Why was King Solomon considered a hopeless sinner, and his trial as the fairest? Wise judgment of Solomon.

Before understanding and defining the meaning and meaning of the expression “Judgment of Solomon,” let us plunge into the very ancient history and let us turn to the Bible for help to find out who Solomon was and why he became so famous. And here it should immediately be noted that the name Solomon (Shlomo) is translated from Hebrew as “peacemaker.”

Just one statement about Solomon and his court is worth a lot and it goes like this: “The main thing is wisdom, acquire wisdom and with all your possessions acquire understanding. Appreciate it and it will exalt you.”

King Solomon

Solomon was the third king of Judah, whose reign dates back to approximately 967-928 BC. He was also the son of Bathsheba. Even at birth, the prophet Nathan singled him out from all the sons of David, who later became the most intelligent and dispassionate ruler. It was he who built the First on He had a talent for foresight and was very sensitive, so many legends and fairy tales are associated with his name.

Solomon's judgment was always fair and wise. There is a legend that when God appeared to him in a dream and promised to fulfill his every desire, Solomon asked for a reasonable heart in order to correctly judge his people and be able to distinguish between good and evil. Solomon became a peaceful king; during the forty years of his reign there was not a single major war. He was an excellent diplomat, merchant and builder, and under him chariots, cavalry and a merchant fleet appeared in the Jewish army. He strengthened and rebuilt his Jerusalem, which began to drown in luxury and wealth. King Solomon made silver equal to simple stones.

The price of disobedience

But, like any king, he also made mistakes, and therefore after his death his state fell apart. One of the reasons was the king’s construction of temples and pagan idols for his many wives, who were often from different races and religions. He even swore an oath to participate personally in some pagan cults.

The oral Torah Midrash describes that when King Solomon married his daughter Egyptian pharaoh, then the Archangel Gabriel descended from heaven to earth and stuck his pole into the depths of the sea, on this place Rome was subsequently built, which would later conquer Jerusalem.

The biblical “Book of Kingdoms” says that at the end of his life God again appeared before Solomon and told him that he would tear his kingdom away from him, since he had not fulfilled His covenants and statutes, but during his lifetime he would not do this because of his father. David. After the death of Solomon, his once strong and powerful kingdom fell apart into two weak states of Israel and Judah, which began to fight among themselves.

Solomon's Judgment: Meaning

There is such a popular expression among the people - “Solomon’s court” or “Solomon’s decision”. It implies a quick, witty and at the same time unexpected solution, which helps to deftly get out of some difficult and very controversial situation. This phraseological unit “Judgment of Solomon” is used in the meaning of “quick and wise.”

Examples of Solomon's wise decisions

One day Solomon began to judge two women who could not share a baby between them. They lived in the same house, and almost at the same time they each had a baby. At night, one of the women slept with her child, and he died. Then she took the living child from another and transferred her dead one to her. The next morning a fierce argument arose between the women. So they came to Solomon for judgment. He, having listened to their story, ordered to cut the child in half and distribute the halves to the mothers. One of the women immediately decided: it would be better if no one got it. Another begged not to kill the baby, and immediately allowed another woman to take the child, as long as he remained alive. Having identified her as a real mother, King Solomon immediately ordered the child to be given to this woman.

Pharaoh's Help

One day Solomon took the daughter of Pharaoh as his wife when he was building the Holy of Holies - the temple of his Lord, and one day he decided to send an ambassador to his father-in-law with a request to help him. Pharaoh immediately sent six hundred people who were destined for death according to the horoscope to help Solomon. Thus, he wanted to test the wisdom of the king of Israel. Solomon, seeing them from afar, ordered shrouds to be sewn for them, and then assigned his ambassador to them and told his father-in-law that if he had nothing to bury his dead in, then here are the clothes for them and let him bury them at home.

Solomon's trial of the three brothers

The dying father called his three sons to give his last orders regarding the inheritance. They came to him, and he told them that he had a treasure buried somewhere in the ground, there were three vessels standing on top of each other. Let the eldest go to the top vessel, the middle one to the next, and the youngest to the bottom. When the father died, they dug up the treasure and saw that the first vessel was filled with gold, the second with bones, and the third with earth. The brothers, in horror, began to argue over the gold and could not divide it. It was then that they decided to come to Solomon so that he would justly resolve them

Solomon's court, as always, was very wise; he ordered the gold to be given to the elder brother, livestock and servants to the middle one, and vineyards, grain and fields to the younger one. And he told them that their father was a smart man, since he divided everything between them so competently during his lifetime.

