The main idea of ​​the fairy tale is the black chicken. "black chicken or underground inhabitants"

“The Black Hen” is a short story by Antony Pogorelsky, written by him for his little nephew Alexei Tolstoy, a future famous writer. In this article we will provide an analysis of the story “The Black Hen”, which will help you become better acquainted with the work and understand its essence. It would also be a good idea to read the summary of this story. But first, let’s discuss what genre “The Black Hen” belongs to and talk about the main character.

Genre of the work “Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants”

The work is subtitled “A Magic Tale for Children,” although it is more in line with the genre of a romantic fairy tale. Here there is a two-world characteristic of romanticism: the real world - the boarding school where the main character Alyosha studied, and the magical world - the underground kingdom. Moreover, these two worlds are not isolated from each other. For example, Chernushka is actually an ordinary chicken, but in the magical world she is an honored minister.

The work is similar to a fairy tale by the presence of a hero who must pass tests, the presence of magical objects (hemp seed), and the motif of threefold repetition. An analysis of the story “The Black Hen” clearly shows this.

The image of the main character of the work “The Black Hen”

The main character is a boy Alyosha, who lives and studies in a boarding school in St. Petersburg.

At first, he is shown as an inquisitive and smart child who likes learning, he is friends with his friends, he is only sad on weekends and holidays, waiting for letters “from daddy and mummy.” Another good quality of Alyosha is his kindness. He feeds the chickens in the yard, and when the cook is about to kill his beloved Chernushka, with tears he rushes to protect the chicken and gives up his golden imperial just to save her. Considering the plot of the fairy tale, we will continue the analysis of “The Black Hen” by Pogorelsky.

For the good deed, the corydalis decided to thank her savior. She showed him the underground kingdom so that the boy would not feel his loneliness so keenly. His life becomes interesting: in the magical kingdom he sees knights, talks with the king, walks through an unusual garden, looks at beautiful trees of unusual colors, and wild animals on chains. Chernushka tells him in detail about the underworld and her people.

As a reward for his kindness, Alyosha receives another gift - a hemp seed, thanks to which he can answer any lesson without learning anything at all. It should be noted that the king with a sigh gives the boy such a seed: he is forced to do this, since he promised to fulfill his wish for saving Chernushka. But the ruler does not like at all that Alyosha will be lazy and receive praise without making any effort.

Conclusions in the analysis of the story “The Black Hen”

Let us note that Alyosha himself initially feels awkward when he is praised for a good answer: an inner voice insists that he does not deserve praise, because “this lesson does not cost him any work.”

Pogorelsky shows how Alyosha changed: soon he was no longer tormented by pangs of conscience, he himself believed in his own extraordinary abilities, and began to put on airs in front of other boys. As a result, the hero lost all his friends. Pogorelsky notes that in Alyosha, like in any person, there is an internal struggle. He felt that the praise was unfair, he had to improve, but his pride took over, and the boy became more and more selfish.

In addition, an analysis of the story “The Black Hen” reveals that in this work Pogorelsky gives a moral lesson to his readers: other people’s merits will not bring happiness, undeserved success, which is not the result of work, leads to selfishness and loss of good character traits.

The culmination of the work is the moment of Alyosha’s betrayal. He talks about the underground kingdom, violating the ban, and Chernushka, along with all the inhabitants, is forced to move “far, far from these places.”

Pogorelsky contrasts the magnanimous Chernushka with Alyosha, who has become petty and cowardly. Before leaving, the underground minister forgives Alyosha; he remembers his salvation and is still grateful for it. He asks the boy only one thing: to become kind and good again. Alyosha suffers for a long time because of his action, feels guilty and strives with all his might to improve. He succeeds, he becomes “obedient, kind, modest and diligent.” And let us also note one important idea when analyzing the story “The Black Hen”.

Pogorelsky, using the example of Alyosha, shows his little readers that kindness, curiosity, and honesty must be constantly cultivated in oneself. One careless, cowardly act of ours can bring misfortune to others. You can earn the love and respect of people only by doing good deeds for others.

