Summary: Life and way of life of Russian people of the XVI century in "Domostroy". Daily life in ancient Rus'

"Rus' is not without good people!" Russian people can be safely attributed to the most sympathetic peoples of the world. On the pages of history, you can find many characters who throughout their lives have tried to make the world a little better. Among them are doctors, soldiers, nobles, and even royalty.

The opening of universities, specialized printing houses and schools, helping orphans, the hungry and the homeless is far from full list good deeds of these people, which will be discussed in our material.

Even during his lifetime, Fyodor Rtishchev, a close friend and adviser to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, received the nickname "gracious husband." Klyuchevsky wrote that Rtishchev fulfilled only part of the commandment of Christ - he loved his neighbor, but not himself.

He was from that rare breed of people who put the interests of others above their own "I want." It was on the initiative of the “bright man” that the first shelters for the poor appeared not only in Moscow, but also abroad. It was common for Rtishchev to pick up a drunk on the street and take him to a temporary shelter organized by him - an analogue of a modern sobering-up station.

How many were saved from death and did not freeze in the street, one can only guess. In 1671, Fyodor Mikhailovich sent grain carts to the starving Vologda, and then the money received from the sale of personal property. And when he found out about the need of the Arzamas residents for additional lands, he simply presented his own.

During the Russian-Polish war, he took out not only compatriots, but also Poles from the battlefield. He hired doctors, rented houses, bought food and clothing for the wounded and prisoners, again at his own expense. After the death of Rtishchev, his "Life" appeared - a unique case of demonstrating the holiness of a layman, and not a monk.

The second wife of Paul I, Maria Fedorovna, was famous for her excellent health and tirelessness. Starting the morning with cold douches, prayers and strong coffee, the Empress devoted the rest of the day to taking care of her countless pupils.

She knew how to convince moneybags to donate money for the construction of educational institutions for noble maidens in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Simbirsk and Kharkov.

With her direct participation, the largest charitable organization was created - the Imperial Humanitarian Society, which existed until the beginning of the 20th century. Having 9 children of her own, she took special care of abandoned babies: the sick were nursed in foster homes, strong and healthy - in trustworthy peasant families. This approach has significantly reduced child mortality.

With all the scale of her activities, Maria Fedorovna paid attention to trifles that are not essential for life. So, in Obukhovskaya psychiatric hospital Petersburg, each patient received their own kindergarten. Her will contains the following lines: “Give life to Your Spirit with meekness, love and mercy. Be helpers and benefactors to the suffering and the poor.”

A descendant of the Rurikids, Prince Vladimir Odoevsky was convinced that the thought he had sown would certainly "sprout tomorrow" or "in a thousand years." A close friend of Griboedov and Pushkin, the writer and philosopher Odoevsky was an active supporter of the abolition of serfdom, worked to the detriment of his own interests for the Decembrists and their families, tirelessly intervened in the fate of the most disadvantaged.

He was ready to rush to the aid of anyone who applied, and in everyone he saw a “living string” that could be made to sound for the good of the cause. The St. Petersburg Society for Visiting the Poor, organized by him, helped 15,000 needy families. There was a women's workshop, a children's rooming house with a school, a hospital, hostels for the elderly and families, and a social store.

Despite his origins and connections, Odoevsky did not seek to occupy an important post, believing that in a "secondary position" he was able to bring "real benefit." The "strange scientist" tried to help young inventors realize their ideas. The main character traits of the prince, according to contemporaries, were humanity and virtue.

An innate sense of justice distinguished the grandson of Paul I from most of his colleagues. He not only served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment during the reign of Nicholas I, but also equipped the first school in the history of the country in which soldiers' children were trained at the place of service.

Later, this successful experience was applied to other regiments. In 1834, the prince witnessed the public punishment of a woman who was driven through the soldiers' formation, after which he petitioned for dismissal, stating that he would never be able to carry out such orders. Petr Georgievich devoted his further life to charity. He was a trustee and an honorary member of many institutions and societies, including the Kyiv House of Charity for the Poor.

Retired lieutenant Sergei Skyrmunt is almost unknown to the general public. He did not hold high positions and failed to become famous for his good deeds, but he was able to build socialism in a single estate.

At the age of 30, when Sergei Apollonovich painfully pondered over future fate, 2.5 million rubles fell on him from the deceased distant relative. The inheritance was not squandered or played at cards. One part of it became the basis for donations to the Society for the Promotion of Public Access folk entertainment, founded by Skyrmunt himself. With the rest of the money, the millionaire built a hospital and a school on the estate, and all his peasants were able to move to new huts.

The whole life of this amazing woman was devoted to educational and pedagogical work. She was an active participant in various charitable societies, helped during the famine in the Samara and Ufa provinces, on her initiative the first public reading room was opened in the Sterlitamak district.

But its main efforts were aimed at changing the situation of people with handicapped. For 45 years, she has done everything so that the blind have the opportunity to become full-fledged members of society.

She was able to find the means and strength to open the first specialized printing house in Russia, where in 1885 the first edition of the Collection of Articles for children's reading, published and dedicated to blind children by Anna Adler".

In order to produce a book in Braille, she worked seven days a week until late at night, personally typing and proofreading page after page. Later, Anna Alexandrovna translated the musical system, and blind children were able to learn to play the musical instruments.

With her active assistance, a few years later the first group of blind students graduated from the St. Petersburg School for the Blind, and a year later from the Moscow School.

Literacy and vocational training helped graduates find jobs, which changed the stereotype of their incapacity. Anna Adler almost did not live to see the opening of the First Congress of the All-Russian Society of the Blind.

The whole life of the famous Russian surgeon is a series of brilliant discoveries, the practical use of which has saved more than one life. The men considered him a magician who, for his "miracles", attracts higher powers.

He was the first in the world to use surgery in the field, and the decision to use anesthesia saved not only his patients from suffering, but also those who lay on the tables of his students later. By his own efforts, the splints were replaced with bandages soaked in starch.

He was the first to use the method of sorting the wounded into heavy and those who make it to the rear. This has reduced the death rate by several times. Before Pirogov, even a minor wound in the arm or leg could end in amputation. He personally carried out operations and tirelessly controlled that the soldiers were provided with everything necessary: ​​warm blankets, food, water.

According to legend, it was Pirogov who taught Russian academics to conduct plastic surgery, demonstrating the successful experience of engrafting a new nose on the face of his barber, whom he helped to get rid of ugliness. Being an excellent teacher, about whom all the students spoke with warmth and gratitude, he believed that the main task of education is to teach to be a man.

A woman is born to sacrifice and take care of loved ones. But there are extraordinary women who have devoted their entire lives to other people, asking for nothing in return. Their stories will blow your mind!

1. Mother Teresa

"Good deeds are short, they are pronounced easily and quickly, but their echo is eternal"

Agnes, as she was called at birth, was born in Macedonia. From an early age, she was interested in missionaries. And at the age of 18 she said goodbye to her relatives forever and left for distant India to serve God and people.

India at the beginning of the 20th century was a land of striking contrasts. The huts of the poor huddled around the luxurious palaces of the rich, mountains of rubbish festered in the streets, the poor were born and died under the scorching sun and in terrible stench. Mother Teresa taught the children of the poor for many years. But the case determined her future fate.

"The most important medicine is love and care"

She couldn't stand the sight. She cried, prayed and asked the Lord for strength to help the unfortunate. Mother Teresa is back. She washed the dying woman, consoled her, and the woman departed into another world with calmness and a smile.

Now the nun knew what she had to do. She left her monastery and began to live in the slums of Calcutta, helping the poor in any way she could. With time local authorities learned about the merciful woman and gave her a room for the needs of the poor.

She organized a whole "city" for the dying. Here, all people were treated with respect, regardless of religion, gender, diseases.

