Astafiev). The genre of autobiographical story about childhood in Russian literature of the 19th – 20th centuries (S.T.

"Childhood" by L. Tolstoy is the initial part of the novel "Four Epochs of Development", conceived in the summer of 1850. The story was published in the Sovremennik magazine in 1852. The story “Adolescence” (1854) was dedicated to the “second era”, and “Youth” (1857) to the third; "Youth", "the fourth era", was not written. In 1859, the chapters “Teacher Karl Ivanovich” and “Separation” under the title “The History of My Childhood” were placed in the “Collection of Selected Places of Children’s Writers.”

Despite the fact that the story was not intended by L. Tolstoy for children's reading, it appeared in some alteration in the "Russian Reader" by A. Filonov, and the chapter “Long Journey” was included in A. Galakhov’s anthology.

In L. Tolstoy's ideological and artistic system, the category of childhood is associated with the basic moral and philosophical quests of the writer.

Childhood was understood by Tolstoy as a natural human beginning, opposed to vanity, war, death; as an opportunity for empathy, sympathy, a person’s movement towards other people. This is a special mental state of a person, a measure of the maturity of his soul. And in the writer’s favorite characters, the childish principle is embodied, which, as an expression of the natural nature of man, always opposes the artificial, false, false.

In the trilogy, for the first time in Russian literature, the problem of character formation was posed. The consciousness of the hero - Nikolenka Irtenyev - reflected the entire rich world of impressions: childhood, adolescence, youth, family, class, non-class. Gradually, they are processed, as a result of which the hero changes: he truly “moves” as the world moves around him.

“Childhood” is a person’s look from the adult world back to the child’s world. However, the reader is revealed to all the purity and naivety of the child’s perception of the world and on behalf of the child.

A month passes between the first and second days. In the fabric of the narrative they are separated by an excited lyrical digression, where two temporal layers are combined - the past, in which the charm of childhood remains, and the present, from where the narrator looks at himself - a child.

The events of the second day relate to Nikolenka’s stay with her father in Moscow, in her grandmother’s house. This is preparation for grandma's name day (writing poetry), guests, mazurka, impressions of new acquaintances, the mystery and unknown of first love.

Six months after what was described - the events of several days, during which they learn from the letter about the mother's illness, the departure to the village takes place, and the funeral takes place. The story ends with the narrator's story about what happened in the village when, after burying his mother, Nikolenka left for Moscow. These are heartfelt words about Natalya Savishna, about how her last days passed. This fragment of the work opens the chronological (from August 18 to approximately April 18) boundaries of the narrative related to childhood.

Few events take place in the story. Of course, they represent life milestones. However, much more important are internal milestones, impressions, which are stages of experiencing and growing up. The history of impressions is the content of “Childhood”. These impressions are fluid: they make a little person perplexed, because the same thing, it turns out, can be understood and interpreted differently, and both understandings will turn out to be correct, while the line that separates one from the other turns out to be absolutely invisible.

"Childhood years of Bagrov the grandson" S.T. Aksakova(1791-1859). This work, published in 1858, was a continuation of “Family Chronicle” (1856) - a story about the Bagrov family, the story of which was based on autobiographical material. "Childhood..." was conceived as a book about childhood and at the same time - as a book for children, which the writer dedicated to his six-year-old granddaughter - it was a gift on the day of her birth.

But it is precisely the second half of the task (writing a book for children) created the greatest difficulties for Aksakov, and he turned to many familiar writers for advice and help. One of the first among them was I.S. Turgenev, who warmly supported Aksakov’s plan. In the address “To the Readers,” the author writes that the content of the story consists of stories about his childhood years of Sergei, the grandson of Stepan Mikhailovich Bagrov. In the "Introduction" Sergei Bagrov draws attention to the fact that what is important for him is not the actual sequence of events, but the brightness of the colors, the liveliness of what is happening, the reality of which he has no doubt.

“The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson” is a story about Serezha’s childhood from infancy to the age of nine. The fabric of the work consists of two layers of unequal volume: “Fragmentary memories”, relating to the very first impressions of childhood and devoid of any cause-and-effect conditionality, and “Successive memories” - their content, as a rule, is confined to certain circumstances, events, who are related to the boy's family.

The Bagrovs live in Ufa, from where they travel to the village. The titles of seven chapters out of eighteen speak about travel and relocations: “The Road to Parashino”, “The Road from Parashin to Bagrov”, “Return to Ufa to City Life”, etc. The main character of the story - Seryozha Bagrov - is a receptive, sensitive boy, capable to strong sensual and deep experiences. The writer talks about what influences the inner world of a child.

First of all, this is the beauty of nature, the ability to see which is brought up in Seryozha by his father, Alexey Stepanovich Bagrov. A landowner who runs a farm, he tells his son a lot. So, in Parashin, on the way to the mill, they see the amazing Parashin springs, which delight the boy: they were filled with such clear water that they seemed empty; the water overflowed all over the deck, falling to the sides like a glass fringe.”