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State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "MPGU"

Formation of the character of Alyosha, the main character of the fairy tale “The Black Hen, or the Underground Inhabitants”

Work completed

Berdnikova Anna

I checked the work:

st.pr. Leontyeva I.S.

Moscow 2010

A. Pogorelsky's magical fairy tale “The Black Hen, or the Underground Inhabitants” in the list of works of Russian classical literature for extracurricular reading attracts the attention of teachers because it makes it possible to introduce students to a truly artistic work addressed to children.

In the history of Russian literature, the name of A. Pogorelsky is associated with the emergence of romantic prose in the 20s of the 19th century. His works affirm such moral values ​​as honesty, selflessness, height of feelings, faith in goodness, and are therefore close to the modern reader.

Antony Pogorelsky (pseudonym of Alexei Alekseevich Perovsky) is the maternal uncle and educator of Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, a poet, writer, playwright, whose name is closely connected with the village of Krasny Rog and the city of Pochep in the Bryansk region.

He was one of the most educated people of his time. He graduated from Moscow University in 1807, was a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, was a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, where he communicated with Ryleev, N. Bestuzhev, Kuchelbecker, F. Glinka. Pushkin knew and appreciated the stories of A. Pogorelsky. A. Pogorelsky's works include: “The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia”, “The Monastery”, “The Magnetizer” and others.

A. Pogorelsky published the fairy tale “The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants” in 1829. He wrote it for his pupil, nephew Alyosha, the future outstanding writer Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

The fairy tale has been living for the second century. L. Tolstoy loved to re-read it to his children, and our children listen and read it with great pleasure.

Children are fascinated by the fantastic events that happen in the real life of the little pupil of a private boarding school, Alyosha. They vividly perceive his worries, joys, sorrows, while realizing the clear and so important idea for them about the need to cultivate hard work, honesty, dedication, nobility, to overcome selfishness, laziness, selfishness, and spiritual callousness.

The language of the story is peculiar; it contains many words, for an explanation of the lexical meaning of which students should consult a dictionary. However, this circumstance does not in the least interfere with understanding the fairy tale, its main idea.

The uniqueness of the artistic world of “The Black Hen” is largely due to the nature of creative interaction with the literature of German romanticism.

It is customary to name “The Elves” by L. Tick and “The Nutcracker” by E.-T.-A as the sources of the fairy tale. Hoffman. Pogorelsky's familiarity with the work of German romantics is beyond doubt. The story of a 9-year-old boy who found himself in the magical world of underground inhabitants, and then betrayed their secret, dooming the little people to move to unknown lands, is very reminiscent of the plot situation of Tick’s “Elves” - a fairy tale in which the heroine named Marie, who visited in childhood in the amazingly beautiful world of elves, reveals their secret to her husband, forcing the elves to leave the land.

The lively fantastic flavor of the Underworld makes it similar to both the fairy-tale world of elves and the candy state in Hoffmann’s “The Nutcracker”: colorful trees, a table with all kinds of dishes, dishes made of pure gold, garden paths strewn with precious stones. Finally, the author's constant irony evokes associations with the irony of the German romantics.

However, in Pogorelsky it does not become all-consuming, although it receives many addresses. For example, Pogorelsky openly mocks the “teacher,” on whose head the hairdresser has piled a whole greenhouse of flowers, with two diamond rings shining between them. “An old, worn-out cloak” in combination with such a hairstyle reveals the squalor of the boarding house, occasionally, on the days of the arrival of significant persons, demonstrating the full power of servility and servility.

A striking contrast to all this is the inner world of Alyosha, devoid of hypocrisy, “whose young imagination wandered through knightly castles, through terrible ruins or through dark dense forests.” This is a purely romantic motive.

However, Pogorelsky was not just an imitator: mastering the experience of German romanticism, he made significant discoveries. In the center of the fairy tale is the boy Alyosha, while in fairy tales - sources there are two heroes - a boy and a girl. Boys (Anders in “Elves”, Fritz in “The Nutcracker”) are distinguished by their prudence, they strive to share all the beliefs of adults, so the path to the fairy-tale world, where girls discover a lot of interesting things, is closed for them.

German romantics divided children into ordinary children, that is, those who are unable to escape the confines of everyday life, and the elite.

