Nekrasov to whom in Rus' to live well characters. The actions of the heroes of the work "Who lives well in Rus'" (Matryona Timofeevna, Grisha Dobrosklonov)

In the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'," characters pass in front of the reader in succession. These are people of different classes, ages and interests. "Who in Rus' to live well" - a brief description of heroes will help create a generalized image of a Russian peasant. The author's heroes are divided into groups: those who went to look for happy people in Rus', landowners, serfs and peasants. There is a group that is not included in the listed. They stand apart from the main characters. You can't say who's in charge. Everyone is important and valuable.

Travelers in Rus'

• Temporarily liable: in the past, all peasants were serfs;
• Power: men are distinguished by a restrained character;
• Poor;
• Unpretentious: they are not afraid to travel around the country without food and water: they drink from puddles, wash their faces there, and refresh themselves with dew;
• Uneducated: men do not understand everything, it is difficult to talk with them on scientific topics;
• Family: All characters have families. At home, the peasants left their wives, children, parents;
• Sincere: on the road they mourn for their wives and children. Barely holding back tears from what he saw on the way.
• Purposeful: all the characters want to find an answer, find out the solution to the dispute;
• hardworking: easily cope with any work, miss the braid. The habit of working is not forgotten.

Appearance of wanderers

• Half a pound of bread (8kg);
• A dozen cucumbers;
• A jug of cold kvass;
• Kettle of hot tea.

Character of wanderers

“A man is like a bull: what a whim gets stuck in the head - you can’t knock it out of there with a stake ...”.

Stubborn debaters defend their opinion, find many arguments to prove it. Turning them off the path is difficult, almost impossible. Only they themselves can change their minds, just seeing the error. The Russian people are brave by nature. Having decided to go on a journey, the wanderers are not afraid of possible obstacles. They work smartly with their hands. Nekrasov compares hands with teeth:

"Knock from hunger ...".

Other features of the peasants:

Love for vodka men dream of a bucket of vodka. They easily fold on it, run after it to the nearest villages, drink 3 "kosushki" each, eat and talk.

Zador: courage flares up gradually, enthusiasm embraces and turns into swearing, scolding and a fight. A riot of characters is the difference between the Russian nation. THEIR vehemence is described by the author with humor:

"... Almost spat in the beard ...".

Faith and conscience: the peasants have no education, but they feel where the grief, lies and deceit are. Men sympathize with the priest, believe in God and his help.

Love for songs, fairy tales and legends. On the way, the men sing, tell stories, listen to the stories of the people they meet. From each plot, they choose the very essence, reason and draw the right conclusions.

Modest peasants are attentive to everyone they meet. They believe that there are happy people in Rus', they cannot refuse to search for an answer to the question of the dispute.

Individual characteristics

Novel. There is no information about him.

Demyan. A peasant somewhere managed to learn to read by syllables. He can only simple words, "sophisticated titles" remain a mystery. But even this trifle confirms the desire of men to gain knowledge.

Luke. A peasant once worked for a priest for 3 years. Outwardly, it looks like a mill. He waves his arms, but cannot take off. Stubborn, talkative and stupid.

Gubin brothers. It is interesting how the peasants are called: the most common name is Ivan, and the rare one is Mitrodor. Who joked so over the brothers? Isn't it a whim of crazy owners? Men love to drink, they are ready to overpower a bucket of intoxicating drink. The second interest is horses. They were on their way to return the stubborn horse to the herd when they met men who started an argument.

Prov. The peasant is gloomy and stern. You can deal with it only by leaning in a heap. The Gubin brothers “iron” him, but he endures everything and is silent, stands his ground.

Those who met on the pillar path have different opinions. Not everyone was able to meet on the way, but the peasants gained faith. The songs of Grigory Dobrosklonov are the path to the light, the hope for a happy future for all peasants.

The work of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is devoted to the deep problems of the Russian people. The heroes of his story, ordinary peasants, set off on a journey in search of a person to whom life does not bring happiness. So who in Rus' to live well? A summary of the chapters and annotation to the poem will help to understand the main idea of ​​the work.

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The idea and history of the creation of the poem

The main idea of ​​Nekrasov was to create a poem for the people, in which they could recognize themselves not only in the general idea, but also in the little things, life, behavior, see their strengths and weaknesses, find their place in life.

The author succeeded in his idea. Nekrasov has been collecting the necessary material for years, planning his work entitled “Who should live well in Rus'?” much more voluminous than the one that came out at the end. It was planned as many as eight full-fledged chapters, each of which was supposed to be a separate work with a complete structure and idea. The only thing unifying link- seven ordinary Russian peasants, peasants who travel around the country in search of the truth.

In the poem "Who is it good to live in Rus'?" four parts, the order and completeness of which is a cause of controversy for many scholars. Nevertheless, the work looks holistic, leads to a logical end - one of the characters finds the very recipe for Russian happiness. It is believed that Nekrasov completed the end of the poem, already knowing about his imminent death. Wanting to bring the poem to an end, he moved the end of the second part to the end of the work.

It is believed that the author began to write “Who is living well in Rus'?” around 1863 - shortly after. Two years later, Nekrasov finished the first part and marked the manuscript with that date. The subsequent ones were ready for 72, 73, 76 years of the 19th century, respectively.