Example of "Solomon's solution"

Sayings of King Solomon

• Let someone else praise you, and not your mouth; let someone else praise you, and not your tongue.
• Hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins.
• Whoever repays good with evil, evil will not leave his house.
• He who gives verbal instructions to a fool cuts his legs and suffers troubles.
• A weak-minded person expresses contempt for his neighbor; But once clever man is silent.
• Three things are incomprehensible to me, and four I do not understand: the way of the eagle in the sky, the way of the serpent on the rock, the way of the ship in the middle of the sea, and the way of a man to the heart of a woman.
• Better is a piece of dry bread, and with it peace, than a house full of slaughtered cattle, with discord.
• Whoever curses his father and his mother, his lamp will go out in the midst of deep darkness.
• Do not move the ancient boundaries that your fathers set.
• It is not to the swift that the race will be successful, nor to the brave the victory, nor to the wise the bread, nor to the wise the wealth, nor to the skillful the favor, but time and chance for all of them.
• The righteous suffer what the deeds of the wicked would deserve, and the wicked suffer what the deeds of the righteous would deserve.
• Stupidity has been placed in high positions, while the worthy remain below
• Fear God and keep His commandments, for God will bring every deed into judgment,
  and everything secret, whether it is good or bad
• It is better to live in a desert land than with a quarrelsome and angry wife.
• A lazy hand makes you poor, but the hand of the diligent makes you rich. He who gathers during the summer is a wise son, but he who sleeps during the harvest is a dissolute son.
• A fool believes every word, but a prudent man pays attention to his ways.
• A cheerful heart is beneficial, like medicine, but a sad spirit dries out the bones.

King Solomon's Mines

It is believed that King Solomon was incredibly rich. His economic skills contributed to this. He bought horses in Cilicia (according to Wikipedia - the south-eastern region of Asia Minor) and sold them to Mesopotamia and Egypt, resold war chariots purchased in Egypt to other countries, built a port in the Gulf of Akabad and established successful maritime trade, explored copper deposits in Jordan ore, became almost a monopolist in its trade and made huge profits. These mines became the prototype of the legendary, supposedly gold and silver mines of King Solomon, about the search for which he created a novel in 1885 English writer Henry Rider Haggard.

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From the Bible. The Old Testament (The Third Book of Kings, chapter 3, vv. 16-28) says how one day two women came to the wise King Solomon with a request to resolve their dispute. One of them said that they lived in the same house, and they each had a son of the same age. Last night, another woman accidentally strangled her son in a dream ("fell asleep" him) and transferred the dead one to her, and took her living son to her and now passes him off as her own. Another woman claimed the opposite: allegedly it was the one who accused her who did it. And each of them claimed that the living child belonged to her.
Solomon ordered a sword to be given to him (vv. 25-26): “And the king said: Cut the living child in two and give half to one and half to the other. And that woman, whose son was alive, answered the king, for her whole inside was agitated with pity for her son: Oh, my lord! give her this child alive and do not kill him. And the other said: let it not happen, neither for me nor for you, chop it down.” So Solomon realized which of the two women was the true mother of the child, and gave him to the one who asked to save his life.
In Russia, this plot called “The Judgment of Solomon” was widely known, as it was often found in popular prints and in handwritten collections of moralizing literature of the 16th-16th centuries.
Allegorically:

Meanings in other dictionaries

The sun of Russian poetry

From the only notice of the death of A.S. Pushkin, which was published on January 30, 1837 in the 5th issue of “Literary Additions” - a supplement to the newspaper “Russian Invalid”. This notice, written by the writer Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky (1804-1869), consisted of several lines: “The sun of our poetry has set! Pushkin died, died in the prime of his life, in the midst of his great career! ...

SOLOMON'S COURTS

<О ДВУХ БЛУДНИЦАХ>

(...) And at that time Solomon gave a great feast to his people. Then two harlot women appeared before the king, and one woman said, “I am in trouble, my lord. Me and this friend of mine - we live in the same house in which we were both born. My son was born. And on the third day after I gave birth, this woman also gave birth to a son; We live only together, and no one is with us in our house. That night this woman's son died because she slept with him. And so, getting up in the middle of the night, she took my boy from my hand and put him to sleep on her bed, and laid her dead boy with me. I got up in the morning to feed the baby and found him dead. Then I realized that this was not my son whom I gave birth to.” And the other woman said: “No, my son is alive, but yours is dead.” And they argued before the king.