She is the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She arrived to receive the award in the same white sari with a blue border and refused the banquet.

"It doesn't matter who says what about you - accept everything with a smile and continue to do your job"

It is easy to lie on the couch and crush a sandwich to talk about the feat of others. But the one who never washed a leper, never took a baby out of a dunghill, never slept on bare ground - cannot understand the power of her sacrifice. After all, there is not a single piece of evidence that Mother Teresa had any material wealth in her life.

She knew about these accusations, smiled and worked on.

2. Victoria Soto

She shielded the children from the Devil

American teacher Victoria Soto came to work with her beloved students. It was an ordinary day. But in a minute the world turned into hell. A former student with mental disabilities broke into the school with a weapon and started shooting at everyone indiscriminately.

According to the surviving children, the teacher hid them in the closets and told them not to come out, no matter what they heard. When Adam Lanza burst into the classroom, Ms. Soto said the kids were in the gym. Several guys could not stand the tension and ran out. Victoria got in the way of the killer and tried to distract him from the students. He killed her with three shots to the face and left. Six teachers and twenty children died that day.

Thanks to Victoria Soto, six babies survived. Six families bypassed the most terrible grief in the world - they did not bury their children.

Gave her life for publicity?

I have nothing to say to these morally flawed people. May everything be fine with them, their children will be safe, and the Almighty will judge who is a hero and who is a weakling.

3. Florence Nightingale

Calling is stronger than blood

Once she visited a hospital for the poor. What she saw impressed her for the rest of her life. Heaps of dirty rags, unsanitary conditions, drunken nurses, a fetid smell ... The hospital of those years was the place where they did not receive treatment, but died in terrible agony.

She decided what she wanted to do - to become a sister of mercy. The aristocratic world suddenly turned its back on her. No one asked for her hand again. But Florence didn't care. She studied many books about medicine and acquired many necessary skills.

Angel with light in his hands

In a short period, she achieved an increase in the number of wards, organized kitchens and laundries, introduced the principles of hygiene, and even took care of the leisure of the sick. She walked around the rooms of her patients at night, for which she was called "the lady with the lamp." Thanks to Florence Nightingale, the death rate was reduced from 49% to 2%.

She returned from the war national hero. For the rest of her life, she was engaged in the reorganization of the medical system, opening schools for sisters.
She never arranged her personal life, and before her death she burned everything personal diaries and notes so that no one could know about her innermost thoughts.

Today there is a medal named after Florence Nightingale - this is the highest award for sisters of mercy.

4. Irene Sendler

Little woman with a lion's heart

The Germans were terribly afraid of the diseases that were spreading in the camp, so they let medical workers. Irena bought false documents of an employee of the Health Department and came to the camp every day.

It is hard to imagine that a small fragile woman could save 2500 thousand children. She led the children through the sewers and tunnels, threw them over the fence, and carried the little ones out in a tool case.

On denunciation, she was arrested. The Germans tortured her for a long time, broke her arms and legs, but she did not betray her assistants. Until her death, she walked on crutches.

Irena never advertised her activities, she always emphasized that she acted together with friends. But only she survived to old age.

Shame of the Peace Prize

Aren't 2,500 thousand saved children worth being grateful and respecting this heroine even in her old age?

Irena Sendler died at the age of 98, having lived modestly all her life. She did not consider herself a hero and always blamed herself for not being able to save more lives.

These simple and modest women show incredible fortitude. They gave up personal happiness, sacrificed their health and even life for the sake of others, not expecting praise and rewards.

ABSTRACT

IN NATIONAL HISTORY

Topic: Life and life of Russian people XVI century in "Domostroy"

PLAN

Introduction

Family relationships

House building woman

Weekdays and holidays of Russian people

Labor in the life of a Russian person

Moral foundations

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

By the beginning of the 16th century, the church and religion had a huge influence on the culture and life of the Russian people. Orthodoxy played a positive role in overcoming the harsh morals, ignorance and archaic customs of ancient Russian society. In particular, the norms of Christian morality had an impact on family life, marriage, and the upbringing of children.

Perhaps not a single document of medieval Rus' reflected the nature of life, economy, economic relations of its time, like Domostroy.

It is believed that the first edition of "Domostroy" was compiled in Veliky Novgorod at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century and at the beginning it existed as an edifying collection among the commercial and industrial people, gradually overgrown with new instructions and advice. The second edition, significantly revised, was collected and re-edited by a native of Novgorod, priest Sylvester, an influential adviser and tutor to the young Russian Tsar Ivan IV, the Terrible.

"Domostroy" is an encyclopedia family life, domestic customs, traditions of Russian management - the whole diverse spectrum of human behavior.

"Domostroy" had the goal of teaching every person "good - a prudent and orderly life" and was designed for the general population, and although there are still many points related to the church in this instruction, they already contain a lot of purely secular advice and recommendations on behavior at home and in society. It was assumed that every citizen of the country should have been guided by the set of rules of conduct outlined. In the first place it puts the task of moral and religious education, which should be borne in mind by parents, taking care of the development of their children. In second place was the task of teaching children what is needed in "household use", and in third place was teaching literacy, book sciences.

Thus, "Domostroy" is not only an essay of a moralizing and family type, but also a kind of code of socio-economic norms civil life Russian society.

FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

At Russian peoples for a long time there was a large family, uniting relatives in direct and lateral lines. The distinctive features of a large peasant family were collective farming and consumption, common ownership of property by two or more independent married couples. The urban (posad) population had smaller families and usually consisted of two generations - parents and children. The families of service people were, as a rule, small, since the son, having reached the age of 15, was supposed to "serve the sovereign's service and could receive both his own separate local salary and the granted patrimony." This contributed to early marriages and the emergence of independent small families.

With the introduction of Orthodoxy, marriages began to take shape through the rite of a church wedding. But the traditional wedding ceremony - "fun" was preserved in Rus' for about another six or seven centuries.

The dissolution of the marriage was very difficult. Already in early middle ages divorce - "dissolution" was allowed only in exceptional cases. At the same time, the rights of the spouses were unequal. A husband could divorce his wife in the event of her infidelity, and communication with strangers outside the home without the permission of the spouse was equated to treason. In the late Middle Ages (since the 16th century), divorce was allowed on the condition that one of the spouses was tonsured a monk.

The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. The solemn wedding ceremony was usually performed only at the first marriage. A fourth marriage was strictly forbidden.

A newborn child was to be baptized in the church on the eighth day after birth in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be the main, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. A child who died unbaptized was forbidden by the church to be buried in a cemetery. The next rite after baptism - "tons" - was performed a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godfather (godparents) cut a lock of hair from the child and gave the ruble. After the tonsure, every year they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as the "angel's day"), and not the birthday. The royal name day was considered an official state holiday.

In the Middle Ages, the role of its head was extremely great in the family. He represented the family as a whole in all its outward functions. Only he had the right to vote at the meetings of residents, in the city council, and later - in the meetings of the Konchan and Sloboda organizations. Within the family, the power of the head was practically unlimited. He disposed of the property and destinies of each of its members. This also applied to the personal life of children whom the father could marry or marry against their will. The church condemned him only if he drove them to suicide.

The orders of the head of the family were to be carried out implicitly. He could apply any punishment, up to physical.

An important part of "Domostroy" - the encyclopedia of Russian life of the 16th century, is the section "on the secular structure, how to live with wives, children and household members." As the king is the undivided ruler of his subjects, so the husband is the master of his family.

He is responsible before God and the state for the family, for the upbringing of children - faithful servants of the state. Therefore, the first duty of a man - the head of the family - is the upbringing of sons. To educate them obedient and devoted, Domostroy recommends one method - a stick. "Domostroy" directly indicated that the owner should beat his wife and children for well-mannered purposes. For disobedience to parents, the church threatened with excommunication.

