Known types of celestial bodies. celestial bodies

Traditionally, on Saturdays, we publish answers to the quiz for you in the Q&A format. Our questions range from simple to complex. The quiz is very interesting and quite popular, but we just help you test your knowledge and make sure that you have chosen the correct answer out of the four proposed. And we have another question in a quiz What celestial body is not an asteroid?

• A Juno
• B Psyche
• C Miranda
• D Circe

The correct answer is S. Miranda

Uranus is accompanied by 27 satellites, and Miranda is one of the most interesting. The closest of the five large moons located to the planet, it is the smallest - with an average radius of only 240 km. With this size, the celestial body is striking in the diversity of the landscape.

In February 1948, Gerard Kuiper at the Texas Observatory studied four satellites of Uranus known at that time and saw another celestial body near the planet. It turned out to be Miranda. The satellite got its name in honor of the character in Shakespeare's play "The Tempest" (according to tradition, all the moons of Uranus bear the names of the heroes of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope).

Information about the celestial body, and with it a lot of mysteries, was brought by photographs of the Voyager 2 spacecraft. In 1986, he flew at a distance of about 31,000 km from the satellite. Astronomers were expecting to see something like Saturn's moon Mimas: a dead ice surface dotted with impact craters.

However, the pictures showed otherwise. Really similar in places to Mimas, the satellite of Uranus had unusual areas on the surface. In addition to craters, numerous ledges, faults, grabens, crowns and other signs of tectonic activity were discovered. Miranda appears to have experienced at least five dramatic surface changes since her birth.

The search for clues is hampered by the fact that the only material available is the images of Voyager 2. He photographed only the southern hemisphere. The north was not illuminated at that time by the Sun, and its relief remains a mystery. Since then, no more expeditions have been sent to the Uranian system.

They listen to outer space, receiving different signals.

Launch of space satellites. The first space satellite was launchedV space in 1957. Satellites are equipped with instruments for studying the Earth and space.

Human flight into space. The first flight into space was carried out by a citizen Soviet Union Yuri Gagarin.

3. Influence of the Universe on development of life on earth.

our planet formed from cosmic dust about 4.5 billion years ago. Space material and now continues to fall to Earth in the form meteorites. Breaking at great speed into the atmosphere, most of them burn out (falling"stars"). At least a thousand meteorites fall to Earth every year, weight which varies from a few grams to several kilograms.

space radiation And ultraviolet radiation The sun contributed processes biochemical evolution on our planet.

The formation of the ozone layer protects modern living organisms from the destructive effects of cosmic rays.

Solar light through photosynthesis provides energy and food of all living organisms planets.

4. Man's place in the Universe.

Man, as an intelligent being, masters and changes the face of the planet. The human mind has created technologies that have made it possible to go beyond the Earth and begin to master the cosmos. A man has landed on the moon, space probes have reached Mars.

Mankind wants to find on others planets sign of life and mind. There are scientists who believe that modern people- These are the descendants of aliens who made an emergency landing on our planet. In several places on Earth, drawings were found made in the era primitive people. In these drawings, scientists see people in space suits. The elders of some tribes draw starry sky that it can only be seen from space.

Among several theories about the origin of life on Earth, there are theory bringing life from space. In some meteorites meet amino acids(amino acids form squirrels, A life on our planet has a protein nature).

1. Star worlds - galaxies. Stars, constellations

All terrestrial planets have relatively no big sizes, of considerable density and consist mainly of solids.

planetary giants are large in size, low density and consist mainly of gases. Weight planetary giants is 98 % of the total mass of the planets solar system.

The planets are in this order relative to the Sun: Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune , Pluto.

These planets are named after Roman gods: Mercury is the god of trade; Venus is the goddess of love and beauty; Mars is the god of war; Jupiter- the god of thunder; Saturn is the god of earth and fertility; Uranus - god of the sky; Neptune is the god of the sea and shipping; Pluto is a god underworld the dead.

