Personal pronouns in the Russian language 3. Features of personal pronouns in the indirect case of the Russian language

It's hard to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them it is impossible to construct almost a single phrase. Here, for example, are the previous two. That is, of course, it is possible. But why bother?

If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you will get an impressive document. But it doesn’t make sense to simply lump everything together. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample of morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better master all the necessary knowledge about pronouns in the Russian language. And examples from literary works will help to more clearly imagine how the grammatical characteristics of pronouns are implemented in practice.

What are pronouns

Pronoun refers to an independent part of speech that is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate these nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (as well as their characteristics and quantity), without naming them.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on which part of speech they refer to. This will be discussed in more detail below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Digits by value:

• personal;
• returnable;
• possessive;
• interrogative;
• relative;
• index;
• definitive;
• negative;
• undefined.

Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.

Disorders based on grammatical features:

• generalized subject;
• generalized-qualitative;
• generalized quantitative.

This classification examines how pronouns relate to different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, a special group of pronouns that are correlated with adverbs is sometimes included here.

Now we will analyze all these categories in detail.

Classes of pronouns in Russian

By value:

Personal pronouns. In speech, they indicate its object - the person in question. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces indicate participants in speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it/they) indicate persons who do not participate in the speech.

Obsolete personal pronoun one used to denote feminine (plural) objects of speech.

Personal pronouns in the Russian language change according to persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also according to gender, as well as to cases.

In a sentence they play the role of subject or object.

• I couldn't shake the feeling that they could see us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
• Life is always accompanied by effort, hardship and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait for everyone to wise up, it will take too long... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Reflexive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the direction of action to the subject. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative case form, but is declined in all other cases: yourself, yourself, yourself/yourself, (about) yourself. Does not change according to persons, numbers, genders.

In a sentence it acts as a complement.

• If you happen to be angry with someone else, be angry with yourself at the same time, at least for the fact that you managed to get angry with someone else. (N.V. Gogol)
• There is nothing more pleasant than being obliged to do everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
• To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: you need to fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
• We often allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate that a certain object (objects) belongs to a subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

• 1 person – my, my, my/my And our, ours, ours / ours;
• 2 persons – yours, yours, yours / yours And yours, yours, yours/yours;
• 3 persons – him, her/them.

Possessive pronouns in the Russian language change, as you already understood, by person, gender and number, and also in combination with a noun that is being explained - by case. Third person pronouns are not inflected.

• Our choices, more than our abilities, reveal our true selves. (J.K. Rowling)
• In our office, out of thirty-two employees on staff, twenty-eight called themselves: “Golden Pen of the Republic.” The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
• There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who?, what?, which?, which?, whose?, which?, how many?, where?, when?, where?, from where?, why? serve as interrogative words (indicate persons, objects, signs, quantity) when making interrogative sentences.

They change according to numbers, genders, cases, but not all.

• Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
• Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you going? (S. A. Yesenin)
• What is law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passersby in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, which, what, whose, which, how many, where, where, when, from, why They also act as allied words in complex sentences and serve to connect the subordinate and main parts of a complex sentence.

Like interrogatives, relative pronouns who what And How many declined according to cases. The rest are based on numbers, genders and cases. Besides pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

• There are such low characters who love, as if they hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Outright anger is much less repulsive than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is not enough oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns. Indicate the signs or number of speech objects. The following pronouns fall into this category: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.

Demonstrative pronouns in the Russian language change according to cases, gender and numbers.

• I've been planning to buy myself a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• Sometimes a person reaches such a line that if he doesn’t step over it, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over it, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• The truth should be served like a coat, not thrown in your face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
• Anyone who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Determinative pronouns. They are used to indicate a sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Determinative pronouns are declined according to cases and change according to gender and number.

• Everyone who stops learning grows old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to study remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep your brain young. (G. Ford)
• One good friend is worth more than all the blessings in this world. (Voltaire)
• Even the most frank thought, the purest and clearly conveyed fantasy, be it truth or fiction, cannot evoke sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• We don't need magic to change this world - within us we already have everything we need for this: we can mentally imagine the best... (J. K. Rowling)

Negative pronouns. In speech they act as an indicator of the absence of the object of speech or its signs. Pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere and the like, as you can see, are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns by attaching prefixes Not-(under emphasis) and neither-(no emphasis).

In Russian, negative pronouns vary by case, gender and number.

• The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the sick, the obsolete are afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
• I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
• Never make any complex moves when the same can be achieved in much simpler ways. This is one of the wisest rules of life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E.M. Remarque)
• Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

Indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite characteristics and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.

Pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative/relative pronouns by adding prefixes to them: not-, some- - something, someone, some, some, several, somehow, something and so on. And also postfixes: - then, -either, - anyone – anyone, somewhere, how much and so on.

Indefinite pronouns in the Russian language change according to gender and number, and are declined according to cases.

• You can say a lot of stupid things, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
• Some are accustomed to living on everything ready-made, walking on someone’s feet, eating chewed food... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• In hardly anything else is human frivolity more often seen to such a terrifying extent than in the structure of marital unions. (N.S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express attitudes towards two or more persons and objects.

Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the many prepositions, thanks to which for each reciprocal pronoun there is a large number of variable forms. For example, to each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, one from the other, one for the other, one from under the other, after each other, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to case case, time after time, from this to that– and this is not a complete list.

In a sentence they play the role of complements.

• People are pressed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
• In bad weather or just when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of tin boxes. We carefully unwrap the wax paper bags and show each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

General pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any characteristics that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or an integer set ( everyone, everyone, all) and so on.

Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language

“Non-classical” categories are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.

Correlating pronouns with other parts of speech

In other words, categories based on grammatical features:

Pronouns-nouns indicate a person or thing. They are similar to nouns due to their syntactic and morphological characteristics. For example, in a sentence you can also ask them questions: who? So what? and they act as subject or object. As well as the categories of person (in personal ones, through verbs associated with them), number, gender (expressed in words associated with the pronoun) and case. By the way, the pronoun Who is masculine, and What- average.

Pronouns-nouns in the Russian language include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, some interrogative/relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.

Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate the attribute of an object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number and can be declined according to cases. Although, for example, pronouns what And that's how it is They do not decline and in a sentence, unlike others, they can only be predicates. All other adjective pronouns act either as modifiers or as an integral part of the predicate.

Third person possessive pronouns are also unchangeable: his, her, their.

Adjective pronouns include all possessive pronouns and all attributives, some demonstrative and interrogative/relative, negative and indefinite. Namely: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, every and so on.

Numeral pronouns, as you might guess, indicate the number of objects without indicating it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their indefinite derivatives a few, some, some.

Pronouns of this category are capable of inflection according to cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns according to the same principle as cardinal numbers.

Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always identified. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like adjective pronouns, they indicate a characteristic, but are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows us to correlate them with adverbs.

Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, and are not declined according to cases. They agree with verbs according to the same principle as adverbs. And circumstances play a role in a sentence.

Pronoun-adverbs include: there, where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - table of categories in relation to parts of speech

Cases of pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of changing according to cases. Now we will look at some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, not only the endings of these pronouns change, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

D.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

V.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns do not have clearly defined gender categories: they are used in both masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Third person pronouns, when inflected, may lose their initial consonant: she- But her and so on.

2. For a reflexive pronoun myself There are only forms of oblique cases. It is also declined as a personal pronoun You:

etc. by myself (by myself)

P.p. (About Me

• possessive pronouns ( my, yours, ours, yours);
• index ( that, this, this);
• interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
• determinatives ( most, himself, all, every, different).

I.p. our, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; so, so, so, so

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (about) such, (about) such, (about) such, (about) such

Determinative pronouns myself And most, although similar, incline differently. The difference is indicated mainly by emphasis:

I.p. the most, the most

R.p. most, most

D.p. myself, myself

V.p. most, most

etc. by myself, by myself

P.p. (about) myself, (about) myself

* A capital letter indicates a stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, everything:

I.p. all, all, everything

R.p. everything, all, everyone

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. everything, all, everyone

etc. everyone, all (everyone), everyone

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declension of feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender the stem also changes.

4. In interrogative/relative ( who what) and negative ones derived from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing by case, the bases change:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, no one, nothing

D.p. to whom, what, no one, nothing

V.p. who, what, no one, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative case form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are declined in the same way as the interrogative/relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. any, something

D.p. to any, something

V.p. any, something

etc. somehow, something

P.p. (about) any, about something

7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to a certain

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (about) someone

Variant case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some index fingers ( that's how it is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns and adverbs are not inflected either. there, where, where, when, so.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

We offer you a diagram of morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such analysis.

Parsing scheme:

1. Indicate the part of speech, the grammatical meaning of the pronoun, write the initial form (put it in the nominative case (if any), singular).
2. Describe the morphological features:
   • constants (category by meaning, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1st and 2nd persons);
   • inconsistent (case, number, gender).
3. Indicate what role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of pronouns

Don't waste your energy trying to change people... They will not change. U them Who decided to take a strong action, That and rights (F.M. Dostoevsky).

1. Morphological features: constants – personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant – nominative case, plural.

(at) them

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - They.
2. Morphological features: constants – personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant – genitive case, plural.
3. Role in a sentence: addition.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - Who.
2. Morphological features: constants – relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant – nominative case.
3. It plays the role of subject in a sentence.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - That.
2. Morphological features: constants – demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant – nominative case, singular, masculine.
3. Role in a sentence: subject.

Spelling pronouns

Personal pronouns

When declension of personal pronouns in Russian in indirect cases, the letter appears at the base of 3rd person pronouns n, if they have a pretext in front of them. For example, about him, to them, about her, among them and so on.

N does not join:

• in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks, like, contrary, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary to to her, towards them, according to to him;
• if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree: took more his, bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix some and postfixes -something, -either, -something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere and so on.

When declension of indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix some and the pronoun places a preposition. In this case, they are written in three words: about something, about something, about something and so on.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns using prefixes not-/nor-. Not- written under stress, in an unstressed syllable - neither-: no one to trust - no one to see, no place to leave - nowhere to be found; no one, nothing, not at all, none, nobody.

