence of the Great Silk Road, as an already economic phenomenon, a phenomenon of economic integration. Turkic El in the 6th century simultaneously bordered Byzantium, Iran, China, and controlled the Great Silk. And, thanks to the Turkic Khaganate, the Byzantines and Europeans could meet with the Chinese even then. Those. The Turks have a huge, glorious past.
There were many other Turkic states, for example, the Seljuk Sultanates, the Ottoman Empire, and Desht-i-Kipchak. The Turks gave Russia an aristocracy. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev perfectly described that from half to three quarters Russian noble families were of Turkic or Mongolian origin. Actually, this can be seen in the surnames of the great glorious families: Suvorov, Kutuzov, Apraksin, Alyabyev, Davydov, Chaadaev, Turgenev - these are Turkic surnames. Those. proverb of Turgenev, himself a descendant of a Turkic aristocrat: “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar,” i.e. Turkic - it has the most direct relation to our country. So, our grandfather is the Turkic Kaganate and, if you scratch us for a long time, then, of course, the Russians will find a lot of Turkic.
What is the percentage of originally Persian and Turkic words in the Russian language?
Theodor Shumovsky, an accomplice of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov (they were imprisoned on the same case in Kresty), an outstanding Russian linguist, philologist, translator of the Koran, said that from a third to a half of Russian words are of Turkic and Persian origin. Why Turkic and Persian, because the Turkic and Persian peoples lived side by side for millennia, just as the Russians actually once lived together. And a lot of words have a mixed origin, for example the Russian word “hearth”, it has a Turkic-Persian origin. The first part of the word is Turkic, and the second is Persian. "Otjah" or "otgyah". The very original word “Ateshgah” means “temple of fire worshipers.” This is the name of the sanctuaries in Iran and Azerbaijan, the temples of the Zoroastrians. The Russian word “hearth” seemed to branch off and form from it. According to one version, the word “book” itself is of Turkic-Persian origin. From the word “kan” - knowledge, “gyah” - place, i.e. "place of knowledge" Then, among both the Turks and Persians, this word replaced the Arabic word “kitab”. But we still use our Turkic-Persian past.
And, of course, the heroes of our fairy tales, such as Kashchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga, are of Turkic origin. Because the word “kashchei” comes from the Old Turkic “kus” - bird. Kashchei is a “shaman-bird worshiper”, a fortuneteller based on the flights of birds. The Turks worshiped birds, like the people who came from Siberia, from Altai. Altaians still worship birds and messengers. And many Turkic clans had bird patrons. Actually, the Russians adopted a lot from them and the names of our cities Kursk, Galich, Voronezh, Uglich, Orel, they have a similar function in name and etymology. They record the bird patrons of regions and cities. So, “kashchei” is from the Turkic word “kus” - “bird”. And the word “art” comes from the same root. As if to soar. Or the word “bush” - the place where the bird lives. “Kashchei the Immortal” is a shaman - a bird worshiper, he looks like that in a skeleton costume, our wonderful character. Let us also add that Kashchei is the king. In the same Rome, the Augustan kings descended from bird fortunetellers - from augurs. The figure of Kashchei in Russian fairy tales captures very ancient legends and archetypes. And, as we see, they are of Turkic origin.
Or Baba Yaga, translated from Turkic simply as “white old man,” white sorcerer. In Russian conditions, where matriarchy was strong in ancient times, the elder “changed” his gender. But although the white elder, I think, the creature is already asexual, because... This is a sacred creature that performs magical and healing functions.
It turns out that the Turkic is deeply embedded within us. For example, we watch Channel One, but we don’t think about why it is “first”? After all, there is a Russian word “one”, “one”. Why isn’t it a “single” channel? The word “first” is from the Turkic “ber”, “bir” - one. Those. "first" from "first". The account was instilled from the Horde, and maybe even earlier - during the time of the Turkic Kaganate. The word “altyn” came to us that way, i.e. "gold". Actually, the “first” one came from there. The Russian word “fatherland”, naturally, comes from “ati” - “father”. Because the Slavs were once part of a variety of state formations that were created by the Turks, the Golden Horde, the Turkic Kaganate.
Well, if you remember earlier, the ancestors of the Turks were the Huns. Their language is called Proto-Turkic. This is Attila's empire. “Attila” is not a name either. This is an initiatory title, like “father of nations” - from “ati”. We are all familiar with the words “fatherland”, father, but our father turns out to be Turkic, according to this logic. What is reflected in the Russian language.
Not everyone remembers our previous club days. In one of them you said that in fact the Great Russians, as an ethnic group, appeared somewhere during the time of Ivan the Terrible, i.e. the ethnic group originated in the Horde. And we have maintained contact with the more ancient, ancient Russian ethnos, which in fact was already in decline during the period of Kievan Rus. This question is, how Russian, as an ethnos, is a young ethnos, how strong was the Turkic component in it, and at the same time the connection with what historians call Kievan Rus?
Well, the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians, of modern Russians, is very complex. After all, there was an arrival of the Slavs in Zalesye, but these territories were originally Finnish. We talked about the place of the Turks in our language and ethnic group. But all the old names of cities, rivers, lakes are still Finnish. “Oka” is translated from Turkic as “white” and “Volga” as “white”, but only from Finnish dialects. Sudogda, Vologda, Murom are Finnish names. And the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians took place in a unique way. These are people from the Horde, the Turkic and Mongolian aristocracy, and Finnish tribes. It is known that among northern Russians there is still a significant amount of even genetically Finnish blood. And when they tell us that where is this trace of the Mongols, as such, in the Russian ethnos, in modern research, geneticists are constantly conducting them, where is our Mongolian? They argue that there was no Mongolian Rus', because this was not particularly reflected in genetics. This suggests that there were no predatory, aggressive campaigns of the Mongols, as such. And there was no yoke.
But we have a huge amount of Turkic component for one simple reason. The main haplogroup of Russians is R1a, but the Tatars have the same haplogroup. And it is very difficult to figure out who is Russian and who, relatively speaking, is not Russian, because the haplogroup is approximately the same among the Eastern Slavs and the Turks in our country (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Balkars, Nogais).