The powerful force of nature amazes Seryozha. Crossing Belaya with his parents, the boy is afraid, but he is delighted by the greatness of the river, the beauty of which he felt.

In the story, nature is given not as a background, not as a beautiful decoration; she, described without undue affection, is part of life shapes the soul of a child who learns to see its complex life in diverse connections with a person. And here Yevseich helps him - his uncle, a serf, who tenderly loved the boy, protected him from all troubles and lovingly called him “falcon”. He explains to the boy many of the laws of life and nature; these explanations are simple and intelligible, because Evseich “translates” complex natural patterns into the language of ordinary everyday ideas. The guy teaches the boy to fish, and fishing becomes Serezha’s passion. However, he does not like fishing with nets: this eliminates the spirit of competition with nature. The boy experiences the pleasure of fishing with a fishing rod.

In addition to impressions from nature, the boy’s inner world is formed under the influence of reading, which he fell in love with early on. The magazine N.I. made the strongest impression on him. Novikov's "Children's reading for the heart and mind", an incomplete set of numbers of which was given to the boy by a Ufa neighbor. Basically, books are most in demand by Seryozha during illnesses or in winter, when it is impossible to stay outside for a long time.

With bated breath, Seryozha listens to the fairy tales of the housekeeper Pelageya - “The Scarlet Flower”, “The Firebird”, “The Tsar Maiden”, “Ivan the Fool”, “The Snake of Gorynych”. The boy does not understand everything he reads on his own. So, he only looks at the plans and drawings, explaining to his sister in his own way “what each figure represents and means.” However, he remembers a lot for a long time: he learned children’s songs from Kampe’s book by heart, and Xenophon’s book became his favorite reading, and, as an adult, Bagrov remembers it.

Books are important not only because they carry information, but because they develop a boy’s imagination, the inquisitiveness of his mind, emotional memory, cause “great pleasure and admiration”, teach him to fantasize: without understanding what the figures in the drawings mean, Seryozha invents their meaning for the sister.

Seryozha experiences many - both tragic and joyful - family events. Together with his parents, he mourns the death of his grandfather and grandmother and rejoices at the birth of his younger brother. And Seryozha learns about historical events from the conversations of adults and perceives them in his own way. Thus, the death of Catherine II and the accession to the throne of Paul I are experienced in a childish way: Seryozha is offended that children are not sworn in, tries to understand the rumors that “now the Gatchina people will go uphill”; notices the new cut of the frock coats and dresses of the wives of civil servants, because he sees what kind of jacket with embroidery, like on his father’s uniform, his mother wears over the dress, and what his father is wearing.

The mental maturity that has outstripped his age has developed in Seryozha the habit of analyzing his own feelings and thoughts. He not only lives on impressions. He makes them the subject of analysis, looking for appropriate interpretations and concepts for them and fixing them in his memory. When the hero of the story fails to do this, Bagrov, matured and remembering, comes to the rescue. And throughout the book we hear two voices.

The narration in “Childhood Years” stops on the eve of the beginning of the new age stage, when childhood ends and further “most important events in life” begin...” The image of a growing, mature person with his own eventful and spiritual-emotional world, constantly and qualitatively changing, is the main pathos of the book “Childhood Years” Bagrova-grandson."

The story of childhood as an original phenomenon of literature continues its development at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century in the works of writers of various directions who turned to the tradition of L.N. Tolstoy and S.T. Aksakova. This is N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky (“Childhood of Theme,” 1892), M. Gorky (“Childhood,” 1913–1914), A. Bely (“Kotik Letaev,” 1914–1915), A.N. Tolstoy (“Nikita’s Childhood”, 1922), P.S. Romanov (“Childhood”, 1926), I.A. Bunin (“The Life of Arsenyev”, 1930), I.S. Shmelev (“Summer of the Lord,” 1927–1948).

The theme of childhood in the works of M. Gorky. The writer's stories for children were published even before the revolution. In 1913-1916, Gorky worked on stories "Childhood" And "In people", who continued the tradition of autobiographical prose about childhood. In the writer’s stories, children often find themselves unhappy, offended, and sometimes even die, like, for example, Lenka from the story "Grandfather Arkhip and Lenka"(1894). A couple of beggars - a boy and his grandfather - in their wanderings in the south of Russia meet sometimes with human sympathy, sometimes with indifference and anger.

“He lived a boring and difficult life,” says the writer about Mishka, the hero of the story "Shake"(1898). An apprentice in an icon-painting workshop, he does a lot of different things and gets beaten for the slightest mistake. But despite the heaviness of everyday life, the boy is drawn to beauty and perfection. Having seen a clown in the circus, he tries to convey his admiration to everyone around him - the masters, the cook. It ends disastrously: carried away by imitating the clown, Mishka accidentally smears the paint on the still damp icon; he is severely beaten. When he, groaning, clutching his head, fell at the master’s feet and heard the laughter of those around him, this laughter “cut Mishka’s soul” stronger than the physical “shake.” The boy’s spiritual rise is shattered by human misunderstanding, anger and indifference caused by the monotony and gray everyday life. Beaten, in a dream he sees himself in a clown costume: “Full of admiration for his dexterity, cheerful and proud, he jumped high into the air and, accompanied by a roar of approval, smoothly flew somewhere, flew with a sweet sinking heart ..." But life is cruel, and tomorrow he will have to "wake up again on the ground from a kick."

