Unified State Examination Russian language. Bank of arguments

What was the feat of people during the war? Was it only at the front that people performed heroic deeds? These are the questions that arise when reading the text of the Soviet writer V. Bykov.

Revealing the problem of people's feats during the war, the author talks about a young woman living in an inconspicuous forest village near a large Belarusian river. During the war, she, a very young girl, gathered half a dozen orphaned children under the surviving roof and for many years became their mother, older sister, and teacher.

Yes, she contributed to the unprecedented feat of the Soviet people, who defeated the most cruel and insidious enemy. Undoubtedly, the feat was accomplished by the old honored general, who marched with his division from the fields near Moscow to Berlin, and by the famous partisan leader, the organizer of the nationwide struggle in the occupied territory, and by this unknown woman who raised half a dozen orphans. It is impossible to reveal all the diversity of people's feats during the fiery years of the war. Heroism was demonstrated not only at the front, but also in the rear.

The author's position is as follows: the unprecedented feat of people during the Great Patriotic War lies in the fact that they, both at the front and in the rear, fought against fascism at the cost of their own lives, defending their country from it, caring for the lives of future generations.

After reading E.I. Nosov’s story “Red Wine of Victory,” we met one of the many humble heroes of the Great Patriotic War, thanks to whom we defeated fascism. This is a simple soldier Ivan Kopeshkin, who received severe injuries at the end of the war. At the front, he continued his peasant work - he was responsible for the carriage horses. Kopeshkin has no awards, and he doesn’t feel like a hero. But that's not true. Having overcome fear, he honestly fulfilled his duty and died of his wounds in a military hospital on Victory Day itself, without ever tasting the red wine of Victory.

In another story by E.I. Nosov, called “Living Flame,” we learn about the tragic fate of the son of the narrator’s landlady, Olga Petrovna. Alexey died when he dived on his tiny “hawk” onto the back of a heavy fascist bomber. The young man lived a short but bright life, giving it for his Motherland.

So, during the war years, many performed the feat: both those who participated in the battles and those who forged victory in the rear, sacrificing their health and even their lives. The feat of the Soviet people is unparalleled, we will always remember it.

The feat of man in war (based on the story “Sotnikov” by V. Bykov)

Vasil Bykov is a representative of that literature about the Great Patriotic War, which later received the definition of “literature of lieutenants,” that is, literature, the representative of which himself fought, sat in the trenches, and saw a feat in the everyday work of a soldier. That is why Tolstoy’s traditions of depicting war as an event unnatural to human nature are clearly visible in Bykov’s prose. In addition, V. Bykov was always sure that it is war that helps to reveal the essence of each person, since the main problem becomes a person’s self-awareness in the face of death. In the story “Sotnikov,” V. Bykov contrasted two ordinary Soviet people: Sotnikov and Rybak. Not a German and a Russian, but precisely two Russian soldiers. And if Sotnikov goes through difficult trials with honor and accepts death without renouncing his convictions, then Rybak, finding himself in the face of death, changes his convictions in fear, betrays his Motherland, saves his life, which after betrayal loses all meaning. He practically becomes an enemy. He goes into the world of policemen, in which personal well-being becomes paramount, and fear for his life forces him to kill and betray.

Perhaps there was something sneaky, but hidden, hidden in the Fisherman, but in the face of death the man became what he really is. What an amazing transformation is happening to this man. At first, the strong and quick-witted Rybak seemed more prepared for the task than the frail, sick Sotnikov. However, if Rybak, who all his life “managed to find some way out,” is internally ready to commit a crime, then Sotnikov remains faithful to his human duty until his last breath.

In B. Bykov’s story, everyone took their place in the ranks of victims and executioners. And everyone, except Rybak, went through their deadly path to the end. The weakness of Rybak, his irrepressible thirst for the continuation of life was felt by the same traitor - the policeman and, almost without hesitation, stunned Rybak point-blank: “Let's save life. You will serve Greater Germany." The fisherman had not yet agreed to join the police, but he had already been spared torture. The fisherman did not want to die and blurted out something to the investigator. Sotnikov lost consciousness during the torture, but did not say anything.

It is at this moment that ordinary actions begin to move into the category of feat. And although the true interpretation of the word “feat” is a heroic, selfless act, Sotnikov commits precisely a feat, choosing death and denying betrayal. Sotnikov seemed to have come to terms with death. Of course, he would like to die in battle, but now that this had become impossible for him, the only thing left for him was to decide on his attitude towards the people who were nearby. That is why, before execution, Sotnikov declares to the investigator: “I am a partisan, the rest have nothing to do with it.” In the last minutes of his life, Sotnikov suddenly loses his former confidence in the right to demand certain standards of behavior from others. Internally, he is ready to forgive even Rybak. Sotnikov did not seek sympathy from the crowd surrounding the execution site.