“Such intelligent children are short-lived, they are too perfect for this world...” the grandmother remarked about Elfrida, Marie’s daughter. The ending of Hoffmann’s “The Nutcracker” does not give any hope for happiness for Marie in “earthly life”: Marie, who gets married, becomes a queen in a country of sparkling candied fruit groves and ghostly marzipan castles. If we remember that the bride was only eight years old, it becomes clear that the realization of the ideal is possible only in the imagination.

Romance values ​​the world of a child, whose soul is pure and naive, unclouded by calculation and oppressive worries, capable of creating amazing worlds in his rich imagination. In children we are given, as it were, the truth of life itself, in them its first word.

Pogorelsky, by placing the image of the boy Alyosha at the center of the fairy tale, demonstrated the ambiguity, versatility and unpredictability of the child’s inner world. If Hoffmann was saved by romantic irony, then L. Tieck’s tale, devoid of irony, amazes with hopelessness: with the departure of the elves, the prosperity of the region disappears, Elfrida dies, and after her her mother.

Pogorelsky’s tale is also tragic: it burns the heart and evokes the strongest compassion for Alyosha and the underground inhabitants. But at the same time, the fairy tale does not give rise to a feeling of hopelessness.

Despite the external similarity: brilliance, unearthly beauty, mystery - Pogorelsky’s Underground Kingdom is not like either the candy-puppet state in “The Nutcracker” or the land of eternal childhood in “Elves”.

Marie in Hoffmann's "The Nutcracker" dreams of Drosselmeier's gift - a beautiful garden, where "there is a large lake, miraculous swans with golden ribbons on their necks swim on it and sing beautiful songs." Once in the candy kingdom, she finds just such a lake there. The dream during which Marie travels to a magical world is a real reality for her. According to the laws of romantic dual worlds, this second, ideal world is the genuine one, since it realizes all the powers of the human soul. Dual worlds take on a completely different character in Pogorelsky.

Among Pogorelsky's underground inhabitants there are military men, officials, pages and knights. In Hoffmann’s candy-doll state there is “every kind of people you can find in this world.”

The wonderful garden in the Underworld is designed in English style; The precious stones strewn along the garden paths glisten from the light of specially installed lamps. In The Nutcracker, Marie “found herself in ... a meadow that sparkled like glittering precious stones, but ended up looking like candy.

The walls of the richly decorated hall seem to Alyosha to be made of “labradorite, like he saw in the mineral cabinet available in the boarding house.

All these rationalistic features, unthinkable in romanticism, allowed Pogorelsky, following the German romantics, to embody in the fairy-tale kingdom the child’s understanding of all aspects of existence, Alyosha’s ideas about the world around him. The underworld is a model of reality, according to Alyosha, a bright, festive, reasonable and fair reality.

A completely different kingdom of elves in Tika's fairy tale. This is the country of eternal childhood, where the hidden forces of nature reign - water, fire, treasures of the earth's bowels. This is the world to which the child’s soul is initially related. For example, nothing more than fire, the rivers of which “flow underground in all directions, and from this flowers, fruits and wine grow,” nothing more than the welcomingly smiling Marie, laughing and jumping creatures “as if from a ruddy crystal." The only imbalance in the carefree world of eternal childhood is the underground room where the prince of metals, “an old, wrinkled little man,” commands ugly gnomes carrying gold in bags, and grumbles at Cerina and Marie: “Forever the same pranks. When will this idleness end?

For Alyosha, idleness begins when he receives a magic seed. Having received freedom, now making no effort to study, Alyosha imagined that he was “much better and smarter than all the boys, and became a terrible naughty boy.” The loss of prudence and abandonment of it, Pogorelsky concludes, lead to sad consequences: the degeneration of the child himself and the suffering to which Alyosha doomed the underground inhabitants with his rebirth. “Elves” shows the fatal incompatibility of the beautiful world of childhood with reality, its inexorable laws; growing up turns into degeneration, the loss of everything bright, beautiful and valuable: “You people are growing up too quickly and are rapidly becoming adults and reasonable,” the elf argues Cerina. An attempt to combine ideal and reality leads to disaster.

