Russian foreign policy at the end of the 15th–16th centuries. Foreign policy of the state

the activities of the state in the international arena, as well as public and political organizations outside national borders to implement their needs and interests.

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foreign policy

This is the general course of the state in international relations. It covers the activities of the state in the international arena, regulating relations with other subjects of foreign policy: states, international organizations, foreign political parties and other public associations. Among the main goals of P.v. It should be highlighted: firstly, ensuring the security of a given state, secondly, the desire to increase the material, political, military, intellectual potential of the country; thirdly, the growth of prestige in international relations. The implementation of these goals is determined by a certain stage in the development of international relations and a specific situation. At the same time, the activities of the state in P.v. must take into account the goals, interests and activities of other states, otherwise it will be ineffective and will not be able to achieve its goals. To the most important functions of P.v. states include: 1) defensive, counteracting any manifestations of aggression, revanchism, militarism on the part of other countries; 2) representative and informational, which has a dual purpose - informing one’s government about the situation and events in a particular country and the leadership of other countries about the policies of their state; 3) trade and organizational, aimed at establishing, developing and strengthening trade, economic, scientific and technical ties with various states. Traditional forms of implementation of P.v. is the establishment of diplomatic relations between states, membership or opening of representative offices in world and regional international organizations, establishing and maintaining contacts with various parties and social movements in foreign countries.

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Foreign policy is the general course of a state in international affairs. It regulates the relations of a given state with other states and peoples in accordance with its principles and goals, which are implemented in various ways and methods. The foreign policy of any state is closely interconnected with its domestic policy and should reflect the nature of the state and social system. In this case, it combines national interests and values ​​with universal human interests and values, especially in matters of security, cooperation and strengthening of peace, in solving global international problems arising on the path of social progress.

The formation of foreign policy occurs as the objective needs of a given society or state mature to enter into certain relationships with the outside world, that is, with other societies or states. Therefore, it appears later than domestic politics. It usually starts with simple interest: what do they have that we don’t? And when this interest becomes conscious, it turns into politics - into concrete actions to implement it.

There are many theories of foreign policy that explain its main goals and objectives, essence and functions in different ways. But there is also a general theory, on the basis of which the most effective means and methods of achieving set goals are developed, and various foreign policy events and actions are planned and coordinated.

In turn, foreign policy planning means the long-term development of specific actions in the international arena, and it consists of several stages. Firstly, a forecast is made of the likely development of the system of international relations as a whole or in individual regions, as well as relations between a given state and other states. Such a forecast is one of the most complex types of political forecasting and it is given on the basis of an analysis of trends in possible changes in certain elements of the system of international relations. This allows for a fairly accurate assessment of the probabilistic consequences of planned foreign policy actions. Secondly, the amount of resources and funds that will be required to solve the put forward foreign policy tasks is determined. Third, the priority goals of the foreign policy of a given state are established in various directions, based primarily on its economic and political interests. Fourth, a comprehensive program of all foreign policy activities is being developed, which must be approved by the government of the country.

Of the specific theories of foreign policy, the theory of the American political scientist G. Morgenthau is considered the most famous. He defines foreign policy primarily as power politics, in which national interests rise above any international norms and principles and therefore force (military, economic, financial) turns into the main means of achieving set goals. This is where his formula follows: “The goals of foreign policy must be determined in the spirit of national interests and supported by force.”

The priority of national interests serves two purposes:

1. Gives foreign policy a general orientation;

2. Becomes a selection criterion in specific situations.

Thus, national interests determine both long-term, strategic goals and short-term, tactical actions. To justify the use of force, G. Morgenthau coins the term “balance of power,” which has been known since the Renaissance. By this term he means, firstly, a policy aimed at a certain distribution of military power, secondly, a description of any actual state of forces in world politics, and thirdly, a relatively equal distribution of power at the international level. However, with this approach, when they are guided only by their own national interests, mutually beneficial cooperation may fade into the background, since preference is given only to competition and struggle. Ultimately, it is the same ancient maxim: if you want peace, prepare for war.

At the end of the twentieth century, war should not be an instrument of foreign policy, otherwise it is impossible to guarantee the sovereign equality of all states, the self-determination of peoples in choosing the path of development, the inadmissibility of seizing foreign territories, the establishment of fair and mutually beneficial economic and economic ties, etc.

Modern world practice knows three main ways to ensure international security:

1. Containment possible aggression using various forms of pressure (economic, political, psychological, etc.);

2. Punishment the aggressor by using specific practical actions against him;

3. Political process as a way to achieve peaceful goals without a forceful solution (negotiations, meetings, summits, etc.).