And we really had an aristocracy, most likely less Mongolian, but more Turkic, because the Turks went to serve the Mongol Empire, and they made up the majority in it.
Great Russian ethnogenesis followed the formation of the Moscow state, which largely copied its “alma mater,” the Golden Horde. The Moscow princes copied the army (Turkic words: “esaul”, “target”, “drum”, “guard”, “cornet”, “hurray”, “dagger”, “ataman”, “saber”, “koshevoy”, “Cossack” ", "to roam", "holster", "quiver", "horse", "damask steel", "hero"). Copied finances. Hence we have the words “money”, “profit”, “customs”, “treasury”, “label”, “brand” (and “comrade”), “artel”. They copied the transport system. This is how “coachman” arose - this is a Mongolian word in our language. From the Mongolian “yamzhi” - a system of transport corridors. And they dressed “in the Tatar way”: “shoe”, “kaftan”, “harem pants”, “sheep coat”, “bashlyk”, “sarafan”, “cap”, “veil”, “stocking”, “hat”.
This is such a new horde, you can call it that, there is no need to be shy about this word, “horde” is a wonderful word, it largely coincides with the word “order” in semantic meaning. A “New Horde” arose, but with a Slavic language and a Christian faith. That is why the Russians were later able to annex the lands that once belonged to the Horde. Because the local population perceived them as their own. There was another round of ethnogenesis. We are constantly pointed at Ukraine, but the situation there was somewhat different. On the territory of Ukraine, as a rule, people who did not like this Horde system, the “Yasa” of Genghis Khan, escaped.
The late Oles Buzina wrote about this that a lot of people fled to the Zaporozhye Sich, to whom this discipline, empire, and organization were disgusting. Such an anarchic, free type of people, but they were praised there, in fact, the rabble fled there, which Genghis Khan’s “Yasu” refused to recognize. "Trash" in in a good way, Certainly. They "cut off" from everyone.
And there they somehow grouped, nested, and so the Ukrainian dialect gradually arose, the Ukrainian ethnic group with its own laws, with its own ideas, completely in many ways opposed to the Muscovite kingdom. Such an anti-horde, if you can call it that. It’s also a very interesting, original education, an original ethnogenesis. We are still disentangling the result of this ethnogenesis.
Next question. Here on the financial market they were discussing that Gazprom could buy Bashneft, official news. I even joked that the new company would be called, if this happened, Tengrioil. Tengri, Tengrism, which, by the way, is now gaining strength in the same White Horde, in Kazakhstan, what is it? Monotheism? In more detail, because again there are many questions on this topic.
But in the case of Gazprom in Tengri, I, of course, do not believe in their special religiosity. Tengri, in their case, is money. Because the Russian word “money” comes from the Turkic “tengri” naturally. "Tenge" is the currency of the Golden Horde. Now it is the currency of Kazakhstan. Russians began to call any financial means this way.
But the monotheism of the Turks is known. Those. before coming to the Great Steppe, which is their cradle, before the arrival of Jews, Muslims, Christians, the Turks worshiped one god thousands of years ago, even before the birth of Christ, if we talk about the ancestors of the Turks, the Huns. And Tengri - god - a single sky. And the great ruler, relatively speaking, Genghis Khan, is the will of the great sky. The religion of the Turks has rich history, rich cultural heritage. And, it is worth noting that very few peoples had their own written language for thousands of years. Basically, the ethnic groups of Eurasia exported writing from the Phoenicians or Greeks, or from the Arameans. And most types of writing, they have a very specific connotation to these peoples, the peoples of the Middle East and the Mediterranean.
In addition to two groups of peoples - the Germans and the Turks, who had independent runic writing for several thousand years. These runes are similar, but have different sound and semantic meanings. The Turks had their own runic alphabet, which naturally ascended to the will of the sky, to the will of Tengri, came from the sacred runic calendar, from observations of the sun, moon, stars, space, the phenomenon of Tengri. According to legend, it was the heavens who once handed this runic writing to the first Turkic kagans. Therefore, to claim that the Turks are some kind of savage peoples (a constant idea of Western scientists and Russian nationalists) is very stupid. They will be more culturally advanced than many ethnic groups that still exist on planet Earth.
Expressed from a theological point of view, is Tengri God the father? From the point of view of Christian perception?
Yes. God is the Father. Lord of Hosts. From the point of view of Orthodoxy, “Lord of hosts” is translated as “Lord of the stars”, “Lord of the sky”. “Lord of the seven heavens” would be more correct, because our numeral “seven” comes from the Arabic “sebu” - seven. Here is Tengri - the Lord of all heavens. Supreme Commander of Space.
I have friends from Kazakhstan, and the meaning of Tengrism, as they say, is that there is one God, it’s just that each ethnic group has a traditional way of communicating with him. Such a question is the Turks as an ethnic group, modern Türkiye, the last conflict. In history, the Russian Empire fought with Turkey many times. Who are they to us? Enemies, partners or maybe allies against the West? This story.
But genetically, the Turkish Turks are, of course, very far from the Turks we know, from the Tatars, from the Altaians, from the Kazakhs. In general, they are much closer to the Persians, Arabs, and Greeks. Genetic data confirm this. It’s just that there weren’t very many Turks who once went to the “last sea”, to the west, to the White Sea, as they called the Mediterranean. Small tribes of nomads came, the most active part, because the main part remained at home, in the Steppe.
But those “who reached it,” the passionaries, became the aristocracy of the local peoples. They found descendants of the Persians, descendants of the Greeks there. They sculpted something out of this, some states. This is how they blinded Turkey. But the spirit, such a spiritualist, of the Turkic nomads, warriors, soldiers, of course, flourished in Turkey. And even the glorious wars, known as the Janissaries, are the Slavs who converted to Islam. Slavic boys, who were taken into good Turkic families, were raised in the Islamic and Turkic spirit, they then went and slaughtered for Islam, for the great Ottoman Empire, for their Turkic padishah, because we see in the super popular TV series “The Magnificent Century” (his all our housewives watch with pleasure).
Here it is - the Turkic spirit, spirituality, of course, it flourished in the Ottoman Empire. But it cannot be said that it was definitely a Turkic state. They began to build a Turkic state when the Ottoman Empire collapsed. Because they spoke the Ottoman language, which is some kind of mixture of Persian, Arabic, Slavic words with a small number of Turkic words.