And the king said to them: “So you say this: “This is my son alive, and hers is dead,” and she says: “No, mine is alive, but yours is dead.” And the king said to the servants: “Cut this living boy in half and give half of him to this and half to that. And the dead one, too, having cut it up, give half of it to this and half to that.”

And the woman whose son was alive answered, for her soul was in turmoil because of her son, and said: “Let me be in trouble, my lord. Give her this boy, don’t kill him.” And the other woman said: “Let it be neither for me nor for her! Cut him in two." The king replied: “Give the child alive to the woman who said: “Give it to her, and do not kill him.” Give him to her, for she is his mother."

Israel heard about this judgment by which the king judged, and all the faces of the king were afraid, for they understood that he had been given God’s purpose to create justice and righteousness.

<0 ПОМОЩИ ФАРАОНА>

Solomon took Pharaoh's daughter as his wife when he built the Holy of Holies. And he sent his ambassador to him with the words: “My father-in-law! Send me help." And he chose six hundred people, having learned through astrology that they would die that year - he wanted to test the wisdom of Solomon. When they were brought to Solomon, he saw them from afar and ordered shrouds to be sewn for all of them. He appointed his ambassador to them and sent him to Pharaoh, saying: “My father-in-law! If you have nothing to bury your dead in, here are some clothes for you. Bury them yourself."

THE TALE OF HOW THE Whale Race Was Captured by SOLOMON

When Solomon was building the Holy of Holies, he needed to ask Kitovras a question. They told him where he lived, they said - in the distant desert. Then the wise Solomon decided to forge an iron chain and an iron hoop, and on it he wrote a spell in the name of God. And he sent the first of his boyars with servants, and ordered them to bring wine and honey, and they took sheep skins with them. They came to Kitovras’s dwelling, to his three wells, but he was not there. And at the direction of Solomon, they poured wine and honey into those wells, and covered the well with sheep skins. Wine was poured into two wells, and honey into the third. They themselves, hiding, watched from the hiding place when he would come to drink water at the wells. And soon he came, leaned down to the water, began to drink and said: “Whoever drinks wine does not become wiser.” But he no longer wanted to drink water, and he said: “You are the wine that gladdens people’s hearts,” and he drank all three wells. And he wanted to sleep a little, and the wine washed away from him, and he fell asleep soundly. The boyar approached and tightly chained him around the neck, arms and legs. And, waking up, he wanted to rush. And the boyar said to him: “Sir, Solomon wrote the name of the Lord with a spell on the chains that are now on you.” He, seeing them on himself, meekly went to Jerusalem to the king.

That was his character. He did not walk the crooked path, but only the straight one. And when they came to Jerusalem, they cleared the way for him and destroyed the houses, for he did not go around. And they approached the widow’s house, and, running out, the widow screamed, begging Kitovras: “Sir, I am a poor widow. Do not hurt me!" He bent over near the corner, without moving out of the way, and broke his rib. And said: " Soft tongue breaks a bone." When they were leading him through the bargaining, they heard one man say: “Are there shoes for seven years?” - Kitovras laughed. And, seeing another person casting a spell, he laughed. And when I saw the wedding being celebrated, I cried. Seeing a man on the way wandering without a path, he directed him onto the road. And they brought him to the court of the kings.

On the first day they did not take him to Solomon. And Kitovras said: “Why doesn’t the king call me?” They told him: “He drank too much yesterday.” Kitovras took the stone and put it on another stone. Solomon was told what Kitovras had done. And the king said: “He commands me to drink drink upon drink.” And the next day the king did not call him to him. And Kitovras asked: “Why don’t you take me to the king and why don’t I see his face?” And they said: “The king is unwell because he ate a lot yesterday.” Then Kntovras removed the stone from the stone.

On the third day they said: “The king is calling you.” He measured the rod to four cubits, went in to the king, bowed and silently threw the rod in front of the king. The king, in his wisdom, explained to his boyars what the rod meant and said: “God gave you the possession of the universe, but you were not satisfied, and you caught me too.” And Solomon said to him: “I did not bring you on a whim, but to ask how to build the Holy of Holies. I brought you by command of the Lord, since it is not allowed for me to cut stones with iron.”