In Domostroy, chapter 21, entitled “How to teach children and save them with fear,” contains the following instructions: “Punish your son in his youth, and he will give you rest in your old age, and give beauty to your soul. And do not feel sorry for the baby biy: if you punish him with a rod, he will not die, but he will be healthier, for you, by executing his body, save his soul from death. Loving your son, increase his wounds - and then you will not praise him. Punish your son from youth, and you will rejoice for him in his maturity, and among ill-wishers you will be able to boast of him, and your enemies will envy you. Raise children in prohibitions and you will find peace and blessings in them. So do not give him free will in his youth, but walk along his ribs while he is growing, and then, having matured, he will not be guilty of you and will not become annoyance and illness of the soul, and the ruin of the house, the destruction of property, and the reproach of neighbors, and the mockery of enemies , and fines of the authorities, and evil annoyance.

Thus, it is necessary to educate children in the “fear of God” from early childhood. Therefore, they should be punished: “Not punished children are a sin from God, but reproach and laughter from people, and vanity at home, and sorrow and loss for themselves, and sale and shame from people.” The head of the house should teach his wife and his servants how to put things in order at home: “and the husband sees that his wife and servants are dishonorable, otherwise he would be able to punish his wife with all reasoning and teach But only if the fault is great and the case is tough, and for great terrible disobedience and neglect, otherwise politely beat with a whip by the hands, holding it for fault, but having received it, say, but there would be no anger, but people would not know and would not hear.

WOMAN OF THE ERA OF HOUSE-BUILDING

In Domostroy, a woman appears in everything obedient to her husband.

All foreigners were amazed at the excess of domestic despotism of a husband over his wife.

In general, the woman was considered a being lower than the man and in some respects impure; thus, a woman was not allowed to cut an animal: it was believed that its meat would then not be tasty. Only old women were allowed to bake prosphora. In certain days, a woman was considered unworthy to eat with her. According to the laws of decency, generated by Byzantine asceticism and deep Tatar jealousy, it was considered reprehensible even to have a conversation with a woman.

The intra-estate family life of medieval Rus' was relatively closed for a long time. The Russian woman was constantly a slave from childhood to the grave. IN peasant life she was under the yoke of hard work. However, ordinary women - peasant women, townspeople - did not lead a reclusive lifestyle at all. Among the Cossacks, women enjoyed comparatively greater freedom; the wives of the Cossacks were their assistants and even went on campaigns with them.

The noble and wealthy people of the Muscovite state kept the female gender locked up, as in Muslim harems. The girls were kept in seclusion, hiding from human eyes; before marriage, a man should be completely unknown to them; it was not in the morals for the young man to express his feelings to the girl or personally ask her consent to marriage. The most pious people were of the opinion that parents should be beaten more often than girls, so that they would not lose their virginity.

Domostroy has the following instructions on how to raise daughters: “If you have a daughter, and direct your severity on her, thus you will save her from bodily troubles: you will not shame your face if your daughters walk in obedience, and it is not your fault if, out of stupidity, she violates her childhood, and becomes known to your acquaintances in mockery, and then they will shame you before people. For if you give your daughter blameless - as if you will do a great deed, in any society you will be proud, never suffering because of her.

The more noble was the family to which the girl belonged, the more severity awaited her: the princesses were the most unfortunate of Russian girls; hidden in the towers, not daring to show themselves, without the hope of ever having the right to love and marry.

When giving in marriage, the girl was not asked about her desire; she herself did not know whom she was going for, did not see her fiancé before marriage, when she was transferred to a new slavery. Having become a wife, she did not dare to leave the house without the permission of her husband, even if she went to church, and then she was obliged to ask questions. She was not granted the right to freely meet according to her heart and temper, and if some kind of treatment was allowed with those with whom her husband was pleased to allow it, then even then she was bound by instructions and remarks: what to say, what to keep silent about, what to ask, what not to hear . In domestic life, she was not given the right to farm. A jealous husband assigned to her spies from servants and serfs, and those, wanting to pretend to be in favor of the master, often reinterpreted to him everything in a different direction, every step of their mistress. Whether she went to church or to visit, relentless guards followed her every movement and passed everything on to her husband.

It often happened that a husband, at the behest of a beloved serf or woman, beat his wife out of sheer suspicion. But not all families had such a role for women. In many houses, the hostess had many responsibilities.

She had to work and set an example for the maids, get up before everyone else and wake others, go to bed later than everyone: if a maid wakes up the mistress, this was considered not to praise the mistress.

With such an active wife, the husband did not care about anything in the household; “the wife had to know every business better than those who worked on her orders: to cook food, and put jelly, and wash clothes, and rinse, and dry, and spread tablecloths, and ladle, and with such her ability inspired respect for herself” .

At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the life of a medieval family without the active participation of a woman, especially in catering: “The master, on all household matters, consults with his wife how to feed the servants on which day: in a meat eater - sieve bread, shchida porridge with ham is liquid, and sometimes, replacing it, and steep with bacon, and meat for dinner, and for dinner, cabbage soup and milk or porridge, and on fasting days with jam, when peas, and when sushi, when baked turnips, cabbage soup, oatmeal, and even pickle, botwinya

On Sundays and holidays for dinner, pies are thick cereals or vegetables, or herring porridge, pancakes, jelly, and what God will send.

The ability to work with fabric, embroider, sew was a natural occupation in the everyday life of every family: “to sew a shirt or embroider an ubrus and weave it, or sew on a hoop with gold and silk (for which) measure yarn and silk, gold and silver fabric, and taffeta, and pebbles".

One of the important responsibilities of a husband is to "educate" his wife, who must run the entire household and raise her daughters. The will and personality of a woman are completely subordinate to a man.

The behavior of a woman at a party and at home is strictly regulated, up to what she can talk about. The system of punishments is also regulated by Domostroy.

A negligent wife, the husband must first "teach every reasoning." If verbal "punishment" does not give results, then the husband "worthy" his wife "to crawl with fear alone", "looking through fault".

WEEKDAYS AND HOLIDAYS OF RUSSIAN PEOPLE XVI CENTURIES

Little information has been preserved about the daily routine of the people of the Middle Ages. The working day in the family began early. Ordinary people had two obligatory meals - lunch and dinner. At noon, production activity was interrupted. After dinner, according to the old Russian habit, there followed a long rest, a dream (which surprised the foreigners very much). Then work again until dinner. With the end of daylight, everyone went to bed.

The Russians coordinated their domestic way of life with the liturgical order and in this respect made it look like a monastic one. Rising from sleep, the Russian immediately looked for an image with his eyes in order to cross himself and look at it; to make the sign of the cross was considered more decent, looking at the image; on the road, when the Russian spent the night in the field, he, getting up from sleep, was baptized, turning to the east. Immediately, if necessary, after leaving the bed, linen was put on and washing began; wealthy people washed themselves with soap and rose water. After ablutions and washings, they dressed and proceeded to pray.

In the room intended for prayer - the cross or, if it was not in the house, then in the one where there were more images, the whole family and servants gathered; lamps and candles were lit; smoked incense. The owner, as a householder, read the morning prayers aloud in front of everyone.

The nobles, who had their own home churches and house clergymen, the family gathered in the church, where the priest served prayers, matins and hours, and the deacon, who looked after the church or chapel, sang, and after the morning service the priest sprinkled holy water.

After finishing the prayers, everyone went to their homework.

Where the husband allowed his wife to manage the house, the hostess gave advice to the owner on what to do on the coming day, ordered food and assigned lessons to the maids for the whole day. But not all wives had such an active life; for the most part, the wives of noble and wealthy people, at the behest of their husbands, did not interfere at all in the economy; everything was managed by the butler and the housekeeper from the serfs. Such mistresses, after the morning prayer, went to their chambers and sat down to sew and embroider with gold and silk with their servants; even food for dinner was ordered by the owner himself to the housekeeper.