Important! The work began to be printed in 1866. This process turned out to be long four years. The poem was not well received by critics. higher order time brought down on her a lot of criticism, the author, along with his work, was persecuted. Despite this, “Who is it good to live in Rus'?” was published and well received by the common people.

Annotation to the poem “Who is living well in Rus'?”: it consists of the first part, which contains a prologue that introduces the reader to the main acting characters, five chapters and excerpts from the second (“Last child” of 3 chapters) and the third part (“Peasant Woman” of 7 chapters). The poem ends with the chapter "A feast for the whole world" and an epilogue.

Prologue

“Who is living well in Rus'?” starts with a prologue summary which is: meet seven main characters- ordinary Russian peasants from the people who came from the Terpigorev district.

Each comes from his own village, whose name, for example, was Dyryaevo or Neyolovo. Having met, the men begin to actively argue with each other about who really has a good life in Rus'. This phrase will be the leitmotif of the work, its main plot.

Each offers a variant of the estate, which is now prospering. These were:

• priests;
• landlords;
• officials;
• merchants;
• boyars and ministers;
• tsar.

Men argue so much it's getting out of hand fight starts- the peasants forget what things they were going to do, they go in an unknown direction. In the end, they wander into the wilderness, decide not to go anywhere else until the morning and wait out the night in a clearing.

Because of the noise raised, the chick falls out of the nest, one of the wanderers catches him and dreams that if he had wings, he would fly around all of Rus'. The rest add that you can do without wings, it would be something to drink and eat well, then you can travel until old age.

Attention! Bird - the mother of the chick, in exchange for her child, tells the peasants where find treasure- a self-assembled tablecloth, but warns that you can not ask for more than a bucket of alcohol a day - otherwise there will be trouble. The men really find a treasure, after which they promise each other not to part until they find the answer to the question of who is good to live in this state.

First part. Chapter 1

The first chapter tells about the meeting of men with the priest. They walked for a long time, met ordinary people - beggars, peasants, soldiers. The disputants did not even try to talk to them, because they knew from their own experience that happiness common people No. Having met the priest's cart, the wanderers block the way and talk about the dispute, asking main question who in Rus' live well, they are extorting, are the priests happy.

Pop responds as follows:

1. A person has happiness only if his life combines three features - calmness, honor and wealth.
2. He explains that the priests have no peace, ranging from how troublesome they get the dignity and ending with the fact that every day he listens to the cry of dozens of people, which does not add peace to life.
3. Lots of money now butts are hard to earn, since the nobles, who used to perform rituals in their native villages, now do it in the capital, and the clergy have to live off the peasants alone, from whom there is a meager income.
4. The people of the priests also do not indulge in respect, make fun of them, avoid them, there is no way to hear a good word from anyone.

After the priest's speech, the peasants bashfully hide their eyes and understand that the life of the priests in the world is by no means sweet. When the clergyman leaves, the debaters attack the one who suggested that the priests live well. It would have come to a fight, but the pop reappeared on the road.

Chapter 2

The peasants walk along the roads for a long time, almost no one meets them, whom you can ask who in Rus' has a good life. In the end, they learn that in the village of Kuzminsky rich fair because the village is not poor. There are two churches, a closed school and even a not very clean hotel where you can stay. It's no joke, there is a paramedic in the village.

The most important thing is that there are as many as 11 taverns here, who do not have time to pour to the merry people. All peasants drink a lot. An upset grandfather stands by the shoe shop, who promised to bring boots to his granddaughter, but drank the money away. Barin Pavlusha Veretennikov appears and pays for the purchase.

Books are also sold at the fair, but people are interested in the most untalented books, neither Gogol nor Belinsky are in demand and are not interesting to ordinary people, despite the fact that these writers just defend interests ordinary people . At the end, the heroes get so drunk that they fall to the ground, watching the church “stagger”.

Chapter 3

In this chapter, the debaters again find Pavel Veretennikov, who actually collects the folklore, stories and expressions of the Russian people. Pavel tells the peasants around him that they drink too much alcohol, and for those drunken night- for happiness.

Yakim Golyi objects to this, arguing that a simple the farmer drinks a lot not from own desire, but because he works hard, he is constantly haunted by grief. Yakim tells his story to those around him - having bought pictures for his son, Yakim loved them no less than himself, therefore, when a fire broke out, he was the first to take these images out of the hut. In the end, the money that he had accumulated over his life was gone.

After hearing this, the men sit down to eat. After one of them remains to follow the bucket of vodka, and the rest again head into the crowd to find a person who considers himself happy in this world.

Chapter 4

Men walk the streets and promise to treat themselves to vodka happy person from the people, in order to find out who in Rus' has a good life, but only deeply unhappy people who want to drink to console themselves. Those who want to brag about something good find that their petty happiness does not answer the main question. For example, a Belarusian is happy that rye bread is made here, from which he does not have pain in his stomach, so he is happy.

As a result, the bucket of vodka runs out, and the debaters understand that they will not find the truth this way, but one of the visitors says to look for Ermila Girin. Ermil is very respected in the village, the peasants say that it is very good man. They even tell a case that when Girin wanted to buy a mill, but there was no money for a deposit, he collected a whole thousand loans from the common people and managed to deposit the money.

A week later, Yermil gave away everything he occupied, until the evening he tried to find out from those around him who else to approach and give the last remaining ruble.