Kemal Atatürk almost banned the Ottoman language. The Ottoman Empire was such an imperial project, a globalist project. He learned a lot from Byzantium, not from the point of view of religion, but from the point of view of geography, strategy, personnel policy. Their best sailors were the descendants of the Greeks, the “pirates” were the descendants of the French and Italians who converted to Islam. Those. they took everyone from everyone. They took Turkic cavalry, because Turkic cavalry is always the best, everyone knows this.
Those. the Ottoman project, I cannot say that it was definitely some kind of Turkic, just as in the Russian Empire it cannot be said that the Russian project was Slavic. Well, how Slavic is it, when the dynasty is German, the population is mixed, the nobility is half-Turkic, half of the Cossacks spoke Turkic dialects until the 20th century. It turns out that perhaps the Turks from the Russian Empire fought against the Slavs from the Ottoman Empire. It was such a mess.
The emergence of Turkic nationalism itself is associated with the figure of Kemal Ataturk, with the 20th century. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, they began to think about how to live, what they could cling to in order to simply survive in a hostile world. And they began the emergency Turkification of their country. In fact, they began to create the language anew, and in order to somehow restore it (because it was thoroughly Persian or Slavic - the Ottoman language), they sent ethnographic expeditions, Kemal Ataturk sent, to the Oghuz Turks, who lived exactly on the territory of the Soviet Union . These are Azerbaijanis, Turkmen and Gagauz. And they began to take words from them, instead of Arabic, instead of Persian. Those. The Turkic state of Turkey is in many ways an artificial construct, when the population, which is largely descendants of the Greeks and other tribes of Asia Minor, was artificially driven into Turkic nationalism and the new Turkic language.
Now, if Kazakhstan, of course, is a Turkic country, or Russia is even a more Turkic country, I think, than Turkey. But the Turks made pan-Turkism their sign. The United States actively used this in the “Great Game” against the Soviet Union. The complex of these ideas was aimed at destroying our big country.
So that all Turkic peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Altaians, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Tatars, would, one way or another, perceive the Turks as their older brother. Although I’ll say it again, from a genetic point of view this is a little funny, because genetically Turks are no different from southern Italians, for example, from the inhabitants of Naples or Sicily. Just twin brothers. Well, since they had powerful story, they had an Empire, then they claimed to lead the Turkic world. Of course, neither the Russian Empire nor the Soviet Union liked this. The Russian Federation did not like this and does not like this kind of idea. Eurasian ideology could reconcile this complex of contradictions, very complex and discord between our countries.
Eurasianism arose as the idea of uniting Slavic and Turkic vectors. The Slavs and Turks, when they are separated, try to say that the Russian Empire is a Slavic kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire is a Turkish kingdom and they must fight among themselves. Then you start to look into it, it turns out that the Russian Empire is half a Turkic kingdom. And the Ottoman Empire is half a Slavic kingdom. Those. everything was crushed.
We, Eurasians, argue that when Turks and Slavs meet, it turns out well, it turns out a symphony. As Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said - complementarity. There are peoples who complement each other. And on the contrary, such a Turkic-Slavic symbiosis has always given birth to tenacious and creative peoples and individuals.
From this point of view, we can not only reconcile our country, Russia, which, of course, is the fruit of the Slavic-Turkic symbiosis. And more broadly - not just to restore the Soviet Union, but to make it more powerful, like the Eurasian Union, which is also based on the Slavic-Turkic brotherhood.
The main drivers of the Eurasian Union are the Slavs and Turks, Belarusians, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Kyrgyz.
But we can come to an agreement with the Turks. Because, I repeat once again, the ethnogenesis of the Turks is significantly connected with ethnogenesis and with the combination of Slavic and Turkic elements. I already spoke about the Janissaries. Most of the viziers during the heyday of the Ottoman Empire, they were traditionally also Slavic Serbs, Sokolovici. Well, as a matter of fact, we know very well about the red-haired wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. Everyone knows about Alexandra of Russia, who became the great queen of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, when we say - Eurasianism, Eurasian integration - then here we can find a common language with the Turks, establish joint affairs, economic and geopolitical. Because no one here says who is higher there? The Turks are the first people, and the rest are under them - this is the main idea of pan-Turkism.
If we say Eurasianism, then everyone is equal from this point of view. Together we are creating, as it were, a large tree of peoples, a large world of peoples, in the center of which stands the axis of the Slavs and Turks. Thanks to this axis, complementarity, and all other friendly peoples, Finnish, Ugric, and Caucasian, we all together form a large-scale community in our space. From the point of view of Eurasian ideology, by removing pan-Turkism or pan-Slavism or nationalisms of any kind, Russian nationalism or Turkish nationalism, we can (and now this will happen) improve relations with the fraternal Turkish Republic. Then it becomes fraternal, in the space of Eurasian brotherhood, camaraderie, friendship of peoples, and Turkey and I, I think, can do a lot together for peace and cooperation in Eurasia.
The role of Baku and Astana in the recent reconciliation and in this entire project?
Well, I think everyone tried, because everyone did not benefit from the confrontation between Turkey and Russia. This is not a new confrontation. Indeed, at one time, the war between the Russian Empire and Turkey was actively supported on both sides by our opponents, the Poles, Swedes, British, French, and Germans. They literally pitted, for example, the Pope against Turkey and Russia in order to draw back forces so that Russia would not interfere with Europe and Turkey would not interfere with Europe. So that we torture each other, beat each other, get tired and then the Europeans would come and make peace with us.
This is how all the Russian-Turkish wars took place. In this sense, the latest conflict between Russia and Turkey benefited only our Western competitors. And, of course, Astana tried, the role of Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev in this reconciliation is very great. And the Azerbaijani side, thanks to them.
But I think this conflict was not beneficial to anyone. And the people did not understand him. Because we constantly conduct sociological research and ethnic research. The conflict with America is understandable, and the Russian people seem to take part in this conflict and support their president. The conflict with radical Islamism is clear. Nobody welcomes radical Islamism. In Russia, no one, even normal Muslims, will support them.