Among the main goals of foreign policy, one should highlight, firstly, ensuring the security of a given state, secondly, the desire to increase the material, political, military, intellectual and other potential of the country and, thirdly, the growth of its prestige in international relations. The implementation of these goals is determined by a certain stage in the development of international relations and the specific situation in the world. At the same time, the state’s activities in foreign policy must take into account the goals, interests and activities of other states, otherwise it will be ineffective and may become a brake on the path of social progress.

The most important functions of the state’s foreign policy include:

1. Defensive, counteracting any manifestations of revanchism, militarism, aggression from other countries;

2. Representative and informational, which has a dual purpose: informing one’s government about the situation and events in a particular country and informing the leadership of other countries about the policies of one’s state;

3. Trade and organizational, aimed at establishing, developing and strengthening trade, economic, scientific and technical ties with various states.

The main means of foreign policy is diplomacy. This term is of Greek origin: diplomas are double tablets with letters printed on them, which were issued to envoys instead of the current credentials confirming their authority. Diplomacy is a set of non-military practical activities, techniques and methods used taking into account specific conditions and assigned tasks. Diplomatic service workers, as a rule, are trained in special higher educational institutions, in particular in Russia - the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and the Diplomatic Academy. A diplomat is an official of a state who represents its interests abroad in embassies or missions, at international conferences on foreign policy, on the protection of human rights, property and citizens of their state temporarily abroad. Therefore, a diplomat must have the art of negotiating in order to prevent or resolve international conflicts, search for consensus (agreement), compromises and mutually acceptable solutions, expand and deepen mutually beneficial cooperation in all areas.

The most common diplomatic methods include official visits and negotiations at the highest and high levels, congresses, conferences, meetings and meetings, consultations and exchange of views, preparation and conclusion of bilateral and multilateral treaties and other diplomatic documents, participation in the work of international and intergovernmental organizations and their authorities, diplomatic correspondence, publication of documents, etc., periodic conversations of government officials during receptions at embassies and missions.

Foreign policy has its own constitutional and legal mechanism of organization, the main determinants of which are the obligations of a given state, enshrined in the norms of international law, created on the basis of mutual concessions and compromises.

One of the most important principles of international law and relations between states has become their territorial integrity. This means the inadmissibility of any encroachments on the territory of another state or violent measures directed against the inviolability of its territory. This principle is based on the rule of mutual respect for the territorial integrity of states and is closely related to their obligation to refrain from the use or threat of use of force, and the right of any state to individual or collective self-defense in the event of an armed attack from the outside. This is enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and in numerous interstate agreements. In accordance with the 1960 UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, every people has the inalienable right to full freedom to exercise its sovereignty and the integrity of its national territory. Therefore, any forcible retention of foreign territory or the threat of seizing it constitutes either annexation or aggression. And today it has become obvious that the security of each nation is inseparable from the security of all humanity. Thus, the problem of a comprehensive understanding of the new construction of the world and the prospects for its development arises.

In political science, two concepts are usually used: "world order" And "international order". They are not identical. The first covers a broader sphere, as it characterizes not only external, but also internal political relations of states. In other words, this concept helps to resolve contradictions that arise in the process of functioning of the international system, helps to streamline the interaction and mutual influence of political processes taking place in the world. The second concept - “international order” is the basis of the world order, because it requires the internationalization of international relations on the basis of strengthening peace and security, on the basis of the progressive development of the international legal order, ensuring the sovereign equality of all states, large and small, self-determination of peoples in choosing the path of development, establishment of fair economic and business relations, etc.

The political activity of any state is carried out, first of all, in the system of internal social relations, and then beyond its borders - in the system of external relations. As a result, they distinguish internal And external politics, although this distinction is to a certain extent arbitrary. Ultimately, both foreign and domestic policies are designed to solve one problem - to ensure the preservation and strengthening of the existing system of social relations in a given state.

At the same time, both domestic and foreign policies have their own specifics. Foreign policy is secondary to domestic policy. It is formed later than the internal one, and is carried out under different conditions.

Foreign policy regulates the relations of a given state with other states and peoples, ensures the implementation of their needs and interests in the international arena.

Foreign policy- this is the activity and interaction of official entities that have received or appropriated the right on behalf of the entire people to express and defend national interests in the international arena, to choose adequate means and methods for their implementation.