The light that comes from childhood, the lessons that children give to adults, children's spontaneity, spiritual generosity, disinterestedness (although often they themselves have to earn a living) - this is what M. Gorky's stories about children are filled with.

Fairy tales. Gorky "Tales of Italy"(1906-1913) have this name conventionally: these are stories about the country in which he spent many years. But he also has true tales. The first of them were intended for the collection "Blue Book"(1912), addressed to young children. Included in the collection of fairy tales "Sparrow" and the other - "The Case of Evseyka"- turned out to be too old for this collection. It appeared that same year in a supplement to the newspaper Den. These fairy tales feature wonderful animals that can talk, without which the fairy-tale world could not exist.

Sparrow. Pudik did not yet know how to fly, but he was already looking out of the nest with curiosity: “I wanted to quickly find out what God’s world is and whether it is suitable for him.” Pudik is very inquisitive, he still wants to understand: why the trees sway (let them stop - then there will be no wind); Why are these people wingless - did the cat cut off their wings?.. Because of his excessive curiosity, Pudik gets into trouble - he falls out of the nest; and the cat “red, green eyes” is right there. There is a battle between the mother sparrow and the red-haired robber. Pudik even flew up out of fear for the first time in his life... Everything ended well, “if you forget about the fact that mom was left without a tail.”

In the image of Pudik, the character of a child is clearly visible - spontaneous, disobedient, playful. Gentle humor and discreet colors create the warm and kind world of this fairy tale. The language is clear, simple, and understandable to children.

The character of the hero in the fairy tale " The case of Evseyka" is more complicated, because the hero is older than Pudik in age. The underwater world where the boy Evseyka finds himself is inhabited by creatures who have difficult relationships with each other.

The underwater inhabitants are trying to drag Yevseyka into their relationship. He stubbornly resists: they are fish, and he is a man. He has to be cunning so as not to offend someone with an awkward word and not get himself into trouble. Evseika's real life is intertwined with fantasy. “Fools,” he mentally addresses the fish. “I got two B’s in Russian last year.” Towards the end, the action of the fairy tale moves through a chain of funny situations and witty dialogues. In the end, it turns out that Evseyka dreamed of all these wonderful events when he, sitting with a fishing rod on the seashore, fell asleep. This is how Gorky solved the traditional problem of the interaction between fiction and reality in literary fairy tales. In “The Case of Evseyka” there are many light, witty poems that children readily remember.

There are even more of them in the fairy tale "Samovar", which the writer included in the first book he compiled and edited for children - "Christmas tree"(1918). This collection is part of the writer’s big plan to create a library of children’s literature. The collection was intended to be a fun book. “More humor, even satire,” Gorky admonished the authors. Chukovsky recalled: “Gorky’s own fairy tale “Samovar,” placed at the beginning of the entire book, is precisely a satire for children, denouncing self-praise and conceit. "Samovar" - prose interspersed with poetry. At first he wanted to call it “About the samovar who became arrogant,” but then he said: “I don’t want there to be a sermon instead of a fairy tale!” - and changed the title."

The tale has been republished many times. It reflects M. Gorky’s views on folk tales as an inexhaustible source of optimism and humor, to which children must be involved, as well as his approach to the literary treatment of folklore.

The plot is based on the story by M. Gorky "Childhood" facts of the writer's real biography. This determined the features of the genre of Gorky’s work - an autobiographical story. In 1913, M. Gorky wrote the first part of his autobiographical trilogy “Childhood,” where he described the events associated with the growing up of a little man. In 1916, the second part of the trilogy “In People” was written, it reveals the hard work life, and a few years later in 1922, M. Gorky, finishing the story about the formation of man, published the third part of the trilogy - “My Universities”.

The story “Childhood” is autobiographical, but it is impossible to equate the plot of a work of art with the life of the writer. Years later, M. Gorky recalls his childhood, his first experiences of growing up, the death of his father, moving to his grandfather; rethinks a lot of things in a new way and, based on what he has experienced, creates a picture of the life of the little boy Alyosha in the Kashirin family. The story is narrated in the first person, on behalf of the little hero of the events. This fact makes the events described more reliable, and also helps (which is important for the writer) to convey the psychology and inner experiences of the hero. Either Alyosha speaks of her grandmother as “the closest to my heart, the most understandable and dear person - it was her selfless love for the world that enriched me, filling me with strong strength for a difficult life,” then she admits her dislike for her grandfather. The writer’s task is not just to convey the events in which the little hero became a participant, but also to evaluate them from the position of an adult who has learned a lot in life. It is this feature that is characteristic of the autobiographical story genre. M. Gorky’s goal is not to revive the past, but to tell “about that close, stuffy circle of terrible impressions in which a simple Russian person lived – and still lives to this day.”

