Cultural norms, traditions and values. Cultural traditions, values, norms

Tradition is one of important categories theories of culture. The universality and universality of this category is determined by the fact that traditions are present in all areas - in material, political, artistic, moral, everyday, physical culture.

cultural traditions – social and cultural heritage transmitted from generation to generation and reproduced in certain societies and social groups for a long time.

Traditions are present in all social and cultural systems and are a necessary condition for their existence. Traditions are inherent in the most diverse areas of culture, although their significance in each of these areas is different, they occupy the most important place in religion.

Distinguish rigid traditions that do not allow innovations and deviations in behavior. They are characterized by a very long existence, transmission from generation to generation without changes.

Another type is plastic, mobile traditions. They have a fairly wide range of variability, variability, although the basis of traditions also remains unchanged. In this case, traditions can “overgrow” with new norms, rules, techniques, they change depending on this or that situation, and allow options for behavior in different circumstances.

Traditions form the "collective memory" of society and social groups, ensuring their continuity in development. Besides, individual groups, classes, layers have their own traditions. Each generation, having at its disposal a certain set of samples, not only perceives and assimilates them in finished form, but always carries out their own interpretation and choice. In this sense, each generation chooses not only its future, but also the past.

Societies and social groups, while accepting some elements of the socio-cultural heritage, at the same time reject others, so traditions can be both positive (what and how is traditionally accepted) and negative (what and how is traditionally rejected).

Traditions are certain cultural patterns, institutions, customs, rituals, values, norms, ideas, styles, etc.

Custom- the traditionally established order of conduct. It is based on habit and refers to collective forms of action. Habits are socially approved mass patterns of action that are recommended to be followed. Informal sanctions are applied to violators - disapproval, isolation, censure.

If habits and customs pass from one generation to another, they turn into traditions. Some traditions are performed in a casual setting, while others are performed in a festive setting.

A kind of tradition is rite- a set of actions established by custom or ritual. They express some religious performances or household traditions. Rites are not limited to one social group, but apply to all segments of the population. Rites accompany important points human life associated with birth (baptism, naming), marriage (matchmaking, bride price, engagement), entry into a new field of activity (military oath, initiation into pioneers, students, workers) or transition to another age (initiation) , death (burial, funeral service, commemoration).

Culture, like society, is based on a system of values. Values ​​are of great importance in any culture, since they determine the relationship of a person with nature, society, the immediate environment and the environment. Mastering the values ​​of the surrounding world, a person relies on the traditions, norms, customs established in his culture and gradually forms a system of basic and generally accepted values ​​that govern his life. On this basis, each culture develops its own system of values, which shows its specific state in the world.

Cultural values- these are material objects or spiritual principles that have a certain meaning for a given social subject in terms of meeting their needs and interests.

Values ​​arise as a result of a person's understanding of the significance for him of certain objects (material or spiritual). Every sphere cultural activities a person acquires a value dimension inherent in it. There are values material life, economics, social order, politics, morality, art, science, religion. Each type of culture has its own hierarchy of values ​​and value dimensions.

The whole variety of values ​​can be conditionally ordered and classified on the basis of the spheres of life in which they are realized. Any classification of values ​​by type and level is conditional due to the fact that it contains social and cultural meanings. For example, B. S. Erasov identifies the following types of values:

Vital (life, health, safety, quality of life, consumption level, environmental safety);

Economic (equal conditions for producers and favorable conditions for the development of the production of goods and services, the purpose and meaning of economic activity);

Social (social status, diligence, family, prosperity, gender equality, personal independence, tolerance);

Political (patriotism, civic activism, civil liberties, civil peace);

Moral (good, good, love, friendship, duty, honor, disinterestedness, honesty, fidelity, love for children, justice, decency, mutual assistance, respect for elders);

Religious (God, faith, salvation, grace, Holy Scripture and tradition);

Aesthetic (beauty, harmony, style, etc.).

Values ​​are relative, changeable and mobile. They are in constant flux and are often re-evaluated within a particular culture. The development of culture, its stability are associated with the reproduction, dissemination, preservation and change of values.