After all household orders, the owner proceeded to his usual activities: the merchant went to the shop, the artisan took up his craft, the orderly people filled orders and orderly huts, and the boyars in Moscow flocked to the tsar and did business.

Getting to the beginning of the daytime occupation, whether it was writing or menial work, the Russian considered it proper to wash his hands, make three signs of the cross with bows to the ground in front of the image, and if there was a chance or opportunity, accept the blessing of the priest.

Mass was served at ten o'clock.

At noon it was time for lunch. Single shopkeepers, lads from the common people, serfs, visitors in cities and towns dined in taverns; homely people sat at the table at home or with friends at a party. Kings and noble people, living in special chambers in their courtyards, dined separately from other family members: wives and children ate separately. Ignorant nobles, children of boyars, townspeople and peasants - sedentary owners ate together with their wives and other family members. Sometimes family members, who with their families made up one family with the owner, dined from him and separately; during dinner parties, females never dined where the host sat with guests.

The table was covered with a tablecloth, but this was not always observed: very often people of the nobility dined without a tablecloth and put salt, vinegar, pepper on the bare table and put slices of bread. Two household officials were in charge of the order of dinner in a wealthy house: the key keeper and the butler. The key keeper was in the kitchen during the holiday of food, the butler was at the table and at the set with dishes, which always stood opposite the table in the dining room. Several servants carried food from the kitchen; the keykeeper and the butler, taking them, cut them into pieces, tasted them, and then they gave them to the servants to set before the master and those sitting at the table

After the usual dinner, they went to rest. It was a widespread custom consecrated with popular respect. The tsars, and the boyars, and the merchants slept after dinner; street mob rested on the streets. Not sleeping, or at least not resting after dinner, was considered heresy in a sense, like any deviation from the customs of the ancestors.

Rising from their afternoon nap, the Russians resumed their usual activities. The kings went to vespers, and from six o'clock in the evening they indulged in amusements and conversations.

Sometimes the boyars gathered in the palace, depending on the importance of the matter, and in the evening. evening at home was a time of entertainment; in winter, relatives and friends gathered in each other's houses, and in summer in tents that were spread out in front of the houses.

The Russians always had dinner, and after dinner the pious host sent an evening prayer. Lampadas were lit again, candles were lit in front of the images; households and servants gathered for prayer. After such prayers, it was already considered unlawful to eat and drink: everyone soon went to bed.

With the adoption of Christianity official holidays especially revered days of the church calendar became: Christmas, Easter, the Annunciation and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays should be devoted to pious deeds and religious rites. Working on public holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays.

The relative isolation of home life was diversified by the receptions of guests, as well as festive ceremonies, which were arranged mainly during church holidays. One of the main religious processions was arranged for Epiphany. On this day, the metropolitan blessed the water of the Moskva River, and the city's population performed the rite of the Jordan - "washing with holy water."

On holidays, other street performances were also arranged. Wandering artists, buffoons are known even in Kievan Rus. In addition to playing the harp, pipes, singing songs, performances of buffoons included acrobatic numbers, competitions with predatory animals. The buffoon troupe usually included an organ grinder, an acrobat, and a puppeteer.

Holidays, as a rule, were accompanied by public feasts - "brothers". However, ideas about the supposedly unrestrained drunkenness of Russians are clearly exaggerated. Only during the 5-6 largest church holidays, the population was allowed to brew beer, and taverns were a state monopoly.

Public life also included the holding of games and amusements - both military and peaceful, for example, taking a snowy town, wrestling and fist fight, towns, leapfrog, blind man's buff, grandmas. Of gambling, dice games became widespread, and from the 16th century - in cards brought from the West. The favorite pastime of the kings and boyars was hunting.

Thus, human life in the Middle Ages, although it was relatively monotonous, was far from being exhausted by the production and socio-political spheres, it included many aspects of everyday life that historians do not always pay due attention to.

LABOR IN THE LIFE OF A RUSSIAN PERSON

A Russian man of the Middle Ages is constantly occupied with thoughts about his household: “To every person, rich and poor, great and small, judge himself and sweep away, according to trade and prey and according to his estate, but an orderly person, sweeping himself according to the state salary and according to income, and such is the yard for oneself to keep and all acquisitions and all stock, for this reason people keep and all household items; therefore you eat and drink and get along with good people.”

Labor as a virtue and a moral deed: any needlework or craft, according to Domostroy, should be performed in preparation, cleansed of all filth and washing hands cleanly, first of all - bow to the holy images in the ground - with that, and start every business.

According to "Domostroy", each person should live according to his wealth.

All household supplies should be purchased at a time when they are cheaper and stored carefully. The owner and the mistress should walk around the pantries and cellars and see what the reserves are and how they are stored. The husband should prepare and take care of everything for the house, while the wife, the mistress, should save what she has prepared. All supplies are recommended to be given out on a bill and write down how much is given out, so as not to forget.

Domostroy recommends that you always have at home people capable of various kinds of crafts: tailors, shoemakers, blacksmiths, carpenters, so that you do not have to buy anything with money, but have everything ready in the house. Along the way, the rules are indicated on how to prepare certain supplies: beer, kvass, prepare cabbage, store meat and various vegetables, etc.

"Domostroy" is a kind of worldly everyday life, indicating to a worldly person how and when he needs to observe fasts, holidays, etc.

"Domostroy" gives practical advice on housekeeping: how to "arrange a good and clean" hut, how to hang icons and how to keep them clean, how to cook food.

The attitude of Russian people to work as a virtue, as a moral act, is reflected in Domostroy. A real ideal of the working life of a Russian person is being created - a peasant, a merchant, a boyar, and even a prince (at that time, class division was carried out not on the basis of culture, but more on the size of property and the number of servants). Everyone in the house - both the owners and the workers - must work tirelessly. The hostess, even if she has guests, "would always sit over the needlework herself." The owner must always engage in “righteous work” (this is repeatedly emphasized), be fair, thrifty and take care of his household and employees. The hostess-wife should be "kind, hardworking and silent." servants are good, so that they “know the trade, who is worthy of whom and what trade he is trained in.” parents are obliged to teach the work of their children, "needlework - the mother of daughters and craftsmanship - the father of sons."

Thus, "Domostroy" was not only a set of rules for the behavior of a wealthy person of the 16th century, but also the first "encyclopedia of the household."

MORAL STANDARDS

To achieve a righteous life, a person must follow certain rules.

The following characteristics and covenants are given in “Domostroy”: “A prudent father who feeds on trade - in a city or across the sea - or plows in a village, such a one saves for his daughter from any profit” (Ch. 20), “Love your father and mother honor your own and their old age, and lay all your infirmities and sufferings upon yourself with all your heart "(ch. 22)," you should pray for your sins and the remission of sins, for the health of the king and queen, and their children, and his brothers, and for the Christ-loving the army, about help against enemies, about the release of captives, and about priests, icons and monks, and about spiritual fathers, and about the sick, about prisoners in prison, and for all Christians ”(ch. 12).

In chapter 25, “Instruction to the husband, and wife, and workers, and children, how to live as it should be,” Domostroy reflects the moral rules that Russian people of the Middle Ages must follow: “Yes, to you, master, and wife, and children and household members - do not steal, do not fornicate, do not lie, do not slander, do not envy, do not offend, do not slander, do not encroach on someone else's, do not condemn, do not swear, do not ridicule, do not remember evil, do not be angry with anyone, be obedient to elders and submissive, to the middle - friendly, to the younger and wretched - friendly and gracious, to instill every business without red tape and especially not to offend the worker in paying, to endure every offense with gratitude for God's sake: both reproach and reproach, if rightly reproached and reproached, to accept with love and avoid such recklessness, and in return not to take revenge. If you are not guilty of anything, you will receive a reward from God for this.