The foreign policy of any state is based on the interests of the nation. All civilized countries, regardless of their state structure, consider raising the material and spiritual standard of living of the population as their national priorities; ensuring state security, national sovereignty, territorial integrity; inadmissibility of outside interference in internal affairs; protection of certain political and economic positions in the outside world.

Hence, national interest there is a conscious need for the nation to self-preserve, develop and ensure security. The expresser and defender of national interest in the practice of foreign and international policy is the state. The concepts of national and state interest are difficult to distinguish, since each nation, wrote M. Weber, is a community of feelings that can find its adequate expression only in its own state, and a nation can preserve its culture only with the support and protection of the state.

Operating with power relations, the state becomes an exponent of the will of the nation in international politics and strives to preserve and develop national individuality. Of fundamental importance for the characteristics of foreign policy are the goals that the state sets for itself in the international arena.

To the main goals foreign policy include:

Ensuring comprehensive and guaranteed security of the state;

The growth of his material and political, military and intellectual, as well as moral potential;

High level of prestige of the state in international relations.

Based on the goals, it is determined functions foreign policy , common to all states: protective, representative and informational, ideological, coordination of efforts of states to solve global problems, trade and organizational.

Security function foreign policy is associated with ensuring the preservation and strengthening of the existing system of social relations within a given state from outside encroachments, and the protection of the rights and interests of a given country and its citizens in international affairs.

The effectiveness of this function depends on the ability of states, their relevant bodies and institutions to interact with other states of the world community in such a way as to make the world order safer for the life of all subjects of international relations.

Representative information function consists in the activities of representative bodies and institutions of the state abroad to study foreign policy processes; accumulation, processing and analysis of reliable information on the state of international affairs; bringing this information to their government with the issuance of specific recommendations for its implementation.

The practical significance of this function lies in the fact that through negotiations and personal contacts of the main subjects of foreign policy, on the basis of received and analyzed information, international public opinion favorable for the country is formed, and a corresponding influence is exerted on the political circles of certain states. This function is often implemented during international negotiations and the conclusion of international treaties.

Ideological function foreign policy consists of promoting the philosophical, political, economic, social advantages of one’s system and way of life in the international arena. Here it should be especially emphasized how delicate this matter is. Certain ideologies underlying foreign policy actions can cause large-scale conflicts between states and have international consequences. History shows that the rivalry of irreconcilable ideologies, a foreign policy seeking the triumph of a single ideology, has always led to especially fanatical and bloody wars, to difficult confrontations (World War II, Cold War).

Most political scientists adhere to the point of view that the ideological dispute between different systems should ultimately be resolved not through political, military, economic, or propaganda intervention of the disputing parties, but through an open demonstration of obvious advantages.

One of the specific functions of foreign policy, which can be identified as independent, is coordination of efforts of states to solve many complex problems that have universal human, global character. Global problems are problems that affect the vital interests of all humanity, including its future. They manifest themselves as an objective factor in the development of society in the main regions of the world and require coordinated international actions within the global community to be resolved. TO global problems include problems of war and peace, interaction between man and nature, overcoming the economic backwardness of the population of 2/3 of the globe, combating hunger and poverty, protecting human health, growth of the planet's population, energy and natural resources, the relationship between man and society.

The essence trade and organizational function consists of proactive organizational actions of the state aimed at increasing the international competitiveness of industrial and agricultural products, expanding the export of goods, searching for profitable trade deals, contacts, and creating other favorable foreign policy conditions for activity. The effectiveness of its manifestation is determined by self-sufficiency or dependence on imports of essential goods.

Foreign policy activities to achieve set goals are implemented with the help of a whole complex means, methods. These include information and propaganda, political, economic, and military.

Media, propaganda, agitation play an important role in strengthening the international position of the state, help strengthen its security, help ensure trust on the part of allies and possible partners, obtain material and moral support from them at critical moments, form sympathy and friendliness towards the given state among the international community, and if necessary - anger, condemnation, indignation, etc.

Propaganda media foreign policy contribute to veiling the true interests and intentions of the state. History knows many examples of this (the false assurances of the Nazis at the beginning of the Second World War). Political means of foreign policy are used primarily in the sphere of diplomatic relations, where a correct assessment of the balance of power, the ability to accurately determine the position in difficult situations, recognize friends and enemies, etc. are important.

Diplomacy - This is the official activity of states and governments, services of ministries of foreign affairs, and diplomatic missions abroad. The most common diplomatic means and methods are visits and negotiations, diplomatic conferences, meetings and meetings, preparation and conclusion of bilateral and multilateral international treaties and other diplomatic documents, participation in the work of international organizations and their bodies, representations of states abroad, diplomatic correspondence, publication diplomatic documents.