The concept of "values" is connected with the concept of "value orientation". Value orientation acts as an indicator of a person's spiritual activity at the personal and group level, as well as the socio-psychological formations corresponding to it, which have a positive assessment. Indicators of value orientation can be representations, knowledge, interests, motives, needs, ideals, as well as attitudes, stereotypes, etc.

cultural norms - certain patterns, rules of behavior, actions, knowledge. In the emergence of cultural norms big role play traditional and subliminal moments. In a revised form, cultural norms are embodied in ideology, ethical teachings, and religious concepts.

Thus, the norms of morality arise in the very practice of mass mutual communication between people. Moral norms are brought up daily by force of habit, public opinion, assessments of close people. A huge role in the formation of cultural norms characteristic of a given society is played by the approval and condemnation expressed by others.

Norms perform very important functions in society. On the one hand, norms are the duties of one person in relation to another or other persons.

On the other hand, norms are expectations: from a person who observes a given norm, others expect quite unambiguous behavior.

Cultural norms:

Regulate the general course of socialization;

Unite individuals into groups, and groups into society;

Control deviant behavior;

They serve as models, standards of behavior.

Thus, norms perform their functions depending on the capacity in which they manifest themselves: as standards of behavior (duties, rules) or as expectations of behavior (the reaction of other people).

Exist various ways classification of norms, for example, by scope (in a small or large social group), depending on the severity of their observance, etc.

The most famous classification of cultural norms belongs to the American sociologist William Graham Sumner (1840-1910). He singled out the following types of norms: customs (folk-ways); mores (mores); laws. They form the basis regulatory system culture. However, it should be noted that the list of cultural norms is constantly expanding and updating. For example, T. Parsons identifies the following four groups of norms: social, economic, political and cultural.

Today, the typology of cultural norms takes into account traditions, customs, habits, mores, taboos, laws, fashion, taste and hobbies, beliefs and knowledge, etc.

Norms are historically changeable, they depend on characteristic features those areas public life in which they develop.

Stable norms persist for many generations, receive a moral justification, and often norms persist for a long time after they have lost their effectiveness.

The operation of any norm is not absolute; the norm is going through a period of inception, approval, then loses stability and begins to collapse. The process of destruction of cultural norms (anomie) is always accompanied by the creation of new ones (rule-making).

Anomia - Ancient Greek "anomos", meaning "lawless", "out of order", "uncontrollable". Anomie can be defined as the destruction of an individual's sense of belonging to society: a person is not restrained by his moral attitudes, for him there are no more moral norms, but only incoherent motives, he has lost a sense of continuity, duty, a sense of the existence of other people. Anomie causes an increase in deviant forms of human behavior, i.e., an increase in crime, an increase in the number of divorces, promiscuity in sexual relations, an increase in drug addiction and suicide, mental disorders occur as a result of a violation of the unity of culture. Anomie is a tendency towards social death, in its extreme forms it means the death of society.

Thus, the traditions, values ​​and norms of culture act as a motivation cultural behavior person, incentives to achieve goals and protect certain valuable acquisitions. With the help of them, standards of cultural assessments are formed in society, the priorities of life goals and the choice of methods for achieving them are determined.

I think that such concepts as life values ​​and norms are the basis of culture and are of great importance in the life of every person.

Although the values ​​are common ground with the rules, but these concepts are still different. And the difference between them is expressed in this way: norms are rules of behavior, and values ​​are abstract ideas about what is good and evil, right and wrong.

Values It is what justifies and gives meaning to norms. For example, human life is a value, and its protection is a norm.

No society can do without values.

But this does not mean that they are the same for every person.

Whoever considers art, honesty and decency to be the highest value, for another, money and his career are in the first place.

At the same time, in every society there is some generalized enough stable system values.

I would call it foundation. These values ​​include family, marriage, and so on.

We live in the 21st century. Now everything is changing rapidly. This also applies to the value system. Take at least family, love.

It used to be taken more seriously. Now few people care about love. Much easier and faster open relationship.

Norms show how people should behave in different situations.

Norms of behavior are also reflected in the concepts of morality and morality.

American sociologist William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) singled out the following types of norms: customs, mores, laws. But the typology of norms is constantly changing and expanding.