Chapter 28 “On the unrighteous life” of “Domostroy” contains the following instructions: “And whoever does not live according to God, not in a Christian way, commits all kinds of injustice and violence, and inflicts great offense, and does not pay debts, but an ignoble person in will hurt everyone, and who, in a neighborly way, is not kind either in the village to his peasants, or in an order while sitting in power, imposes heavy tributes and various illegal taxes, or plowed someone else's field, or planted a forest, or caught all the fish in someone else's cage, or board or by unrighteousness and violence will capture and rob the outweight and all kinds of hunting grounds, or steal, or destroy, or falsely accuse someone of something, or deceive someone, or betray someone for nothing, or stun the innocent into slavery by cunning or violence, or dishonestly judges, or unjustly makes a search, or falsely testifies, or a horse, and any animal, and any property, and villages or gardens, or yards and all lands by force takes away, or cheaply buys into captivity, and in all indecent deeds: in fornication, in anger, in vindictiveness - the master or mistress himself creates them, or their children, or their people, or their peasants - they will definitely all together be in hell, and damned on earth, because in all those unworthy deeds the master is not such a god forgiven and cursed by the people, and those offended by him cry out to God.

The moral way of life, being a component of daily worries, economic and social, is as necessary as worries about "daily bread".

Worthy relationships between spouses in the family, a confident future for children, a prosperous position for the elderly, a respectful attitude towards authority, veneration of clergy, zeal for fellow tribesmen and co-religionists is an indispensable condition for “salvation”, success in life.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the real features of Russian life and language XVI century, a closed self-regulating Russian economy, focused on reasonable prosperity and self-restraint (non-covetousness), living according to Orthodox moral standards, were reflected in Domostroy, the meaning of which lies in the fact that it depicts for us the life of a wealthy person of the 16th century. - a city dweller, a merchant or an orderly person.

"Domostroy" gives a classic medieval three-membered pyramidal structure: the lower a creature is on the hierarchical ladder, the less its responsibility, but also its freedom. The higher - the greater the power, but also the responsibility before God. In the Domostroy model, the tsar is responsible for his country at once, and the owner of the house, the head of the family, is responsible for all household members and their sins; which is why there is a need for total vertical control over their actions. The superior at the same time has the right to punish the inferior for violating the order or disloyalty to his authority.

In "Domostroy" the idea of ​​practical spirituality is carried out, which is the peculiarity of the development of spirituality in Ancient Rus'. Spirituality is not reasoning about the soul, but practical deeds to put into practice an ideal that had a spiritual and moral character, and, above all, the ideal of righteous labor.

In "Domostroy" a portrait of a Russian man of that time is given. This is a breadwinner and breadwinner, an exemplary family man (there were no divorces in principle). Whatever his social status, in the first place for him is the family. He is the protector of his wife, children and his property. And, finally, this is a man of honor, with a deep sense of his own dignity, alien to lies and pretense. True, the recommendations of "Domostroy" allowed the use of force in relation to the wife, children, servants; and the status of the latter was unenviable, disenfranchised. The main thing in the family was a man - the owner, husband, father.

So, "Domostroy" is an attempt to create a grandiose religious and moral code, which was supposed to establish and implement precisely the ideals of world, family, social morality.

The uniqueness of "Domostroy" in Russian culture, first of all, is that after it no comparable attempt was made to normalize the entire circle of life, especially family life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Domostroy // Literary Monuments of Ancient Rus': Middle of the 16th century. – M.: Artist. Lit., 1985

2. Zabylin M. Russian people, their customs, rituals, legends, superstitions. poetry. - M.: Nauka, 1996

3. Ivanitsky V. Russian woman in the era of "Domostroy" // Social Sciences and Modernity, 1995, No. 3. - P. 161-172

4. Kostomarov N.I. Home life and customs of the Great Russian people: Utensils, clothing, food and drink, health and disease, customs, rituals, receiving guests. - M.: Enlightenment, 1998

5. Lichman B.V. Russian history. – M.: Progress, 2005

6. Orlov A.S. Ancient Russian literature of the 11th-16th centuries. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992

7. Pushkareva N.L. Private life Russian woman: bride, wife, mistress (X - early XIX century). - M.: Enlightenment, 1997

Treshchenko A. Life of the Russian people.- M .: Nauka, 1997. - S. 128

Domostroy // Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus': Middle of the 16th century. – M.: Artist. Lit., 1985.

There. – p. 93

Domostroy // Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus': Middle of the 16th century. – M.: Artist. Lit., 1985. - S. 102

DAILY LIFE OF THE POPULATION

Test control

1. Description of the life of people classified as Russian Orthodox Church to the saints:
   1. chronicle
   2. life
   3. Bylina
   4. Charter
2. the first Slavic alphabet created:
   1. Kirill and Pavel
   2. Cyril and Methodius
   3. Boris and Gleb
   4. Vladimir and Methodius
3. Picturesque work of small size, which was used to decorate handwritten books:
   1. Icon
   2. Mosaic
   3. Miniature
   4. Graffiti
4. Author of The Tale of Bygone Years:
   1. Nestor
   2. Yaroslav the Wise
   3. Vladimir Monomakh
   4. Hilarion
5. The first Orthodox stone church built in Kyiv:
   1. tithe church
   2. Pyatnitskaya church
   3. Saint Sophia Cathedral
   4. Assumption Cathedral
6. The main motive of Russian epics:
   1. Adoration of the Beautiful Lady
   2. Baptism of Gentiles
   3. Liberation of Rus' and its defense from enemies
   4. Loyalty to your patron
7. In the Old Russian state, letters were written to:
   1. clay tablets
   2. birch bark
   3. paper
   4. parchment
8. The Tale of Bygone Years was created in:
   1. early 11th century
   2. early 12th century
   3. end of the 11th century.
   4. end of the 12th century.
9. The oldest chronicle that has come down to us:
   1. "Russian Truth"
   2. "The Word of Law and Grace"
   3. "The Tale of Bygone Years"
   4. "Alexandria"
10. The first literary works in Rus' were:
    1. Chronicles
    2. ballads
    3. Izborniki
    4. Annals
11. Under Yaroslav the Wise, St. Sophia Cathedral was erected in:
    1. Chernihiv
    2. Smolensk
    3. Yuriev
    4. Kyiv

1. Match concepts and definitions.

A. Ornament or pattern of gold or silver wire soldered to a metal surface
B. A small multicolored drawing in medieval handwritten books
C. Paintings painted with water-based paints on wet plaster
D. Drawing composed of multi-colored natural stones or tinted pieces of glass
E. A pattern of many tiny balls soldered onto the surface of the product

2. Fill in the missing words.

The first Russian writer is considered to be (Hilarion). His ("The Word of Law and Grace") was first pronounced in 1049, in honor of the completion of the construction of defensive structures in Kyiv.

3. Three characteristic features of St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod:

• four medium and eight small domes
• five domes grouped in the center
• thirteen pyramidal domes
• one dome
• narrow window openings
• mosaic missing

Questions in the text of the paragraph

1. How did the changes in society associated with the formation and development of the state affect the changes in the life of the population of Rus'?

The formation and development of the state introduced new concepts into the life of the population of Rus'. Cities appeared and began to develop as shopping centers. Residents of cities began to pay less attention to traditional farming and cattle breeding, but began to acquire new knowledge and skills in handicrafts. A large number of goods from different countries made it possible to compare, learn and adopt technologies. The development of handicrafts enriched the life of the townspeople with new clothes, dishes, tools, works of art and jewelry. Also in the cities it was rarely possible to meet semi-dugouts. Basically, the dwelling of a city dweller is a house, sometimes two-story. Otherwise, the life of the townspeople did not differ much from the life of the villagers.