In “The Black Hen,” Alyosha’s word not to reveal the secrets of the underground inhabitants means that he owns the happiness of an entire country of little people and the ability to destroy it. The theme of human responsibility arises not only for himself, but also for the well-being of the whole world, united and therefore fragile.

This is how one of the global themes of Russian literature opens.

The inner world of a child is not idealized by Pogorelsky. Prank and idleness, poeticized by Tick, lead to tragedy, which is being prepared gradually. On the way to the Underworld, Alyosha commits many rash acts. Despite numerous warnings from the Black Hen, he asks for the cat's paw and cannot resist bowing to the porcelain dolls... The disobedience of an inquisitive boy in the fairy-tale kingdom leads to a conflict with the wonderful world, awakening the forces of evil in him.

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Lesson objectives:

1. Reveal the ideological content of the tale through text analysis.
2. Development of monologue and dialogic speech of students.
3. Development of students’ mental activity: ability to analyze, synthesize, generalize.
4. Developing the ability to compare different types of art.
5. Development of expressive text reading skills.
6. Formation of moral orientations to recognize true and false values.
7. Identifying the relevance of the work for modern schoolchildren.
8. Creating psychological and pedagogical conditions for the personal growth of each student.

Methods and techniques: verbal, visual and illustrative, problematic.

Equipment:

1. Computer.
2. Projector.
3. Presentation “Moral lessons of life. Analysis of the fairy tale “The Black Hen, or the Underground Inhabitants.”
4. Animated film “Black Chicken”.
5. Exhibition of drawings by students based on A. Pogorelsky’s fairy tale “The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants.”

Teacher's word:

1. Setting goals and objectives for students.

2. For correct answers in the lesson and additions, students will receive tokens, according to the number of which they will receive grades at the end of the lesson. A score of “5” is given for collecting 6 or more tokens, a score of “4” is given for collecting 5 tokens.

A carriage rides through the cold streets of winter St. Petersburg. Her passenger - a gray-haired man with surprisingly kind and somehow childish eyes - was deep in thought. He thinks about the boy he is going to visit. This is his nephew, little Alyosha.

The crew stops, and the passenger with a slightly sad, but boyishly brave face thinks about how lonely his little friend is, whom his parents sent to a boarding school and rarely even visit. Only his uncle often goes to see Alyosha, because he is very attached to the boy and because he well remembers his loneliness in the same boarding house many years ago.

Who is this man?

This is Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky. The son of a nobleman, the rich and powerful Count Alexei Kirillovich Razumovsky, who owned the village of Perovo near Moscow and the village of Pogoreltsy, Sosnitsky district, Chernigov province, 53 thousand serfs. The count himself was the grandson of the registered Cossack Gregory Rozum, the son of the last Ukrainian hetman, an influential nobleman of Catherine the Great and the most prominent Russian freemason.

The son of such a man could have been a prince, but Alexei was illegitimate. Although, being in the position of pupils in their father’s house, the Perovskys received an excellent education. There is evidence that Count Alexei Kirillovich was especially favored by the eldest, Alexei. But he was a hot-tempered man, capable of terrible outbursts of anger. And in one of these evil moments, he sent his son to a closed boarding school.

How alone Alyosha was in the cold government rooms! He was very sad and then one day he decided to run away from the boarding house. The memory of the escape remained a limp for the rest of his life: Alyosha fell from the fence and injured his leg.

Then Alyosha grew up. In August 1805, Alexey entered Moscow University and graduated in October 1807 with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and Literary Sciences.

In the same year, 1807, his literary debut took place: he translated N.M. Karamzin’s story “Poor Liza” into German and published his translation with a dedication to his father.

For two years, he led the life of a diligent official: he served in the Senate, traveled with audits in Russian provinces, and then, settling in Moscow, he became a good friend of V.A. Zhukovsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, V.L. Pushkin, I.A. Krylov and other writers of the “friendly artel” and one of the founders of the “Society of Lovers of Russian Literature”. He was friends with Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who greatly appreciated his kind soul.

The year 1812 came, and Anthony Pogorelsky fought against Napoleon as the headquarters captain of the Third Ukrainian Regiment; even his lameness did not prevent him from being a brave military officer.