All social norms can be classified depending on the severity of their observance.

So for the violation of some norms, a mild punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look, and for violation of other norms, harsh sanctions - imprisonment, even the death penalty.

And the rules are not always followed. Violation of etiquette, the ritual of conversation, marriage, traffic rules and even murder.

The cultural norm is respected when a person is interested in doing so.

There is no internal interest - and there is no fulfillment of the norm.

For example, an employee wants to get a promotion and he will comply with the dress code, the norms of communication with superiors. Also with students. You need a test - you go to classes, lectures, do your homework.

Summing up, I want to note that the norms and values ​​in each country, culture are different. That is, different cultures may give preference to different values, and each society itself has the right to determine what is a value and what is not.

cultural traditions. In ancient Rome in the III - I centuries. BC. Roman civil holidays were held, which were games.

By tradition, the games lasted from 14 - 15 days to 6 - 7 days. The total duration of all the holidays of these games reached 76 days a year.

Each holiday consisted of several branches:

1) a solemn procession led by a magistrate - the organizer of the games, which was called a pomp;

2) direct competitions in the circus, horse racing, etc.;

3) stage performances in the theater of plays by Greek and Roman authors.

The Eastern Slavs in the VIII - IX centuries. traditions were very different. They were mostly associated with the holidays.

One of these holidays is the Kolyada holiday. According to the ideas of the Eastern Slavs, on the day of this holiday, a new life of the sun began.

The traditions of celebrating this holiday were associated with fire.

The lights went out in the houses, and then people produced a new fire by friction, lit candles, hearths, glorified the beginning of a new life of the sun, wondered about their fate, made sacrifices.

The traditional holiday was the spring equinox. On this day, according to tradition, the Slavs burned an effigy of winter, cold, death.

One of the traditions of the Slavs was the invocation of rain in order for the harvest to ripen faster. This invocation took place on June 23, when the national holiday of Kupala was celebrated, birthdays, weddings, and funerals were also traditional among the Slavs.

At present, traditions are not only folk, national, but also family. These traditions are annual, monthly and daily.

For example, the whole family gathers together to celebrate the New Year together - this is an annual tradition, i.e. each member of the family must observe this or another tradition.

Intercultural communication- communication between representatives of different human cultures (personal contacts between people, less often - mediated forms of communication (such as writing) and mass communication).

Peculiarities intercultural communication are studied at the interdisciplinary level and within the framework of such sciences as cultural studies, psychology, linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, each of which uses its own approaches to their study.

Initially, the so-called intercultural communication was used to describe intercultural communication. classical understanding of culture as a more or less stable system of conscious and unconscious rules, norms, values, structures, artifacts - national or ethnic culture.

At present, the so-called. dynamic understanding of culture as a way of life and a system of behavior, norms, values, etc. of any social group (for example, urban culture, culture of generations, culture of the organization).

The dynamic concept of culture does not imply strict stability cultural system, to a certain extent, it can change and be modified depending on the social situation.

As a scientific discipline, intercultural communication is in its infancy and is distinguished by two characteristic features: applied character (the goal is to facilitate communication between representatives of different cultures, reduce conflict potential) and interdisciplinarity.

Research on intercultural communication has recently become increasingly important in connection with the processes globalization and intensive migration.

FACULTY OF TAXATION AND MANAGEMENT

Speciality "Organisation management"

Chair_______Taxation and Management_______ __
Discipline______ Culturology_________________ ____

ABSTRACT
ON THE TOPIC OF:
« Cultural values ​​and norms»

Fulfilled
student 1 course
group no. 314
Vankova Olga Sergeevna

Checked:
_________________________
_________________________

Rostov-on-Don
2010/2011 academic year

Plan:

The concept of "culture"
Cultural norms

Introduction

culture is an integral part of human life.