On Mercury, the daytime temperature rises to 420 ° C, and at night drops to -180 °C. Venus is hot day and night (up to 500 ° C), its atmosphere is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide. Earth It is located at such a distance from the Sun that most of the water is in a liquid state, which made it possible for life to arise on our planet. Earth's atmosphere contains oxygen.

On Mars temperature regime similar to Earth, but the atmosphere is dominated by carbon dioxide. At low temperatures in winter, carbon dioxide turns into dry ice.

Jupiter is 13 times larger and 318 times heavier than Earth. Its atmosphere is thick, opaque and looks like stripes. different colors. Under the atmosphere there is an ocean of rarefied gases.

Stars - red-hot celestial bodies that emit light. They are so far from the Earth that we see them as bright specks. With the naked eye in the starry sky, you can count about 3000 vision, with the help of a telescope - ten times more.

Constellation - groups of nearby stars. Ancient astronomers mentally connected stars lines and received certain figures. In the sky of the northern hemisphere, the ancient Greeks identified 12 zodiac constellations: Capricorn, Aquarius, Fish, Aries, Taurus, Twins, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Sagittarius. The ancients believed that each earthly month is connected in a certain way with one of the constellations.

Comets - celestial bodies with luminous tails that over time change their position in the sky and the direction of movement.

Body comets consists of a solid core, frozen gases with solid dust, ranging in size from one to ten kilometers. While approaching the sun gases comets start to evaporate. This is how comets grow a luminous tail of gas. The most famous is Halley's Comet(it was discovered in the 17th century by the English astronomer Halley), which appears near the Earth with an approximate interval of 76 years. IN last time She made her closest approach to Earth in 1986.

Meteora - these are the solid remains of cosmic bodies that fall with great speed through the Earth's atmosphere. At the same time, they burn out, leaving a bright light.

Fireballs - bright giant meteors weighing from 100 g to several tons. their rapid flight is accompanied by a loud noise, a scattering of sparks, and the smell of burning.

meteorites - burnt stone or iron bodies that fell to Earth from interplanetary space without breaking up in the atmosphere.

asteroids - these are "baby" planets from 0.7 to 1 km in diameter.

2. Determining the sides of the horizon for the help of vision.

Behind the constellation Big Ursa easy to find the North Star. If you face her, then in front there will be north, behind - south, on the right - East, to the left - west.

3. Galaxies.

Spiral (consist of a core and several spiral arms)

Incorrect (asymmetrical structure)

galaxies- these are giant star systems (vision up to hundreds of billions). Our Galaxy called Milky Way.

Elliptical (view of their circles or ellipses, brightness gradually decreases from the center to the edge)

Sun. solar system. Movement planets around the sun. Sun

The sun is the nearest star.

Sun - this is a hot gas ball, which is located at a distance of 150 million km from the Earth. Sun has a complex structure. The outer layer is an atmosphere of three shells.Photosphere - the lowest and denser layer of the solar atmosphere, about 300 km thick. Next shell -chromosphere, 12-15 thousand km thick.

Outer shell -solar corona silvery-white in color, the height of which is up to several solar radii. It does not have a clear outline and changes shape over time. The material of the corona constantly flows out into interplanetary space, forming the so-called sunny wind, which consists of protons (hydrogen nuclei) and helium atoms.

Radius of the Sun - 700 thousand km, mass - 2 | 1030 kg K chemical composition The suns belong to 72 chemical element. Most Hydrogen, in second place Helium(these two elements make up 98 % mass sun).

The sun exists in outer space about 5 billion years and, according to astronomers, there will be the same amount more. Energy of sun released as a result of thermonuclear reactions.

The surface of the Sun glows unevenly. Areas with increased brightness calledtorches, and with reduced - spots.their appearance and development called solaractivity. IN different years, solar activity is not the same and has a cyclic character(with a period of 7.5 to 16 years, on average - in 11.1 years).