The events of childhood do not flash like a kaleidoscope in the narrator’s perception. On the contrary, every moment of life, every action the hero tries to comprehend, to get to the essence. The same episode is perceived differently by the hero. The boy endures the trials he endures: for example, after his grandfather beat Alyosha for ruining the tablecloth, the “days of ill health” became “great days of life” for the boy. It was then that the hero began to understand people better, and his heart “became unbearably sensitive to any insult and pain, his own and that of others.”

Gorky’s work “Childhood” has the boundaries of the traditional genre of the story: one leading storyline associated with an autobiographical hero, and all the minor characters and episodes also help to reveal Alyosha’s character and express the author’s attitude to what is happening.

The writer simultaneously gives the main character his thoughts and feelings, and at the same time contemplates the events described as if from the outside, giving them an assessment: “... is it worth talking about this? This is the truth that needs to be known to the roots, in order to root it out from memory, from a person’s soul, from our entire life, difficult and shameful.”

I. Shmelev- a talented writer of Russian diaspora, famous for such works as “The Man from the Restaurant,” “Pilgrim,” and “The Summer of the Lord.” The last of them was written by the author in France, where, at the invitation of Bunin, the writer and his wife went abroad in 1922 after the execution of their son by security officers. He lived first in Germany, then in France. He died in 1950 from a heart attack and was buried in the Russian cemetery in Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois.

“The Summer of the Lord” is a work of memoir-biographical genre. The writer narrates “From afar about childhood, Moscow, Russia.” The critic V. Kurbatov believes that Shmelev “guessed to escape from loneliness and exile by returning to the flesh of childhood,” therefore, for him, childhood memories are both a connection with a lost homeland, and a longing for the bygone way of life of pre-revolutionary Russia, customs, traditions, and the memory of dear ones and loved ones, and, perhaps, the hope of seeing our native land, land, people again. The story is divided into three parts: “Holidays”, “Joys”, “Sorrows”.

Shmelev follows the tradition of Russian literature, those of its writers who spoke about their childhood experiences, believing that they are the basis of spiritual growth. These are works such as “Childhood of Bagrov the Grandson”, “Childhood of Tema”-Mikhailovsky, “Childhood”, “Life of Arsenyev” by I. Bunin, “Childhood” by M. Gorky.

This thought turns the memory to I.S. Shmelev’s novel “The Summer of the Lord.” The writer himself recalled: “The early years gave me many impressions. I received them in the yard. People of every caliber and every social status appeared in our house.<…>There were a lot of words in our yard - all kinds. This was the first book I read - a book of living, lively and colorful words.<…>Here I felt love and respect for this people who could do anything.”

The question of the cost of social transformations (raised by writers of the 19th century) arises throughout Shmelev’s work. The loss of God in the souls of people is what frightens the author of the novel “The Summer of the Lord.” And the theme of childhood for him is a way out of a state of disbelief. She helps the writer come back to faith, to God.

Everything that is told in Shmelev’s autobiographical cycle (the novels “Bogomolye”, “Summer of the Lord” and the collection “Native”) is seen through the eyes of a seven-year-old boy Vanya, but behind him stands the writer Ivan Shmelev, who has already walked the path that his hero has yet to to come. Hence the combination of the power of artistic depiction (brightness, colorfulness, “material tangibility” of reality - after all, a child is almost devoid of reflection, all his attention is directed to the world around him) with the depth of philosophical understanding of what is depicted.

Add Astafiev and Pasternak in the future

The plot of M. Gorky’s story “Childhood” is based on facts from the writer’s real biography. This determined the features of the genre of Gorky’s work - an autobiographical story. In 1913, M. Gorky wrote the first part of his autobiographical trilogy “Childhood,” where he described the events associated with the growing up of a little man. In 1916, the second part of the trilogy “In People” was written, it reveals the hard work life, and a few years later in 1922, M. Gorky, finishing the story about the formation of man, published the third part of the trilogy - “My Universities”.