The concept of "culture"

concept "culture" is one of the fundamental in modern social science. It is difficult to name another word that would have so many semantic shades. For us, such phrases as “culture of the mind”, “culture of feelings”, “culture of behavior”, “physical culture” sound quite familiar. According to American culturologists Alfred Kroeber And Klija Kluchona With 1871 By 1919 only 7 definitions of culture were given, then with 1920 By 1950 they counted 157 definitions of this concept. Later, the number of definitions increased significantly. L.E.Kertman counted more than 400 definitions.
It is believed that the word "culture" derived from Latin word « colere" which means to cultivate, or cultivate the soil. In the Middle Ages, this word began to denote a progressive method of cultivating cereals, thus the term " agriculture"- the art of agriculture. But in 18th and 19th centuries. they began to use it in relation to people - if a person was distinguished by grace of manners and erudition, he was considered "cultural". Then this term was applied mainly to aristocrats in order to separate them from the "uncivilized" common people. german word Culture also meant a high level of civilization.
In the broadest sense, culture embraces everything created by people, from science and religious beliefs to methods of making stone axes.
culture is, first of all, a set of meanings and meanings that people are guided by in their lives.
culture - the accumulated, acquired experience, passed down from generation to generation, provides a person with the knowledge and patterns of behavior necessary for survival, which are not inherited genetically, but are transmitted through learning and education.
culture is the creative reflection and transformation of nature into
human activity, a stage of social consciousness.
culture is a set of methods and techniques of human
activities (both material and spiritual), expressed in objects,
on material carriers and passed on to subsequent generations.
culture is the process of creating material and spiritual wealth.
Today under culture broadly understood as all kinds
transformative human activity, as well as its results.
In a narrow sense, under culture understand creativity,
associated with art.
culture is also a collection values ​​and norms that regulate human behavior.

Cultural norms

Norms - these are the ideas of acceptable behavior inherent in the community, behavioral standards. Norms make people's behavior more or less predictable and streamline social interaction. Like values, norms have significant variability across cultures.
Norms(rules) define how a person should behave in order to live in accordance with the values ​​of their culture. The assimilation of certain norms is necessary for a person for successful adaptation in society. The normative side of culture includes wide circle requirements. This is elementary neatness, hygiene, and compliance accepted rules behavior, and moral (moral) norms, and legal norms (laws). The execution of norms is ensured by various forms of coercion, from public opinion to state institutions.
The presence of norms does not exclude, and, one might say, even implies the possibility of deviation from them, referred to in sociology and psychology as "deviation". According to E. Durkheim , deviation from the norms and especially the subsequent punishment plays a very important role: strengthening the normative order and social integration. Norms are related to the values ​​that exist in the culture. Legal regulations Those who defend private property "work" in a society where there is, firstly, an awareness of the value of law, and secondly, the value of private property. If the culture lacks both, then the laws that protect private property, even if introduced, will not be respected by people.
The reactions of the social environment to compliance or non-compliance with norms are called sanctions. Sanctions can be positive(approval, encouragement) and negative(isolation, punishment). People tend to follow the norms, since the basic norms, like values, the individual learns in childhood and, as a rule, does not question them. However, if there is heterogeneity and indeterminacy of norms in a society, this naturally entails both indeterminacy of behavior and an increase in deviance.
There are different types of norms. Allocate: norms-rules
(obligatory) and norms-expectations(performance
which is desirable, but a deviation is also acceptable); proscriptive
(prohibiting certain types of behavior) and prescriptive
(prescribing a certain type of behavior) norms; norms formal
(clearly articulated and documented) and
informal(having the character of expectations and existing only in
collective consciousness), etc.