When declension of negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are written separately, and the prefixes become particles: no - not from anyone, nothing - from nothing, no one - not about anyone and so on.

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/nor- and homonymous particles not/nor:

• Remember the spelling: How neither what Not it happened. Confusion in the spelling of particles not/nor leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an intensifying meaning) – nothing(particle Not has a negative value).
• The choice of particle can completely change the meaning of a statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), not once (= never at all) – more than once (= many times).
• Don't confuse negative pronouns with prefixes neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with a particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where not a trace of a person was found. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
• Pay attention to the difference between phrases none other than - no one else; nothing more than nothing else. Particle Not expresses negation, and the entire phrase is used to contrast parts of the statement with each other. Opposition is expressed by conjunction How(= union A). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle Not and write it separately. For example: Everything that happened was Not nothing more than a stupid prank. He stood uncertainly on the threshold Not who else but the long-awaited guest.
• If a pronoun with a particle can be meaningfully replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used Not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing more than. Example: A registered letter arrived - nothing more than invitation to a competition that has been awaited for a long time. - A registered letter has arrived - just that invitation to the competition that has been awaited for a long time.
• If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle Not, That neither- acts as a prefix and is written combined with a negative pronoun: Neither no one else could have said it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither there was no other way to win.
• If the sentence is affirmative, phrases no one else, nothing else are used for joining. A negation not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (I don’t want).
• If the phrase contains a conjunction How, write all words separately and with a particle Not: This package Not nothing more than a gift. If the union How no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
• If a conjunction is used in a sentence A, write the particle Not(apart): I want to say everything Not to someone A only for him alone. If a conjunction is used And, write neither(separately if it is a particle, together if it is a prefix): Much has gone forever and neither that it won't be the same anymore.

2.Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions/adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they themselves play, what question can be asked of them, etc.

• For what We're going to the store, what are we going to look for there? – For what do you follow me and whine all the time?
• For that that you helped me, I will thank you. – But I have a wide soul and a kind heart!
• What does it have to do with are all these people here? – They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even abandoned their studies.
• Moreover What we were able to unearth from the ancient tomb was a sword and shield. – Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has power on his side.

3.Remember that never mind– this is not a pronoun, but an adverb.

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MEANING AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF PRONOUNS

Pronoun – a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. An icy stream snaked along the ravine, behindhim lay the village of Dubrovitsy. The battle stopped after an hour.He sometimes it still flared up here and there, then completely died down. Same pronoun He in different sentences he points to an object, but does not name it. The lexical meaning of this pronoun is determined by the context. In the first sentence He- This Creek, in the second – the battle.

Some kind of a man, sitting on the ground two steps away from him, fired into the sky from a revolver. Pronoun some kind indicates a sign, but does not directly correlate with a specific word. It can be replaced with any adjective ( stranger, unknown, stranger, strange, young, old and so on.).

Suddenly they jumped out of the forestsome man and began to frantically wave his arms. Pronoun some indicates the number of items, but does not name a specific number. It can be replaced by any numeral ( five, eight, ten, thirty, nine, eleven etc.).

Pronouns indicating objects ( I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they, yourself, who, what, someone, something, anyone, anything, anyone, anything, someone, something, someone, something, no one, nothing, no one, nothing), have some characteristics of nouns. Pronouns someone, anyone, anyone, someone, somebody, he indicate masculine nouns, she– female, it, that, something, anything, anything, something, something, nothing– neuter. Pronouns I, you indicate masculine or feminine persons ( I did, I did, you decided, you decided).

Pronouns me, you, you, we, who indicate animate objects, and What- to inanimate ones.

Some of these pronouns have singular and plural forms: he, it, she, they.

All these pronouns change by case. Their case forms retain traces of changes in pronouns in ancient times, for example: you - about you; you - about you; she is about her etc. That is why almost every pronoun changes in its own way.

Pronouns that indicate a characteristic ( my, yours, ours, yours, yours, that, this, such, such, such, every, every, any, all, whole, different, other, himself, most, which, which, whose, which, some, some, any, someone's, anyone's, anyone's, some, some, some, no, none, nobody's), have grammatical features of adjectives. They change by case, number and gender, and agree with nouns: any book, any subject, any work, any news, about any work etc. Unlike adjectives, they do not have a short form.

There are very few pronouns indicating quantity: how much, as much, several, somewhat, not at all. They change only by case.

The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.

In a sentence, pronouns are used as subjects, modifiers, objects, and, less often, adverbials: If you knew... if you understood what a great thing we are doing! Something close to envy touched the mother’s heart. Someone’s strong hand squeezed the mother’s fingers, someone’s voice spoke excitedly: “Your son will be an example of courage for all of us.” She was searched several times, but always the day after the sheets appeared at the factory. you, we, something are the subjects (who? you, we, something); pronouns ( For) us, her,(after) that - additions ( example for whom? – for us, searched whom? – her, appeared after what? – After that); pronouns what (business), someone’s (hand), someone’s (voice), your (son), all (us), another (day) – agreed upon definitions, they all answer the question which?; pronoun repeatedly) - circumstance.