The political means of foreign policy are closely interconnected with economic ones.

Under by economic means foreign policy implies the use of the economic potential of a given country to achieve foreign policy goals. States with strong economies and financial power also have strong international positions. Even small-sized countries, poor in human and material resources, can play a significant role on the world stage if their economy is based on advanced technologies and is capable of generating scientific and technological progress. Effective economic means of foreign policy are an embargo or most favored nation treatment in trade, the provision of licenses, investments, credits, loans, other economic assistance or refusal to provide it.

By military means foreign policy is generally considered to be the military power of the state, which includes the presence of an army, taking into account its size, quality of weapons, combat readiness, and morale; presence of military bases and nuclear weapons. Military means can be used to exert both direct pressure on other countries and indirect ones. Forms of direct pressure can be war, intervention, blockade; indirect - exercises, parades, maneuvers, testing of new types of weapons.

Nowadays, many political scientists adhere to the point of view that in modern conditions the role of political, economic, propaganda, cultural and other factors is increasing, with a relative decrease in the relative weight of military force, even in relation to achieving such a foreign policy goal as ensuring the security of the country. Theorists of this direction believe that with the deepening and expansion of economic ties and national economic interdependence on a regional and global scale, security is increasingly intertwined with international cooperation, forming a single whole with it.

Theorists of the opposite direction note that the factor of force has not disappeared from world politics, that national security can only be guaranteed by “national military power.”

Foreign policy is carried out by strictly defined government structures. Official subjects of foreign policy are state represented by its representative institutions and executive and administrative bodies, as well as officials: the head of state, parliament, government. Foreign policy activity is materialized through a specially created mechanism - the system of foreign relations bodies.

Modern system of external relations bodies, As a rule, it consists of two groups: domestic and foreign. Internal bodies include the president, parliament, government, specialized institutions (ministries of foreign affairs, etc.). Foreign bodies are divided into permanent (consulates, embassies, permanent representation in international organizations) and temporary (participation in international conferences, meetings, symposiums, etc.).

The considered structure, functions, methods of foreign policy, the system of foreign relations bodies, and national interests collectively ensure the functioning of the foreign policy mechanism of any state.

Leading political scientists believe that the doctrine of Russian foreign policy should be the concept of a “healthy national” pragmatism ». This doctrine is focused on achieving political and economic benefits for Russia, the absence of such foreign policy actions that would have an excessive political or economic cost for the country. At the same time, such pragmatism should not develop into political unprincipledness, but be built on the norms of universal morality, morality and international law.

The components of this doctrine may be the following:

- continuity of the country's foreign policy. The new doctrine must incorporate everything valuable and positive that was in Russia’s international activities;

- unconditional independence in making foreign policy decisions, which does not exclude consultations with other interested parties;

- relying primarily on one's own strengths, which does not exclude the possibility of using foreign assistance on acceptable terms;

- rejection of excessive ideologization of foreign policy, characteristic of the Soviet period;

- development of foreign policy relations in all directions, because Russia is interested in developing relations with various regions of the planet.

The primary task of Russian policy at the current stage is to recreate economic ties between the various republics of the former USSR. It is very important to pay close attention to Russia’s cooperation with the states of Eastern Europe, which for a long time, especially in recent decades, have been closely associated with Russia. All countries of the former CMEA are vitally interested in good neighborly cooperation.

Russia's relations with the West are of fundamental importance, given its role in the modern world. Russia does not have the slightest prejudice against the USA, Germany, England, France and any other country in this most important region of the planet. We highly value the achievements of Western civilization and advocate creatively perceiving everything valuable and useful created within its framework. Of particular importance for Russia is the further development of ties with such subjects of international relations as China and India. These ties, which have good traditions, can play the role of a powerful stabilizing factor on the world stage.

Russian foreign policy can be no less active than in Soviet times in the countries of the “third world”, carrying out diverse cooperation with developing countries of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

The activities of the state are carried out in two directions. First, these are internal social relations, which are called internal politics. Secondly, these are relations beyond the borders of the state - foreign policy. Both of these directions are focused on one task - to strengthen and consolidate the system of social relations in the state. Foreign policy has its own specifics. Its formation occurs later, and it is realized in other conditions. The foreign policy of the state is concerned with regulating relations with other countries and peoples, ensuring the fulfillment of their needs and interests in the international sphere.