Cultural values

Values - these are the ideas inherent in a particular culture about what should be strived for. Success, holiness, wealth, freedom, fame, love are all examples of values. Values - these are spiritual guidelines that set the general strategy of the individual's behavior in society.
Values have a pronounced cultural specificity: what is valuable for one society may not be a value in another. Thus, the hallmark of Western European cultures is the recognition of the value of individual freedom. But in most non-Western cultures there was no such value, and the idea of ​​the need for individual freedom developed as a result of Western cultural influence.
Cultural specificity can manifest itself in the peculiarities of the hierarchy of values ​​inherent in a particular society. Thus, the value of life is an example of a universal value. There is no culture that denies life and strives for death. However, the value of life does not occupy the same position in the hierarchy of values ​​in all cultures. For the ancient Greek, gaining a good reputation meant more than saving a life. For the Indian yogi, life is an illusion, a painful dream from which one must wake up. For a Christian ascetic, monk or layperson earthly life- only a prologue to eternal life in the Kingdom of God and has no independent value.
People often sacrifice their lives (not to mention the lives of others) for the sake of such seemingly abstract concepts as "truth", "freedom", "state interests", "people", "race", "party", etc. d. It may seem strange, but in fact it is impossible to find a culture where the value of human life absolutely dominates over other values.
For the bearers of a particular culture, its inherent values ​​are objects of faith. It is impossible to rationally justify the superiority of some values ​​over others, the falsity of some values ​​and the truth of others.
Our values ​​seem obvious and natural to us. In order to force a person to accept new values, he must not only be "convinced", he must be "converted to his faith", even if it is not actually about religion.
In Russian cultural studies, until recently, values ​​were traditionally divided into material And spiritual. Under material values real products are understood human labor(buildings, clothing, furniture, tools, etc.), spiritual values appear as beliefs shared by society or groups of people about the goals to be strived for in life (for example, moral values).
At present, culturologists give more developed classifications of values. There are such types of values ​​as:

vital(life, health, safety, welfare, etc.);
social (social status, industriousness, wealth, work, etc.);
political(freedom of speech, civil liberties, law, order);
moral(good, good, love, friendship, honor, honesty, fidelity, etc.);
religious(God, divine law, salvation, faith);
aesthetic(beauty, beauty, harmony, etc.);
family related(family comfort, interrelation and mutual understanding of generations) and some others.

Conclusion

The most important components of the picture of the world, along with intuitive ideas, archetypes, ways of perceiving the world, are cultural norms and values. Cultural norms there are certain patterns, rules of behavior, actions, knowledge. They are formed, approved already in everyday life society. At this level, traditional and subconscious moments play a big role in the emergence of cultural norms. Customs and ways of perception have evolved over thousands of years and have been passed down from generation to generation. In a revised form, cultural norms are embodied in ideology, ethical teachings, and religious concepts.

Thus, the norms of morality arise in the very practice of mass mutual communication between people. Moral norms are brought up daily by the force of habit, public opinion, assessments of loved ones. Already a small child, by the reaction of adult family members, determines the boundaries of what is “possible” and what is “impossible”. A huge role in the formation of cultural norms characteristic of a given society is played by the approval and condemnation expressed by others, the power of personal and collective example, and illustrative patterns of behavior (both described in verbal form and in the form of real norms of behavior). The normativity of culture is maintained in the course of interpersonal, mass relationships of people and as a result of the functioning of various social institutions. The education system plays a huge role in the transfer of spiritual experience from generation to generation. An individual entering life acquires not only knowledge, but also principles, norms of behavior and perception, understanding and attitude to the surrounding reality.

The norms of culture are changeable, culture itself is open. It reflects the changes that society is undergoing. For example, in the XX century. There have been fundamental shifts in the relationship of the individual to the family. This has a huge

meaning, since it is in it that the personality is formed, the norms of culture are mastered.

In a patriarchal family, children began their working life. First of all, they were the guarantor of secure old age for parents, earners of livelihood. Now children are, first of all, the greatest value of the family, and the family budget is being redistributed in their favor. In other words, a change in spiritual orientation in the family leads to a shift in the content and direction of the consumer's national spending. Working heads of families, who have the opportunity to satisfy any needs with the help of money, transfer these funds to the family, because it is the emotional and cultural center of personality development. For young people, this change in cultural intra-family norms means the opportunity to "prolong childhood", to join the heights of world culture, to perceive new spiritual values.

The cultural picture of the world, both in its genesis and content, includes value judgments. Values arise as a result of a person's understanding of the significance for him of certain objects (material or spiritual). Each sphere of human cultural activity acquires its own value dimension. There are values ​​of material life, economy, social order, politics, morality, art, science, religion. Each type of culture has its own hierarchy of values ​​and value dimensions. Thus, in antiquity, of all value measurements, the aesthetic approach to the world comes to the fore, in the Middle Ages - religious and moral, in modern times - scientific and value. The process of cultural development is always accompanied by a reassessment of values.