Often over sunny surface appearoutbreaks - unexpected bursts of energy that reach the Earth in a few hours. Solar flares are accompaniedmagnetic storms as a result of which strong chaotic electric currents arise in the conductors, which disrupt the operation of electrical networks and devices. Earthquakes can occur in seismically active areas.

In the years of increased solar activity, the growth of trees increases. During these periods, they reproduce more actively. karakurts, locust, fleas. It was found that during the years of high solar activity, not only epidemics occur ( cholera , dysentery , diphtheria), but also pandemics (influenza, plague).

In humans, the most vulnerable to changes in solar activity are the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Even healthy people change motor reactions and perception of time, attention is dulled, sleep worsens, which affects professional activity. The number of leukocytes and decreases immunity which increases the body's susceptibility to infectious diseases.

2. Solar system.

Sun, large and small planets, comets and other celestial bodies that revolve around the sun make upsolar system.

One revolution of the planet around the sun is calledyear. The farther the planet is from the Sun, the longer its revolution is and the longer the year on this planet has (see table).

Although all the planets revolve around the Sun at different speeds, they move in the same direction. Once every 84 years, all the planets are in the same line. This moment is calledparade of planets.

All major planets, except for Mercury and Venus, havesatellites, that revolve around them. The Earth has one satellite, the Moon. Saturn- 17, at Jupiter- 16, for Mars - 2. Also, a lot ofminor planets, among them there are also stone bryls 5-10 km in size.

Large and small planets move in such a way that their distance from the Sun almost does not change. Comets, on the other hand, move away from the Sun, then approach it. 3. Sun- source of light and heat on Earth.

The Earth is located at such a distance from the Sun that the water on it is in the form of a liquid. The unique combination of temperature, light and the presence of water made possible the origin and development of life on our planet.

Under the influence sunlight plants have photosynthesis process - education organic matter from inorganic. The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen. As a result of photosynthesis on Earth, oxygen atmosphere.

observation. All plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) need light. The leaves on the shoots are arranged in such a way that everyone receives their portion of light - this arrangement of leaves is called deciduous. mosaic. During the day, the plants return their leaves and flowers to the sun. In indoor flowers, the leaves return to the side of the window.

Moon. Rotation of the Moon around the Earth. Moon phases.

Solar and lunar eclipses.

1.Moon.

Moon is the celestial closest to Earth body and its natural companion. The distance from the Moon to the Earth is approximately 380 thousand km, and its radius is 8 times smaller than the radius of the Earth. There is no atmosphere on the moon. Meteora, falling on the surface of the moon, created a kind of relief on his surfaces - craters. Scientists have mapped the Moon with mountains, deserts and seas (dry). Life has not been found on it.

2. Moon phases.

The Moon makes one revolution around the Earth in a month. He is everything time returned to Earth by one side, but its illumination(phases) changes.

Moon phases

C_3 - complete moon(full moon);

waning moon

O - first quarter;

OR - half a month;

(^ - three quarters;

f - new month(youth);

sch)- three quarters;

waxing moon

%) - crescent;

(C is the first quarter.

3. Moon And natural phenomena Earth.

The movement of the Moon affects the movement of the Earth's water masses. Monthly attraction causes education tides. Together with the rotation of the Earth, tidal surges move along the seas and oceans following the Moon with east to the west at a speed of 1800 km/h. in the open sea the water level rises by 1-2 m, and near the coast - by 4-5 m.

Pulling the moon twice a day changes pressure air a few mm Hg. Art. and causes the soil to rise by an average of 40 cm.

Lunar attraction also affects a person. With the new month, weakness appears, creative activity decreases, mood deteriorates. When the full moon increases efficiency, increases excitability nervous system, irritability increases.

When the month grows, the root system of plants develops well, and when it decreases, the leaves.

4. Lunar eclipses

Sun

5. solar eclipses.

Sun