The problem of individual perception of art arguments. Essay on the Unified State Examination

Good afternoon

The Unified State Exam is coming soon. To organize everything you have read, complete several tasks.

Highlight with a marker those “universal” works in which you “freely navigate.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
ON THE. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard"
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"

*if you have highlighted less than 3 works, then IMMEDIATELY flip through the ones you have read!

Make sure you can quickly select arguments for the following problems (use both “universal” ones and any other examples from literature and real life).

Relationships between fathers and children.
· The problem of finding ways of mutual understanding between people of different age generations (What influences the relationship between fathers and children, the emergence of differences in their worldview? How can representatives of different generations learn to respect each other’s views?)
· The problem of selfless and forgiving parental love.
· The problem of children betraying their parents.
The role of childhood in the development of a person’s personality and moral guidelines.
· The problem of the influence of childhood on the formation of a person’s life position, as well as on the formation of his moral guidelines.
· The problem of the role of a caring adult in the formation of a teenager’s personality (How can adults influence the lives of teenagers?).
· The problem of the influence of childhood events, childhood and youth experiences on the formation of a person’s character, his future fate (What influence do the events that occurred in childhood have on the formation of a person’s character?).
The role of classical literature in the spiritual development of modern society.
· The problem of the role of books in the intellectual, spiritual, moral development of modern society.
· The problem of a decrease in the level of reading activity in modern society (Why have modern youth begun to read less? Has the attitude towards books changed in society? Can television become an alternative to books?).
· The problem of understanding the importance and necessity of studying literature at school (Do modern schoolchildren need to study literature?).
The complexity and inconsistency of human actions.
· The problem of betrayal, which caused the destruction of friendly relations (Is it possible to continue friendship after betrayal?).
· The problem of a person’s moral choice in an extreme life situation.
· The problem of distinguishing true heroism from false heroism associated with the senseless risk of one’s own life.
Human nobility.
· Problem honor as one of the main factors influencing a person’s moral choice.
· Problem conscience And responsibility a person for his actions (What can a person’s careless, indifferent attitude to his work lead to?).
The problem of human perseverance in achieving the set goals.
The problem of human nobility(What is the true greatness of a person?).
Honor and human dignity.
· The problem of the loss of moral values (What does the loss of moral values lead to?).
· The problem of protecting honor and self-dignity.
· Problem true and false life values.
A person's relationships with other people.
· Problem of overcoming selfishness in relationships with other people.
· The problem of dedication in a relationship with a person you consider your friend.
· Problem true friendship.
Manifestation problem rudeness people in relation to each other (How do manifestations of rudeness affect people? Is it possible to resist its manifestation?).
· Problem relationships with older people(What needs to be done to make an elderly person feel needed by his loved ones and be happy?).
· Problem helping the desperate a person to gain faith in himself.
Human perception of the surrounding world.
· The problem of modern man’s loss of the ability to enjoy life due to small household troubles.
· The problem of acquiring a joyful worldview (Why do you need to learn a culture of joy?).
Loneliness of a person.
· The problem of human loneliness (When and why does a person feel lonely? How can you help him get rid of this feeling?).
· Problem loneliness of a child in the world of adults (Why is it unacceptable for a child to feel lonely?).
· Problem lonely old age.
Man and art.
· The problem of ambiguous perception of art by different people (Why do some people immerse themselves in the world created by the artist, while others remain deaf to beauty?).
· The problem of the purpose of genuine art (What kind of art does society need?).
· The problem of human perception of music.
Man's relationship to the natural world.
· The problem of man's soulless, consumerist, ruthless attitude towards the natural world.
· The problem of human sensitivity or insensitivity to the beauty of nature.
· The problem of the influence of the beauty of nature on a person’s mood and way of thinking.
· The problem of the negative impact of the scientific and technological process on the relationship between man and nature (What is the negative impact of civilization on human life, his relationship with nature?).
· Problem homeless animals(Is a person obligated to help homeless animals?).
A person's caring attitude towards language.
· The problem of language ecology (What changes are currently taking place in the Russian language? How do modern Russians feel about the culture of their speech? Why is it necessary to take emergency measures to preserve and maintain the purity and correctness of Russian speech?).
The man and the power with which he is endowed.
· The problem of the influence of power on the character and actions of the person endowed with it (How should people who have received special powers and privileges behave towards others? Why does even minimal power make some people cruel and rude?).
Compassion for others.
· The problem of a person’s presence or absence of the ability to sympathize (How does having the ability to sympathize or lack of such ability affect a person’s life? Is it necessary to cultivate a sense of compassion in a person?).
· The problem of effective compassion.
· The problem of empathy and active assistance to a person.
Human attitude towards war.
· The problem of human attitude towards war (Why can’t human consciousness recognize the very fact of war?).
· The problem of a person’s state of mind during war (How do military events and related human tragedies affect people’s state of mind and their ability to sympathize?).
· The problem of human behavior in war (How did the war force people to behave? What helped people behave heroically during the war? What led the Soviet people to Victory?).
· The problem of heroism and perseverance in the face of severe military trials (What makes ordinary people courageous and persistent during the war? Why were people ready to sacrifice themselves during the war? What can an ordinary person do in extreme situations?).
· The problem of demonstrating humanism in difficult military conditions.