The whole variety of values ​​can be conditionally ordered and classified based on the allocation of those areas of life in which they are implemented:

• vital values: life, health, safety, quality of life. Consumption level, environmental safety;
• economic values: the presence of equal conditions for producers and favorable conditions for the development of the production of goods and services, entrepreneurship;
• social values: social status, diligence, family, wealth, gender equality, personal

independence, ability to achieve, tolerance: political values: patriotism, civic engagement, civil liberties, civil peace;

• moral values: good, good, love, friendship, duty, honor, disinterestedness, honesty, fidelity, love for children, justice, decency, mutual assistance, respect for elders;
• religious values: God, faith, salvation, grace, Holy Scripture and tradition.
• aesthetic values: beauty, harmony, style, etc.

Ticket 19. Myth as a phenomenon of culture.
Myth is a form of culture, a way human being. Myth is not only historically the first form of culture, in a sense it is eternal, because the mythological dimension is present in every culture. Studies of myth as a form of culture and measurement human soul occupies an important place in culture. The fundamental contribution to the understanding of myth was made by Hegel, Freud, Jung, Fraser, Levi-Strauss. The most ancient, initial form of mental experience is a myth, therefore all archetypes, one way or another, are associated with mythological images and experiences. Myth lies at the very foundation of the human soul, including the soul modern man, is Jung's conclusion. Myth is a way of human existence and the world of sensation, entirely based on the semantic kinship of man with the world; here, a person perceives psychological meanings as the original properties of things and considers and experiences natural phenomena as animated beings. Myth is not called upon to give an objective picture of the world, it is called upon to invent a meaning for the world, and it successfully fulfills its purpose. Myth is the historically first and therefore very limited realization of creative human spirit when this spirit is undeveloped and not ready to cope with its own freedom. Myth is a conservative and stable system. The myth is destroyed as soon as a person gets the opportunity to exercise the freedom hidden within him. The myth is not intended to regulate the life of a free person, and therefore the realization of freedom undermines the foundations of the world and becomes a source of new form culture. The functions performed by myth are transformed and are now performed by religion, art and philosophy. Mythology reflects all the main stages of man's separation from nature and the formation of culture. Mythological texts reproduce the various stages of human cultivation of the environment. On the one hand, these are plots that tell about the emergence of natural landscapes, about the cyclical variability of nature. On the other hand, this is a story of exploits cultural heroes, about the creation of the world of material and spiritual cultures. Myth is a product of oral folk art which has preserved the experience of poetic comprehension of reality; it is a way of life, thinking, feeling. mythological images and plots are not difficult to find in those forms of art that are far from verbal embodiment - in sculpture, in painting, in architecture.

The Dictionary of Culture by V. Rudnev notes that in the 20th century myth has become one of the most important cultural categories. Indeed, it was the 20th century that showed the exceptional significance of mythology not only for consciousness primitive peoples but also for the culture of mankind at all times. Roland Barthes considered modernity to be a privileged environment for mythologising, arguing that in the 20th century myth has become an instrument of political demagogy.

It became obvious that mass consciousness is mythological in nature, and any culture has its own myth at its base.

According to the researcher E. M. Meletinsky, “myth is one of the central phenomena in the history of culture and the oldest way of conceptualizing the surrounding reality and human essence. Myth is the primary model of any ideology and a syncretic cradle various kinds culture - literature, art, religion and, to a certain extent, philosophy and even science.

The myth is aimed at maintaining the harmony of personal, social, natural, it controls the social and cosmic order. The pathos of overcoming chaos into space, protecting space from the remaining forces of chaos prevails in the myth.

The myth keeps the culture intact, it is stable as long as the myth exists.

According to E. M. Meletinsky, some features of mythological thinking (especially the concrete-sensual and personal expression of abstractions, symbolism, the idealization of the "early time" as a "golden age" and the persistent assumption of the meaning and expedient orientation of everything that happens) are preserved in mass consciousness, in political ideological systems, in artistic poetic fantasy.

According to the researcher S. Yu. Neklyudov, mythology is not some kind of separately existing part of spiritual life - it permeates all cultural, artistic and ideological practice, including positive-rational areas (related to politics, economics, medicine, etc.), i.e. and they, in turn, are based on certain value orientations and metaphors of generalized empirical observations.