He returned to St. Petersburg in 1816 and changed his military uniform to that of an official - a court councilor. However, soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was in his care with a sister and a one-and-a-half-month-old nephew, whom he took to his hereditary Little Russian estate Pogoreltsy.

Here, while engaged in gardening, supplying ship timber to the Nikolaev shipyards, serving as a trustee of the Kharkov educational district and - most of all - raising his nephew Alyosha, Perovsky composed the first fantastic stories in Russia.

First, in 1825, in the St. Petersburg magazine "News of Literature" he published - under the pseudonym "Antony Pogorelsky" - "Lafertov's Poppy Tree". Three years later, the book "The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia", the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or the Underground residents”, and then the novel “Monastery” will be added to the creative baggage.

The writer's literary heritage is small, but even it has barely been studied. His archive disappeared almost without a trace, carelessly left by the writer to the will of fate and chance. In the last years of his life, having completely abandoned literary activity, indifferent to literary fame, Pogorelsky cared little about him. According to legend, the manager of his estate, a passionate gourmet, squandered his patron’s papers on his favorite food - cutlets in papillottes. ( Papillot - a paper tube placed on the legs of chickens, turkeys, game, as well as on the bones of chops when frying them. (Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova))

Pogorelsky wrote several books for adults, but one of his books was especially important for him - this is his fairy tale “The Black Hen”. He wrote it for his nephew. Little Alyosha told Pogorelsky how, while walking in the boarding house yard, he made friends with a chicken, how he saved it from the cook, who wanted to make broth. And then, under the pen of Pogorelsky, this real incident turned into a fairy tale, kind and wise.

In the summer of 1836, A.A. Perovsky went to Nice for treatment of “chest disease” (coronary heart disease) and died in Warsaw on the way there. His sister Anna and nephew Alexey were with him.

Perovsky’s nephew, the same one to whom the fairy tale “The Black Hen, or the Underground Inhabitants” is dedicated, grew up and became a wonderful and famous writer himself. This is Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

5. Analysis of A. Pogorelsky’s fairy tale “The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants.” Conversation with students (Slides 34-41)

– Tell us about Alyosha’s life in the boarding school (verbal drawing or retelling of the text)

– Watch a fragment of the animated film and try to determine whether there is a difference in the depiction of the rescue of Chernushka by Antony Pogorelsky and the creators of the cartoon.

(The difference is that Antony Pogorelsky in the fairy tale shows how Alyosha asks the cook Trinushka not to cut the chicken. In the cartoon, the rescue scene is presented differently: a kite suddenly swoops in, Alyosha boldly rushes at it with a stick and beats Chernushka off).

– Why do you think Chernushka decided to tell Alyosha her secret?

(Alyosha was a kind boy. Chernushka wanted to thank the boy for saving her life. Chernushka probably wanted to make Alyosha’s life more interesting and educational).

– Watch a fragment of an animated film. What interesting trees grew in the fairy garden?

(There were trees whose fruits could make a person wise; on another tree the seeds of kindness ripened; a tree of health grew).

– Watch a fragment of an animated film. What changed in Alyosha himself, around him, when he received a hemp seed?

(“With trepidation, he approached the teacher, opened his mouth, not yet knowing what to say, and - unmistakably, without stopping, he said what was asked. For several weeks, the teachers could not praise Alyosha enough. He knew all the lessons, without exception, perfectly, all the translations from one language to another were without errors, so they could not be surprised at his extraordinary success. He began to think a lot, put on airs in front of the other boys and imagined that he was much better and smarter than all of them. Alyosha’s character completely deteriorated from this: from being kind, sweet. and a modest boy, he became proud and disobedient. Alyosha became a terrible naughty boy. Having no need to repeat the lessons that were assigned to him, he indulged in pranks while other children were preparing for classes, and this idleness spoiled his character even more. when he was a kind and modest child, everyone loved him, and if he was punished, everyone felt sorry for him, and this served him as a consolation. But now no one paid attention to him: everyone looked at him with contempt and did not. They didn’t say a word to him.” Page 75-80)

- Why didn’t praise for excellent answers give Alyosha pleasure at first?