2. What do you know about the daily life of people in Western Europe in the Middle Ages?

Life for an ordinary person of that time revolved around the agrarian and church calendars. It took a lot of time to grow as many crops as possible, and to provide food for the next year. Church festivals marked the days when the sowing and harvest began, as well as the days when the peasant and his lord could rest from their labors. Fairs with troubadours and acrobats took place on the streets, trade in various goods was carried out in city squares, in gambling played in local taverns - this is how medieval peasants spent their leisure time. Medieval weddings were celebrated throughout the city.

3. What pagan holiday is widely celebrated in Russia today?

In Rus', with the adoption of Christianity, ancient pagan traditions also remained. For example, to this day in Russia it is customary to carol and tell fortunes at Christmas in winter, and in summer to celebrate Ivan Kupala's day. But the most famous pagan holiday is Maslenitsa - according to ancient tradition people say goodbye to winter and meet the spring sun by burning an effigy of winter. Pancakes for Maslenitsa is also a pagan tradition, symbolizing the spring sun.

Vladimir, Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Vsevolod. What do you think the meaning of these names is?

• Vladimir - great in his power
• Yaroslav - possessing a fierce (powerful) glory
• Svyatoslav - sacred glory
• Mstislav - from "revenge" and "glory", actually "avenge glory"
• Vsevolod - the ruler of the people, who owns everything

Questions to the text of the paragraph

In ancient Rus', there were different estates: higher and lower. The upper class included princes, boyars, tribal nobility and clergy. To the lowest - free community members, merchants and artisans, dependent population (purchases, ryadovichi, serfs, serfs).

2. How was the daily life of the agricultural population in Rus'?

In rural settlements, people fought for existence: they plowed up new lands, raised cattle, fished, hunted, defended themselves from robbers, and in the south also from nomads. Since the maintenance of the economy required a lot of effort, families in Rus' were large. More people in the family - more workers. All members of the family cultivated the land together. The head of the family disposed of the property and fate of each of its members. Children were taught early to work. From the age of seven, a boy was taken into the field, taught some kind of craft. The girls looked after their younger brothers and sisters, helped with the housework, learned to spin, weave linen, sew clothes. And on long winter evenings, women spun, men made or repaired household utensils, remembered days gone by, listened to storytellers who told epics.

3. What were the inhabitants of the ancient Russian cities doing?

Cities were centers of culture. They had schools, icon-painting workshops, where local artists learned from the Greeks how to paint icons. The life of ordinary townspeople differed little from the peasant one. In addition to handicrafts, in the cities they were engaged in agriculture, gardening, and cattle breeding. Community feasts - brotherhoods were popular. And on holidays, in the trading and city squares, the townspeople enjoyed the performances of buffoons and guslars. They also participated in entertainment, horse races, games and feasts arranged by the princes for the common people.

4. Make up a short story on the topic "A day in the life of a farmer / craftsman" (optional).

I live in a small village near Chernigov. I am the head of the family because I am the oldest man in the family. Today is a hot summer day and we have started working with the first roosters. I will take all the sons, brothers and sons-in-law with me to haymaking. My grandchildren will also help adults. We need to stock up enough hay for the cattle for the winter. And the wife with unmarried daughters, daughters-in-law and granddaughters will work in the house and in the yard with the housework. They will need to feed the men who have returned from the hayfield and take care of the livestock. They also need to look after the kids. The day will be hard. But such is our life. Tomorrow the prince's tributary will come for tribute. We have already collected it. Of course, we don’t want to give the prince what is given with such great difficulty, but we must pay tribute, because the prince needs to maintain a squad to protect our lands and administer a fair trial. In the evening, after haymaking, we will gather at the table with the whole family.

5. What was common and what was the difference in the way of life of noble and ordinary people?

Common in the life of noble and ordinary people were the traditions and way of the family. The differences were mainly in clothing, life and entertainment.

We study the document

1. What do you think the purpose of feasts was?

Such feasts were arranged in order to show that the supreme power is close to the people.

2. Explain the meaning of the last phrase from the document.

It means that during the feasts, representatives of the estates feasted together, and the differences between them should have been erased. However, we can see in various adaptations of Russian fairy tales that this is not entirely true. Tables for representatives of different classes were separate. The boyars were not always welcome at their tables "peasant peasants". But all the same, joint feasts were a good tradition that helped bring people of different social status closer together.

Thinking, comparing, reflecting

1. Show on concrete examples how the crafts common in Rus' were connected with the daily life of its population.

Crafts should first of all ensure the daily life of people. So, for cultivating the land, the farmer needed a plow and a harrow - the blacksmith forged the teeth for the harrow and the metal share for the plow. For the needs of defense, blacksmiths forged swords, spear and arrowheads, chain mail, stirrups, horseshoes, etc. Potters made ceramic dishes for the needs of all segments of the population. Weavers and tailors made cloth and sewed clothes. For wealthy people, the satisfaction of everyday needs also included the use of luxury goods. Making jewelry and products precious metals and stones were engaged in jewelers.

2. How did climatic conditions affect the characteristics of the clothes of the inhabitants of Rus'? Find out what summer and winter clothes were worn in ancient times by the peoples who inhabited the area where you live.

Climatic conditions greatly influenced the characteristics of the clothes of the inhabitants of Rus'. Cold, snowy winters forced people to use warm winter clothes - fur coats, hats made of fur or felt, warm scarves, woolen skirts, onuchi and bast shoes, felt boots. In summer, clothes were simpler and looser so that one could work efficiently.

3. Find out what plant foods the inhabitants of your area ate in ancient times. Are these products still in use today? What dishes are made from them?

Vegetables such as onions, garlic, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, and poppy seeds were also eaten. Especially loved were turnips, cabbage, pumpkin. Grain crops were also grown: millet, wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats. Fruit trees were also grown: apple, cherry and plum. Today we also use onions, garlic, carrots, cucumbers, cabbage, pumpkin in our dishes. But radish and turnip, popular in Ancient Rus', are rarely used in our region. They were replaced by a foreign root crop - potatoes.

4. Using the Internet, collect information on the topic "Holidays and entertainment of the nobility in Western European countries and in Rus' in the Middle Ages."

In the era of the Middle Ages in Europe, any event could be a reason for a holiday: a victory in a battle, a wedding, visits of local lords to the nobility. In total, there were up to 50 holidays a year, not counting Sundays. Mostly these were religious holidays. On holidays, work was interrupted, people went to a solemn service in the church, participated in processions dedicated to the saints, and had fun. For holidays, actors, storytellers, jugglers and acrobats came to the city or the village. Theatrical performances originated from the liturgical drama, which was played out during the service, and were of a religious nature. IN early XIII V. wandering theatrical troupes appeared. In each church parish, the day of their patron saint was celebrated with a fair. During it, horse races, ball games and competitions in other sports took place. Archery, wrestling, fencing with sticks and other games were considered acceptable, but gambling was forbidden by the church. Playing cards came to Europe from Persia only in the 14th century.

In Rus' Holidays in Rus' were customary to organize solemn feasts on the occasion of celebrations or military victories. Church celebrations were also held with processions and solemn services in churches.

After the baptism of Rus', paganism was eradicated. But paganism left gradually, with pain and blood. Little by little, the springs of the Slavic ancient faith, but could not disappear without a trace. Therefore, pagan celebrations intertwined with Christian ones. They began to adapt and join each other. That is why the line between the two religions is so thin that they have become a single whole, have learned to coexist and have found common motives and points of contact. Therefore, a special place in Rus' was occupied traditional rites and holidays, many of which have their origins in paganism. Some of them have survived to this day. For example, Maslenitsa or caroling at Christmas, divination at Christmas time, the celebration of Ivan Kupala's day (gradually this holiday was combined with the celebration of the birth of John the Baptist). During the holidays, people arranged round dances, and sang in noisy feasts, and danced near the fire.