Can Sotnikov be considered a hero if he did not manage to fire a single shot? V. Bykov was able to show in a new way and, most importantly, prove that a person can accomplish a feat not only physically, but also spiritually. It is the sphere of spirituality that prevails in Sotnikov, who, before his death, saw a dream about himself, a child and a father who told him: “There was fire, and there was the highest justice in the world.” Justice is not on earth, but in heaven. And then Sotnikov realized that he had the power to leave the world according to his conscience, and this was the highest reward that life gave him. It was in this episode that V. Bykov managed to illuminate the concept of feat in a new way, recalling that the main thing is whether a person has retained the human being within himself.

V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov” became one of the first works about the war, which examined the theme of betrayal, elevated to a completely new moral category. The fact is that the writer makes it possible to interpret Rybak’s offense as the act of a soldier who goes to great lengths to save his life and continue the fight against his enemies. After all, the author himself repeatedly emphasized: “... Most often I do not talk about heroes and not about possible heroism on their part. I think I'm looking at things more broadly. I'm just talking about a person. About the opportunity for him, even in the most terrible situation, to preserve his dignity. If there is a chance, win. If not, persevere. And win, if not physically, but spiritually.”

Of the many topics that are provided in the Russian language exam for writing an essay, the topic “Heroism” can be especially highlighted.

The goal of Russian education is to raise a worthy and intelligent person who knows what he wants to achieve in life, a true patriot of his country. Increasing demands on the quality of the educational level of the population of the Russian Federation led to the introduction of the Unified State Exam, designed to test the knowledge of schoolchildren.

The Unified State Exam measures the knowledge of graduates after graduation, on the way to higher education, in various branches of science.

One of the most important subjects in the country in which schoolchildren are examined is the Russian language. This is literally the pillar on which the country is built, because only people who have their own system of oral communication can be considered a single people.

What is heroism

Heroism, in the understanding of people, is the accomplishment of a great feat by a person in the name of other people.

Heroes are not those who were born with this intention, but those who stand shoulder to shoulder for a common goal, driven by the concept of justice.

Self-sacrifice for a good cause that brings peace and prosperity to humanity is also considered heroism.

Accordingly, a hero is a person who performs a feat out of love for his neighbor, actively creates the fate of the world and is prone to altruistic behavior. From a psychological point of view, this concept can denote any individual who commits a noble act, overcoming his own fears and doubts.

Examples of heroic behavior can be found not only in literary sources, but also in the environment. Works telling about the exploits of heroes are often based on events taken from life.

The problem of heroism - arguments from literature for the Unified State Exam

The problem of heroism and the development of a person’s personality as a hero was raised by many writers in their works.

The most famous works of Russian authors are: B. Vasilyev “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet”, M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” and B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”.

Less known in modern Russia is the story “Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya” by V. Uspensky, which is based on the story of a young pioneer who, together with her friends, joined a partisan detachment and died heroically under Nazi torture.

The story by B. Polevoy is based on a real-life story about the pilot Alexei Maresyev. Shot down in enemy territory, he was able to pass through the thicket of the forest. Due to the fact that in extreme conditions there was no one to provide first aid, the man lost both legs, however, overcoming his own imperfections for the love of the sky, he was able to learn to fly an airplane while wearing prosthetics.

“The Fate of a Man” tells the story of Andrei, who defended his native Fatherland from Nazi Germany. Despite the news of the death of people close to him, the main character was able to survive and not give in to the horrors of war. The ability to empathize with people remained in him, despite the hardships and hardships that fate presented. This is most clearly expressed in his action: Andrei adopted a boy who had lost his family.

The heroes of the book “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” are ordinary people who, by the will of fate, found themselves in the forefront of the battle for the country. They could have survived, but their strongest desire was to protect their homeland, so their death was worthy.

Foreign literature also presents many works based on the heroism of ordinary people. You can highlight arguments from the works of famous authors.

A classic example is E. Hemingway’s story “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” where two people from different worlds meet - a bomber and an ordinary girl. Robert, who died in the explosion of the bridge, who knows that he is going to certain death, but did not deviate from the task entrusted to him, and Maria, who increasingly understands that she will not see her lover, but lets him go for the sake of the great goal - to put an end to the war that is tearing the country apart. parts. Which of them can be considered a real hero?