Plan
Introduction
The story “Childhood” tells about the formation of the personality of a little person.
Main part
The story is told in the first person, which makes it possible to show events more reliably:
- relationship between grandmother and grandson;
- the attitude of the grandfather to the grandson;
- the author evaluates the events;
- the writer’s goal is “a story about a stuffy circle of terrible impressions”;
- the events of childhood are conveyed by the writer in great detail.
Minor characters and episodes help reveal Alyosha’s character.
Conclusion
Describing his childhood, Gorky created a work unique in genre - an autobiographical story.
In 1913, Maxim Gorky wrote the first part of his “Childhood” trilogy, in which he depicted a milestone in the development of a little person’s personality, based on his own real biographical facts. This determined the originality of the genre of Gorky’s work - an autobiographical story. Three years later, the author wrote the second part of the trilogy “In People”, which describes the hard working life of the working class, and a few years later in 1922
M. Gorky published the third part of the trilogy - “My Universities”.
The story “Childhood” is autobiographical. Remembering his childhood, the first years of growing up, the death of his father, moving to the Kashirins’ house, rethinking a lot of things in a new way, M. Gorky creates the story “Childhood”, a story about the life of a little boy Alyosha. The story is told in the first person, on behalf of the main participant in the events. This allows the writer to show the events depicted more reliably, to convey the thoughts, feelings, and attitude to the character’s life. Alyosha remembers her grandmother as “the closest to my heart, the most understandable and dear person - it was her selfless love for the world that enriched me, filling me with strong strength for a difficult life.” In the text of the story, the hero admits his dislike for his grandfather. The writer’s task is not just to convey the events in which the little hero became a participant, but also to evaluate them from the position of an adult who has learned a lot in life. It is this feature that is characteristic of the autobiographical story genre. M. Gorky’s goal is not to revive the past, but to tell “about that close, stuffy circle of terrible impressions in which a simple Russian person lived - and still lives to this day.”
The events of childhood are conveyed by the writer in as much detail as possible, since each episode in the hero’s life influences the formation of character. Alyosha perceives the trials that befell him differently: for example, after the grandfather beat his grandson for ruining the tablecloth, the “days of ill health” became “great days of life” for the boy. It was then that the hero began to understand people better, and his heart “became unbearably sensitive to any insult and pain, his own and that of others.”
Gorky’s work “Childhood” is small in volume, has the boundaries of the traditional genre of the story: one main storyline associated with an autobiographical character, and all the secondary characters and episodes help to reveal Alyosha’s character and express the author’s attitude to what is happening. The writer simultaneously endows the main character with his experiences and at the same time contemplates the events described as if from the outside, giving them an assessment: “...is it worth talking about this? This is the truth that needs to be known to the roots, in order to root it out from memory, from a person’s soul, from our entire life, difficult and shameful.”
So, describing childhood, the early stage of the formation of a little person, M. Gorky creates a work that is unique in its genre - an autobiographical story.

GORKY'S CHILDHOOD, USSR, Soyuzdetfilm, 1938, b/w, 101 min. Biographical film trilogy. Based on the autobiographical works of M. Gorky. The first part of the film trilogy: “Gorky’s Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”. The script was published in... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

Gorky's childhood Director Mark Donskoy Starring Mikhail Troyanovsky Varvara Massalitinova Elizaveta Alekseeva Alexey Lyarsky Composer Lev Schwartz ... Wikipedia

Bambi's childhood ... Wikipedia

Bambi's childhood Genre fairy tale Director Natalya Bondarchuk Starring Film company Film Studio named after. M. Gorky Country of the USSR ... Wikipedia

Childhood can refer to several concepts: Childhood is a stage of human development. “Childhood” is a story by Maxim Gorky. “Childhood” story by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy ... Wikipedia

BEMBI'S CHILDHOOD, USSR, film studio named after. M. Gorky, 1985, color, 79 min. Children's sequel, fairy tale. Based on the first part of the fairy tale “Bambi” by Felix Salten. A fawn, Bambi, was born into a large reindeer family. From the first day, his mother teaches him to understand the mysterious and... Encyclopedia of Cinema

CHILDHOOD TOPICS, USSR, film studio named after. M. Gorky, 1991, color. Children's TV movie, melodrama. Based on the story of the same name by N. Garin Mikhailovsky. Against the backdrop of the unhurried flow of life, the established life of a noble estate, the authors trace the formation of a young... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

- “Soyuzdetfilm” is a film studio for children’s and youth films, organized in 1936 in Moscow on the basis of the “Mezhrabpomfilm” film studio. In 1948 it was renamed the Film Studio named after. M. Gorky. History Back in 1930, it was put forward... ... Wikipedia

- (Eisenstein Street, 8). Founded in 1915 by merchant M.S. Trofimov and was called “Art collective Rus”. Since 1924 the film factory “Mezhrabpom Rus”, since 1928 “Mezhrabpomfilm”, since 1936 a film studio for children’s feature films has been created on its basis... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

Central Film Studio of Children's and Youth Films named after M. Gorky (Eisenstein Street, 8). Founded in 1915 by merchant M.S. Trofimov and was called “Art collective Rus”. Since 1924 the film factory “Mezhrabpom Rus”, since 1928 “Mezhrabpomfilm”, since... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

Books

Childhood, M. Gorky. "Childhood" is the first book in the trilogy ("Childhood", "In People", "My Universities") by the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. He told with irresistible truth...
Childhood. In people. My universities, M. Gorky. The book includes the autobiographical trilogy of A. M. Gorky (the stories “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”), telling about childhood and youth...

In 1916, the second part of the trilogy “In People” was written, it reveals a hard working life, and a few years later in 1922, M. Gorky, finishing the story about the formation of man,

The hero's experiences.