The pronoun can be used as a predicate, but much less often: Now he's mine! I am like that myself - and I don’t boast about it beyond that. I know who you were. In these sentences the pronouns mine is the one who - predicates, they answer the questions what? who is he?

CLASSES OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• - personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
• - returnable: myself
• - interrogative:
• - relative: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many
• - undefined: ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how much, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, any, how much, how much
• - negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, ne whom, ne what
• - possessive: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs
• - index: that, this, such, such, so much
• - definitive: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns I And You indicate the participants in the speech. All I have to do is touch on mathematics,I I’ll forget everything in the world again.You Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? The author talks about himself ( I... I'll forget, as soon as you touch me) or addresses the interlocutor ( Do you remember?..).

Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being spoken about, has been said before or will be spoken about. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text: The doctor was young and so tiny that she seemed like just a girl. Serpilin and Sintsov standing next to him, and everyone who was around, looked ather with surprise and tenderness or simple sentences into complex ones: Serpilin, leaning on a stick, hobbled to the stands,They were already almost full. Pronoun (on) her correlates with a noun doctor in the previous independent sentence. Pronoun They - with a noun stands in the first part of a complex sentence.

Pronouns we you do not mean “many I”, “many you”. They point to the speaker or his interlocutor along with other persons.

Pronoun You may refer to one person. Iyou I loved. Love, perhaps, has not completely died out in my soul. The predicate verb and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural: You they wrote to me, don’t deny it; Darling, meYou didn't like;You , maybe we should bless fate for the fact that I don’t want to take off the mask; For thatYou already punished by me.

If the predicate is expressed by a full form adjective, then it is used in the singular: “ You he’s a literate person,” Serpilin finally said, breaking the painful silence for Sintsov. "Indeed,You I’m hungry!” - Yolkin caught himself.

Pronouns You And You can denote not a specific person, but any person:

Have you seenYou how a saffron milk cap walks under a pine roof in morocco boots...?;

Are there many sunrises?You met in the forest? No more than two or three, when, disturbing the dew on the blades of grass, he wandered aimlessly until dawn.

When personal pronouns are declined in indirect cases, completely new words sometimes appear ( I - me, you - you, she - her, they - theirs), sometimes there is an alternation of sounds at the root ( me - me, you - you etc.), but all these are forms of one word.

Declension of personal pronouns

1. Prepositions before, with, to, about (both) etc., standing before the forms of indirect cases of the pronoun I, used with O:in front me,with me,co to me,necessary me,about to me.

2. 3rd person pronouns he, she, it, they after prepositions have at the beginning n: at him, near her, near them, to him, behind her, near him, on her, between them, in front of her, under him, in him, from him and etc.

3. N It is not used after the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: faster than her, further than them, closer to him, more trusting than her, higher than them.

After prepositions thanks to, out of, despite, as a result of, contrary to, towards, according to, like n not used: thanks to her, outside of him, like him, towards them, according to him.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNMYSELF

Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about. As long as I rememberedmyself Serpilin, after the Civil War he studied almost all the time.

Pronoun myself does not have a nominative case form, in all oblique cases it changes as a pronoun You.

Pronoun myself has no form of person, number, gender. It can be applied to any person singular or plural, any gender: I saw the sky... I took off into it, measured it, experienced the fall, but did not crash, but only grew stronger inmyself I believe. (I... in myself). INmyself will you look in? There is no trace of the past. (You... into yourself). Everyone even became scared when they realized what kind of loneliness he condemnedmyself . (He... himself). She couldn't forgiveto myself that she left her daughter. (She... to herself). innocent people feltmyself guilty and nervous at every long stop. (People... themselves).

Reflexive pronoun myself in a sentence it can be an addition, sometimes a circumstance. And he curled up into a ball on the stone, proud of himself. (proud by whom? yourself). Sintsov jumped up and, sleepily, began to fumble around himself, looking for his cap. (fumble Where? around you).

INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Words that are answered by nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose? what?), numerals (how many?), form a group of interrogative pronouns. " What will I do for people? - Danko shouted louder than thunder. Suddenly he turned to his mother: “Avdotya Vasilievna, andHow many how old is Petrusha?”

The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which serve to connect simple sentences within complex ones. These are relative pronouns.

In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much - interrogative. Let the fascists knowWhat a Russian patriot and Bolshevik is capable. Look,How many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore,How many fishing nets are dried on oars arranged in trestles. Conjunctive words in complex sentences which, what, how much- relative pronouns.

Interrogative pronouns Who And What have no gender or number. Predicate verbs associated with them are used in the singular: Who is there a knock at the gate?What it's noisy thereWhat there it rings from afar early before the dawn?
Words associated with pronoun Who, used in the masculine gender: Who did he say that?What - in neuter gender: What did I dream about this?

Pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and genders and are declined like adjectives. They agree with nouns in case, number and gender.