But the conflict with Turkey was not clear to the people. And despite the fact that thousands of our state-paid propagandists howled like wolves in the Turkish direction, the people still perceived the Turks as a fraternal people. And they understood that the king and the sultan had a fight, and tomorrow they would make peace. In turn, we at the Lev Gumilyov Center conducted a special ethno-training, at which we organized energy peace between our countries, where one representative of Turkey solemnly asked for forgiveness from Russia, at this training.
I’ll explain the meaning of ethno-trainings. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said that an ethnic group, a people, forms an energy field. Such energy fields are created by any natural community of people, families, and organizations. But an ethnos is a collection of energy fields. We address this field directly, we have technology, and we create a certain event. And then that's how it happens. First, at our Lev Gumilyov Center, a person representing Turkey asked for forgiveness; he was played by a Gagauz; in Russia, she was played by an Ossetian (for some reason it happened that way). I asked forgiveness. And after some time, a month later, the Turkish president asked Russia for forgiveness, asked to accept his apology. I think everyone tried, both at the energy level, and at the technological level, and at the diplomatic level. And this conflict, I hope, will not happen again. And secondly, we will have to restore the results of this conflict for a very long time because economic relations were severed between our countries, and this is not beneficial to anyone.
Now everyone is talking about Uzbekistan. Tamerlane's role in this whole story?
Well, in the same Uzbekistan, Tamerlane was appointed such a sacred ancestor of the entire local population, although this is a little strange.
Firstly, he was not a chigizid. Some believe that it was. But this is not true.
There are also a lot of disputes. The fact remains that this is a very serious piece on the chessboard of humanity. The man who managed to create an Empire, if not the size of Genghis Khan, but comparable to him, not the size of the Turkic Khaganate, but actually comparable. He united all of Central Asia, Iran, part of India, and Asia Minor.
I write columnism, and have written several times that if Tamerlane had taken Moscow, then probably the capital of the future Empire would have been another city. And Islam, not Orthodoxy, would become the state religion. How fair is this?
The fact is that, no matter how much you take Moscow, it is only better for it. Everything in Moscow is like water off a duck's back. No matter how much you burn her, she will always get up and feel good again.
From the point of view of the collision with our civilization, Russian-Eurasian or the Union of Forest and Steppe, as we call it, of course, Tamerlane was an enemy, because he represented a slightly different culture. A renewed caliphate, in fact. He nurtured it and created it only with a center not in Baghdad, not in Damascus, but with a center in Samarkand. Islam was harshly imposed. Under him, Nestorian Christianity was destroyed in Central Asia, completely and irrevocably. He just went and killed everyone.
And before that, millions of Christians lived there, in Central Asia, the same Turks. And on various expeditions in Kyrgyzstan I come across rock carvings of crosses. Crosses, Nestorian creeds. It was the last Christians who hid from Tamerlane in the Kyrgyz canyons. And then he found them there and cut them and burned them. Those. the man was of incredible aggression, incredible strength.
And he brought ruin and death to the steppe, to our territory, to the territory of the modern Eurasian Union. He burned the steppes and captured everyone. And if he had captured Rus' then, he would not have spared anyone. Because the Mongols came, relatively speaking, they negotiated with the local population, the princes, passed through the country, took resources and moved on. But Tamerlane drove the population of entire regions, entire districts into his territory. And in this way it was more reminiscent of fascist Germany, when they took the population of several regions and sent them to work.
Those. such slave-owning Asia came to us. This is one of the novels from Asia, about Asian despots, about some terrible pharaohs who drive entire tribes back and forth. Here he was a classic Asian despot, incompatible with the code of behavior on our territory, among, relatively speaking, kings or khans. In Russia and the Great Steppe, people have never been exterminated for their religion.
Kings or khans did not act this way and did not turn everything into an endless slave trade. Tamerlane carried the slave trade and brought his cultural code to us, but did not reach it. God or Tengri, they saved this territory from destruction.
The question is this. Azerbaijan, they are also Turks, part Turkic world. Their prospects. But it cannot be bypassed within the framework of Eurasian integration - there is also Armenia. How is this?
We, in my opinion, had a good broadcast, related to the issues of Karabakh, it was quite well attended. This is a video you can watch. And soon we will post the text of the ethno-training that we carried out on Karabakh.
I looked now, it’s quite safe, the passions have already subsided. The problem must be solved, it must be solved, because the land lies abandoned. Karabakh is a land that used to prosper. It was multinational, multinational, multireligious. There lived Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Kurds and Russians in this territory. Now it lies largely abandoned. Karabakh needs to be developed. The fact that the “Black Hills” is a closed area has been turned into a dead end, a transport dead end, this hinders the development of our trade, the development of our economies. And the Karabakh issue must be resolved.
Karabakh should probably be given a special status in the Eurasian Union, maybe it could be guarded by special troops of the Eurasian Union, have a rather complex status, different options can be discussed for a condominium.
But, nevertheless, the problem must be solved. I believe that our generation is obliged to solve this problem.
But most importantly, I believe, from the point of view of economic development of the Eurasian Union, the greatest progress was achieved recently, when the North-South route, which had been discussed for decades, was approved by the leaders of Russia, Azerbaijan and Iran. Now the transport corridor will be actively developed, roads will be built, the fleet of ships in the Caspian Sea will increase. This will be real Eurasian integration if this happens. Then Azerbaijan will organically become part of the Eurasian Union, and there will be no need to invent anything.
Last question. September 12 is coming soon. The Orthodox Church honors Alexander Nevsky. I can’t finish without mentioning this figure, because on the one hand, a wide circle knows the famous Soviet film, that he defeated the Germans. On the other hand, the “frostbitten” Russian Nazis really don’t like him, because he crushed the anti-Horde uprisings. Moreover, he is with Batu and his son, from their point of view, he is a pagan. Here, accordingly, is this figure.
Well, first of all, Alexander Nevsky is a symbol of Russia. This was the only, in my opinion, fair vote that could have taken place. People chose between Stalin and Stolypin, everyone quarreled, and then somehow calmed down and chose Alexander Nevsky. I remember there was such a competition on television - not a competition, a kind of voting. They really chose him as a symbol of Russia, because he created Russia. When it was necessary to choose between west and east, Alexander chose the east.