We repeat and draw conclusions

1. What are the reasons for the formation of the state in Rus'?

The prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state took shape among the Eastern Slavs for several centuries. It is believed that the creation of the state is based on an internal need for unification and the need to protect against common enemies.

1. Trade began to play an important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs (the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the "Volga-Baltic" trade route). A single authority could ensure the security of trade.
2. Trade settlements arise, which then turn into cities: Kyiv - near the glades, Chernigov - among the northerners, Smolensk and Polotsk - among the Krivichi, Lyubech - among the Radimichi, Novgorod - among the Ilmen Slovenes.
3. People from different tribes gathered in the cities, so it was impossible to live in the city according to tribal traditions. The princes established uniform rules and maintained order.
4. Gradually, territorial reigns arose, where the power of one prince was recognized.
5. There was a need for the emergence of a government body capable of regulating relations between people and protecting trade interests and the territory of the Slavs from enemies. The princes were addressed as the highest authority to resolve the most important problems and disputes that could not be settled at the community level.

2. What impact did geographic and climatic conditions have on the development of Rus'?

Rus' was one of the largest European states. Its geographical position determined broad political and trade contacts with many countries of the East and West. The special geographical position also allowed the Russian princes to control two important trade routes - "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the Volga trade route, which connected the northern countries with the southern ones, and the western ones with the eastern ones. Rus' not only controlled the transit of goods, but also independently traded with the southern and Western Slavs, Scandinavia, Byzantium, the countries of Western Europe, the peoples of the Caucasus, Central Asia, Middle East.

Due to climatic conditions, Rus' owned fertile lands and rich natural resources. There is a lot of game in the forests, fish in rivers and lakes, throughout the Russian land they were engaged in cattle breeding, in the northern lands they mined furs, in the southern and western lands they were engaged in beekeeping. Craft activities were also widely developed in Rus'. That is why Rus' possessed large resources not only for its own consumption, but also for foreign trade.

Thus, geographical and climatic conditions had a significant impact on the development of Rus', making the state rich and strong.

3. Name the most significant rulers of Ancient Rus'.

In my opinion, many rulers of Ancient Rus' had a great influence on the formation and development of the state, but I would like to single out only a few of them.

• Princess Olga - established clear "rules of the game" and simplified the so-called tax system, thereby creating a system that unites the various lands of Rus'.
• Prince Svyatoslav is a great warrior, an example of courage and patriotism. Although he did little for the inside of the country, he showed how strong Rus' can be on international arena. In my opinion, his main deed for the good of Rus' was the deliverance of the young state from the Khazar dependence.
• Prince Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko - brought Rus' to the Christian world, which undoubtedly served as a catalyst for the development of culture, literature, architecture and art. This became possible not only thanks to a single religion, but also by ensuring the security of Russian lands.
• Prince Yaroslav the Wise - ensured the flourishing of the Old Russian state. Yaroslav managed to strengthen the princely power, increase the international prestige of Rus' and finally save Rus' from the raids of the Pechenegs. Under Yaroslav, a unified code of laws was also created, trade and crafts developed, education was widely disseminated.
• Vladimir Monomakh - suspended the collapse of the Old Russian state. Vladimir Monomakh won the trust and love of all classes in Rus'. He created a new code of laws, protecting not only the prince and his squad, but also the poorest class of the population. Having the support of the people, Vladimir forced almost all Russian princes to submit to him. Vladimir led successful and quick campaigns of conquest, knowing when to make peace and when to fight. The reign of Vladimir Monomakh became a time of relative unity of the Old Russian state.

4. What are the similarities and differences in the development of Rus' and the countries of Western Europe in the VIII - early XII centuries?

Differences: It is believed that the main difference between Europe and Rus' was the level of development of technology, culture, education. The main reason, in my opinion, is that the European civilization is at least 500 years older than the ancient Russian one - Christianity became the state religion in Rome from the 4th century, which led to more early development European culture. In Europe, more technology was introduced and there were more scientists. Scientific thought in Europe developed faster than in Rus'.

Similarities: Europe and Rus' were closely connected with each other, and they borrowed many technologies and customs from each other, the peoples of Europe and Rus' professed Christianity and this played big role on their general development. Rus' very quickly repeated the European path of development, enriching it with its own distinctive cultural characteristics. In the 9th-12th centuries, Rus' became significant part common European political and economic space. Firstly, the Old Russian state was one of the largest state formations in Europe. Secondly, cultural development, religious and social structure were already similar to other European countries through the adoption of Christianity. Thirdly, European countries took Rus' for an equal partner - in otherwise inter-dynastic marriages would not be so common and there would be no active trade. In addition, Rus' held control over two significant trade routes. Fourthly, Rus' was a strong partner in the military-political sphere - Russian squads provided military support to certain countries in various military conflicts.

5. What was the position and influence of the Old Russian state in the contemporary world?

• Relations with the West. Rus' was one of the largest European states. Its geographical position determined wide contacts with many countries of the East and West. Rus' had strong political and trade ties with all major European countries. Numerous inter-dynastic marriages strengthened the ties of Rus' with the countries of Europe and Byzantium. Rus' occupied a significant place in the system of European states.
• Relations with the East. The adoption of Islam in the Volga Bulgaria had a significant impact on the relations of Rus' with the East. Fighting nomad raids is a paramount task foreign policy all Russian princes. However, in Rus', not only did they fight with the nomads - there were trade and political ties, as well as inter-dynastic marriages.
• Trade. Rus' played key role in European trade in the 9th-11th centuries due to the influence on two important trade routes: "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the Volga trade route. Thus, Rus' was at the crossroads of trade between the West and the East and the North with the South.
• Conclusion. Rus' was considered by other countries as an equal partner in politics, trade, and culture. The Old Russian state was in many respects similar in structure to other European states.

Possible questions in the lesson

1. What do the concepts of "life" and "mores" mean?

Life - way of life, everyday life of people. Morals are established forms of behavior in a given community, customs that have moral significance for a particular social group.

2. What factors influenced the identity of the Russian people?

Natural and climatic factor. Unstable productivity, dependence of labor results on weather conditions, relatively low volume of the total facility gave rise to:

• extreme stability in the country of community institutions, which are a certain guarantor of the survival of the bulk of the population;
• rigid levers of the state mechanism;

The climatic factor has formed such features national character Russians: the ability to extreme exertion of forces in a short period of time (agricultural cycles - sowing, harvesting), a sense of collectivism and kindness.

geopolitical factor. Among the geopolitical conditions that influenced Russian history, it is necessary to single out two groups of factors:

• The vastness, weak population of the territory, during the colonization, it was not necessary to win back the lands for themselves in the fight against the indigenous peoples. As a result, such features of the Russian people as national tolerance, lack of nationalism, etc., were formed;
• The natural openness of borders, as a result, is a constant threat of military incursions. Under the influence of these factors, the role of the state increases and there is a need to maintain a large army, but another problem arises. An economically undeveloped state could feed such an army only through a tough land policy and attaching peasants to the land;
• The network of rivers held the country together politically and economically;
• Huge forest areas. The forest provides Russian people with many economic services. He supplied building materials, fuel, material for making home furnishings, dishes, and linden bark - for weaving traditional Russian shoes - linden bast shoes. The forest was the basis of the two most important trades for the Russian people - hunting and forest beekeeping;
• The famous route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and a significant part of the Great Silk Road from China to Europe - the "Volga route" - passed through the territory of Russia. This circumstance created an objective interest of many countries and peoples in maintaining political stability in these regions and helping the development of Russian trade.