Declension of pronounswho, what, whose

Pronoun DeclensionHow many

When parsing the sentence members, the pronoun How many together with the noun it controls is considered as one whole: Sasha cried when the forest was cut down, and even now she feels sorry for him to the point of tears.How many there were curly ones herebirch trees ! (How many birches - subject ).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Indefinite pronouns ( ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how many, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, any, someone's, anyone's, anyone's etc.) indicate uncertain objects, signs, quantity: Somebody played the violin... the girl sang in a soft contralto voice, laughter could be heard; He was ready to go to the ends of the earth to doanything ; And from the darkness of the branches it looked at the walkingsomething scary, dark, cold; It became scary, as if in this silence there was silently lying in wait for him.some kind danger;Some For a while he sat motionless, listening with one ear to the noises and rustles of the night.

Someone, something, something, some, some - These are indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns are formed by attaching prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns something (something, some and etc. ) And not-(ne who, ne what, ne How many and etc. ) , which is always under stress, as well as suffixes -that, -either, -someone (someone, anyone, anyone and etc. ) .

Indefinite pronouns vary according to the type of pronouns from which they are formed. Pronouns someone, something, anyone, anyone, some, whose etc. change like interrogative and relative pronouns, while the endings of pronouns with suffixes -this, -either, -something in indirect cases they appear inside the word before the suffix: someone, someone, someone, someone, about someone; some, some, some, some, about some; someone's, someone's, someone's, anyone's, about someone's.

In indefinite pronouns with a prefix some Prepositions in indirect cases come after this prefix: from someone, about something, with someone, for something and etc.
Pronoun ne Who has only one form of the nominative case: Livedsomeone a rootless man... Pronoun ne What has two forms - nominative and accusative case: Happenedsomething unexpected. I sawsomething unexpected.

Pronoun ne cue is obsolete, rarely used in modern language and, as a rule, only in the nominative case: Some The rich man, Mr. Kovalevsky, decided at his own risk and fear to build a water supply system for the city.

Pronoun ne How many changes like a pronoun How many. In the nominative and accusative cases, it requires the placement after itself of nouns in the form of the genitive case, plural: More has passedsome anxious days; The boy was surprised that a policeman andsome civilian man.

In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subjects: Someone came to your house (came ( Who? ) - somebody); additions: I wanted to tell you about this for a long time, but I don’t remember, I was somehow entertained (entertained ( how? ) – something); definitions: My soul here is somehow compressed with grief (grief ( what? ) – somehow).

NEGATIVE PRONOUNS

Negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing, ne whom, ne what, no, no one's, not at all etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity or to strengthen the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- (nobody, nothing, no, no one's) and shock attachment not-(ne whom, ne what).

Pronouns ne whom, ne what do not have a nominative case.

Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender. Pronoun nobody does not change either by number or by gender.
Pronouns no one, no one, no one, ne whom, ne what can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix: from no one, on nothing, under no one, behind no one, not from anyone, not because of anything etc. Sintsov couldn’t do it for a long timeno one has to find out when the train to Minsk with which he was supposed to depart would leave.No one ask when it is your fault.

If the predicate has a particle Not, then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the entire sentence: INot I want to make you sadnothing ; Reallynobody nothing did not know.

Prefixed pronouns not-(ne what, ne whom) Most often used in impersonal sentences, the predicate in which is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb: Well, yes, now do itnothing ; He had already told me everything about himself, and I wasnothing tell.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, modifiers: Imagine, I'm here alone, no one understands me(nobody - subject). There was no one in the hallway, all the people came running to look at Kirila Petrovich(no one - addition). I tried to appear cheerful and indifferent, so as not to give any suspicion and avoid annoying questions (no - definition ) .

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours indicate which person the item belongs to.

Pronoun my indicates that the object belongs to the speaker himself: My friend Samad Virgun left Baku and arrived in London. Is yours indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking: Far away, in the mountains of the Urals,is yours the boy is sleeping. Ours, yours indicate that an object belongs to many persons or objects: Blood of righteous scarletour friendship is sealed forever; Which ones are temporary? Get off! It's overyours time.

Pronoun mine denotes that an object belongs to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third party, who are the subjects of the sentence: What I want? For what purpose will I open my soul to you?my ? (I... mine). Those who did not wait cannot understand how waiting among the firehis you saved me. (You... yours). The dawn rises in the cold darkness; in the fields the noise of work fell silent; Withhis a hungry wolf comes out onto the road. (He... with his).

Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours change like adjectives, according to cases ( ours – ours – to ours, ours – to ours – about ours), numbers ( yours - yours) and childbirth ( my, my, mine). … Is yours sad noiseis yours I heard the calling noise for the last time. Why are you bowing over the waters, willow, top of your head?my ? October has already arrived - the grove is already shaking off the last leaves from its nakedtheir branches.

All of these pronouns in a sentence are agreed upon adjectives.

To indicate ownership, personal pronouns of the 3rd person in the genitive case form can be used his, her, theirs. Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the wood;his The horse, sensing the snow, trudges along at a trot. Possessive pronoun him (horse) indicates that horse belongs peasant (horse) whose? – him, the peasant), it does not agree with the word horse ( compare: his horse, his steed, his bulls). It happened to the nightingale at the noisetheir fly in. Possessive pronoun their remains unchanged if we replace the noun ( their noise, their quarrel, their screams).