Another classic example of heroism can be considered the story of D. London “Love of Life”. The man in this creation does not save anyone but himself, however, his courage, determination and will to preserve life deserve the deepest respect, since many people, faced with the betrayal of friends, would have surrendered to the will of circumstances if they found themselves in a hostile area.

The problem of true and false heroism according to Tolstoy

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the greatest novelists in the world

For example, true heroism always comes “from the heart”, full of depth and purity of thoughts; false heroism manifests itself as the desire to “show off” without having deep motives inside. According to the classics of Russian literature, a person who commits a heroic act in order to be positively assessed by others cannot be a real hero.

The example here is Bolkonsky, who strives to accomplish “a beautiful feat that will certainly be appreciated by other people.”

True heroism lies in the fact that a person steps over his ego, not caring how beautiful he will look in the eyes of other people, and does everything possible for the well-being of the common cause.

The heroism of a Russian woman and mother

A woman in the literature of her native country is a collective image of several roles: mother, wife, daughter.

An example of the heroism of Russian young ladies can be the wives of the Decembrists, who followed their beloved husbands, who were exiled to distant, practically uninhabited lands.

Women, raised according to the laws of secular society, where exile means shame, were not afraid to leave comfortable conditions for the wilderness.

The second example of the heroism of a Russian woman is Vera Rozaltseva from Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” The heroine represents a qualitatively new type of emancipated lady. She is not afraid of difficulties and actively implements her own ideas, while helping other girls.

If we consider female heroism using the example of a mother, we can highlight V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man.” Maria, a simple Russian woman who lost her family due to the Nazis, loses the will to live. The inhumanity of the war makes her “petrify her heart,” but the heroine finds the strength to live on and begins to help orphans who are also grieving for their departed relatives.

The image of the Mother presented in the story is deeply humane in relation to people. The author of the work presented to the reader such a quality of a woman as love for humanity, indivisible by nationality, faith, etc.

Heroism during the Great Patriotic War

The war with Germany brought many new names to the honor roll, some of whom became such posthumously. The fire of indignation that broke out at the inhumanity and unscrupulousness of the Fuhrer SS troops is manifested in partisan methods of warfare.

Two types of heroes can be distinguished during the Second World War:

partisans;
soldiers of the Army of the Soviet Union.

The first include the following people:

Marat Kazei. After the Nazis killed his mother for harboring partisans, he went to fight with his sister at the partisan headquarters. He was awarded a medal for his courage in 1943, but died the following year at the age of 14 while performing a mission;
Lenya Golikov. He joined the partisan detachment in 1942. For his numerous exploits, it was decided to award the hero a medal, but he never managed to receive it. In 1943 he was killed along with the detachment;
Zina Portnova. She became a scout in 1943. She was caught while performing a mission and subjected to many tortures. In 1944 she was shot.

The second group includes the following people:

Alexander Matrosov. He closed the embrasure with his body, allowing the detachment to pass through to carry out the combat mission;
Ivan Panfilov. The division under his leadership fought bravely near Volokolamsk, repelling enemy attacks for six days;
Nikolay Gastello. Directed a burning plane towards enemy troops. Died with honor.

Apart from people famous for their exploits and participation in the war, a huge number of heroes were never named by the country due to ignorance about them.

The problem of courage and heroism of sailors

War does not happen only on land. Both the firmament and the expanses of water are captured by it. Such is the inherent power of the destructive element - to draw everything and everyone into its networks. People of opposing sides clashed not only on land, but also in water.

V. Kataev “Flag”. The Nazis offer to surrender to the Russian team of sailors, but the latter, realizing that they will die if they do not capitulate, still decide in favor of battle, defending the city;
V. M. Bogomolov “Flight of the Swallows.” When transporting ammunition across the river, the steamer "Lastochka" is fired upon by fascist troops, and as a result of this action, a mine lands on a barge. Realizing the fact of danger, the captain, driven by the idea of protecting his native fatherland, turns the helm and directs the ship towards the enemy.

Russian writers focus on the decisions of people whose main quality is courage. Brave behavior at high risk is still relevant today.

Courage and heroism today

There are heroes at any time, regardless of the circumstances of their environment. Nowadays, the names of those who accomplished feats in the name of humanity are engraved on the honor board.

These are ordinary children in everyday life and heroes in extreme situations:

Evgeny Tabakov. At the age of seven, he saved his sister from a maniac, receiving a mortal wound;
Julia Korol. Showed the highest level of courage when rescuing comrades as a result of the tragedy on Syamozero;
Sasha Ershova. During an accident at a water park, she held a little girl above the water, preventing her from drowning.