If you have time, read the following books (at least familiarize yourself with the content):

All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque
"The Great Gatsby" by Francis Scott Fitzgerald
“The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown” by Maxim Anisimovich Krongauz (!!!)

“Letters about the good and the beautiful” by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Make your list of works that you need to read/repeat before the Unified State Exam:

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And here is a PDF file for downloading: https://yadi.sk/i/sGxx37Um3GQjKm

What proportion of free time do people devote to self-education? Hundredth, thousandth? The human mind becomes stale over the years and becomes less receptive to new knowledge. Why does this happen, where does the former activity disappear? Internal baggage is something that is replenished by us throughout our lives, we “put some things out” from the chest of knowledge and take them with us, and some things remain there “until better times,” sit and are forgotten. But why do people always put off going to a museum, gallery, theater? Art. Has it really lost its influence? In the 18th and 19th centuries, it was fashionable in noble society to speak French. Many say this is one of the dumbest trends. Wait. But it’s wonderful to be on the same wavelength with those who strive for personal development. Is not it so? So, let's look at the problems of art in the arguments confirming their existence.

What is real art?

What is art? Are these paintings majestically displayed in the gallery or the immortal “Seasons” by Antonio Vivaldi? For some, art is a bouquet of wildflowers collected with love; it is a modest master who gives his masterpiece not to auction, but to the one whose heartbeat awakened a genius, allowed the feeling to become the source of something eternal. People imagine that everything spiritual is subject to knowledge, they read a countless number of books that can make them experts in a special society, in a society where not understanding the depth of Malevich’s square is a real crime, a sign of ignorance.

Let us remember the famous story of Mozart and Salieri. Salieri, “...he destroyed music like a corpse,” but the guiding star illuminated the path for Mozart. Art is subject only to the heart, living with dreams, love, and hope. Fall in love, then you will undoubtedly become part of the art called love. The problem is sincerity. The arguments below confirm this.

What is it, the crisis of art? The problem of art. Arguments

Some people think that art today is no longer what it was in the times of Buonarroti and Leonardo da Vinci. What changed? Time. But the people are the same. And during the Renaissance, creators were not always understood, not even because the population did not have a high level of literacy, but because the womb of everyday life greedily absorbs feelings, youthful freshness and good beginnings. What about literature? Pushkin. Was his talent really worthy only of intrigue, slander and 37 years of life? The problem with art is that it is not appreciated until the creator, who is the embodiment of heaven's gift, stops breathing. We allowed fate to judge art. Well, here's what we have. The names of composers are alien to hearing, books gather dust on the shelves. This fact most clearly represents the problem of art in arguments from literature.

"How difficult it is to be happy these days,

Laugh loudly, out of place;

Don't give in to false feelings

And living without a plan is at random.

To be with someone whose crying can be heard for miles,

Try to avoid enemies;

Don’t repeat that I’m offended by life,

For those worthy, open your heart wide."

Literature is the only art form that talks about problems in such a way that you immediately want to fix everything

The problem of art, arguments from literature... Why do authors raise it so often in their works? Only a creative nature is able to trace the path of the spiritual fall of humanity. Let us take as an argument the famous novel by Hugo “Notre Dame de Paris”. The story was generated by one word “ANA”GKN (from Greek “rock”). It not only symbolizes the doom of the heroes’ destinies, but also the cyclical destruction of the inviolable: “This is exactly what they have been doing to the wonderful churches of the Middle Ages for two hundred years now... The priest repaints them, the architect scrapes them; then the people come and destroy them.” In the same work, the young playwright Pierre Gringoire appears before us. What a low fall was destined for him at the very beginning of his journey! Lack of recognition, vagrancy. And death seemed like a way out for him, but in the end he was one of the few who expected a happy ending. He thought a lot, dreamed a lot. Mental tragedy led to public triumph. His goal is recognition. It turned out to be more realistic than Quasimodo’s desire to be with Esmeralda, than Esmeralda’s dream of becoming the only one for Phoebus.