Either Alyosha speaks of her grandmother as “the closest to my heart, the most understandable and dear person - it was her selfless love for the world that enriched me, filling me with strong strength for a difficult life,” then she admits her dislike for her grandfather. The writer’s task is not just to convey the events in which the little hero became a participant, but also to evaluate them from the position of an adult who has learned a lot in life. It is this feature that is characteristic of the autobiographical story genre.

M. Gorky’s goal is not to revive the past, but to tell “about that close, stuffy circle of terrible impressions in which a simple Russian person lived – and still lives to this day.”

The boy endures the trials he endures: for example, after his grandfather beat Alyosha for ruining the tablecloth, the “days of ill health” became “great days of life” for the boy. It was then that the hero began to understand people better, and his heart “became unbearably sensitive to any insult and pain, his own and that of others.”

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In 1913, Maxim Gorky wrote the first part of his “Childhood” trilogy, in which, based on his own biographical facts, he spoke about the formation of the personality of a little person. This determined the originality of the genre of Gorky’s work - an autobiographical story. The story is told in the first person, on behalf of the main participant in the events. This allows the writer to show the events depicted more reliably, to convey thoughts, [...]
The story “Childhood,” the first part of Gorky’s autobiographical trilogy, was written in 1913. The mature writer turned to the topic of his past. In “Childhood” he tries to comprehend this period of life, the origins of human character, the reasons for the happiness and unhappiness of an adult. In the center of the story is the boy Alyosha, who, by the will of fate, was “abandoned” into his mother’s family. After the death of his father, Alyosha is raised by his grandfather and […]...
The story “Childhood” is the first part of M. Gorky’s autobiographical trilogy. In it, the writer talks about his childhood years and about the people who influenced his development at that time. Undoubtedly, the most important person in the life of Alyosha Peshkov, the main character of the story, was his grandmother. The boy saw her for the first time after the death of his father - she came to pick them up from [...]
In Russian classical literature, there are two works with the same name - these are the stories “Childhood”, written by L. Tolstoy and, later, M. Gorky. Both works are autobiographical - in them the writers talk about their childhood, the people around them, the conditions in which they were raised. Why did Tolstoy and Gorky decide to turn to this particular period of their lives? What are they […]...
The most vivid impressions of Kashira life are described by Gorky in his story “Childhood”. But the writer still has bright memories from his childhood, and one of the brightest is about his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna, “an amazingly kind and selfless old woman,” whom the writer remembered all his life with a feeling of love and respect. A difficult life and family worries did not embitter or embitter her. […]...
The genre of the work is an autobiographical story, the heroes of which are the people surrounding the boy Alyosha Peshkov, members of the family of grandfather Kashirin and the craftsmen working in his dye shop. The plot of the story is the mother and son moving to their grandfather after the death of their father. There are several climaxes, depending on what situation we are talking about - a fire, the death of Gypsy or a meeting with a beggar […]...
Gorky’s autobiographical trilogy “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities” stands among those of his works in which the writer strives to embody diverse artistic quests and express an active, life-affirming outlook on life. The path of the hero of Gorky's trilogy to revolutionary self-awareness was far from simple and straightforward; he embodied the complexity of the search for truth by a man of the people. The main idea that cements the narrative is […]...
Childhood is the first time in the life of every person. “We all come from childhood,” said A. Saint-Exupery, and he was right: indeed, a person’s character, his destiny largely depends on how he lived his childhood. Russian writer Maxim Gorky (real name Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) also believed that it is from childhood that a person grows “sensitive to […]...
The genre of the work is an autobiographical story. The culmination of the work is the events surrounding the illness and death of the mother. Before them there is a plot that begins with the reader’s acquaintance with the teacher Karl Ivanovich, after the sad events there is a denouement, “the last sad memories.” The story “Childhood,” published in N. A. Nekrasov’s magazine “Contemporary,” along with war stories, immediately brought Tolstoy fame and recognition of his talent. […]...
One of Gorky’s most famous works, “Childhood,” belongs to that category of literature, after reading, which changes a person’s worldview and perception of life. This story tells about the life of a boy who lives in a not very prosperous family and, accordingly, his childhood is not the same as that of other children. All lines of the work are not fiction, but are taken from the life of the author. […]...
Maxim Gorky was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. The writer spent his early childhood in his grandfather's family. From the age of ten, little Alyosha Peshkov was forced to live “among people.” He worked as a “boy” in a store, as a servant for a draftsman, as a cook on a ship... Gorky’s story “Childhood” is a must-read for every person interested in both the traditions of Russian literature and the historical situation […]...
At the center of Gorky’s story “Childhood” is the boy Alyosha, who, by the will of fate, was “abandoned” into his mother’s family. After the death of his father, Alyosha is raised by his grandfather and grandmother. Therefore, we can say that these people are the main ones in his destiny, those who raised the boy, laid all the foundations in him. But, besides them, there were many people in Alyosha’s life - numerous uncles and […]...