The meanings of the main mythological ideas and images are comparable with the most ancient human sensations, with his orientation in the natural environment and in the community of his own kind, with his "basic" emotions (joy, surprise, anger, fear, hunger, sexual attraction etc.), with psychological universals and archetypes of social consciousness. Moreover, if these ideas themselves are universal, then the traditions of national mythology are expressed through the text, and the structure of its images, embodying mythological meanings, is determined precisely by the peculiarities of national culture.

20. Elite culture.

The concept of "m.k" reflected significant shifts in the mechanism of bourgeois culture: the development of means mass media- radio, cinema, television, large circulations of newspapers, cheap "pocket books", magazines, records. Through the system of mass communication "m.k." covers the vast majority of members of society; through a single mechanism of fashion orients, subjugates all parties human existence: from lifestyle and clothing and type of hobby. Serial production "m.k." has a number of specific features: primitive characteristics of relations between people, reduction social conflicts to plot-entertaining clashes of "good" and "bad" people, whose goal is to achieve their own good at any cost, entertainment, funny comics, commercial cinema with naturalistic savoring of violence and sex; orientation to the subconscious, instincts - a sense of ownership, racial prejudice, the cult of success, the cult of strong personality. The fruit of this type of development is the so-called "one-dimensional man", who has lost integrity and deformed inner world.
In addition, especially with a pronounced sociological approach to the study of culture, the so-called subcultures, “sub”-cultural formations that arise within the framework of a particular culture, can be structurally distinguished. They retain the leading characteristics of the main cultural form, but at the same time they have local differences that give them some peculiarity. Some informal youth associations can be called similar subcultures. IN currently so is the elite culture. The culture of the “new Russians”, which some time ago was a bright subcultural community, begins to gradually merge with the official culture.

The subculture of privileged groups about-va, characterized by a fundamental closeness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency. Appealing to a select minority of his subjects, who, as a rule, are both its creators and addressees (in any case, the circle of both almost coincides), E.K. consciously and consistently opposes the culture of the majority, or mass culture in a broad sense (in all its historical and typological varieties - folklore, folk culture, official culture of a particular estate or class, the state as a whole, the cultural industry of technocratic. about -va 20th century, etc.). Moreover, E.k. needs constant context mass culture, since it is based on the mechanism of repulsion from the values ​​and norms accepted in mass culture, on the destruction of the prevailing stereotypes and patterns of mass culture (including their parody, ridicule, irony, grotesque, controversy, criticism, refutation), on demonstrative self-isolation in general nat. culture. In this regard, E.k. - a characteristically marginal phenomenon within the framework of any history. or national type of culture and always - secondary, derivative in relation to the culture of the majority.

As the antipode of mass culture, many culturologists consider elite culture. Producer and consumer elite culture is the highest privileged stratum of society - the elite (from the French elite - the best, choice, favorite). However, in philosophy and cultural studies, the understanding of elites as a special stratum of society endowed with specific spiritual abilities. There is an elite in every social class. The elite is the part of society most capable of spiritual activity, endowed with high moral and aesthetic inclinations. It is she who ensures social progress, therefore art should be oriented towards meeting her needs and needs. The main elements of the elite concept of culture are already contained in philosophical writings A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche.

In his seminal work "The World as Will and Representation" A. Schopenhauer sociologically divides humanity into two parts: "people of genius"(i.e., capable of aesthetic contemplation and artistic creative activity) And "people of benefit" (i.e., focused only on purely practical, utilitarian activities).

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

Cultural studies as a science, its subject and connection with other humanitarian disciplines

In this era, the main categories were developed by which we think to this day laid the foundations of world religions and today define life.. this process forced many to reconsider.