Main directions of foreign policy

There are several important directions in the policy of any state. The first is the security of the country. This direction is considered one of the main ones, since without its implementation, politics outside the country cannot exist. Secondly, this is the growth of the state in the areas of economics, politics and defense. Thanks to foreign policy, it is possible to increase the country's potential. The next goal is to establish and strengthen the position of the state, its international relations and connections. In order for the prestige of the state to be at a high level, the first two directions must be fulfilled.

Foreign policy: functions

There are three priority functions that policy outside the country should perform: security, representative-information and negotiation-organizational. The security function implies the protection of the rights of citizens, their interests outside the country and the prevention of possible threats to the state and its borders. The essence of the representative and information function lies in representing the country in the international sphere through its representative offices, which express the interests of the state. The organization and use of contacts through diplomatic channels at external levels are the tasks of the negotiation and organizational function.

Foreign policy and its means

The main political means are considered to be: informational; political; economic; military. With the help of the economic potential of the state, the policies of other countries are influenced. Military equipment, new weapons developments, exercises and maneuvers clearly show how great the state’s potential is. Well-established diplomatic relations are one of the necessary tools that foreign policy must have.

Functions of the state

Depending on the political orientation, two functions of the state are distinguished. External - aimed at activities outside the country. Domestic - represents activities within the country. These two functions are interconnected, since foreign policy often depends on the internal factors under which the state operates. External functions include such areas as integration of the world economy, national defense, foreign economic partnership, interaction and cooperation with other countries in solving environmental, demographic and other global problems of the modern world.

At its core, politics is a complex, unified and indivisible phenomenon. The political activity of the state is carried out both in the system of internal social relations and in the system of external factors, that is, the system of international relations. Based on this, domestic and foreign policies of the state are distinguished. These concepts have much in common, but each has its own specifics.

As part of our topic, we will consider the content of the state’s foreign policy, which is the activity of the state at the international level, regulating relations with other subjects of foreign policy, namely: other states, public organizations, foreign parties, regional and global international organizations.

As a rule, foreign policy is based on the demographic, economic, scientific, technical, military and cultural potential of the state. The combination of cultural and scientific and technical potential determines the possibilities of the state’s foreign policy activities, building a hierarchy of priorities in the initial formulation, as well as the further implementation of foreign policy goals.

As we have already determined, in political science and the practice of international relations there is no unambiguous concept of what can be called foreign policy. Thus, it does not include any external action, but only that which is related to the achievement of general state goals. In addition, foreign policy includes not only one action, but also a variety of programs, goals and positions.

US researcher Seabury defines foreign policy as a set of relationships and goals through which the state, represented by its own constitutional authorities, can interact with foreign states, as well as problems of the international environment, using force, influence, and sometimes violence. Such a definition may well equate the content of foreign policy with its goals. However, foreign policy is about more than just goals. For example, J. Modelski defines it as a system of actions that are taken to change the behavior of other states, as well as adapt to the international environment.

In this context, there are two main types of actions, namely approaches and outputs. J. Rosnow says that foreign policy is a certain method of action that is consciously carried out by official representatives of a national society with the aim of establishing or changing the position of the state in the international arena.

The huge variety of definitions, as well as differences in the content of emphasis, may reflect the complexity of the foreign policy phenomenon, which includes a huge set of different parameters, as well as connections. Foreign policy, unlike domestic policy, cannot be determined by binding legislation, so it can be judged by a number of indicators that lead to opposite actions.

The foreign policy of the same state can be different depending on with whom it deals, as well as on certain international issues. So, we can talk about the place of cooperation policy with a specific country on a certain issue, or a completely different policy regarding another issue. This forces us to look for a definition that will take into account the main features of foreign policy with all its components

As G.A. Kruglova notes, the main subjects of the state’s foreign policy are:

• 1. The state itself, its institutions, as well as heads of state and political leaders;
• 2. Non-governmental structures and organizations, or the so-called “public diplomacy”, including the activities of political movements and parties, as well as non-political unions and associations.

Based on this, foreign policy is the activity, as well as the interaction, of official entities who have received the right, on behalf of the entire society, to express national interests at the international level, as well as to choose certain methods and means of their implementation.

The form of traditional implementation of a state's foreign policy is the establishment of diplomatic relations, or a decrease in their level, as well as a severance or declaration of war, in the event of aggravation of relations between countries, and the opening of state representations at regional and world organizations. Another form of foreign policy implementation is the maintenance and implementation at various levels of regular or occasional contacts with representatives of states, movements or parties with which a particular state does not have diplomatic relations or friendly ties.