M. Gorky's story “Childhood” is autobiographical. Everyone who surrounded Alyosha Peshkov helped the writer grow, albeit with the pain of memories and grievances, but it was a school. A trembling, still unconscious love was aroused in the boy by his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna. A man of a rich soul, colorful appearance, possessing the wisdom that is characteristic of the Russian people. Alexey saw his grandmother for the first time when she was “in her sixties […]...
The work “Childhood” reveals episodes from the difficult childhood of Alexei Peshkov. He published under the pseudonym M. Gorky. His father died early, and not by natural causes. His grandmother gave him a lot. She always tried to cheer up her grandson. He was afraid of his mother. She was a closed, strict woman who did not give warmth to her son. From an early age he learned cruelty and hatred. […]...
The story “Childhood” is an autobiographical work by M. Gorky, the main character of which is Alyosha Peshkov. After the boy’s father died, he began to live with his grandfather and grandmother. A gloomy atmosphere reigned in my grandfather’s house, in which Alyosha’s character was formed. Although it must be said that it had almost no influence on the worldview of this [...]
The autobiographical story “Childhood” by M. Gorky is filled with various childhood impressions of the boy Alyosha. Alyosha keeps the warmest and brightest memories of his first faithful and reliable friend - his grandmother. Alyosha says that her grandmother, who appeared after the death of her father, immediately became “the closest to my heart, the most understandable and dear person.” Grandma was not like other people. She […]...
Reflections on the fate of Russia. The creative search that resulted in the novel “Mother” had a significant impact on the writer’s future path. True, far-fetched forecasting of life was completely pushed aside by attention to the motley domestic reality. An understanding of the real origins that gave rise to the “destroyed world” began. In February 1912, Gorky wrote about Russia: “It is time and it is necessary to study it from the roots, having […]...
Alyosha Peshkov is the main character of the story “Childhood” The story “Childhood” is an autobiographical work by M. Gorky, the main character of which is Alyosha Peshkov. After the boy's father died, he began to live with his grandfather and grandmother. A gloomy atmosphere reigned in his grandfather’s house, in which Alyosha’s character was formed. Although it must be said that it had almost no influence [...]
M. Gorky’s autobiographical work “Childhood” tells about the life of the main character Alyosha Peshkov. Readers learn that after the death of his father, he lives with his closest relatives - his grandfather and grandmother. However, despite the presence of close people, Alyosha’s life is far from the ideal model of childhood. There is a gloomy atmosphere in my grandfather's house. The boy is forced to put up with his surroundings […]...
The little hero of M. Gorky’s story “Childhood”, after the death of his father, ends up in the family of his grandfather. He was a stern man who spent his whole life “saving a penny.” Grandfather Kashirin was engaged in trade. He had a fairly large family - two sons and a daughter - Lenka's mother. The sons fought over their father's inheritance and were very afraid that their sister would get something. Grandfather even […]...
L. N. Tolstoy’s story “Childhood” is the first part of the tetralogy conceived by the writer. In it, the author wanted to describe the four pores of a person’s life that influence the formation of his character, his personality. In each of the parts of his work, Tolstoy planned to reflect the “root” feelings characteristic of each pore. Thus, childhood, according to the writer, is characterized by warmth and fidelity to feeling. These qualities are in […]...
The story “Childhood” is the autobiography of M. Gorky himself, a description of his childhood in literary adaptation. Alyosha is the image of the writer himself, his prototype in childhood. We meet Alyosha in the story when his father dies and the boy cannot fully understand the situation: “... my father is lying there, dressed in white and unusually long... his kind face is dark and […]...
Love for Mother L. N. Tolstoy’s story “Childhood” marked the beginning of a trilogy, which was continued by the works “Adolescence” and “Youth”. In it, the author showed how carefree and rosy childhood can be, and what imprint it leaves on a person’s future life. From this story we learn that all the children of nobles, upon reaching ten years of age, were sent to study in private boarding schools […]...
AUTOBIOGRAPHICALITY OF L. N. TOLSTOY’S STORY “CHILDHOOD” Option 1 The beginning of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy’s serious literary activity was marked by the writing of the story “Childhood”. This first work of his became a recognized masterpiece of Russian literature. The basis of Tolstoy’s plan was deeply personal, autobiographical material: the story reflected everything the writer experienced as a child. The author endows his first hero Nikolenka Irtenyev with a restless conscience […]...
“Foma Gordeev” In the story “Foma Gordeev”, Gorky continued the traditional theme of Russian classical literature - exposing the anti-human nature of the power of money (A. N. Ostrovsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, etc.). He considered working on the story “a transition to a new form of literary existence.” Jack London called the work a “big book”: “... it contains not only the vastness of Russia, but also the breadth of life.” This […]...
From the very beginning of his writing career, Gogol dreamed of writing a work “in which all of Rus' would appear.” This was supposed to be a grandiose description of the life and customs of Russia in the first third of the 19th century. The poem “Dead Souls,” written in 1842, became such a work. The first edition of the book was called “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls.” This name reduced […]...