Is packaging important in art?

Probably everyone has heard the combination “art form”. What is your idea of its meaning? The issue of art itself is ambiguous and requires a special approach. Form is a peculiar state in which an object resides, its material manifestation in the environment. Art - how do we experience it? Art is music and literature, architecture and painting. This is something that is perceived by us on a special spiritual level. Music - the sound of keys, strings; literature is a book whose smell is comparable only to the aroma of freshly baked bread; architecture - rough surface of walls, centuries-old spirit of the times; painting is wrinkles, folds, veins, all the beautiful imperfect features of a living thing. All of these are forms of art. Some of them are visual (material), while others are perceived in a special way, and in order to feel them, it is not at all necessary to touch them. Being sensitive is a talent. And then it will not matter at all in what frame the “Mona Lisa” is, and from what device Beethoven’s “Moonlight Sonata” is played. The problem of the art form and the arguments are complex and need attention.

The problem of the influence of art on a person. Arguments

I wonder what the essence of the problem is? Art... It would seem, what impact, other than positive, can it have?! What if the problem is that it has irrevocably lost control of the human mind and is no longer capable of making a strong impression?

Let's consider all possible options. As for the negative impact, let us remember such paintings as “The Scream”, “Portrait of Maria Lopukhina” and many others. It is not known why such mystical stories are attached to them, but it is believed that they can have a negative impact on people who look at the paintings. Injuries caused to people who offended the painting by E. Munch, the crippled fates of barren girls who looked at the unfortunate beauty with a tragic story, depicted by Borovikovsky shortly before her death. What is much worse is that art today is soulless. It cannot even awaken a negative emotion. We marvel, admire, but after a minute, or even earlier, we forget what we saw. Indifference and lack of any interest is a real misfortune. We humans are created for something great. Everyone, without exception. The choice is only ours: to be the same or not. The problem of art and the arguments are now understood, and from now on everyone will promise themselves to live from the heart.

1. G. I. Uspensky has a wonderful story “Straightened Up”. It is about the influence the wonderful sculpture of Venus de Milo, exhibited in the Louvre, had on the narrator. The hero was amazed by the great moral strength that emanated from the ancient statue. “The stone riddle,” as the author calls it, made a person better: he began to behave impeccably, and felt the happiness of being human.

2. Different people perceive works of art differently. One will freeze with delight in front of the master’s canvas, while the other will pass by indifferently. D.S. Likhachev discusses the reasons for such different approaches in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful.” He believes that the aesthetic passivity of some people is generated by the lack of proper exposure to art in childhood. Only then will a true viewer, reader, and connoisseur of paintings grow up, when in his childhood he will see and hear everything that is displayed in works of art, and will be transported by the power of imagination into a world clothed in images.

The problem of the purpose of genuine art (What kind of art does society need?)

Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such an incident. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman, which told her that she was left alone and did not want to live. But after watching the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” the woman became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people were smiling and they weren’t as bad as I thought all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining... I recovered, for which I thank you very much.”

The problem of human perception of music

1. In a number of works by Russian writers, heroes experience strong emotions under the influence of harmonious music. One of the characters in L.N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace,” Nikolai Rostov, having lost a large sum of money at cards, is in confusion, but upon hearing the magnificent performance of the aria by his sister Natasha, he perked up. the unfortunate incident ceased to be so tragic for him.

2. In A.I. Kuprin’s story “The Garnet Bracelet”, to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata, the heroine Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing after the difficult moments of her life. The magical sounds of the piano helped her find inner balance, find strength, and find meaning for her future life.

HUMAN RELATIONSHIP TO THE NATURAL WORLD

The problem of man's soulless, consumerist, ruthless attitude towards the natural world

A striking example of a barbaric attitude towards nature are the lines from a poem by M. Dudin:

We didn't do it under pressure,

And with the zeal of my own grief,

From clean oceans - landfills,

The seas have been remade.

In my opinion, you couldn't say it better!

35.the problem of human sensitivity or insensitivity to the beauty of nature

The heroines of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” have different attitudes towards the nature. There is something uniquely Russian in Natasha Rostova’s soul. She subtly senses the beauty of the Russian landscape. It's hard to imagine Helen Bezukhova in Natasha's place. There is no feeling, no poetry, no patriotism in Helen. She doesn't sing, doesn't understand music, doesn't notice nature. Natasha sings soulfully, with soul, forgetting about everything. And how inspiredly she admires the beauty of the summer moonlit night!