The annals of the history of our days include not only the children presented above, but also many other modern people who actively help those who are weaker than their circumstances in high-risk situations.

In stories with a heroic way of life, the correct upbringing of their children by parents is of great importance. After all, the maturation of the future personality depends on how well the relatives convey norms and values to the child.

How to write an essay on the topic “Heroism of the Russian people”

The heroic deeds of people over many generations formed the history of the exploits of the Russian state. Students who need to pass a specialized exam in the Russian language write an essay upon finishing 9th grade.

“How to write a creative assignment correctly?” - this question worries many schoolchildren who want to show the maximum result when testing.

The basis of any essay on a given topic is always a goal and a plan. The purpose of the essay is given in the assignment for it. The plan is developed by the student himself; it usually involves dividing the work into stages of work on it.

What does an essay plan consist of:

Introduction.
Main part.
Conclusion.

In addition to the main stages, the student should think about what arguments he will refer to when writing an essay; relevant presentation of information that the student would like to convey to the reader; correct use of Russian language means in the text.

For example, let’s consider the theme of the heroism of the Russian people using the example of Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”. It is based on the history of the world of White Guards fighting for their ideals. They are doomed by history to disappear, but they fearlessly fight against the bitter truth of communism, which is forcibly implanted on the Cossack Don.

The epic clearly shows the problems that worried people of that time: the split of the population into two fronts (white and red guards), the desire to defend their truth, life and established order; clash of ideals of different groups of the population.

Sholokhov show the internal evolution of the heroes of their novel, their changes over time: both internal and external. For example, Dunyasha first appears to the audience as a “girl with pigtails”, but at the end of the novel she is an integral person who has independently chosen her path. Dunya, a descendant of a White Guard, chooses as her husband the communist who killed her brother.

The girl is an example of the highest sacrifice and heroism, as she is not afraid to step over the outdated stereotypes of society.

Conclusion

Each person decides for himself who to call a hero. S. Marshak, for example, in his poem about an unknown rescuer, draws the reader’s attention to the fact that any passerby could turn out to be such a hero.

L. Tolstoy in his epic distinguishes between the concepts of true and false heroism. False heroism, according to the writer, is the desire to show off in public, while a person’s real feat begins with the pure thoughts of his soul.

Absolutely anyone can become a hero, regardless of circumstances. No one knows what kind of life the little partisans would have lived if the Patriotic War had not happened in the 40s of the last century.

The most important thing in life is to be a person worthy of yourself; respect yourself as a person; strive for the stars and help people who are lost in life.

Discussions about correct behavior are nothing without practical application. Big things always start with small things. Becoming a hero starts with helping those in need.

In this article, you are offered problems found in texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, and literary arguments for them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.

True and false heroism is revealed to us on the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The people carry true love for the Motherland, they defend it with their breasts, die for it during the war, without receiving orders and ranks. The picture is completely different in high society, which only pretends to be patriotic if it is fashionable. Thus, Prince Vasily Kuragin went to both a salon glorifying Napoleon and a salon opposing the emperor. Also, nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it brings benefits. So, Boris Drubetskoy takes advantage of the war to advance his career. It was thanks to the people with their true patriotism that Russia was freed from the French invaders. But its false manifestations almost destroyed the country. As you know, the Russian emperor did not spare his troops and did not want to delay the decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who, with the help of delay, exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
Heroism does not only manifest itself in war. Sonya Marmeladova, g the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not die of hunger. A believing girl broke the commandments and committed sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. If it weren't for her and her dedication, they would not have survived. But Luzhin, who shouts at every corner about his virtue and generosity, and presents his undertakings as heroic (especially his marriage to the dowry Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pathetic egoist who is ready to go over his head for the sake of his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, and Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.

Heroism in war

A hero is not a person without fear, he is someone who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of his goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story by M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" in the image of Andrei Sokolov. This is a completely ordinary person who lived like everyone else. But when the thunder struck, he became a real hero: he carried shells under fire, because it was impossible otherwise, because his own people were in danger; endured captivity and a concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of his loved ones, being reborn for the fate of the orphan Vanka he had chosen. Andrei’s heroism lies in the fact that he set the salvation of the country as the main task of his life and fought to the end for this.
Sotnikov, hero story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work it seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, and Rybak suffered along with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, take everything upon himself, and save a woman and an old man who accidentally came under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is a coward and only tries to save his own skin by informing on everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the awkward and unlucky Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and unquenchable historical memory. Thus, in war, heroism is especially important because other lives depend on its manifestation.