Teenagers are concerned about the problems of personality development. 12-13 years old is a difficult age. No longer Children, but not yet adults. Who am I? What am I? What can I be? Am I behaving correctly? Edifications and advice are not very effective. A book can help, no matter how pompous it may sound. Therefore, in 6th grade I try to pay a lot of attention to the topic […]...
The role of grandmother in Alyosha’s life The story “Childhood” is the first part of Maxim Gorky’s autobiographical trilogy. The work was published in 1913-1914. It clearly describes the childhood memories, impressions and experiences of the main character - little Alyosha Peshkov. After his father's death, he was forced to move to his Grandmother and Grandfather's house in Nizhny Novgorod. Besides them in [...]
Tolstoy worked on “Childhood” - as well as on his other works - really “persistently”. Although in the second edition the story is completely complete, Tolstoy is dissatisfied with it and is busy with its alterations and revisions for many more months. The answer from Nekrasov comes very soon. He delighted Tolstoy “to the point of stupidity.” This is what Nekrasov writes to Tolstoy: “I read […]...
I. The action of the story is conveyed on behalf of the main character - Alyosha Peshkov. He lived in Astrakhan, where his father, a cabinetmaker, was assigned to build a triumphal gate for the arrival of the Tsar. But the father died of cholera, and Varvara’s mother went into premature labor due to grief. The boy remembered her scream, disheveled hair, bared teeth. My father was buried on a rainy day, there were frogs sitting in the hole, [...]
Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. After the death of his father, Maxim Savvateevich Peshkov, a cabinetmaker, his mother, Varvara Vasilievna, and three-year-old Alyosha returned to the house of her father Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, the owner of a dyeing workshop. Since 1876, Alexey Peshkov studied first at the Ilyinsky School, then at the Nizhny Novgorod Slobodsk Kunavinsky Primary School, but “the course in this [...]
What I liked about the story Childhood, Tolstoy The work of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy “Childhood” left an indelible mark on my soul. This is an autobiographical story with which the trilogy “Childhood” begins. Adolescence. Youth". The writer himself loved children very much and got along well with them. Perhaps that is why this trilogy became one of his best and most popular works. The key character of the story is the ordinary [...]
M. Gorky’s trilogy, in which he talks about his difficult life, consists of three parts: “Childhood”, “In People” and “My Universities”. The story about the childhood of Alyosha Peshkov, who went through many trials, evokes a special feeling of warmth and empathy towards the hero. Many people surrounded the boy, but the image of his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna is especially striking. Perhaps this is [...]
The story “Childhood” is the initial part of the novel “Four Epochs of Development,” conceived in the summer of 1850. “Childhood,” the first era, was completed in the summer of 1852. Work on “Adolescence” (1854) and “Youth” (1857) was delayed, repeatedly was interrupted by other realized plans. “Youth”, the fourth era was not written. The story of childhood unfolds over the course of two days (this was first noted by B. M. Eikhenbaum). […]...
In the Kashirin family, Vanya Tsyganok is a foundling. He immediately fell in love with Alyosha. When Alyosha was flogged, he pitied him, placing his hand under the rods. The gypsy entertained and made children laugh by playing with cockroaches and mice. He showed tricks with cards and money, while cheating. Although he was nineteen years old, he was offended like a child if he beat someone. During […]...
1) The history of the creation of L. N. Tolstoy’s story “Childhood”. Studying himself and the world around him, L. N. Tolstoy decided to write a book about the formation of man, about various milestones of development in human life, and soon wrote the story “Childhood,” which was published in the magazine “Sovremennik” in 1852 and received an enthusiastic response from readers . L. N. Tolstoy’s story “Childhood” became […]...
Childhood is a happy time in the life of every person. After all, in childhood everything seems bright and joyful, and any disappointments are quickly forgotten, as are short grievances against family and friends. It is no coincidence that many works of Russian writers are devoted to this topic: “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson” by S. Aksakov, “The Childhood of Tema” by Garin-Mikhailovsky, “How the Boys Grew Up” by E. Morozov and many others […]...
Why did Gogol call his work “Dead Souls,” written in 1842, a poem? The definition of the genre became clear to the writer only at the last moment, since, while still working on the poem, Gogol called it either a poem or a novel. The work, called “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls” at the first publication for censorship reasons, was certainly not a light adventure novel, [...]
In the story “Childhood,” M. Gorky spoke about his childhood years, in which his grandmother occupied perhaps the most important place. Strange, very plump, big-headed, with huge eyes, a loose reddish nose. The boy's grandmother appeared in his life when his father died, and until the end of his days she was always there. The boy sees and understands that internally the grandmother […]...
A. S. Pushkin begins to write the novel “Eugene Onegin” in 1823. At that time the poet was in southern exile. Researchers call this period romantic: Pushkin is interested in Byron’s work, which is reflected in his own poetry. But “Eugene Onegin” is far from a romantic work. Pushkin wanted to show in his novel a young man typical of his […]...

Astafiev). The genre of autobiographical story about childhood in Russian literature of the 19th – 20th centuries (S.T.

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