Girin earned such trust by the fact that, while serving as a clerk for the prince, he did not take money from anyone, but on the contrary, ordinary people helped, so when they were going to choose the burgomaster, they chose him, Yermil justified the appointment. At the same time, the priest says that he is unhappy, since he is already in jail, and why, he does not have time to tell, since a thief is found in the company.

Chapter 5

Then the travelers meet the landowner, who, in response to the question of who lives well in Rus', tells them about his noble roots - the founder of his family, the Tatar Oboldui, was skinned by a bear for the laughter of the empress, who in return presented many expensive gifts.

The landowner complains that the peasants were taken away, therefore there is no more law on its lands, forests are being cut down, drinking establishments are multiplying - the people do what they want, they become impoverished from this. Then he says that he was not used to working since childhood, but here he has to do it because the serfs were taken away.

Lamenting, the landowner leaves, and the peasants pity him, thinking that on the one hand, after the abolition of serfdom, the peasants suffered, and on the other, the landlords, that this whip whipped all classes.

Part 2. Afterbirth - summary

This part of the poem tells about the crazy Prince Utyatin, who, knowing that serfdom canceled, came down with a heart attack and promised to deprive his sons of their inheritance. Those, frightened of such a fate, persuaded the peasants to play along with their old father, bribing them with a promise to give meadows to the village.

Important! Characteristics of Prince Utyatin: a selfish person who likes to feel power, therefore he is ready to force others to do completely meaningless things. He feels complete impunity, he thinks that the future of Russia is behind this.

Some peasants willingly played along with the lord's request, while others, such as Agap Petrov, could not come to terms with the fact that in the wild they had to bow before someone. Once in a situation in which it is impossible to achieve the truth, Agap Petrov dies from pangs of conscience and mental anguish.

At the end of the chapter, Prince Utyatin rejoices at the return of serfdom, speaks of its correctness at his own feast, which is attended by seven travelers, and at the end calmly dies in the boat. At the same time, no one gives the meadows to the peasants, and the trial on this issue has not been completed to this day, as the peasants found out.

Part 3. Peasant woman

This part of the poem is devoted to the search for female happiness, but ends with the fact that there is no happiness and never will be found. Wanderers meet a peasant woman Matryona - a beautiful, stately woman of 38 years old. Wherein Matryona is deeply unhappy considers herself an old woman. She has a hard fate, the joy was only in childhood. After the girl got married, her husband went to work, leaving his pregnant wife in big family husband.

The peasant woman had to feed her husband's parents, who only scoffed and did not help her. Even after giving birth, they were not allowed to take the child with them, since the woman did not work enough with him. The baby was looked after by an elderly grandfather, the only one who treated Matryona normally, but because of his age he did not look after the baby, he was eaten by pigs.

Matryona later also gave birth to children, but she could not forget her first son. The peasant woman forgave the old man who had gone to the monastery with grief and took him home, where he soon died. She herself came to the governor's house during the demolitions, asked to return her husband because of plight. Since Matryona gave birth right in the waiting room, the governor helped the woman, from this the people began to call her happy, which in fact was far from the case.

In the end, the wanderers, having not found female happiness and not having received an answer to their question - who in Rus' should live well, went on.

Part 4. A feast for the whole world - the conclusion of the poem

It takes place in the same village. The main characters gathered at the feast and have fun, tell different stories to find out which of the people in Rus' live well. The conversation turned to Yakov, a peasant who revered the master very much, but did not forgive when he gave his nephew to the soldiers. As a result, Yakov brought the owner into the forest and hanged himself, but he could not get out, because his legs did not work. What follows is a long discussion about who is more sinful in this situation.

Guys share different stories about the sins of peasants and landowners, deciding who is more honest and righteous. The crowd as a whole is quite unhappy, including the peasants - the main characters, only a young seminarian Grisha wants to devote himself to serving the people and their well-being. He loves his mother very much and is ready to pour it out on the village.

Grisha goes and sings that a glorious path lies ahead, a sonorous name in history, he is inspired by this, he is not even afraid of the expected outcome - Siberia and death from consumption. The debaters do not notice Grisha, but in vain, because this the only happy person in the poem, having understood this, they could find the answer to their question - who should live well in Russia.

When the poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” was being written, the author wanted to finish his work in a different way, but the imminent death forced add optimism and hope to the end of the poem, to give "light at the end of the road" to the Russian people.

N.A. Nekrasov, “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” - a summary

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov worked on his work "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" for many years, giving him part of his soul. And throughout the entire period of creation of this work, the poet did not leave lofty performances about the perfect life and the perfect man.

The poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" is the result of the author's many years of reflection on the fate of the country and people.

So, who can live well in Rus'? This is how the poet poses the question and tries to answer it. The plot of the poem, like the plot of folk tales, is built as a journey of old peasants in search of a happy person. Wanderers are looking for him among all the classes of the then Rus', but their main goal is to find "muzhik happiness." The poem solves the most important question of our time: "The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" Here another question arises: what are the paths leading to people's happiness?

To answer the question of who lives well in Rus', Nekrasov looks around all of Rus' and at first does not find a positive answer to this question, because the poem was begun in 1863, immediately after the abolition of serfdom. But later, already in the 70s, when the advanced youth went "to the people", finding happiness in serving them, the poet came to the conclusion that serving the people is happiness. With the image of the "people's protector" Grisha Dobrosklonov, the poet answers the question posed in the poem.