Foreign policy has a number of functions and goals, which we will discuss below.

The main goal of the foreign policy of a modern state is to ensure security. This goal is related to the protection and protection of the rights and interests of a particular country, as well as its citizens outside its borders. This goal forms a protective function, which consists in adapting the foreign policy strategy of a given state to the system of international relations. The implementation of this function, as a rule, is aimed at preventing a threat to a given state, as well as not searching for peaceful ways to prevent problems and issues.

The effective implementation of this function will depend on the ability of the state, represented by special institutions and bodies, to identify and identify potential sources of danger and threat, without allowing an undesirable course of events. Such institutions are consulates, embassies, representative offices, counterintelligence and intelligence.

The main task of the state's foreign policy is to strengthen its political and economic potential. The country's economic development and political stability will depend on foreign policy, as well as the state's position at the international level. Foreign policy must contribute to the efficient functioning of the economy, as well as the growth of public welfare. Based on this, its tasks should include ensuring for the state the most profitable participation in the division of labor, or the search for cheap resources, in order to ensure favorable conditions for the sale of products and preserve the country’s strategic resources, which creates grounds for us to conclude that foreign policy plays an economic function.

The information function of the foreign policy of a modern state is expressed in the activities of certain bodies to create a positive image of the state on the world stage. Certain bodies inform governments about the intentions of other governments in order to ensure that their state is in contact with the world.

The function of representation is realized by influencing public opinion, as well as the political circles of certain countries, in order to provide positive conditions for the successful solution of foreign policy problems. This function will be implemented within the framework of scientific and cultural exchanges, as well as negotiations and conclusion of international agreements.

Another function of foreign policy is aimed at creating favorable foreign policy conditions for the further activities of the state - this is the regulatory function. An important role in the implementation of this function is played by the activities of central foreign policy bodies, or ministries of foreign affairs, consulates and embassies.

Activities to implement foreign policy in order to achieve the set goals will be implemented through a variety of means, namely: economic, political, information and military.

Political means include diplomacy, which is the official activity of the state represented by special bodies, techniques, events, methods that have constitutional and legal status. Diplomacy will be carried out through visits, negotiations, meetings, conferences, multilateral agreements, and participation in international forums and organizations. Based on the opinion of A.V. Torkunov, diplomacy can ensure the national interests of the state, as well as implement the course of foreign policy through various activities, among which the activities of heads of government and state, departments, ministers of foreign affairs and other representatives stand out.

Among the economic means, one can highlight the use of the economic potential of a certain country in order to achieve foreign policy goals. A state that has a strong economy will occupy a strong position in the world community. Even a small country, which is not rich in human and material resources, but based on advanced technologies, can become capable of disseminating its own achievements beyond the borders of the state; Japan is a striking example of such a state. The economic means that work are most favored nation trade and embargoes, credit, investment, loans and economic assistance.

Among the military means of foreign policy one can name the military strength of the state, which includes the army, the quality and quantity of weapons, the size of the army, military bases, morale, and possession of nuclear weapons. Military means are used as means of direct influence or indirect influence. The means of direct influence include interventions, wars, blockades, and the second, that is, indirect, means testing new weapons, the threat of using force, maneuvers and exercises.

Foreign policy is associated with the development of a strategic course for society, as well as the main directions of development of the state in the international arena. In the structure of the mechanism of modern foreign policy of the state, we can distinguish:

• · Formation of the subject, as well as the institutional hierarchy of the state’s foreign policy;
• · Development of a strategic course, as well as adoption of government decisions;
• · Administrative means of implementing management decisions;
• · State control to ensure independent correction of the political regime, as well as feedback from other states.

The successful and consistent implementation of the external functions of the state is of great importance for its development in the modern interdependent world. The intensification of integration processes in international life, the expansion and deepening of international relations, as well as the deepening of the integration of a certain state into international politics, economics and other areas of interstate cooperation raises an urgent need to improve the mechanism for coordinating the foreign policy activities of government bodies and officials vested with powers in the field of foreign policy and international relations.

A set of organizational institutions - state bodies in charge of implementing the state's foreign policy - occupies its specific place in the mechanism for implementing the state's foreign policy. State bodies vested with foreign policy powers have the necessary material base, organizational and legal means and tools for the practical implementation of relations with foreign states and other subjects of international communication.

These means and instruments should include the political, organizational and economic potential of the state, the organizational structure of these state bodies, their infrastructure both within the country and abroad, their own material base, and the regulatory basis for their functioning.

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