Difference between personal pronounshis, her, theirs from possessive pronounshis, her, theirs

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, such, such, so much, this ( outdated ) serve to distinguish a certain object, feature, or quantity from others. I would strictly forbidthis gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot. Mother Nature! Wheneversuch Sometimes you didn’t send people to the world, the field of life would die out. AllThis It would be funny if it weren't so sad. How many goalsso many minds You listen to the roar of thunder, and the voice of the storm and waves, and the cry of rural shepherds - and send an answer; you don't have any feedback...That's how and you, poet!

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much used to form complex sentences: Less than ten minutes had passed when he appeared at the end of the squareThat , which we have been waiting for. In this case, they are demonstrative words in the main clause; in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to relative pronouns, which are allied words in it: ANDthe one who walks through life with a song,That will never disappear anywhere; Yes, patheticthe one in whom conscience is not clear;That the heart will not learn to love,which tired of hating; For every sip of water people had to pay Mr. Kovalevskyas much as he wishes.

Demonstrative pronouns are also a means of connecting independent sentences in the text: A person who wants to become a scientist must develop the ability to work hard as soon as possible.To that I would add one more quality, especially important for a scientist, - absolute honesty.

Pronouns that, this, such, this change in the same way as full adjectives - by case, number and gender: You're right: out of the fireThat whoever manages to spend a day with you will come out unharmed, breathe the air alone, and his sanity will remain intact; Let Molchalin have a lively mind, a brave genius, but is there in himthat passion?That feeling? ardorthat so that, except for you, the whole world seems like dust and vanity to him; Herethose who lived to see their gray hairs; Am I really fromthose for whom the goal of life is laughter.

Pronoun that's how it is changes like a short adjective ( such, such, such, such), that is, by numbers and genders: Whom do I love?that's how it is : Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others; What a masterthat's how it is and business; What is Ustinya like?that's how it is she also has boots.

Pronoun so many changes like a cardinal number only in cases, agrees in all cases, except nominative and accusative, with nouns. In the nominative and similar accusative case, the pronoun so many requires the noun to be placed in the genitive case.

Demonstrative pronouns can be different parts of a sentence: He who was nothing will become everything. That - subject. Subtle hints of what no one knows. Hints for what? for that- addition. This is a small book with many heavier volumes. Which book? this - definition. The peculiarity of the local climate is such that winter seems to immediately turn into summer. This is acts as a predicate.

DEFINITORY PRONOUNS

Determinative pronouns – all, every, every, every ( outdated ), each, himself, most, any, different, other.

Pronouns everyone, any, most indicate one item from a number of similar ones: Every those who are young, give them in your arms - join our ranks, friends!; It was him, that onemost sailor!;Any the work is good.

Pronoun any indicates any one of many similar objects: Learn to control yourself; Notany will understand you, like me; inexperience leads to trouble;Any The master's work is praised.

Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something inseparable: We, the young, echo that songall globe.

Pronoun myself indicates a person or thing that performs an action: Climbing on theO a big dream, hits the branches with a club andmyself sings a daring, boastful song to himself.

Pronoun most, in addition to the meaning mentioned above, can denote the highest degree of a characteristic and serve to form the superlative degree of adjectives: The most great victory will come only to those who know how to overcome themselvesthe most small, invisible victories to others.

Declension of attributive pronouns

The accusative case of masculine and neuter singular and plural pronouns coincides in form with the nominative case if the pronoun refers to inanimate nouns, and with the genitive case if the pronoun refers to animate nouns.
Accusative case of feminine pronoun herself has two forms: most And myself Form herself used in colloquial speech.

Each element of the language performs its own special functions, so doing without certain words would be extremely inconvenient, and sometimes simply impossible. For example, a pronoun is one that is in demand in almost every sentence. This is an absolutely irreplaceable element of the Russian language, with which a certain number of rules are associated. In addition, there are several ways to classify pronouns that are also worth knowing. It's not that difficult to figure all this out.

What is a pronoun?

First of all, you should understand the exact term. A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces nouns, adverbs, numerals and adjectives, allowing you to point to these words without naming them specifically. During analysis, categories are distinguished by meaning and by person, as well as non-constant features, including case, gender and number. As a rule, in a sentence, a pronoun performs the same role as the parts of speech that it replaces. Its use allows you to avoid repetitions and shorten sentences, which is especially convenient in oral speech. When both interlocutors know what the conversation is about, they do not have to constantly name the subject in full; it is enough to use a pronoun.

Classification by meaning and characteristics

Russian pronouns can be divided into two types of categories. The first is classification by meaning, and the second by grammatical features. Moreover, in some variants there are additional groups, but when pronouns are studied at school, the 6th grade does not approach the topic so deeply. Therefore, many such additions remain unknown. So, according to their meaning, pronouns can be both personal and reflexive, as well as possessive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, definitive, negative and indefinite. In the expanded version, mutual and generalization are also added. According to their grammatical characteristics, they can be called generalized-subject, generalized-quantitative and generalized-qualitative. This classification considers how a part of speech relates to others: nouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs. Each group is worth considering in detail.