And Kitovras said: “There is a small bird called Shamir. The Kokot leaves its children in its nest on a stone mountain in the distant desert.” Solomon sent his boyar with his servants, at the direction of Kitovras, to the nest. And Kitovras gave the boyar transparent glass and ordered him to hide near the nest: “When the cocotte flies out, cover the nest with this glass.” The boyar went to the nest; and there were small chicks in it, but the cocotte flew away to get food, and he blocked the mouth of the nest with glass. We waited a little, and the cocotte flew in and wanted to climb into the nest. The chicks squeak through the glass, but he cannot get to them. Then he took what he had stored in a certain place, and brought it to the nest, and laid it on the glass, although it should be seated. Then people shouted and he released it. And, taking it, the boyar brought it to Solomon.

Then Solomon asked Kitovras: “Why did you laugh when the man asked for shoes for seven years?” “I saw from him,” answered Kitovras, “that he would not live even seven days.” The king sent to check, and it turned out so. And Solomon asked: “Why did you laugh when the man cast a spell?” Kitovras answered: “He told people about the secret, but he himself did not know that underneath there was a treasure of gold.” And Solomon said, “Go and check.” We checked and it turned out to be so. And the king asked: “Why did you cry when you saw the wedding?” Kitovras replied: “They were sad because the groom would not live even thirty days.” The king checked, and it turned out so. And the king asked: “Why did you bring a drunken man onto the road?” Kitovras answered: “I heard from heaven that that man is virtuous and should serve him.”

Kitovras stayed with Solomon until the Holy of Holies was completed. Solomon once said to Kitovras: “Now I saw that your strength is like human strength, and not more than our strength, but the same.” And Kitovras said to him: “King, if you want to see what strength I have, take off my chains and give me your ring from your hand; then you will see my strength.” Solomon took off the iron chain from him and gave him a ring. And he swallowed the ring, stretched out his wing, swung, and struck Solomon, and threw him to the edge of the promised land. The wise men and scribes learned about this and sought out Solomon.

Solomon was always seized with fear of Kitovras at night. And the king built a bed and ordered sixty strong youths to stand in a circle with swords. That is why the Scriptures say: “The bed of Solomon, sixty young men of valor from the Israelites and from the countries of the north.”

ABOUT KITOVRAS FROM PALEA

Kitovras is a fast beast. Wise Solomon caught him with the help of cunning. He has a human form, and the legs of a cow. The fable says that he carried his wife in his ear. This is the trick they used to catch him. His wife said to the young man, her lover, this: “He walks around many lands day and night and comes to a certain place where there are two wells. And he, getting excited, drinks both those wells.” Solomon ordered wine to be poured into one of them, and honey into the other. Kitovras, galloping up, drank both wells. Then they caught him, drunk and sleeping, and chained him tightly, for he had great strength. And they brought him to King Solomon. The king asked him: “What is the most beautiful thing in this world?” He replied: “Your own will is best.” And, rushing, he broke everything and galloped to his own will.

<0 ДВУГЛАВОМ МУЖЕ И ЕГО ДЕТЯХ>

Kitovras, leaving for his people, gave Solomon a man with two heads. That man took root with Solomon. Solomon asked him: “What kind of people are you from? Are you human or demon? The man answered: “I am one of the people who live underground.” And the king asked him: “Do you have a sun and a moon?” He said: “From your west the sun rises to us, and in your east it sets. So when you have day, then we have night. And when you have night, then we have day.” And the king gave him a wife. And two sons were born to him: one with two heads, and the other with one. And their father had a lot of good things. And their father died. The two-headed man said to his brother: “Let’s divide the property according to heads.” And the younger brother said: “There are two of us. Let's divide the estate in half." And they went to the king for trial. The one-headed man said to the king: “We are two brothers. We must divide the property in half." And the two-headed one said to the king: “I have two heads, and I want to take two shares.” The king, in his wisdom, ordered vinegar to be served and said: “Are these two heads from different bodies? I pour vinegar on one head: if the other head doesn’t feel it, take two shares for two heads. And if the other head feels the pouring vinegar, then both of these heads are from the same body. Then you’ll take one share.” And when the vinegar poured on one head, the other began to squeal. And the king said: “Since you have one body, you will take one share.” So King Solomon judged them.