The purpose of heroism

Rita Osyanina, heroine story by B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”, lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, leaving her with a small son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief; she went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. True heroism was to go into an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her friend from the department Zhenya Komelkova and their chief, Sergeant Major Vaskov, opposed the Nazi detachment and prepared for mortal combat, and the girls actually died. But it’s impossible otherwise, it’s not just traveling behind you, it’s your homeland behind you. Thus, they sacrificed themselves to save the fatherland.
Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, hero of the story A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", showed heroic qualities during the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not waver, he is supported by the duty of honor, the military oath. When the commandant was captured by rioters, Ivan Kuzmich remained faithful to the oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened death. Military duty forced Mironov to undertake the feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to remain true to his beliefs.

Moral feat

It is extremely difficult to remain human after going through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero story “The Fate of Man” by M.A. Sholokhov, not only fought, but was also captured, taken to a concentration camp, escaped, and then lost his entire family. It was the family that was the hero’s guiding star; having lost it, he gave up on himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met the orphan boy Vanka, whose fate was also crippled by the war, and the hero did not pass by, did not let the state or other people take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart to this boy is a moral feat that was no easier for him than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
During military operations, you sometimes forget that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, was sent to your homeland by war out of necessity. But it’s even more terrible when the war is civil, when a brother, a friend, or a fellow villager can turn out to be the enemy. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don", in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack atamans, constantly wavered. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of prisoners, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally confused between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that family was more important to him than his own life, more important than principles and views, for the sake of it it was worth taking risks, giving up, so that the children could at least see their father, who was always lost in battles.

Heroism in love

The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield; sometimes it is no less required in everyday life. Zheltkov, hero story by A.I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”, performed a real feat of love, laying life on her altar. Just once he saw Vera, he lived only for her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov from even writing to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But he even accepted death with the words to Vera: “Let your name shine.” He committed this act so that his beloved would find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
The heroism of the mother is reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”. Alya, the main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her entire life to raising her daughter with a then rare diagnosis. Her husband left her, she had to not only take care of her daughter, but also work as a nurse. And later, the mother fell ill, did not receive treatment, but arranged for Milochka better things: work in a workshop gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything she could, Alya left to die. The mother’s heroism is everyday, unnoticeable, but no less important.

War is the most difficult and difficult time for all people. These are experiences, fear, mental and physical pain. The hardest thing at this time is for the participants in the war and hostilities. They are the ones who protect the people, risking their own lives.

What is war? How to overcome fear during combat? These and other questions are raised by Viktor Aleksandrovich Kurochkin in his text. However, the author examines in more detail the problem of the manifestation of heroism in war.

To attract the attention of readers to the problem posed, the writer talks about the heroic act of Sanya Maleshkin in the war. The hero, to help the tank driver overcome his fear, ran in front of the self-propelled gun, not even thinking that he could easily be killed.

He knew that the order to drive the Nazis out of the village must be carried out, no matter what. The author also draws our attention to the fact that Sanya did not give up his driver and when asked why he was running in front of the tank, he answered: “He was very cold, so he ran to warm up.” It is in performing courageous and risky actions that true heroism lies. It was no coincidence that Maleshkin was nominated for the title of Hero.

V.A. Kurochkin believes that a true hero is a person who will defend his homeland, his people and comrades, no matter what. And even danger and risk of his own life will not prevent him from fulfilling his duty.

Reflecting on the problem posed, I remembered M. A. Sholokhov’s work “The Fate of a Man.” His main character faced not only physical but also moral difficulties during the war. He lost his entire family, his closest people. However, this man, like a true Russian hero, found the strength to continue to defend his homeland, his people. Along with the heroic, Andrei Sokolov performs a moral feat: he adopts a child who lost his parents in the war. This man is an example of a true hero who cannot be broken by war and its terrible consequences.

A person who loves his homeland will never betray it. Even if it entails dire consequences. Let us recall V. Bykov’s work “Sotnikov”. His main character, along with a friend, was sent to search for food for the detachment. However, they were captured by the fascist police. Sotnikov endured all the torture and torment, but never gave out information to the enemies. However, his friend Rybak not only told everything, but also agreed to go serve with the Nazis, in order to save his life, he personally killed his comrade. Sotnikov turned out to be a true patriot, a man unable to betray his homeland even in the face of death. It is such a person that can be called a true hero.

Thus, true heroism can only be shown by a person who will fight for his homeland, risking his life and being in danger. And no obstacles can stand in the way of a true hero.