About Grisha Dobrosklonov is told in the last part of the poem, called "A Feast for the Whole World." heavy life path seminarian Grisha. The son of a half-destitute deacon and "an unrequited laborer", he lived a hungry childhood and a harsh youth.

And Gregory's face is thin, pale

And the hair is thin, curly,

With a hint of red.

In the seminary, the seminarians "underfed the money-grabber-economy", and during the holidays Grisha worked as a laborer in his native village of Vakhlachino.

He was responsive and loving son, and "in the boy's heart, with love for the poor mother, love for the whole vakhlachin merged."

And Grisha Dobrosklonov firmly decided to devote his life to the struggle for the liberation of the people:

And fifteen years old

Gregory already knew for sure

What will live for happiness

Wretched and dark

native corner.

Strong-willed, freedom-loving, alien to personal interests, Grisha Dobrosklonov does not follow the beaten track, but chooses the difficult path of struggle for the rights of the oppressed. The people, seeing in him their messenger, bless him for a righteous struggle.

Go to the downtrodden

Go to the offended

Be the first there!

Fate prepared for him

The path is glorious, the name is loud

people's protector,

Consumption and Siberia.

Grisha is a poet who created the song "Rus".

You are poor

You are abundant

You are powerful

You are powerless

Mother Rus'!

Strength with unrighteousness

Doesn't get along

Victim of untruth

Not called...

Rat rises -

Innumerable!

The strength will affect her

Invincible!

So, it is with the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov that Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov connects his idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe perfect person, he sees in him an aesthetic and moral ideal. Raising his readers to its most complete embodiment, the poet answers the question of the poem - who in Rus' should live well.

Happiness is a purely individual concept. Each person has his own happiness, different from the rest. For someone to be happy means to be in harmony with the surrounding world and people; for someone - to be understood and correctly perceived by relatives. For some, the concept of "happiness" is complex and multifaceted, including many factors. For someone to be happy, nothing is needed - a pleasant melody and good weather outside. In any case, happiness, whatever it may be, varies greatly depending on individual features of a person - education, worldview, way of thinking. Many writers and poets of completely different eras were concerned about the problem of finding human happiness. At different artists it appeared different: either as a blue bird, as in M. Maeterlinck, or as an alluring, deep sky, as in A.S. Pushkin and M.Yu. Lermontov. In his largely revolutionary poem, N.A. Nekrasov portrayed another happiness - the joy that what is happening is not as bad as it could be. Nekrasov's multi-type and multifaceted happiness, however, is not such a wonderful and bright feeling as we are used to presenting it.

The work "Who should live well in Rus'?" is a complex, multi-year author's work. Throughout the entire period of work on Nekrasov's poem, thoughts about the predestination of a person, about the purpose for which he comes to this world, and about the ways to realize this goal, did not leave. In order to answer the question posed in the title of the work, the poet reviews all of Rus', all social classes. Everyone has their own ideas about happiness and comfort, but not all of them are of interest to the author.

The beginning of the poem - written in 1863, immediately after the abolition of serfdom - presents a sad picture of the life of peasants, philistines, churchmen. They do not even have a vague idea of ​​real human happiness, and the state that they pass off as happiness frankly causes pity. Only in those parts that refer to the 70s, we see the definition of high human feeling: to serve the people is happiness. The "lucky" Grisha Dobrosklonov becomes the intercessor and defender of mankind. However, the author, describing the future of Grisha - "consumption and Siberia", draws a clear dividing line between the concepts of personal and universal, people's happiness. The first is wretched and pathetic, the second is truly beautiful and truly capable of elevating a person. The main plot of the poem resembles a Russian folk tale - the journey of peasants from different villages looking for a happy person. On the way to their cherished goal, the peasants are helped by magical natural forces that feed and water them. Constant fabulous reruns, lots of pure folk sayings and sayings make the canvas of the poem not just an author's invention, but a special work, really close in spirit to the people.

The goal of the poem coincides with the goal of the main characters: to understand what happiness is and does it have a place on the Russian land? what are the ways that will help the people to regain their lost happiness, and who can help them? All these questions are solved in the course of the long and difficult journey of the peasants through the towns and villages. Here, a whole gallery of various human types passes before the heroes and readers. And they all claim to be considered happy, but they themselves refuse this title as a result. Readers see people who are attractive to the author, but incapable of being considered happy. Their simple happiness lies in the fact that the grief turned out to be not as terrible as it could be. folk heroes, who did not reconcile themselves to a slavish position and did not become serfs - Savely, Matryona Timofeevna and Yermil Girin - command the respect of both the author and readers. Their antipodes - the servants of wealthy landowners - also seem to have the right to personal happiness, but if the peasant share causes sympathy and light sadness among the heroes of the poem, then the aristocratic quirks and manners of the servile class are disgusting and repugnant to the working people.

Many faces, to varying degrees unhappy and happy, pass before the reader. But only in one hero of the work, appearing at the very end, the author sees the people's intercessor and a happy person. This is Grisha Dobrosklonov, who is described in the last part of the poem "A Feast for the Whole World".

The poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" is the result of the author's thoughts about the fate of the country and people. To whom in Rus' to live well? - the poem begins with this question. Its plot, like the plot of folk tales, is built as a journey of old peasants in search of a happy person. Wanderers are looking for him among all the classes of the then Rus', but their main goal is to find "peasant happiness". The poem solves the most important question of modernity: "The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" Another question arises: what are the paths leading to people's happiness. With deep sympathy, the author treats those peasants who do not grovel before their masters, do not reconcile themselves to their slavish position. This is Savely, and Matryona Timofeevna, and Grisha Dobrosklonov, and Yermil Girin. To answer the question "Who is living well in Rus'?",

Nekrasov looks around the whole of Rus' and at first does not find a positive answer to this question, because. the poem was begun in 1863, immediately after the abolition of serfdom. But later, already in the 70s, when the progressive youth went "to the people", finding happiness in serving them, the poet came to the conclusion: serving the people is happiness. With the image of the "people's protector" Grisha Dobrosklonov, the poet answers the question posed in the poem. It is told about in the last part, called "A feast for the whole world." Grisha's life as a seminarian is hard. The son of a half-destitute deacon and "an unrequited laborer", he lived a hungry childhood and a harsh youth. In the seminary, "they were underfed by the thieves-economist," and during the holidays Grisha worked as a laborer in his Vakhlachin. He was a sympathetic and loving son, and "in the boy's heart, with love for a poor mother, love for the whole vakhlachin merged." He decided to devote his life to the struggle for the liberation of the people: "... And for fifteen years, Grigory already knew for sure, That he would live for the happiness of the wretched and dark native corner." Strong in spirit, freedom-loving, alien to personal interests.

Grisha Dobrosklonov does not follow the beaten path, but chooses a difficult path in the struggle for the oppressed. The people, seeing him as their messenger, bless him for the fight: "Fate prepared a glorious Path for him, the name of the loud Protector of the People, Consumption and Siberia." Grisha is a poet, he will create the song "Rus", in which he sings of the awakened Russia:

"The army rises -

Innumerable.

The strength will affect her

Invincible."

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" is usually called an epic poem. epic is piece of art, depicting with the maximum degree of completeness and objectivity an entire era in the life of the people. In the center of this work is the image of post-reform Russia. Nekrasov wrote his poem for 14 years, collecting material for it "word by word". The author wanted to depict all social strata in it: from the enslaved peasantry to the prosperous nobility, headed by the tsar. The citizenship of Nekrasov's lyrics was determined, first of all, by the poet's purpose in life, his ability to see the basic laws of life in individual episodes and not remain indifferent to the aspirations of the people. The main theme of the work was the life of the people, the life of the peasants. With extraordinary brightness and accuracy, all the troubles and hardships that the people have to endure, all the difficulties of its existence are described. Despite the reform of 1861, which “liberated” the peasants, they found themselves in a worse situation: not having their own land, they fell into even greater bondage, and the thought of the impossibility of such a life, of the peasant’s hard lot, of peasant ruin runs through the whole poem. The plot of the poem is similar to a folk tale, here seven peasants travel in search of happiness. Their position is evidenced by the names of the places where the truth-seeking peasants come from: "Terpigoreva county, Pustoporozhnaya volost, from adjacent villages: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhayka, too." At the beginning of the poem, they have a question: "Who lives happily, freely in Rus'?" Wanderers are looking for a happy person among all classes, but the main goal of their journey is to find "muzhik happiness". Nekrasov cannot but show a low standard of living popular consciousness, its limitations. I Men understand happiness primitively, they reduce it to material security, peace, wealth and honor. But meetings with different people change the views of wanderers. They meet a priest who refutes the peasant form of happiness. For him, peace is indifference, the honor of a person is the attitude of others towards him, but it is not always positive and objective. The wanderers get acquainted with Yakim Nagim, whose story has also changed the worldview of the travelers. For him, wealth is not a criterion of life, because during a fire, he and his wife rush to save not accumulated wealth, but pictures and icons, which testifies to their spirituality, lofty attitude to life and impracticality. Yermil Girin is also remarkable. He was a clerk, became famous throughout the district for his intelligence, justice, disinterested devotion to the people and earned their respect. At the auction, Yermil did not have enough money to buy a mill, and all the people helped, collected the required amount, knowing about the honesty of Girin. But he is not perfect: Yermil, taking pity on his brother, appointed Vlasyevna's son as a recruit. Then he repents of the perfect deed: I judged you according to your conscience, Now I myself am the most sinful of all. Judge me! Jirin "names everything that is necessary for happiness", but he sacrificed this for the sake of the people's truth and went to prison for his speech during the riot. Another prominent representative of the protesting peasantry is Savely Korchagin. The murder of a German persecuting the peasants happened unplanned, it personifies the peasant riots, which also arose spontaneously, as a response to the cruelty on the part of the landowners. The spirit of a rebel lives in Savelia, hatred for the oppressors, but at the same time such human qualities as sincere love, fortitude, understanding of life and the ability to deeply experience the grief of others. The fate of the Russian peasant woman becomes a special topic, because it turns out to be even harder than the fate of the rest of the peasants. "It's not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women," says Matrena Timofeevna, the heroine of the chapter "The Peasant Woman." Matrena Timofeevna, A portly woman, Broad and thick, Thirty-eight years old, Beautiful, gray hair, Eyes large, stern, Eyelashes of the richest, Severe and swarthy. There were several moments in her life when the feelings that overwhelmed her soul were ready to spill out and force her to take decisive action. This is the autopsy of Demushka's body by doctors, a public punishment for the misconduct of her son Fedotushka. But after the news that her husband is being drafted into the army, she decides to fight for her happiness to the end. The governor herself helps her. It turns out that the happiness of a peasant woman is simply not to become a soldier. All the characters have a different understanding of happiness, but none of them are similar to the original idea of ​​the seven truth-seekers: happiness is not in money, not in honor, but in something else. the last hero of this poem is Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is a fighter, a defender of the peasants, and he realized his destiny at the age of 15 - "he will live for the happiness ... of his native corner." He heard in his chest Immense Forces, Delighted his ear Sounds of grace, Sounds radiant Noble anthem - He sang the embodiment of Happiness of the people! Dobrosklonov is not afraid of trials, because he firmly believes in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his life. Grisha went along a difficult, cramped path, but it is on it that happiness awaits a person, because it brings people the light and joy of life. After such a long and lengthy journey, the travelers returned home without finding "peasant" happiness. For Nekrasov, happiness is the liberation of the people from slavery. It is through the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov that the author conveys this idea to the reader: The army is rising - Innumerable. The strength in it will be Indestructible. For Nekrasov, the cry of the people was an alarm calling on all decent intellectuals and democrats to solve the problems of post-reform Rus'. The abolition or abolition of serfdom does not in itself carry the emancipation of the peasants. Recognition of their rights occurred only at the legal level, while understanding oneself as a full member of society occurred only in some representatives of the peasantry. It stretches along the slope, Then it descends into the ravine, And there again on the hill - How can there not be dirt here? Two churches in it are old, A house with an inscription: a school, Empty, packed tightly, A hut with one window, With the image of a paramedic, bleeding... The description of nature also does not evoke joyful feelings: The sun does not warm the earth, And the clouds are rainy, Like milking Cows, They go through the heavens, The snow has driven away, and the greenery. No weed, no leaf!