Personal pronouns

This part of speech refers to the specific object, person or thing being discussed. The personal pronoun answers the questions “who?” So what?" It can be the first person - “I” or “we”, the second - “you” and “you”, and the third, when there is an indication of those who are not participating in the conversation - “he”, “she”, “it” " and "they". Previously, the Russian language also had the pronoun “one”, which was used for feminine plural objects. In a sentence, this part of speech serves as an object or subject. Pronouns change according to persons, numbers, gender and cases.

Reflexive pronouns

In language they demonstrate that the action is directed towards the subject. - this is a part of speech that has no form in the nominative case, but is declined in all other cases. In addition, it does not change according to numbers, persons and genders. In a sentence, such a pronoun plays the role of a complement. Reflexive verbs are derived from the historical forms of ordinary infinitives and the word "xia", which is an obsolete version of "oneself", for example, "to sit down" essentially means "to sit oneself down". Such expressions also mean an action directed at the speaker.

Possessive pronouns

Such words indicate that some object belongs to some subject. Y can have different number, gender, person and case. In some forms they do not bend. A possessive pronoun can be in three persons. The first is “mine”, “mine”, “mine”, “our”, “ours”, “ours”, “ours”. The second is “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”. Finally, the third is “his”, “her” or “their”. Please note that in this person the pronouns are not inflected.

Interrogative pronouns

In speech, they indicate persons, objects, quantities or signs. Used in interrogative sentences. Such pronouns include “who?”, “what?”, “which?”, “what?”, “whose?”, “which?”, “how many?”, “where?”, “when?”, “ where?", "from where?", "why?". Some of them change by number, case and gender. This applies, for example, to the pronoun “which?” Others remain unchanged and have no form. So, the pronoun “where?” never changes by case or number.

Relative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns

These include those with the help of which a sign or property of an object is described. A demonstrative pronoun is a part of speech that varies by case, gender and number. This includes “so much”, “this”, “that”, “such”, “such”, “here”, “here”, “here”, “there”, “there”, “from here”, “then”, “therefore”, “then”. In addition, there are outdated options. These are words such as “this” and “this”.

Determinative pronouns

The attribute of the object of speech is their theme. The pronoun points to it, declines according to cases, changes according to numbers and genders. Definitive words include such words as “all”, “every”, “himself”, “all”, “each”, “most”, “other”, “any”, “every”, “other”, “everywhere” , “everywhere”, “always”. Some of them are easily confused with adjectives, while others with adverbs. That is why this classification should never be forgotten.

Negative pronouns

Their meaning is associated with the absence of the object of discussion or its signs. Negative forms include “nobody”, “nothing”, “nobody”, “nothing”, “none”, “nobody”, “nowhere” and the like. The simplest analysis of pronouns allows us to notice that they are a combination of interrogative or relative with prefixes Not- or neither-. The first is used in stressed positions, and the second in cases without stress.

Indefinite pronouns

They are designed to express in speech the uncertainty of the characteristics, quantity or very essence of some objects. They are formed from an interrogative or relative variant using prefixes Not- or some-. For example, “something”, “someone”, “someone”, “some”, “several”, “something”, “somehow”. Postfixes are also used - That, -or, -someday, forming “anyone”, “how many” and similar pronouns. They have gender and number, and are declined according to cases.

Reciprocal pronouns

This group is not used in every classification. An ordinary school lesson on “Pronouns as a Part of Speech” may well not mention it. However, they exist and are used to express a relationship to two or more objects. There are a lot of such pronouns in the Russian language, each of them has variable forms. For example, mutual can be called “each other”, “for each other”, “each other”, “one for the other”, “from end to beginning”, “time after time”, “each other” and the like. They are used as objects in sentences.

General pronouns

Finally, the last group, highlighted by value. A general pronoun is a part of speech that serves to indicate objects that have a common feature that does not express their quality. For example, they can be used to combine objects into pairs - using the word “both” or the combination “both”. You can emphasize identity with the words “same” and plurality with the words “each”, “every”, “all”. One way or another, such a pronoun must unite objects into some group.

This group is distinguished by grammatical features, in contrast to all of the above, divided by meaning. Such pronouns have syntactic and morphological features in common with nouns. So, you can ask them questions “who?” or “what?”, they serve as the object or subject of a sentence. They distinguish the categories of number, person, gender and case. Not everyone knows that the word “who” is masculine, and “what” is neuter. This group includes all personal and reflexive pronouns, as well as some interrogative, relative, negative and indefinite pronouns, namely: “he”, “nobody”, “something”, “someone”, “she”, “they” and things like that.

Pronouns-adjectives

This part of speech indicates the attribute of an object. These pronouns have gender and number and can be declined according to cases. But this is not always true - “what” and “such” never change and can exclusively serve as a predicate. All the rest can serve both as definitions and as an integral part of the predicate. The unchangeable adjective pronouns are the possessives “his”, “her”, “their”. This group also includes some demonstrative, interrogative, relative, negative and indefinite, and more specifically - “my”, “your”, “our”, “your”, “which”, “whose”, “most” and the like. Sometimes pronouns and adverbs are not separated from them. They indicate a sign, while characterizing actions. Pronouns of this group have no number and gender, they are not declined by case and agree with verbs as adverbs, playing the role of adverbs in sentences. These include “there”, “where”, “where”, “when”, “so”. Some linguists do not distinguish them into a separate group at all, while others do not even classify them as such a part of speech.