And as we find out, from a historical point of view, he did not lose, i.e. not only didn’t lose, but won. Because the entire east gradually went to Russia. Those who chose the west, like the inhabitants of Galicia and their prince Galician, well, we see in what idiotic state they are now on the outskirts of Europe. They are not even taken to this Europe. The Poles are sitting in the outskirts of Europe, but these are howling like dogs outside the outskirts. It’s not even the dogs that guard the garden, these are the Balts, so classic.
And the dogs that were kicked out. A classic dog from a Ukrainian cartoon who was kicked out. And the abandoned dog walks between the wolves, then goes to the Turkic wolves, then tries to penetrate back to the place from which he was kicked out. This, unfortunately, is the fate of Western Ukraine. Then they handed this devilish fate to all the other Little Russians.
Alexander Nevsky made a different choice. Yes, he went to the pagans, but to which pagans? The son of Batu Khan, his brother Khan Sartak was a Christian of the Nestorian faith.
He simply headed East. “Meeting” the sun galloped and his people “meeting” the sun followed him and reached Alaska.
And Alexander Nevsky walked first. We have been thinking for a long time about how the Russians even went to explore Lake Baikal. And the first to visit Lake Baikal was Alexander Nevsky, on the way to Karakorum. And now our theater master Andrei Borisov staged a wonderful performance at the Irkutsk Drama Theater based on Alexander Nevsky. And this is very symbolic. In Irkutsk, the understanding comes that Alexander Nevsky was the first to arrive at Baikal, and then his people came after him centuries later. And Alexander Nevsky was the first to go to the Horde in Sarai-Batu, in modern Astrakhan, in Sarai-Berke to Khan Berke, at his headquarters, which was located not far from Volgograd. And today the townspeople recognized Alexander Nevsky as the heavenly patron of Volgograd. He showed us the way.
This is our father. If the Turks are still figuring out who their father is, either Suleiman the Magnificent, or Kemal Ataturk, then we know who our father is, our “ati”. This is Alexander Nevsky, who showed us the way to the East, the “sunny path”. In this sense, he is the person who leads us. The first was Andrei Bogolyubsky, who led the capital from Kyiv, from the endless “pre-Maidan moods,” to Vladimir Rus. And Alexander Nevsky continued his path further; he led Russia to the East. Since then, Russia is an eastern country and Russians, of course, are an eastern people, in the vanguard of all other peoples of the East.
http://www.gumilev-center.ru/rossiya-i-tyurkskijj-ehl-2/
Turks of Russia, Turks Wikipedia
Total: approximately 160-165 million people
Turkey Turkey - 55 million
Iran Iran - from 15 to 35 million (Azerbaijanis in Iran)
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan - 27 million
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan - 12 million
Russia Russia - 11 million
PRC PRC - 11 million
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan - 9 million
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan - 5 million
Germany Germany - 5 million
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan - 5 million
Caucasus (without Azerbaijan) - 2 million
EU - 2 million (excluding UK, Germany and France)
Iraq Iraq - from 600 thousand to 3 million (Turkomans)
Tajikistan Tajikistan - 1 million
USA USA - 1 million
Mongolia Mongolia - 100 thousand.
Australia Australia - 60 thousand
Latin America (without Brazil and Argentina) - 8 thousand.
France France - 600 thousand.
Great Britain Great Britain - 50 thousand
Ukraine Ukraine and Belarus Belarus - 350 thousand.
Moldova Moldova - 147,500 (Gagauz)
Canada Canada - 20 thousand
Argentina Argentina - 1 thousand.
Japan Japan - 1 thousand
Brazil Brazil - 1 thousand.
Rest of the world - 1.4 million
Turkic languages
Islam, Orthodoxy, Buddhism, ayyy shamanism
Mongoloids, transitional between Mongoloids and Caucasoids (South Siberian race, Ural race) Caucasians (Caspian subtype, Pamir-Fergana type)
Türks(also Turkic peoples, Turkic-speaking peoples, peoples of the Turkic linguistic group) - an ethno-linguistic community. They speak languages of the Turkic group.
Globalization and increased integration with other peoples have led to the widespread spread of the Turks beyond their historical area. Modern Turkic-speaking peoples live on different continents - in Eurasia, North America, Australia and in the territories of various countries - from Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean, Southern and Eastern Europe and further east - all the way to the Russian Far East. There are also Turkic minorities in China, America, the Middle East and Western Europe. The largest settlement area is in Russia, and the largest population is in Turkey.
- 1 Origin of the ethnonym
- 2 Brief history
- 3 Culture and worldview
- 4 Lists of Turkic peoples
- 4.1 Disappeared Turkic peoples
- 4.2 Modern Turkic peoples
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 Literature
- 8 Links
Origin of the ethnonym
According to A. N. Kononov, the word “Turk” originally meant “strong, strong.”
Short story
Main articles: Proto-Turks, Migration of the Turks Turkic world according to Mahmud Kashgari (XI century) Flag of the countries of the Turkic CouncilThe ethnic history of the proto-Turkic substrate is marked by the synthesis of two population groups:
- formed west of the Volga, in the III-II millennium BC. e., during centuries-long migrations in eastern and southern directions, became the predominant population of the Volga region and Kazakhstan, Altai and the Upper Yenisei valley.
- which appeared in the steppes east of the Yenisei later, was of intra-Asian origin.
The history of the interaction and fusion of both groups of the ancient population over the course of two to two and a half thousand years is the process during which ethnic consolidation was carried out and Turkic-speaking ethnic communities were formed. It was from among these closely related tribes that in the 2nd millennium BC. e. modern Turkic peoples of Russia and adjacent territories emerged.
D. G. Savinov wrote about the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex, according to which they “gradually modernized and mutually penetrated each other, became the common property of the culture of numerous population groups that became part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. The ideas of continuity of the ancient and early medieval culture of nomads are also reflected in works of art and ritual structures.”