The problem of the influence of the beauty of nature on a person’s mood and way of thinking

In Vasily Makarovich Shukshin’s story “The Old Man, the Sun and the Girl” we see an amazing example of the attitude towards the native nature that surrounds us. The old man, the hero of the work, comes to the same place every evening and watches the sun set. He comments on the changing colors of the sunset to a nearby girl artist. How unexpected the discovery will be for us, the readers, and for the heroine, that the grandfather, it turns out, is blind! For more than 10 years! How you must love your native land in order to remember its beauty for decades!!!

The problem of the negative impact of the scientific and technological process on the relationship between man and nature (What is the negative impact of civilization on human life, his relationship with nature?)

On the Internet I read an article from the newspaper “Crimean News” about the fate of the famous Saki Lake, from the depths of which unique mud is extracted that can raise thousands of sick people to their feet. But in 1980, the miraculous reservoir was divided by dams and dams into two parts: one “treated” people, the other “produced” soda... After 3 years, the soda part of the lake turned into a fetid water surface, killing everything around it... Years later, I want to exclaim: “Really? Wasn’t there another less significant lake in the huge power called the USSR, on the shores of which a soda plant could be built?!” For such an atrocity, can’t we call a person a barbarian in relation to his native nature?!

38.the problem of homeless animals (is a person obligated to help homeless animals?)

The story by Konstantin Paustovsky “The Disheveled Sparrow” shows that people are not indifferent to the problems of our little brothers. First, the policeman saves the little sparrow Pashka, who fell from the roof of a stall, then he gives him to be “raised” by the kind girl Masha, who brings the bird home, cares for it, and feeds it. After the bird recovers, Masha releases it into the wild. The girl is happy that she helped the sparrow.

Every person realizes that medicine and education have a powerful impact on us. We are directly dependent on these areas of life. But few would admit that art has an equally important influence. Nevertheless, it is so. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of art in our lives.

What is art?

There are many definitions in various dictionaries. Somewhere they write that art is an image (or the process of creating it) that expresses the artist’s view of the world. Sometimes a person cannot express in words what he can draw.

In another interpretation, this is the process of creativity, creating something. Realization of the need to make the world a little more beautiful.

Art is also a way of understanding the world. For example, for a child who, by drawing or singing songs, remembers new words.

On the other hand, it is a social process of human interaction with society and with himself. This concept is so ambiguous that it is impossible to say in which part of our life it is present and in which it is not. Let's consider the arguments: the influence of art on a person is noticeable in the spiritual sphere of our lives. After all, it is under its influence that what we call morality and education is formed.

Types of art and its influence on human life

What's the first thing that comes to mind? Painting? Music? Ballet? All this is art, like photography, circus, decorative arts, sculpture, architecture, pop and theater. The list can still be expanded. With each decade, genres develop and new ones are added, as humanity does not stand still.

Here is one of the arguments: the influence of art on a person’s life is expressed in the love of fairy tales. One of the most influential forms is literature. Reading surrounds us since childhood. When we are very little, mother reads fairy tales to us. Girls and boys are taught the rules of behavior and type of thinking using the example of fairy-tale heroines and heroes. In fairy tales we learn what is good and what is bad. At the end of such works there is a moral that teaches us what to do.

At school and university, we read obligatory works of classical authors, which contain more complex thoughts. Here the characters make us think and ask ourselves questions. Each direction in art pursues its own goals, they are very diverse.

Functions of art: additional arguments

The influence of art on a person is vast, it has various functions and purposes. One of the main goals is educational.The same moral at the end of the fairy tale. The aesthetic function is obvious: works of art are beautiful and develop taste. Close to this is the hedonic function - to bring pleasure. Some literary works often have a predictive function; remember the Strugatsky brothers and their science fiction novels. Another very important function is compensatory. From the word “compensation”, when artistic reality replaces the main one for us. Here we are often talking about mental trauma or life difficulties. When we turn on our favorite music to forget ourselves, or go to the cinema to escape from unpleasant thoughts.

Or another argument - the influence of art on a person through music. Hearing a song that is symbolic for oneself, someone may decide to take an important action. If we move away from the academic meaning, the influence of art on a person’s life is very great. It gives inspiration. When a man saw a beautiful painting at an exhibition, he came home and started painting.