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value orientations. Culture is a set of values ​​and value orientations, ways of their creation and consumption. Therefore, none of the researchers doubts the invaluable role of values ​​in culture. In cultural studies, it is difficult to do without the concept of "value". Moreover, most often culture as a social phenomenon is defined precisely through value orientations. The authors of the sociological study “Youth of Germany and Russia” believe: “Value orientations are a relatively stable socially determined selective attitude of a person to a set of material and spiritual public goods, cultural phenomena which are considered as an object, goals and means that serve to meet the needs of the individual's life activity "(" Youth of Germany and Russia ". Sociological research. M., 1994). Each person is a carrier of certain values, they form a certain system on which a person’s behavior in a given situation largely depends

Value for a person is everything that has a certain significance for him, personal or social. “Value is the positive or negative significance of the objects of the surrounding world for a person, class, group, society as a whole, determined not by their properties in themselves, but by their involvement in the sphere of human life, interests and needs, social relations; criterion and method for assessing this significance, expression in moral principles and norms, ideals, attitudes, goals "

Cultural values ​​are objects of material and spiritual activity of a person that have socially - useful properties and characteristics that can meet the diverse needs of people. Value is understood as a universally recognized norm, formed in a certain culture, which sets patterns and standards and influences the choice between possible behavioral alternatives, allows for the polarity of decisions, which indicates the ambivalent, dual nature of value. Values ​​help a person and society to determine the good and the bad, the beautiful and the ugly, the essential and the secondary. The priority of certain values ​​reflects the degree of human spirituality.

Human values ​​presuppose, first of all, the understanding of unity human race. There are such absolutes that are significant for the entire human race, without them the unity of mankind would not be so total. Christianity has made a colossal revolution in the understanding of universal relations, proclaiming the commandment: "Love your neighbor as yourself." From now on, each person is involved in another, universal closeness is being strengthened between people, based on a single belonging to the human race.

universal human values ​​presuppose the preservation of the total spiritual experience. The shrines of the human race include, for example, the Socratic trinity of Truth, Goodness and Beauty. This triad is a historically established highest value. These absolutes reflect the wealth of the entire human race.

There is no culture that does not negatively evaluate murder, lies, theft, although there are differences in ideas about the limits of tolerance. Modern culture that unites humanity is based on universal values: movement for the protection of the rights of the individual, respect for her, recognition of her merits, freedom, conscience, humanity, mutual enrichment of national cultures, scientific knowledge and advanced technologies and ecological attitude to life and environment. Human culture is also the best forms of creative activity of people.

Material values ​​are material goods intended to satisfy vital needs. Material needs, of course, are decisive, but they, especially in the century scientific and technological progress can be satisfied pretty soon, if we talk about reasonable needs. But, as they say folk wisdom“Man does not live by bread alone.” Spiritual values ​​play an important role in human life, society, and culture. They are thoughts, ideas, theories, norms, ideals, images that can take the form of scientific and works of art, works of architecture, painting, music, films, television programs which carry high ideas, images, feelings and ideas. Museums, libraries, schools, radio, etc. are the keepers and distributors of spiritual values. Concern for the multiplication of the material and spiritual values ​​of society, for the cultural growth of a person, the awareness of the necessary conditions for introducing him to these values ​​is one of the laws of the development of society.

The concept of cultural norm. The concept of norm is connected with the concept of values. In order to treat other people, a person must adhere to some kind of relationship rules, have an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bright and wrong behavior, how to show and restrain oneself. In the absence of such perceptions, concerted action cannot be achieved. Such general ideas that regulate people's behavior are developed in a particular culture and are called cultural norms.

There are social norms accepted in any culture, in any society, i.e. general cultural moral norms: “do not steal”, “do not kill” ... They contribute to the moral improvement of the public and private life of citizens. Live humanely. Living in society, a person should strive not to infringe on the rights of another, and therefore build his behavior in such a way that it corresponds to the behavior of that social group where he is, lives, works. When norms are violated, human behavior becomes anti-social, anti-cultural. Living in this or that environment, a person must master its spiritual values, recognize them, master and use them, otherwise he will be cut off from this culture or come into conflict with it.

Thus, cultural norms are certain rules of behavior that regulate human actions in the most important aspects. social life providing guarantees for the integrity and sustainability of society. Therefore, in them more than in values, there is a command moment, a requirement to act in a certain way. Adherence to norms is provided in two ways: by their internalization and (transformation external requirements into the inner need of the individual) and through institutionalization (the inclusion of norms in the structure of society and social control).