Since the 6th century AD, the region in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and the Chu River began to be called Turkestan. According to one version, the toponym is based on the ethnonym “Tur”, which was the common tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of Central Asia. Another version is based on an early analysis of the ethnonym at the beginning of the 20th century by the Danish Turkologist and President of the Royal Danish Scientific Society Wilhelm Thomsen and suggests the origin of the specified term from the word “toruk” or “turuk”, which from most Turkic languages can be translated as “standing upright” or "strong", "steady". At the same time, a prominent Soviet Turkologist, Academician. Barthold criticized this hypothesis of Thomsen and, based on a detailed analysis of the texts of the Türkuts (Turgesh, Kök-Türks), concluded that the term more likely originated from the word “turu” (establishment, legality) and the designation of the people under the rule of the Turkic Kagan - “ future Turks,” that is, “the people governed by me.” The nomadic type of state was for many centuries the predominant form of organization of power in the Asian steppes. Nomadic states, replacing each other, existed in Eurasia from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. until the 17th century.
One of the traditional occupations of the Turks was nomadic cattle breeding, as well as iron mining and processing.
In 552-745, the Turkic Khaganate existed in Central Asia, which in 603 split into two parts: the Eastern and Western Khaganates. The Western Kaganate (603-658) included the territory of Central Asia, the steppes of modern Kazakhstan and East Turkestan. The Eastern Kaganate included the modern territories of Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia. In 658, the Western Kaganate fell under the blows of the Eastern Turks. In 698, the leader of the Turgesh tribal union, Uchelik, founded a new Turkic state - the Turgesh Kaganate (698-766).
In the V-VIII centuries, the Turkic nomadic tribes of the Bulgars who came to Europe founded a number of states, of which the most durable were Danube Bulgaria in the Balkans and Volga Bulgaria in the Volga and Kama basin. 650-969 in the territory of the North Caucasus, the Volga region and the north-eastern Black Sea region there was the Khazar Khaganate. 960s it was defeated by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav. The Pechenegs, driven out by the Khazars in the second half of the 9th century, settled in the northern Black Sea region and posed a threat to Byzantium and the Old Russian state. In 1019, the Pechenegs were defeated by Grand Duke Yaroslav. In the 11th century, the Pechenegs in the southern Russian steppes were replaced by the Cumans, who were defeated and conquered by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. The western part of the Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde - became a predominantly Turkic state in population. XV-XVI centuries it broke up into several independent khanates, on the basis of which a number of modern Turkic-speaking peoples were formed. At the end of the 14th century, Tamerlane created his own empire in Central Asia, which, however, quickly disintegrated with his death (1405).
In the early Middle Ages, a settled and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking population formed in the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, which was in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian populations. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Iranian symbiosis.
The initial penetration of Turkic-speaking tribes into the territory of Western Asia (Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Anatolia) began in the 5th century. AD, during the so-called “Great Migration”. This became more widespread in the 8th-10th centuries; it is believed that it was at this time that the Turkic tribes of Khalaj, Karluk, Kangly, Kipchak, Kynyk, Sadak and others appeared here in the middle of the 11th century. e. A massive invasion of Oguz tribes (Seljuks) began in these territories. The Seljuk invasion was accompanied by the conquest of many Transcaucasian cities. This led to the formation in the X-XIV centuries. Seljuk and its subordinate sultanates, which broke up into several Atabek states, in particular the state of the Ildegizids (territory of Azerbaijan and Iran).
After the invasion of Tamerlane, the sultanates of the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu were formed on the territory of Azerbaijan and Iran, which were replaced by the Safavid Empire, the third great Muslim empire in size and influence (after the Ottoman and Great Mughals), with a Turkic-speaking (Azerbaijani dialect of the Turkic language) imperial court, supreme clergy and army command. The founder of the empire, Ismail I, was the heir to the ancient Sufi order (based on an indigenous Aryan Iranian root), represented mainly by the Turkic-speaking “Kizilbash” (“red-headed”, wore red stripes on their turbans) and was also the direct heir to the Sultan of the Ak Koyunlu Empire, Uzun-Hasan ( Uzun Hasan); in 1501 he took the title of Shahinshah of Azerbaijan and Iran. The Safavid state existed for almost two and a half centuries and during its heyday covered the territories of modern Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran (entirely), as well as modern Georgia, Dagestan, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan (partially). Replaced on the throne of Azerbaijan and Iran in the 18th century. Safavid Nadir Shah was from the Turkic-speaking Afshar tribe (a sub-ethnos of Azerbaijanis living in Azerbaijani Iran, Turkey and part of Afghanistan) and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Nadir Shah became famous for his conquests, thanks to which he later received the title “Napoleon of the East” from Western historians. 1737 Nadir Shah invaded Afghanistan and captured Kabul, and in 1738-39. entered India, defeated the Mughal army and captured Delhi. After an unsuccessful campaign against Dagestan, Nadir, who fell ill on the way, died suddenly. The Afsharids did not rule the state for long, and in 1795 the throne was taken by representatives of another Turkic-speaking tribe, the “Qajars” (a subethnic group of Azerbaijanis in Northern Iran, the northern regions of Azerbaijan and Southern Dagestan), who founded the Qajar dynasty, which ruled for 130 years. The rulers of the northern Azerbaijani lands (historically located in the territories of the Seljuk atabeks and Safavid beglerbegs) took advantage of the fall of the Afsharids and declared their relative independence, which gave rise to the formation of 21 Azerbaijani khanates.
As a result of the conquests by the Ottoman Turks in the XIII-XVI centuries. territories in Europe, Asia and Africa, a huge Ottoman Empire was formed, but from the 17th century it began to decline. Having assimilated the majority of the local population, the Ottomans became the ethnic majority in Asia Minor. In the 16th-18th centuries, first the Russian state, and then, after the reforms of Peter I, the Russian Empire, included most of the lands of the former Golden Horde, on which the Turkic states existed (Kazan Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia annexed a number of Azerbaijani khanates of Eastern Transcaucasia. At the same time, China annexes the Dzungar Khanate, exhausted after the war with the Kazakhs. After the annexation of the territories of Central Asia, the Kazakh Khanate and the Kokand Khanate to Russia, the Ottoman Empire, along with the Makin Khanate (Northern Iran) and the Khiva Khanate (Central Asia), remained the only Turkic states.