Let's consider another argument: the influence of art on a person can be seen in how hand-made goods are actively developing. People are not only imbued with a sense of beauty, but are also ready to create masterpieces with their own hands. Various areas of body art and tattoos - the desire to create a work of art on your skin.

Art around us

Has anyone ever thought, when decorating their apartment and thinking through the design, that at the moment you can notice the influence of art on you? Making furniture or accessories is part of arts and crafts. Selection of colors, harmonious shapes and ergonomics of space - this is exactly what designers study. Or another example: when you were choosing a dress in a store, you gave preference to the one that was correctly cut and thought out by the fashion designer. At the same time, fashion houses are not modest, trying to influence your choice with bright advertising videos.Video is also part of art. That is, while watching advertising, we are also under its influence. This is also an argument; the influence of true art on a person nevertheless reveals itself in higher spheres. Let's consider them too.

The influence of art on humans: arguments from literature

Literature influences us infinitely. Let us remember how in Leo Tolstoy’s brilliant work “War and Peace” Natasha Rostova sang for her brother and healed him of despair.

Another elegant example of how painting can save a life was described by O. Henry in the story “The Last Leaf.” The sick girl decided that she would die when the last ivy leaf fell outside her window. She did not wait for her last day, since the leaf was drawn for her on the wall by an artist.

Another example of the influence of art on a person (arguments from literature are very revealing) is the main character of Ray Bradbury’s work “Smile,” who saves the painting with Mona Lisa, believing in its great significance. Bradbury wrote a lot about the power of creativity, he argued that only by reading books can a person become educated.

The image of a child with a book in his hands haunts many artists, in particular there are several wonderful paintings with the same title “Boy with a Book.”

The Right Influence

Like any influence, art can also be negative and positive. Some modern works are depressing and do not convey much aestheticism. Not all films teach good things. We need to be especially careful about content that influences our children. The correct selection of things around us, music, movies and even clothes will provide us with a good mood and instill the right taste.

Firstly, the time period separating us from the works of art of the past, and the absence of such in the perception of modern art, leaves an inevitable imprint on the understanding of the latter. We are deprived of the opportunity to objectively evaluate and correctly interpret modernity, because we ourselves create it. Or rather, we are able to understand the deep, momentary meaning of a certain work, the one that was inherent in it from the very beginning. Perhaps we will understand him better than subsequent generations, just as, say, Baudelaire or Gürnberg were understood more clearly by their contemporaries then, and not by us now. But at the same time, we will not be able to assess the significance of this or that modern work. This takes time.

Secondly, contemporary art (we will talk about cinema and music) is extremely diverse. To complicate matters further, each self-contained genre is itself quite eclectic. One can even say that now there is no need to talk about any separate genre in line with which the artist creates (in broad terms), but now every artist, every musician (musical group), every director is a separate individual genre. Everyone creates at the intersection. Therefore, no one can classify themselves into any specific genre. Hence another difficulty in interpreting contemporary art.

Thirdly, it is worth noting that contemporary art is developed extremely unevenly. For example, music, cinema, photography, and possibly painting are actively developing. Less active and successful is literature. This is due to the fact that the first of the listed areas of art are characterized by extreme emotionality. It is very difficult for a modern person to concentrate, to gather at one point, which is necessary, for example, to write or read a serious novel. Music, instant photography, drawing, film as compressed visual literature - all this is perfectly suited to the ability of modern man to perceive. It cannot be said that our consciousness has become “clip-like”. It must be remembered that a song or film is a complete work of art, which we perceive as a whole and in no way a clip image. But the amount of time that we can devote to this or that work has changed. Hence, the form of this work also changed - it became more concise, precise, shocking, etc. (depending on the author's goals). This is important to consider when analyzing contemporary art.

In general, we can say that the main problem is the identification of contemporary art as art in general. You are often faced with the absence of any guidelines with which to compare the work of modern authors. It has become impossible to compare with the classics, because it is practically impossible to find points of intersection between the old and the new. There is either a repetition of what has already been created before, or the creation of something completely unlike anything else. The so-called classics seem to stand aside. I don’t mean technical techniques, but the meanings and ideas put into this or that work. For example, a genre like cyberpunk touches on completely different layers of human existence than just science fiction. It is clear that we can turn to science fiction as the ancestor of this kind of genre, but it is also clear that cyberpunk raises problems that science fiction will not tell us anything about. Therefore, modern creations of art seem to be thrown into the void, where there are no points of reference, but only other equally abandoned, individual new creations to death.