The geopolitical factor and, above all, the vastness of the territory, formed such character traits of a Russian person as, on the one hand, daring, enterprise, the ability to exert all forces at a critical moment, and on the other hand, slowness and laziness. So old saying that the Russians harness for a long time, but they drive fast, very accurately describes the features of the Russian character.

3. Summary table "Comparison of the lives of farmers, townspeople, princes and boyars in Rus'"

Homework

1. Write a story about one day in the life of a prince, artisan, peasant

I live in a small village near Chernigov. I am the head of the family because I am the oldest man in the family. Today is a hot summer day and we have started working with the first roosters. I will take all the sons, brothers and sons-in-law with me to haymaking. My grandchildren will also help adults. We need to stock up enough hay for the cattle for the winter. And the wife with unmarried daughters, daughters-in-law and granddaughters will work in the house and in the yard with the housework. They will need to feed the men who have returned from the hayfield and take care of the livestock. They also need to look after the kids. The day will be hard. But such is our life. Tomorrow the prince's tributary will come for tribute. We have already collected it. Of course, we don’t want to give the prince what is given with such great difficulty, but we must pay tribute, because the prince needs to maintain a squad to protect our lands and administer a fair trial. In the evening, after haymaking, we will gather at the table with the whole family. In our family, this is how it is - after labor day have dinner together. There is an opportunity to discuss issues, distribute cases - this is our family veche. After dinner, I will teach the kids to weave wicker baskets, my brother will tell the children a story about how he went on a military campaign as part of a princely squad, and my wife will take up the yarn. At sunset, everyone will go to bed in their wards. Tomorrow new day full of work and worries. Everyone will need to rest.

"Rus' is not without good people!" Russian people can be safely attributed to the most sympathetic peoples of the world. And we have someone to look up to.

Okolnichiy Fyodor Rtishchev

Even during his lifetime, Fyodor Rtishchev, a close friend and adviser to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, received the nickname "gracious husband." Klyuchevsky wrote that Rtishchev fulfilled only part of the commandment of Christ - he loved his neighbor, but not himself. He was from that rare breed of people who put the interests of others above their own "I want." It was on the initiative of the “bright man” that the first shelters for the poor appeared not only in Moscow, but also abroad. For Rtishchev, it was common to pick up a drunk on the street and take him to a temporary shelter organized by him - an analogue of a modern sobering-up station. How many were saved from death and did not freeze in the street, one can only guess.

In 1671, Fyodor Mikhailovich sent grain carts to the starving Vologda, and then the money received from the sale of personal property. And when he found out about the need of the Arzamas residents for additional lands, he simply presented his own.

During the Russian-Polish war, he took out not only compatriots, but also Poles from the battlefield. He hired doctors, rented houses, bought food and clothing for the wounded and prisoners, again at his own expense. After the death of Rtishchev, his "Life" appeared - a unique case of demonstrating the holiness of a layman, and not a monk.

Empress Maria Feodorovna

The second wife of Paul I, Maria Fedorovna, was famous for her excellent health and tirelessness. Starting the morning with cold douches, prayers and strong coffee, the Empress devoted the rest of the day to taking care of her countless pupils. She knew how to convince moneybags to donate money for the construction of educational institutions for noble maidens in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Simbirsk and Kharkov. With her direct participation, the largest charitable organization was created - the Imperial Humanitarian Society, which existed until the beginning of the 20th century.

Having 9 children of her own, she especially anxiously took care of abandoned babies: the sick were nursed in foster homes, strong and healthy - in trustworthy peasant families.

This approach has significantly reduced child mortality. With all the scale of her activities, Maria Fedorovna paid attention to trifles that are not essential for life. So, in the Obukhov psychiatric hospital in St. Petersburg, each patient received his own kindergarten.

Prince Vladimir Odoevsky

A descendant of the Rurikids, Prince Vladimir Odoevsky was convinced that the thought he had sown would certainly "sprout tomorrow" or "in a thousand years." A close friend of Griboedov and Pushkin, the writer and philosopher Odoevsky was an active supporter of the abolition of serfdom, worked to the detriment of his own interests for the Decembrists and their families, tirelessly intervened in the fate of the most disadvantaged. He was ready to rush to the aid of anyone who applied, and in everyone he saw a “living string” that could be made to sound for the good of the cause.

The St. Petersburg Society for Visiting the Poor, organized by him, helped 15,000 needy families.

There was a women's workshop, a children's rooming house with a school, a hospital, hostels for the elderly and families, and a social store.

Despite his origins and connections, Odoevsky did not seek to occupy an important post, believing that in a "secondary position" he was able to bring "real benefit." The "strange scientist" tried to help young inventors realize their ideas. The main character traits of the prince, according to contemporaries, were humanity and virtue.

Prince Peter of Oldenburg

An innate sense of justice distinguished the grandson of Paul I from most of his colleagues. He not only served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment during the reign of Nicholas I, but also equipped the first school in the history of the country in which soldiers' children were trained at the place of service. Later, this successful experience was applied to other regiments.

In 1834, the prince witnessed the public punishment of a woman who was driven through the soldiers' formation, after which he petitioned for dismissal, stating that he would never be able to carry out such orders.

Petr Georgievich devoted his further life to charity. He was a trustee and an honorary member of many institutions and societies, including the Kyiv House of Charity for the Poor.

Sergey Skyrmunt

Retired lieutenant Sergei Skyrmunt is almost unknown to the general public. He did not hold high positions and failed to become famous for his good deeds, but he was able to build socialism in a single estate.

At the age of 30, when Sergei Apollonovich painfully pondered his future fate, 2.5 million rubles fell on him from a deceased distant relative.

The inheritance was not squandered or played at cards. One part of it became the basis for donations to the Society for the Promotion of Public Entertainment, the founder of which was Skyrmunt himself. With the rest of the money, the millionaire built a hospital and a school on the estate, and all his peasants were able to move to new huts.

Anna Adler

The whole life of this amazing woman was devoted to educational and pedagogical work. She was an active participant in various charitable societies, helped during the famine in the Samara and Ufa provinces, on her initiative the first public reading room was opened in the Sterlitamak district. But her main efforts were aimed at changing the situation of people with disabilities. For 45 years, she has done everything so that the blind have the opportunity to become full members of society.

She was able to find the means and strength to open the first specialized printing house in Russia, where in 1885 the first edition of the Collection of Articles for Children's Reading, published and dedicated to blind children by Anna Adler, was published.

In order to produce a book in Braille, she worked seven days a week until late at night, personally typing and proofreading page after page.

Later, Anna Aleksandrovna translated the musical system, and blind children were able to learn to play musical instruments. With her active assistance, a few years later the first group of blind students graduated from the St. Petersburg School for the Blind, and a year later from the Moscow School. Literacy and vocational training helped graduates find jobs, which changed the stereotype of their incapacity. Anna Adler almost did not live to see the opening of the First Congress of the All-Russian Society of the Blind.

Nikolai Pirogov

The whole life of the famous Russian surgeon is a series of brilliant discoveries, the practical use of which has saved more than one life. The men considered him a magician who, for his "miracles", attracts higher powers. He was the first in the world to use surgery in the field, and the decision to use anesthesia saved not only his patients from suffering, but also those who lay on the tables of his students later. By his own efforts, the splints were replaced with bandages soaked in starch.

He was the first to use the method of sorting the wounded into heavy and those who make it to the rear. This has reduced the death rate by several times. Before Pirogov, even a minor wound in the arm or leg could end in amputation.

He personally carried out operations and tirelessly controlled that the soldiers were provided with everything necessary: ​​warm blankets, food, water.

According to legend, it was Pirogov who taught Russian academics to carry out plastic surgery, demonstrating the successful experience of engrafting a new nose on the face of his barber, whom he helped to get rid of deformity.

Being an excellent teacher, about whom all the students spoke with warmth and gratitude, he believed that the main task of education was to teach to be a man.