<ЗАГАДКИ МАЛКАТОШКИ>

There was a foreign queen of the South named Malkatoshka. She came to test Solomon with riddles; she was very wise. And she brought him gifts: twenty drops of gold, a lot of potions and rotting wood. Solomon, having heard about the arrival of the queen, sat down in a hall with a transparent glass floor on a platform, wanting to test her. And she, seeing that the king was sitting in the water, picked up her clothes in front of him. And he saw that she had a beautiful face, but her body was as hairy as a brush. With this hair she bewitched the men who were with her. Solomon said to his wise men: “Prepare a bath and ointment with potion and anoint her body so that her hair falls out.” And the wise men and scribes told him to get together with her. Having conceived by him, she went to her own land and gave birth to a son, and this was Nebuchadnezzar.

This was her riddle to Solomon. She gathered boys and girls dressed in identical clothes and said to the king: “See according to your wisdom which are boys and which are girls.” The king, in his wisdom, ordered the fruits to be brought, and they poured them out in front of them. The boys began to pick up the skirts of their clothes, and the girls began to pick up the sleeves. And Solomon said: “These are boys, and these are girls.” Because of this, she marveled at his cunning.

The next day she gathered the circumcised and uncircumcised youths and said to Solomon: “Sort out which are circumcised and which are uncircumcised.” The king ordered the bishop to bring in the holy crown, on which was written the word of the Lord, with which Balaam was turned away from sorcery. The circumcised youths stood up, and the uncircumcised ones fell down before the crown. She was very surprised by this.

The wise men made a wish for Solomon’s cunning men: “We have a well far from the city. In your wisdom, guess what can be used to drag him to the city?” The cunning Solomons, realizing that this could not be, told them: “Weave a rope from the bran, and we will drag your well to the city.”

And again the wise men asked her: “If a field grows with knives, how can you reap it?” They were answered: “With a donkey’s horn.” And her wise men said, “Where are the donkey’s horns?” They answered: “Where does beer produce knives?”

They also made a wish: “If the salt rots, how can you salt it?” They said: “Taking the womb of a mule, you must salt it.” And they said: “Where is the mule giving birth?” They answered: “Where the salt rots.”

The queen, seeing the mansions created, and the abundance of food, and how his people sat, and how his servants stood, and their clothes, and the drink, and the sacrifices that they brought to the house of God, said: “The speech that I heard in the house is true.” my land about your wisdom. And I did not have faith in the speeches until I came and saw with my own eyes. It turns out that not even half of it was told to me. It is good for your men who hear your wisdom.”

King Solomon gave this queen the name Malkatoshka and everything she asked for. And she went to her land with her people.

<0 НАСЛЕДСТВЕ ТРЕХ БРАТЬЕВ>

In the days of Solomon there lived a man who had three sons. Dying, this man called them to him and told them: “I have a treasure in the ground. In that place, he said, three vessels stand on top of each other. After my death, let the eldest take the top one, the middle one take the middle one, and the youngest one take the bottom one.” After the death of their father, his sons discovered this treasure in the presence of people. And it turned out that the top vessel was full of gold, the middle was full of bones, and the bottom was full of earth. These brothers began to quarrel, saying: “Are you a son, since you take the gold, and we are not sons?” And they went to Solomon for judgment. And Solomon judged between them: what is gold is to the eldest, and what is cattle and servants is to the middle, judging by the bones; and as for the vineyards, fields and grain, then to the lesser. And he said to them: “Your father was a smart man and divided you during his lifetime.”