One gets the impression that everything is set against the people, but, despite all the obstacles encountered on the path to happiness, everyone is fighting for it, hoping for the best. Everyone understands happiness in their own way. For example, the peasant woman Matreena Timofeevna sees her happiness, I think, in children, because first of all she is a mother. Let's remember her reverent attitude towards her dead son Demushka: I wore Demidushka, By the wives... I cherished... And the position of a woman in Rus' was unenviable. Matryona Timofeevna describes the attitude towards her in her husband's house as follows: The husband went to work To be silent, to endure advised: Do not spit on red-hot Iron - it will hiss ... But Matryona Timofeevna still utters the cherished words: "Then it was happiness!" The peasant woman felt happy when she lived in home when love came into her life. I consider it important for every woman. But happy times in the life of this woman flashed like sweet Dreams: The family was great, Grumpy ... I got straight to hell with the girl's! Hell... This word causes fear in me, but Matreena Timofeevna] gives such a characterization of her life. But still, the peasant woman fights for her happiness, using all possible means. With the help of a collective image Matryona Timofeevna Nekrasov describes the life of all Russian] women. In conclusion, Matryona says: And you - zr with happiness poked your head! It's a shame, well done! Go to an official, To a noble boyar, Go to the tsar, But don't touch women, - That's God! With nothing you pass To the grave board. Other no less vivid image poems - Yakim Nagoi. Yakim is an honest worker with self-respect. He is smart, he perfectly understands why the peasant lives so badly: Every peasant has a soul like a black cloud - Gchevna, formidable, and it would be necessary to thunder from there Thunders, pouring bloody rains, And everything ends with wine. Yakim calls on the people to fight, believes in the best, in free labor. He cannot come to terms with such a hopeless life, fights, seeks his truth. Yermil Girin is also remarkable, who became famous for his justice, intelligence, devotion to the people, which is why he is elected headman, but Yermil is a simple person who is prone to mistakes. Girin made a mistake, because of which he almost committed suicide. There was a case, and Yermil-muzhik went crazy from recruitment. Little brother Mitriy He vindicated. Yermil faithfully served the people. In the chapters about Matryona Timofeevna, Yakim Nagom, Yermila Girin, we feel the growing discontent of the peasants, their protest. But only in the chapter "Savelius is a god"! tyr holy Russian "peasant protest turned into a riot that ended in murder. I buried the German Vogel Khristyan Khristianych Zhivy in the ground .... This means that peasant patience is not eternal, because it is impossible to endlessly endure the bullying of the landowners, their ridicule. What are the possible roads to happiness? In the middle of the distant world For a free heart There are two paths... So, fortunately, you can follow two paths.Firstly: One spacious Road - torn, Passion of a slave, Enormous along it, Greedy for temptation, There is a path.About a sincere life, "About a lofty goal. The idea there is ridiculous... The author treats people who choose this path satirically. They evoke the most negative feelings in me. But there is another road: Another narrow, honest road, Only strong souls go along it." , Loving, To fight, to work .... I associate the image of Grigory with a bright future, it is not by chance that Nekrasov calls him an angel of mercy. I hope that he will choose Right way and raise a powerful army to fight. The army rises - Innumerable! The power in it will be indestructible.... And what is happiness? And who in Rus' to live well? This is one of the "eternal questions", timely for our life today.