Numeral pronouns

They indicate the number of items without telling them exactly. This group includes pronouns such as “as much” and “how many”, as well as all their derivatives, for example, “several”, “somewhat” or “somewhat”. All of them can be declined according to cases, but do not change according to numbers and genders. Agreement is carried out according to the same principle as with nouns. The role in the sentence is also the same - they are used as definitions.

Having the properties of pronouns and formed from pronouns - first of all, these are pronominal adverbs, and some scientists also distinguish pronominal verbs - but they are usually not combined with “nominal” pronouns.

Personal pronouns indicate the person being spoken about. 1st and 2nd person pronouns designate participants in speech ( I, You, We, You). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He, she, it, They).

Reflexive pronoun

Transfers the meaning of the direction of action to the subject of action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declined by cases:

• myself ( rd. , ext. cases), self ( dt. , etc.), by myself, by myself ( TV).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate that a particular object (subject, property, etc.) belongs to a particular person.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as related groups) relative, negative And uncertain pronouns) includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and gender, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words that they replace:

Relative pronouns

Same as interrogative questions. Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause. At the same time, they become allied words and perform the role of a union, while being a member of the sentence. For example: Ask what his grade is. Scheme: SPP (Complex Sentence); [=], (which -) (the word “which” will be underlined with a wavy line, since it will be a definition)

Demonstrative pronouns

Determinative pronouns

Negative pronouns

Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and Not is under stress.

Indefinite pronouns

• someone
• something
• some
• some
• interrogative pronouns with prefix some or suffixes -That, -or, someday: someone, somewhere, someone, something...

Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain an accent particle Not.

Classes of pronouns in Russian

1. pronouns associated with nouns(generalized-objective): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, one, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others; In academic grammar, some pronouns are sometimes separated into a special part of speech - pronominal noun, which includes pronouns of different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common to the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part of interrogatives - who what, negative - nobody, nothing, vaguely personal - someone, something and etc.)

2. pronouns associated with adjectives(generally qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, each and others;

3. pronouns corresponding to numerals(generalized-quantitative): as much as.

4. pronouns correlating with adverbs: Shots came from the right: there the battle broke out.

Views of different schools and scientists

The position of the pronoun within parts of speech has historically not been very strong. Its inclusion in the ranks of parts of speech belongs to the European grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity. But in a number of grammatical theories of the 20th century, quite strong objections to this approach appeared. They emphasized the grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, which were qualified as:

• "indicative words" (K. Brugman, K. Bühler, U. Weinreich);
• "indexes" or "indicators" (C.S. Pearce, W. Collinson);
• “words with inconsistent signification” (A. Nuren);
• "moving determinants" or "shifters" (O. Jespersen, R. O. Jacobson);
• “actualizers” or “means of transition from language to speech” (S. Bally, E. Benveniste);
• words with “subjective-objective” lexical meaning (A. M. Peshkovsky);
• "word substitutes" or "substitutes" (L.V. Shcherba, L. Bloomfield, Z.Z. Harris);
• "represents" (F. Bruno);
• "remnants of a special part of speech" (V.V. Vinogradov); and so on.

M.V. Lomonosov and F.I. Buslaev consider them as official

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.

Returnable: myself.

Possessives: mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.

Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.

Index fingers: this, that, such, such, so much.

Definitive: himself, most, all (all, everything, everything), everyone, each, any, other.

Negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one, no one, nothing.

Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something and etc.

1. Personal pronouns- pronouns indicating persons who participate in speech: these are noun pronouns. The constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is person (I, we - first person; you, you - 2nd person; he (she, it, they) - 3rd person). A constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural). All personal pronouns change by case, while not only the ending changes, but also the whole word (I - me, you - you, he - his); The 3rd person pronoun changes according to number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun- a pronoun that denotes that an action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself. This is a noun pronoun. The reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or nominative case form; the reflexive pronoun changes according to cases (self, itself, by itself).

3. Possessive pronouns- indicate the attribute of an object by its affiliation: these are adjective pronouns.

Possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case (my, my, mine, mine, mine, etc.). When indicating belonging to a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.

4. Interrogative pronouns- used in interrogative sentences. Who? What? - pronouns-nouns. They have no gender, person, or number; change according to cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.). Which? whose? which? - pronouns-adjectives, change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (which, which, which, which, which, etc.). How many? - numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.). Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

5. Relative pronounscoincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, where, when, how many, where, where, why and others, but are used not as question words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses (I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know who is to blame for our failure; I know where the money is hidden. ). The morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns.

6. Demonstrative pronouns- these are means of indicating certain objects, signs, quantity (with distinguishing one from the other). That, this, this, such are pronouns-adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.). So much is a numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (so many, so many, so many, etc.). There, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

7. Determinative pronouns- serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question. Himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any - pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (every, every, every, every, everyone, etc.). Everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

8.Negative pronouns- indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, nor-: who → no one, how much → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.

9. Indefinite pronouns- indicate vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and postfixes -that, -either, -someone: who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.

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