<0 ТРЕХ ПУТНИКАХ>

One day three men were walking their way, carrying gold in their belts. Having stopped to rest in a deserted place, they conferred and decided: “Let’s hide the gold in a cache: if robbers attack, we will run away, and it will be preserved.” Having dug a hole, they all put their belts in the hiding place. In the middle of the night, when two friends fell asleep, the third, harboring an evil thought, got up and hid the belts in another place. And when they, having rested, came to the hiding place to take their belts, then, having found them, they all shouted at once; The villain screamed much louder than both of the others. And everyone returned home. And they said: “Let’s go to Solomon and tell him about our trouble.” And they came to Solomon and said: “We don’t know, king, whether it was a beast, a bird, or an angel. Explain to us, king.” He, in his wisdom, told them: “I will find you tomorrow. But since you are travelers, I beg you: explain to me: “A certain young man, having become engaged to a beautiful girl, gave her wedding ring without the knowledge of her father and mother. This young man went to another land and got married there. And the father gave the girl away in marriage. And when the groom wanted to come in to her, the girl screamed and said: “Out of shame, I did not tell my father that I was engaged to someone else. Fear God, go to my betrothed, ask his permission: let me be your wife according to his word.” The young man got ready and, taking a lot of goods and the girl, went there. And he gave him permission: “Let her be your wife, since you have already taken her.” The groom tells her: “Let’s go back and arrange the wedding again.” And when they were walking back, they met a certain rapist with his people and captured him with the girl and the goods. And this robber wanted to do violence to the girl, but she screamed and told the robber that she had gone for permission and had not yet been in bed with her husband. The robber was surprised and said to her husband: “Take your wife and go with your goods.” And Solomon said: “I told you about this girl and young man. Tell me now, you people who have lost your belts: who is better - a young man, or a girl, or a robber?” One responded by saying: “The girl is good because she told about her engagement.” Another said: “The young man is good because he waited until permission.” The third said: “The robber is better than everyone else, because he returned the girl and let him go. But there was no need to give away the good.” Then Solomon said in response: “Friend, you are after other people’s goods. You took all the belts." The same one said: “Mr. King, truly it is so. I won’t hide from you.”

<0 FEMININE MEANING>

And then the wise Solomon, wanting to experience the meaning of the female world, called his boyar named Dekir and said to him: “I really like you. And I will love you even more if you fulfill my wish: kill your wife, and I will give my best daughter for you.” I told him the same thing a few days later. And Dekir did not want to do this. And finally he said: “I will do your will, king.” The king gave him his sword with the words: “Cut off your wife’s head when she falls asleep, so that she does not dissuade you with her speeches.” He went and found his wife sleeping, and on her sides were two children. And he looked at his wife and his sleeping children and said in his heart: “If I hit my friend with a sword like this, I will upset my children.” The king called him to him and asked him, saying: “Have you fulfilled my will regarding your wife?” He replied: “I, my lord the king, could not fulfill it.”

The king sent him as an ambassador to another city and, calling his wife, said to her: “I like you much more than all the women. If you do what I command you, I will make you queen. Stab your husband sleeping on the bed, and this is your sword.” In response, the wife said: “I am glad, king, that you command this.” Solomon, understanding through his wisdom that her husband did not want to kill his wife, gave him a sharp sword; and realizing his wife that she wanted to kill her husband, he gave her a blunt sword, pretending that it was sharp, saying: “With this sword, kill your husband sleeping on your bed.” She put the sword on her husband’s chest and began to move it along his throat, thinking that it was sharp. And he quickly jumped up, believing that some enemies had attacked, and seeing that his wife was holding a sword, “Why,” he said, “my friend, did you decide to kill me?” In response to her husband, the wife said: “The tongue of man convinced me to kill you.” He wanted to call people and then he realized that Solomon had taught her.

Solomon, hearing about this, wrote this verse into the Collection, saying: “I found one man among thousands, but I did not find a woman in the whole world.”

<0 СЛУГЕ И СЫНЕ>

In the days of Solomon there was a rich man in Babylon, but he had no children. Having lived half his days, he adopted a servant boy. And, having equipped him, he sent him with goods from Babylon on trade matters. The same one, having come to Jerusalem, made money there. And he became one of Solomon’s boyars sitting at the king’s dinner.