(“An inner voice told him that he did not deserve this praise, because this lesson did not cost him any work. Alyosha was internally ashamed of these praises: he was ashamed that they set him up as an example to his comrades, when he did not deserve it at all. Conscience She often reproached him for this, and an inner voice told him: “Alyosha, don’t be proud! Don’t attribute to yourself what does not belong to you; thank fate for the fact that it brought you benefits against other children, but don’t think that you are better. them. If you don’t correct yourself, then no one will love you, and then you, with all your learning, will be the most unfortunate child!”

– What advice does Chernushka give to Alyosha before the boy completely loses himself?

(“Do not think that it is so easy to recover from vices when they have taken over us. Vices usually enter through the door and exit through a crack, and therefore, if you want to improve, you must constantly and strictly watch yourself.” Page 81 )

– Do Chernushka’s advice coincide with the teacher’s conclusions?

(Yes. Both Chernushka and the teacher agree that idleness corrupts a person, work is a condition for a person’s moral beauty. “The more abilities and gifts you have by nature, the more modest and obedient you should be. That’s not why God gave you mind, so that you use it for evil.” P. 84)

- Why did Alyosha betray Chernushka?

(He was afraid of punishment). Watching a fragment of an animated film.

– The fairy tale ends tragically. The inhabitants of the underground kingdom have left, Alyosha is punished for betrayal. Watch a fragment of an animated film. Does Chernushka believe that Alyosha will improve?

(Yes. Only a believer can say this: “I forgive you; I can’t forget that you saved my life, and I still love you... You can only console me in my misfortune: try to improve and be again the same kind boy as you were before.” pp.86-88)

- Has Alyosha recovered?

(Yes. He “tried to be obedient, kind, modest and diligent. Everyone loved him again and began to caress him, and he became an example for his comrades.” Page 88)

- Conclusions. Writing in a notebook.

The book reminds us of the main thing: we are all pure and noble at heart, but we must cultivate the Good within ourselves. To be able to be grateful, responsible, to earn the love and respect of others - all this requires effort. Otherwise, there is no other way, and trouble may threaten not only us, but also those whom we love and who trust us. A real Miracle can only happen once, and you have to be worthy of it...

Moral Lessons in Life

• You cannot put yourself above other people, even if you know and can do a lot.
• We must develop modesty, hard work, diligence, a sense of duty, honesty, respect for people, and kindness.
• You have to be strict with yourself.

Guys, imagine that you are in the fairy-tale world of the underworld. And the king offers you a reward for saving Chernushka. You already know what Alyosha asked. What would you ask?

Student answers:

I would ask for a grain of health, because health is the most important thing. (3 persons).

I would ask that there never be winter.

I would ask Chernushka to be honest, not to lie to other people, to study well.

1. Fill out the table “True and false values ​​of life”

(The task should be completed approximately as follows:

2. Write your own version of the continuation of the fairy tale “What could have happened next?

– Alyosha became a sweet, modest boy. And then one day the garden appeared again, the underground inhabitants returned. Having learned about this, Alyosha immediately ran to look for Chernushka. He found her. He was so happy that he even cried and said: “I thought I would never see you!” To which Chernushka replied: “Well, I’m back, don’t cry!” This is how this instructive story about the boy Alyosha ended. (Malygina Svetlana).

–...A few years later, Alyosha’s parents came for him. For his exemplary behavior, his parents took him on a trip to different countries. Of course, no one told the parents anything about this story. Then Alyosha grew up, entered a famous university, and studied with excellent marks. His parents were happy for him. (Koval Oksana).

9. Assessing student work.

Literature:

1. Children's fairy tale magazine “Read It”, article “Author of “The Black Hen” Antony Pogorelsky (1787-1836). 2000. http://www.cofe.ru
2. Korop V. Anthony Pogorelsky (1787-1836). http://www.malpertuis.ru/pogorelsky_bio.htm
3. Malaya S. Anthony Pogorelsky. http://www.pogorelskiy.org.ru
4. Pogorelsky A. Black chicken, or underground inhabitants. M.: Rosman. 1999. pp. 45-90.