In the poem “Who should live well in Rus'”, Nekrasov is looking for an answer to the main question of his work, which is formulated in the “Elegy”: “The people are liberated, but are the people happy? ..” Therefore, the center of the work is the collective image of the people depicted in mass scenes and in personalized images.

Goodies

1. Yermila Girin became famous for his extraordinary justice, only once in the seven years of his work as a steward he took advantage of the situation: he saved his brother from recruitment by giving another peasant to the soldiers. Jirin, of course, was convicted! peace!, but repented and corrected his misdeed. Ermila's enormous authority is based on popular trust. By giving him the last, they can collect a thousand rubles at the fair in half an hour so that Girin, and not the merchant Altynnikov, buys a mill. Even the authorities recognize the authority of Yermila, turning to him for help in pacifying the rebellious peasants. But girin being true people's intercessor, instead says! seditious! speech in support of men. Yermila refused a quiet life in prosperity and ended up in prison. His story shook the wanderers' notions of personal happiness.
2. Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina is also glorified by popular rumor. The heroine, unlike Yermila Girin, tells about herself and concludes: “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women.” Outer beauty, cordiality, kindness, ingenuity, the glory of the lucky woman characterize Matryona as an exceptional personality, “type majestic Slav". Matryona's life, typical for most peasant women, was reflected in in large numbers folklore genres used by her in the story of her difficult life: in lamentations, legends, fairy tales, proverbs, songs. Live in parental family She was prosperous, but, having married a stove-maker, Matryona seemed to have fallen into hell, where the superstitious mother-in-law and the drunkard father-in-law constantly scold and humiliate Matryona. There is no one to intercede for her, except for grandfather Savely, but due to his oversight, the first-born Demushka dies. In a lean year, she throws herself at the feet of the governor with a request for the return of her husband from the soldiers, and this request is fulfilled, for which Matryona is called the lucky one. The summary of her life becomes a generalization.
3. Yakim Nagoi. Yakim Nagoi, who has the wisdom and experience of a farmer and a St. Petersburg worker, also acts as a spokesman for the national identity in the poem. It is shown through the perception of the folklore collector Pavlusha Veretennikov: a sunken chest, he himself looks like mother earth, a drill neck, a brick face, sandy hair, and a hand like tree bark. The description of the portrait of a peasant is made with a palette borrowed from mother earth, from which comes the power of a plain-looking hero living in the village of Bosovo. Yakim is a literate, inquisitive person, he sought justice in the city, but he suffered from unrighteous judges. Yakim has his own opinion about the people. Yakim experiences a personal tragedy when, in the event of a fire, he does not save the money he has accumulated with hard work, but rips popular prints from the walls, for which he is considered eccentric. He is a protector popular interests, who believes that the oppressors of the peasants are to blame for the poverty of the peasants “three equity holders: God, master, king”.
4. Savely Korchagin. Similar thoughts are expressed by Savely Korchagin, who is similar in his views to Yakim Nagogoy, but opposite to him in appearance and character. He is clumsy, frail, and Savely, even at a hundred years old, is a Bogatyr who looks like a bear. For the murder of the manager Vogel, the grandfather spent 20 years in hard labor, after which another 20 in the settlement, but he could not come to terms with the position of an oppressed person. For him, freedom is not just a word, but a meaning that is above all. Savely lost faith in the good king and in God's help and lives according to the principle "God is high, the king is far away."
5. Grisha Dobrosklonov. The peasants never found a happy person, but in the last part of the poem “A Feast for the Whole World” we meet the image of the people's benefactor Grisha Dobrosklonov, who “sang the embodiment of the people's happiness”. Grisha is a seminarian, the son of a deacon from the village of Bolshie Vakhlaki. His mother died early, leaving a “Salty” song about herself, in the mind of the hero her image is connected with the image of the motherland. Grisha is going to study in Moscow, he is a revolutionary propagandist, a possible prototype of which was N. Dobrolyubov. Among literary critics there is no consensus about this hero. Some critics consider the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov not convincing enough, not giving an answer about a happy person, because, despite all the thoughts of the Nekrasov hero related to Russia and the people, Grisha needed solitude to feel his destiny.
Nekrasovskie folk images complex and contradictory: these are peasants who think about their lives and serfs like Ipat, whom the landowner harnessed to the cart, but he remained faithful to the owner even after the abolition of the right to serfdom. Big role mass scenes played out at rural fairs play in the disclosure of people's thinking and way of life.