Meanwhile, a son was born to the master of his house. And when the boy was thirteen years old, his father died. And his mother said to him: “Son, I heard about your father’s slave, that he got rich in Jerusalem. Go and find him." He came to Jerusalem and asked about the man by the name of this servant. And he was very famous. He was told that he was at Solomon's for dinner. And the youth entered the royal hall and asked: “Who is such and such a boyar here?” He replied: “It’s me.” Approaching, the boy hit him in the face and said: “You are my slave! Don’t be a boyar while sitting, but go to work! And give me your goods." And the king became angry and became annoyed. Turning to Solomon, the youth said: “If, O king, this servant of my father does not exist, then because I hit him with my hand, I will receive a blow with a sword that will kill me.” The one struck in turn said: “I am the master’s son, and this is my father’s servant and mine. I have witnesses in Babylon." The king said: “I will not believe the witnesses. I’d rather send my ambassador to Babylon - let him take a humerus bone from his father’s coffin, and it will tell me which of you is a son and which is a servant. And you be here." And the king sent his trusted ambassador, and he brought the humerus. In his wisdom, the king ordered the bone to be washed clean, seated his boyar and all the wise men, boyars and scribes in front of him and said to the man who knew how to bleed: “Let this boyar bleed.” He did it. Then the king ordered to put the bone in warm blood. He explained the meaning of the command to his boyars, saying: “If this is his son, then his blood will adhere to the father’s bone. If he doesn’t cling, then he’s a slave.” And they took the bone out of the blood, and the bone was white, as before. Then the king ordered to let the boy’s blood into another vessel. And, having washed the bone, they put it in the young man’s blood. And the bone was saturated with blood. And the king said to his boyars: “See with your own eyes what this bone says: “This one is my son, and that one is a slave.” This is what their king decided.

<О ЦАРЕ АДАРИАНЕ>

After this, Solomon began to tell his boyars: “There was King Adrian, and he commanded his boyars to call him god. And, not wanting to, the boyars said to him: “Our king! Do you think in your heart that there was no God before you? We will call you the highest king among kings if you take Jerusalem that is on high and the Holy of Holies.” He, having gathered with many soldiers, went and took Jerusalem, and returned back, and said to them: “Just as God commands and says, he will do it, so I did. Now call me god." He had three philosophers. The first one answered him, saying: “If you want to be called a god, keep in mind: a boyar cannot be called a king while in the royal palace until he comes out.” So you, if you want to be called god, go out from the whole universe and there call yourself god.”

And the other said: “You cannot be called a god.” The king asked: “Why?” He replied: “Says Jeremiah the prophet: “The gods who did not create heaven and earth shall perish.” If you want to perish, king, call yourself a god.”

And the third said: “My lord, king! Help me quickly!” The king asked: “What is the matter with you?” And the philosopher said: “My boat, three miles from here, is ready to sink, and all my goods are in it,” and the king said: “Don’t be afraid. I will send people and they will bring her.” And the philosopher said: “Why do you, king, bother your people? Send a quiet wind, let it save her.” He, having understood, remained silent with displeasure and went to rest with his queen.

And the queen said: “The philosophers deceived you, king, by telling you that you cannot be called god.” Wanting to console him in that sadness, she said: “You are a king, you are rich, you are worthy of great honor. “Do,” she said, “one thing, and then call yourself God.” The king asked: “Which one?” And the queen replied: “Return the property of God that you have.” He asked: “What property?” The queen said: “Return your soul, which God put into your body, and then call yourself God.” He objected: “If there is no soul in me, in my body, how can I be called God?” The queen told him: “If you don’t control your soul, then you can’t call yourself a god.”

<О ПОХИЩЕННОЙ ЦАРЕВНЕ>

King Solomon asked the princess for himself. And they didn’t give her up for him. Then Solomon said to the demons: “Go and take that princess and bring her to me.” And the demons went and kidnapped her at the crossing, when she was leaving her mother’s chambers, put her in a ship and rushed across the sea.

And then the princess saw that a man was drinking water, and behind him the water was coming out. She asked: “Explain to me what this is.” And the demons said: “He will explain to you to whom we are taking you.” They drive further and see a man wandering in the water, asking for water, and the waves are knocking him down. And the princess said: “My dear matchmakers, explain this to me: why is that man, wandering in the water, asking for water?” And they said: “He will explain to you who we are taking you to.” And they drove along and saw a man reaping hay, walking, and two goats, following him, eating the grass: what he reaps, they eat. And the princess said: “Explain to me, my dear matchmakers, explain to me: why don’t those goats eat the unharvested grass?” And the demons told her: “He will explain to you to whom we are taking you.”