Culture and worldview
During the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages, ethnocultural traditions took shape and were successively consolidated, which, often having different origins, gradually formed features that are, to one degree or another, inherent in all Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The most intensive formation of this kind of stereotypes occurred in ancient Turkic times, that is, in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e.. Then the optimal forms of economic activity were determined (nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding), in general, an economic and cultural type took shape (traditional housing and clothing, means of transportation, food, jewelry, etc.), spiritual culture, social family organization, folk ethics, fine arts and folklore. The highest cultural achievement was the creation of their own written language, which spread from its Central Asian homeland (Mongolia, Altai, Upper Yenisei) to the Don region and the North Caucasus.
Shaman from Tuva during the ceremony
The religion of the ancient Turks was based on the cult of Heaven - Tengri; among its modern designations, the conventional name - Tengrism - stands out. The Turks had no idea about Tengri's appearance. According to ancient views, the world is divided into 3 layers:
- the upper one (the sky, the world of Tengri and Umai), was depicted as an outer large circle;
- middle (of earth and water), depicted as a middle square;
- the lower (underworld) was depicted as an inner small circle.
It was believed that originally Heaven and Earth were fused, creating chaos. Then they separated: a clear, clean Sky appeared above, and brown earth appeared below. The sons of men arose among them. This version was mentioned on steles in honor of Kül-tegin (died in 732) and Bilge Kagan (734).
Another version is about a duck(s). According to the Khakass version:
first there was a duck; making the other a comrade, she sent her to the bottom of the river for sand; she brings it three times and gives it first; the third time she left some of the sand in her mouth, this part became stones; the first duck scattered the sand, pushed for nine days, the earth grew; the mountains grew after the messenger duck spat stones out of his mouth; because of this, the first refuses to give her land; agrees to give land the size of a cane; the messenger pokes a hole in the ground and goes into it; the first duck (now God) creates a man from the earth, a woman from his rib, gives them cattle; second duck - Erlik Khan
Erlik is the god of the empty and cold underworld. He was represented as a three-eyed bull-headed creature. One of his eyes saw the past, the second - the present, the third - the future. “souls” languished in his palace. He sent troubles, bad weather, darkness and messengers of death.
Tengri's wife is the goddess of women's crafts, mothers and women in labor - Umai. In Turkic languages, words with the root “umai” have been preserved to this day. Many of them mean “umbilical cord”, “female reproductive organs”.
The deity Ydyk-Cher-Sug (Sacred Earth-Water) was called the patron of the earth.
There was also a cult of the wolf: many Turkic peoples still retain legends that they descend from this predator. The cult was partially preserved even among those peoples who adopted a different faith. Images of a wolf existed in the symbolism of many Turkic states. The image of a wolf is also present on the national flag of the Gagauz people.
In Turkic mythical traditions, legends and fairy tales, as well as in beliefs, customs, rituals and folk holidays, the wolf acts as a totemic ancestor, patron and protector.
The cult of ancestors was also developed. There was polytheism with the deification of the forces of nature, which was preserved in the folklore of all Turkic peoples.
Lists of Turkic peoples
Disappeared Turkic peoples
Avars (debatable), Alty Chubs, Berendeys, Bulgars, Burtases (debatable), Bunturks, Huns, Dinlins, Dulu, Yenisei Kyrgyz, Karluks, Kimaks, Nushibis, Oguzes (Torks), Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Tyumens, Turkic-Shatos, Turkuts , Turgesh, Usun, Khazars, Black Klobuks and others.
Modern Turkic peoples
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see also
- Turkology
- Pan-Turkism
- Turan
- Turkic (language)
- Turkisms in Russian
- Turkisms in the Ukrainian language
- Turkestan
- Nomadic state
- central Asia
- Turkvision Song Contest
- Proto-Turks
- Turk (disambiguation)
Notes
- Gadzhieva N.Z. Turkic languages // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - P. 527-529. - 685 s. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
- Milliyet. 55 million kişi "etnik olarak" Türk. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
- Estimates of the number of Iranian Azerbaijanis given in various sources can vary significantly - from 15 to 35 million. See, for example: Looklex Encyclopaedia, Iranian.com, “Ethnologue” Report for Azerbaijani Language, UNPO information on Southern Azerbaijan, Jamestown Foundation, The World Factbook: Ethnic groups by country (CIA)
- VPN-2010
- 1 2 Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev. Ancient Turks
- Chapter 11. A War Within a War, page 112. // Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco. Author: David L. Phillips. Reprinted edition. Hardcover first published in 2005 by Westview Press. New York: Basic Books, 2014, 304 pages. ISBN 9780786736201 Original text (English)
Behind the Arabs and the Kurds, Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq. The ITF claim Turkmen represent 12 percent of Iraq's population. In response, the Kurds point to the 1997 census which showed that there were only 600,000 Turkmen.
- Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. 2008. volume 1 page 826
- Ayagan, B. G. Turkic peoples: an encyclopedic reference book. - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias. 2004.-382 p.: ill. ISBN 9965-9389-6-2
- Turkic peoples of Siberia / resp. ed. D. A. Funk, N. A. Tomilov; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS; Omsk branch of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2006. - 678 p. - (Peoples and cultures). - ISBN 5-02-033999-7
- Turkic peoples of Eastern Siberia / comp. D. A. Funk; resp. editor: D. A. Funk, N. A. Alekseev; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2008. - 422 p. - (Peoples and cultures). ISBN 978-5-02-035988-8
- Turkic peoples of Crimea: Karaites. Crimean Tatars. Krymchaks / Rep. ed. S. Ya. Kozlov, L. V. Chizhova. - M., 2003. - 459 p. - (Peoples and cultures). ISBN 5-02-008853-6
- Scientific Editorial Council, Chairman Chubaryan A. O. Scientific editor L. M. Mints. Illustrated encyclopedia "Russica". 2007. ISBN 978-5-373-00654-5
- Tavadov G. T. Ethnology. Textbook for universities. M.: Project, 2002. 352 p. P. 106
- Ethnopsychological Dictionary. - M.: MPSI. V. G. Krysko. 1999
- Akhatov G. Kh.. Dialect of West Siberian Tatars. Ufa, 1963, 195 p.
- Kononov A. N. Experience in analyzing the term Turk // Soviet ethnography. - 1949. - No. 1. - P. 40-47.