Negative heroes

oppressors of the people. In the poem, peasants and landowners are presented as two hostile forces. But hatred of the oppressors develops into reprisals against them only when the people are tortured by foreigners, such as Vogel.
6. Vogel, whom the peasants buried alive, is not a simple exploiter, but a foreigner, alien in spirit. Manager Shalashnikov, like Pan Glukhovsky, who was killed by Kudeyar, is characterized by alien habits, “foreign” vices. If Shalashnikov, his own, understandable, had been in Vogel's place, then the murder would not have happened. The peasants, this time too, would have withstood the discontent of the Russian master, as they had to do more than once. But they did not endure the bullying of the foreigner.
7. Obolt-Obolduev is a ruined middle-class landowner, he is proud of his origin. He imagines himself a peasant savior and benefactor, but everyone laughs at him. The ideal of this landowner is serfdom, obedience to power. Obolt-Obolduev hates both the preachers of enlightenment, and the disobedient peasants who “play pranks” in the forest belonging to him, evade work in the fields. In the monologue-confession of this landowner, there is not only satire, but also the poeticization of noble estate life, inherent in the works of I. Turgenev, I. Bunin.
8. Last. The main technique in creating the image of the Last, Prince Utyatin, is the grotesque. This is the last of the secular landowners who failed to survive the abolition of serfdom. He is despotic and cruel. The freed peasants pretend to be serfs for a good payment (they are promised water meadows after the death of the prince). In front of the master, improvisation is played out, a comedy with singing, dancing, scenery and customs imitating the idyll of serf life. Some perform their roles better, others worse, so the role of steward is played not by the serious and gloomy Vlas (purebred Burmeister), but by the resourceful and lively Klim (during his lifetime he was a worthless person and a dissolute drunkard). Indeed, the muzhik Agap Petrov, who could not endure Utyatin's chicanery, finds himself in a dismal position. The peasants again come up with a “theatrical” reprisal, having drunk Agap with vodka at the stable, screaming as if under rods. But almost on the same day, Agap dies a painful death, the meaning of which is that the imitation of punishment can injure a person no less than the beatings themselves. On the whole, while playing a comedy, the men laugh not only at the Last, but also at their past.
The Nekrasov peasant can explain exactly why he does not like the master. But other social antipathies and sympathies of the peasant are less definite. For example, why among the people the priests are called “foal breed”, the Gubin brothers cannot answer. Subordination to tradition is one of the traits of the national Russian character, which cannot be explained by the experience of some Mitrodor Gubin.

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Nekrasov’s work “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is an excellent example of how images should be written in a work in order to produce the maximum effect you need on the reader. Nekrasov is a wonderful writer who, in his work, was able to convey all the thoughts that he wanted, without departing from the narrative of the work. It is worth highlighting the character of Pop in the work “Who Lives Well in Rus'”.

Pop is an ordinary clergyman in the church, in which there is practically nothing outwardly remarkable, but, however, in character and inner world he is very, very different from his colleagues in the shop. And it differs in the following features.

He is pretty in character. unique character, as it does not contrast with the rest of the characters, clearly standing out against their background, which gives the reader the opportunity to analyze him separately from all the other characters presented in the work. He is independent enough, to think broadly and openly, without pushing himself into a framework, although he is a representative of a religion for which, by the way, freethinking is not typical at all, which makes Pop a very distinctive character for this reason alone. He is also quite brave and a kind person, ready to help anyone and anytime, whoever it is, he will always come to the aid of a person if this person needs help.

The whole character of Pop is built on the desire to help others, to do good for them, however, since he is a man of religion, then, accordingly, religious canons also play an important role for him. He fiercely defends the ideals of Orthodoxy, not allowing anyone to shake his faith. He believes that the canons of Orthodoxy are the only true religion that should be taken on faith, as it corrects a person’s behavior in the direction necessary for the state, towards submission, but he doesn’t even mind this fact, but on the contrary, actively supports this policy, since he believes that Rus' will fall apart without the assistance of Orthodoxy and without something that can be believed in.

I believe that it was this idea that Nekrasov tried to convey to us through the image of the Pope in his work "Who Lives Well in Rus'."

Composition Pop in the work of Nekrasov Who lives well in Rus'

The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” was written by N.A. Nekrasov after the abolition of serfdom. Its whole essence lies in the fact that the serfs, who dreamed of living freely, now do not know what to do. For the landowners, such a reform is like death. For example, one of the characters, Prince Utyatin, is deceived that serfdom has not been abolished, because if he finds out the truth, then he will have a blow. Nekrasov in this poem depicts the relationship different people to this reform. The writer wants to find out in his work who in Rus' has a good life? To do this, he introduced characters of peasants who go and ask various people their opinions.

So the peasants met the priest and asked if the priest was happy. He replied that he had neither wealth, nor peace, nor honor. And this, according to the priest, was happiness. Pop says that peasants are not happy: either there is no yield, or quite a lot of crops, but some other misfortune will surely happen. Pop also expresses his unhappiness in the fact that he has no peace. That he has to go at any time, as they call, either to the funeral of a person, or to the birth of babies, and his soul hurts for human suffering. Yes, and the education of the clergy is quite difficult to get.

The image of the Pope is quite diverse. For example, at first he appears to us as a person who has to exploit the peasants, take the last. On the other hand, he feels sorry for the peasants, he is not indifferent to the opinion of the people. It was Pop who touched on the topic of peasant girls who work tirelessly. But how does a simple estate relate to the priest? Peasants have always treated the clergy with disrespect. The priest tells how he ironizes the people over the priest's wealth, that the peasants spread gossip about bribes from the landowners and collecting the last pennies from the people. Once the old woman gave him the last copper nickels and the priest took them, because if he did not take, then he would have nothing to live on. But he also understands that the old woman herself needed them. The priest himself serves in the countryside, directs a large temple.

From the image of the priest, we see the life of all the clergy and intelligentsia of that time. The state does not help them, the people mock them, although they call the priests at any time convenient for the peasants. With the abolition of serfdom, all the rich landowners who applied for life dispersed around different parties. And on the alms of the peasants they live hard.

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