And they rushed her to the city. One demon went and told King Solomon: “They have brought you a bride.” The king, having mounted his horse, rode ashore. And the princess said to him: “Today I am yours, king. But explain this to me: a man was drinking water, and it came out behind him.” The king said: “Why are you surprised at this? After all, this is a royal house: one enters here, one leaves from here.” And the princess asked: “And explain to me what this is: one man, wandering in the water, asks for water, and the waves knock him down?” Solomon replied: “O bride! Why are you surprised by this, bride? This is, after all, a servant of kings: he judges one lawsuit, and seeks another lawsuit in order to make the king’s heart good.” “And here’s another thing to explain to me: a man reaps grass, and what he reaps, two goats, following him, eat it. Why don’t those goats that crawled into the hay eat the unharvested grass?” And the king said: “Bride! Why are you surprised? If a man takes another wife with someone else’s children, then what he earns, they will eat. But he has nothing for himself. Now go, bride, to my chamber.”

There is such a thing popular expression- Solomon's court. Sometimes it is also used - Solomon's solution. Of course, first we look at the dictionary of phraseological units...

Solomon's solution: about the witty, unexpected decision business, a clever way out of a difficult situation.

Phraseologism “Judgment of Solomon” is used to mean: wise and swift judgment. It is based on a biblical myth.

We read the myth:

17 And one woman said: O my lord! This woman and I live in the same house; and I gave birth in her presence in this house;

19 And the woman's son died by night, for she slept with him;

21 In the morning I got up to feed my son, and behold, he was dead; and when I looked at him in the morning, it was not my son whom I gave birth to.

22 And the other woman said, No, my son is alive, but your son is dead. And she told her: no, your son is dead, but mine is alive. And they spoke thus before the king.

24 And the king said, Give me a sword. And they brought the sword to the king.

25 And the king said, Cut the living child in two and give half to one and half to the other.

26 And that woman, whose son was alive, answered the king, for her whole inside was agitated with pity for her son: Oh, my lord! give her this child alive and do not kill him. And the other said: let it not be for me or for you, chop it down.

27 And the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and do not kill him: she is his mother.

The most primitive representatives ancient people They didn’t understand at all - what was it?

“At this decision, all the people secretly laughed at the king, who allegedly acted in this case completely childishly” (Josephus).

This ultra-naive point of view was perfectly depicted by Mark Twain in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” Conversation between Huck and the runaway slave Jim:

- I don’t believe that he was a sage. Sometimes he acted quite stupidly. Do you remember how he ordered the baby to be cut in half?

- Well, yes, the widow told me about it.

- Exactly! You can't think of anything more stupid! I ask you: what good is half a dollar? After all, you can’t buy anything with it. What is half a child good for? Yes, I wouldn’t give anything for a million halves.

- Well, Jim, you didn’t understand at all what the point was, by God, you didn’t understand.

- Come on, your essence! The point is what habits this Solomon has. Take, for example, a person who has only one or two children - will such a person really begin to throw children? No, he won’t, he can’t afford it. He knows that children should be treasured. But if he has five million children running around the house, then, of course, it’s a different matter. It doesn’t matter to him whether a baby is cut in two or a kitten. There will still be a lot left.

Mark Twain, as always, is brilliant, light and at the same time wise, ironic and cheerful. Poor Jim didn't understand King Solomon at all. He thought at the most primitive level, and believed that the king was really going to give half of the baby to the women. But even in the traditional interpretation - Solomon quickly and effectively determined who the real mother is - there are things that are unclear. Why didn't he ask, for example, the fathers of these children? Perhaps fathers would be able to determine whose child is more objectively. Well, not the fathers (it is unknown whether men are able to distinguish between two newborns), but other witnesses. They didn’t live in emptiness; there were people around. But he didn’t do this, and didn’t even try, but reacted the way he reacted – with provocation. And I immediately received an answer. But what question? Is it accurate to the question “whose child”?

But no.

Solomon made no attempt at all to determine which of the women was the biological mother. That wasn't what interested him. As the legendary fair judge, he had to find out not this - but that with whom will the child be better?. For Solomon, even though he lived in rather barbaric and inhumanistic times 3500 years ago, it was important who would take better care of the child. He could ask for information about financial situation and the size of the living space, whether they are going to raise him in the right faith, to unleash crowds of scribes and officials on the women, who would spend months figuring out who should be awarded the child...

But he figured it out brilliantly and with lightning speed: one woman cared primarily about the life of the child, and the second was about winning the argument. And it didn’t depend at all on who he actually was. This is what he defined: the good of the child.

It must be assumed that this benefited the child and he ended up with a caring mother instead of a heartless, scandalous debater who was ready to sacrifice his life - just so that he would not go to someone else.