- Klyashtorny S. G., Savinov D. G. Steppe empires of Eurasia // St. Petersburg: Farn. 1994. 166 pp. ISBN 5-900461-027-5 (erroneous)
- Savinov D.G. About the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex // Questions of archeology of Kazakhstan. Vol. 2. Almaty-M.: 1998. P. 130-141
- Eremeev D.E. “Turk” - an ethnonym of Iranian origin? // Soviet ethnography. 1990. No. 1
- Bartold V.V. Türks: Twelve lectures on the history of the Turkish peoples of Central Asia (published according to the edition: academician V.V. Bartold, “Works”, vol. V. Publishing house “Science”, Main editorial office of Eastern literature, M., 1968) / R. Soboleva. - 1st. - Almaty: ZHALYN, 1998. - P. 23. - 193 p. - ISBN 5-610-01145-0.
- Kradin N. N. Nomads, world-empires and social evolution // Alternative paths to civilization: Col. monograph / Ed. N. N. Kradina, A. V. Korotaeva, D. M. Bondarenko, V. A. Lynshi. - M., 2000.
- A.Bakıxanov adına Tarix institutu. Azərbaycan tarixi. Yeddi cilddə. II cild (III-XIII əsrin I rübü) / Vəlixanlı N.. - Bakı: Elm, 2007. - P. 6. - 608 p. - ISBN 978-9952-448-34-4.
- Eremeev D.E. Penetration of Turkic tribes into Asia Minor // Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences. - Moscow: Science; Main editorial office eastern. Literature, 1970. - P. 89. - 563 p.
- East in the Middle Ages. V. Transcaucasia in the XI-XV centuries
- Soviet Historical Encyclopedia: in 16 volumes. Seljuk State / ed. E. M. Zhukova. - Moscow: Soviet encyclopedia, 1961-1976.
- Quinn SA. The New Cambridge History of Islam / Morgan DO, Reid A.. - New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. - pp. 201-238.
- Trapper R. Shahsevid in Sevefid Persia // Bulletin of the Schopol of Oriental and African studies, University of London. - 1974. - No. 37 (2). - pp. 321-354.
- Safavids. Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia.
- Süleymanov M. Nadir şah / Darabadi P.. - Tehran: Neqare Endişe, 2010. - P. 3-5. - 740 s.
- Ter-Mkrtchyan L. The position of the Armenian people under the yoke of Nadir Shah // News of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR. - 1956. - No. 10. - P. 98.
- Nadir Shah. Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (April 26, 2015).
- Gevr J. Xacə şah (frans.dil.tərcümə), 2-ci kitab / Mehdiyev G.. - Bakı: Gənclik, 1994. - P. 198-206. - 224 s.
- Mustafayeva N. Cənubi Azərbaycan xanlıqları / Əliyev F., Cabbarova S... - Bakı: Azərnəşr, 1995. - P. 3. - 96 p. - ISBN 5-5520-1570-3.
- A.Bakıxanov adına Tarix institutu. Azərbaycan tarixi. Yeddi cilddə. III cild (XIII-XVIII əsrlər) / Əfəndiyev O.. - Bakı: Elm, 2007. - P. 443-448. - 592 s. - ISBN 978-9952-448-39-9.
- Klyashtorny S. G. The main stages of politogenesis among the ancient nomads of Central Asia
- Katanov N.F. Kachin legend of the creation of the world (Recorded in the Minusinsk district of the Yenisei province in the Kachin dialect of the Turkic language on June 2, 1890) // IOAIE, 1894, vol. XII, no. 2, pp. 185-188. http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/berezkin/143_11.htm
- “Maral”, “Bear” and “Wolf” reward the winners of the Altai World Music Festival:: IA AMITEL
- Turkology
- Origin of the Turkic language
- Cult of the wolf among the Bashkirs
- Sela A. Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. - Revised and Updated Edition. - Bloomsbury Academic, 2002. - P. 197. - 945 p. - ISBN ISBN 0-8264-1413-3..
- CIA. The World Factbook. - annual. - Central Intelligence Agency, 2013-14.
- 1 2 Gale Group. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. - vol.4. - Thomson Gale, 2004.
Literature
- Türks // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
- Turko-Tatars // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
- Akhatov G. Kh. On the ethnogenesis of the West Siberian Tatars // Questions of dialectology of Turkic languages. - Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 1960.
- Ganiev R. T. Eastern Turkic state in the VI-VIII centuries. - Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2006. - P. 152. - ISBN 5-7525-1611-0.
- Gumilyov L. N. History of the Xiongnu people
- Gumilyov L. N. Ancient Turks
- Mingazov Sh. Prehistoric Turks
- Bezertinov R. Ancient Turkic worldview “Tengrianism”
- Bezertinov R. Turkic-Tatar names
- Faizrakhmanov G. L. Ancient Turks in Siberia and Central Asia
- Zakiev M.Z. Origin of the Turks and Tatars. - M.: Publishing House "Insan", 2002. - 496 p. ISBN 5-85840-317-4
- Voitov V. E. The ancient Turkic pantheon and the model of the universe in the cult and memorial monuments of Mongolia in the 6th-8th centuries - M., 1996
Links
- Ancient Turkic dictionary
- - Texts and variants of the Kyrgyz epic “Manas”. Research. Historical, linguistic and philosophical aspects of the epic. “Small Epic” of the Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz folklore. Fairy tales, legends, customs.
| Turkic peoples | |
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Azerbaijanis | Altaians | Afshar | Balkarians | Bashkirs | Gagauz | Dolgans | Yellow Uighurs | Kazakhs | Karaites | Karakalpaks | Karamanlids | Carapapakhi | Karachais | Qashqai people | Crimean Tatars | Krymchaks | Kumandy | Kumyks | Kyrgyz | Nagaibaki | Nogais | Salary | Siberian Tatars | Tatars | Telengits | Teleuts | Tofalar | Trukhmeny | Tubalars | Tuvans | Turks | Meskhetian Turks | Turkmens | Turkomans | |Uzbeks | Uyghurs | Khakass | Khalaji | Chelkans | Chuvash | Chulym people | Shors | Yuryuki | Yakuts |
Turks, Turks Wikipedia, Turks of India, Turks against Armenia, Turks of Russia, Seljuk Turks, Turkisms in the Russian language, Mikhail Leonidovich Turkin, Turkis cabbage, Turkistan
